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BAB 6BAB 6
INTEGRASI INTEGRASI MAKLUMATMAKLUMAT
BAB 6BAB 6
INTEGRASI INTEGRASI MAKLUMATMAKLUMAT
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• Integrasi dalam PerniagaanIntegrasi dalam Perniagaan• Perancangan Sumber Enterprise (ERP)Perancangan Sumber Enterprise (ERP)• PelangganPelanggan• Integrasi BerkumpulanIntegrasi Berkumpulan• Gudang Data.Gudang Data.
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan KomputerSistem Maklumat Berasaskan KomputerComputer Based Information System (CBIS)Computer Based Information System (CBIS)
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
• Sistem maklumat yang menggunakan teknologi Sistem maklumat yang menggunakan teknologi komputer dan telekomunikasi untuk melaksanakan komputer dan telekomunikasi untuk melaksanakan tugas-tugas tertentutugas-tugas tertentu
• Bergantung kepada perisian dan perkakasan Bergantung kepada perisian dan perkakasan komputer untuk memproses dan menyebarkan komputer untuk memproses dan menyebarkan maklumatmaklumat
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
• Komponen asas CBISKomponen asas CBIS– Perkakasan– Perisian– Pangkalan Data– Rangkaian– Prosedur– Manusia
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
Perkakasan Perisian
PangkalanData
Rangkaian
Manusia
Prosedur
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
• PerkakasanPerkakasan– Satu set peranti seperti pemproses, monitor, papan
kekunci dan pencetak yang dapat menerima data, memproses dan memaparkan maklumat
• PerisianPerisian– Satu set program komputer yang membolehkan
perkakasan memproses data• Pangkalan DataPangkalan Data
– Satu koleksi fail atau rekod yang tersusun untuk meyimpan data dan perkaitan antara data
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
• RangkaianRangkaian– Sistem perantara yang membolehkan perkongsian
sumber diantara pelbagai komputer• ProsedurProsedur
– Strategi, polisi, kaedah dan peraturan yang digunakan oleh sistem maklumat
• ManusiaManusia– Elemen terpenting dalam sistem maklumat– Individu yang menguruskan sistem maklumat atau
individu yang menggunakan output daripada sistem maklumat
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Jenis-jenis Jenis-jenis
Sistem Maklumat berasaskan KomputerSistem Maklumat berasaskan Komputer
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer (CBIS)
• Jenis-jenis CBIS boleh diklasifikasikan berdasarkan Jenis-jenis CBIS boleh diklasifikasikan berdasarkan fungsi.fungsi.
• Antaranya seperti :Antaranya seperti :– Sistem Maklumat Transaksi (TPS)
• Digunakan oleh pekerja di peringkat bawahan dalam Digunakan oleh pekerja di peringkat bawahan dalam oraganisasioraganisasi
– Sistem Maklumat Pengurusan (MIS)• Digunakan oleh pekerja di peringkat pertengahanDigunakan oleh pekerja di peringkat pertengahan
– Sistem Sokongan Pemutusan (DSS)• Digunakan diperingkat pertengahan untuk membantu Digunakan diperingkat pertengahan untuk membantu
membuat keputusanmembuat keputusan– Sistem Sokongan Eksekutif
• Digunakan diperingkat atasan dalam melihat prestasi Digunakan diperingkat atasan dalam melihat prestasi organisasiorganisasi
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Keupayaan CBISKeupayaan CBIS
• Menyediakan pemprosesan transaksi yang lebih cepat dan Menyediakan pemprosesan transaksi yang lebih cepat dan tepattepat– Setiap peristiwa yang berlaku di dalam perniagaan dikenali
sebagai transaksi– Meliputi aktiviti seperti jualan barangan, simpanan wang,
pendaftaran kursus dll.– Pengguna CBIS membolehkan transaksi diproses dengan cepat
oleh perisian yang bersesuaian– Data yang diperolehi daripada transaksi dapat lebih tepat dan
cepat
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Keupayaan CBISKeupayaan CBIS
• Menyediakan ruang penyimpanan yang lebih besar dan Menyediakan ruang penyimpanan yang lebih besar dan lebih mudah dicapailebih mudah dicapai– Mengurangkan penggunaan kertas– Data yang sangat banyak boleh disimpan di dalam ruang yang
kecil– Data juga lebih mudah dicapai dengan menggunakan perisian-
perisian tertentu
• Menyediakan saluran komunikasi yang lebih cepatMenyediakan saluran komunikasi yang lebih cepat– Rangkaian membolehkan maklumat dihantar dengan lebih cepat
dan lebih dipercayai– Menggunakan faksimili, e-mail, video coferencing dll.
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Keupayaan CBISKeupayaan CBIS
• Mengurangkan lambakan maklumatMengurangkan lambakan maklumat– Sistem maklumat boleh direkabentuk supaya ia memudahkan
tugas sesuatu kumpulan sasaran. – Contoh: menyediakan maklumat yang diperlukan untuk
pengurus membuat keputusan.– Maklumat lain yang tidak berkaitan tidak dimasukkan dalam
sistem maklumat berkenaan.
• Mengurangkan sempadanMengurangkan sempadan– Mengurangkan masalah sempadan geografi– Boleh dihubungi dengan adanya rangkaian.– Meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan dan pembekal
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Keupayaan CBISKeupayaan CBIS
• Menyediakan sokongan untuk proses membuat Menyediakan sokongan untuk proses membuat keputusankeputusan– Sistem maklumat membolehkan maklumat yang
dikehendaki sedia untuk digunakan oleh pelbagai tahap pengurusan
– Memudahkan proses membuat keputusan• Menyediakan pertahanan yang lebih berdaya saingMenyediakan pertahanan yang lebih berdaya saing
– Membolehkan organisasi bertahan dalam sesebuah bidang
– Memberikan kelebihan kepada organisasi walaupun mempunyai pesaing
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Sistem Maklumat Berasaskan KomputerSistem Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer
• Terdapat 4 jenis SMBK:Terdapat 4 jenis SMBK:1. Sistem Pemprosesan Urus Niaga
2. Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat
3. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan
4. Sistem Sokongan Eksekutif
• Sistem-sistem ini membentuk satu piramidSistem-sistem ini membentuk satu piramid• Setiap satu peringkat pada asasnya menyokong Setiap satu peringkat pada asasnya menyokong
satu peringkat pengurusan lain.satu peringkat pengurusan lain.
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Fungsi dan Jenis Sistem MaklumatFungsi dan Jenis Sistem Maklumat
Sistem Sokongan Eksekutif (ESS)
Sistem Sokongan Keputusan (DSS)
Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat (MIS)
Sistem Pemprosesan Urus Niaga (TPS)
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Sistem Pemprosesan Urus NiagaSistem Pemprosesan Urus Niaga
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)Transaction Processing System (TPS)– Merekodkan urusniaga dari hari ke hari seperti pesanan
pelanggan, bil, inventori, output pengeluaran– Membantu penyelia untuk menjanakan pangkalan data
yang menjadi asas kepada sistem maklumat yg lain• Management Information System (MIS)Management Information System (MIS)
– Merumuskan data secara terperinci dari pemprosesan urusniaga ke dalam laporan piawai utk pengurus peringkat pertengahan
– Laporan boleh mengandungi jadual pengeluaran dan rumusan belanjawan
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Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Sistem Sokongan Keputusan
• Decision Support System (DSS)Decision Support System (DSS)– Sistem ini menyediakan peralatan yg fleksible utk tujuan analisis– Membantu pengurus peringkat pertengahan di dlm organisasi
utk menganalisis sebilangan besar masalah spt mengesan kegiatan dan trend di luar organisasi
– DSS dan MIS mengambil data terperinci daripada sistem pemprosesan urusniaga
• Executive Support System (ESS)Executive Support System (ESS)– Juga dikenali sebagai Executive Information System (EIS)– Paling mudah digunakan bg memepersembahkan maklumat dlm
bentuk rumusan– Membantu peringkat atasan utk meninjau operasi syarikat dan
membina perancangan strategik
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Contoh TPS Contoh TPS
Contoh TPS(Perakaunan)
PemprosesanPesanan Jualan
Akaun Penerimaan
InventoriDan
Pembelian
Akaun Pembayaran Gaji
Aktiviti Lejer Am
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Contoh Laporan MISContoh Laporan MIS
Contoh Laporan MIS
LaporanBerkala
Laporan Kekecualian
LaporanPermintaan
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Sistem EISSistem EIS
Sistem EIS
Sistem PengautomasianPejabat
(OSA- Office SystemAutomation)
Sistem Kerja Berpengetahuan
(Knowledge Work System)
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Individu terlibatIndividu terlibat
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Data Hierarchy in a Computer System
ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT
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PERANCANGAN SUMBER PERUSAHAANPERANCANGAN SUMBER PERUSAHAAN
ENTERPRISE RESOUCE PLANNINGENTERPRISE RESOUCE PLANNING
(ERP)(ERP)
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ERPERP
Suatu sistem pengurusan perniagaan yang Suatu sistem pengurusan perniagaan yang menyatupadukan semua aspek perniagaan menyatupadukan semua aspek perniagaan
termasuklah perancangan, pengeluaran, jualan termasuklah perancangan, pengeluaran, jualan dan kewangan supaya kesemuanya lebih selaras dan kewangan supaya kesemuanya lebih selaras
secara perkongsian maklumatsecara perkongsian maklumat
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• Entity:Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintainedinformation is maintained
• Attribute:Attribute: Description of a particular entity Description of a particular entity
• Key field:Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a recordsort a record
File Organization Terms and Concepts
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27Figure 7-2
Entitities and Attributes
ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT
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• Teknik simpanan data tradisional : SISTEM FAILTeknik simpanan data tradisional : SISTEM FAIL– Awal 1950-an hingga 1970-an data disimpan dalam
bentuk fail.– Pada peringkat awal, sistem aplikasi dibangunkan
secara berasingan– Data untuk satu sistem aplikasi tidak dapat digunakan
untuk sistem aplikasi yang lain.– Setiap aplikasi mempunyai data masing-masing yang
disusun dalam bentuk fail data (data file)
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• Fail Data (data file) adalah Fail Data (data file) adalah Koleksi rekod-rekod yang berkaitan
HEA----sistem_kuliah----fail_kuliah----datapensyarah
datadewankuliah
datapelajar
HEP----sistem_xtvt_pelajar---fail_xtvt----dataxtvt
datapelajar
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ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT
• Data redundancy (pengulangan data)Data redundancy (pengulangan data)
• Program-Data dependence(data /aplikasi berasingan)Program-Data dependence(data /aplikasi berasingan)
• Lack of flexibility (kLack of flexibility (keutuhan/ketelusan data)
• Poor security (tahap keselamatan rendah)Poor security (tahap keselamatan rendah)
• Lack of data-sharing and availability (perkongsian data)Lack of data-sharing and availability (perkongsian data)
Problems with the Traditional File Environment
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THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
• Kumpulan fail-fail yang berkaitan antara satu Kumpulan fail-fail yang berkaitan antara satu sama lainsama lain
• Penyelesaian kepada masalah Sistem FailPenyelesaian kepada masalah Sistem Fail• Data disimpan dalam satu storan yang samaData disimpan dalam satu storan yang sama• Pangkalan data di kendalikan oleh satu Pangkalan data di kendalikan oleh satu
perisian khas yang dinamakan Sistem perisian khas yang dinamakan Sistem Pengurusan Pangkalan Data (DBMS)Pengurusan Pangkalan Data (DBMS)
Database Management System (DBMS)
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Traditional File Processing
ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT
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The Contemporary Database Environment
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Types of Databases
• Relational DBMSRelational DBMS
• Hierarchical and Network DBMSHierarchical and Network DBMS
• Object-Oriented DatabasesObject-Oriented Databases
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Relational DBMS
• Represents data as two-dimensional tables Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relationscalled relations
• Relates data across tables based on common Relates data across tables based on common data elementdata element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL ServerExamples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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36Figure 7-6
Relational Data Model
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database
• Select:Select: Creates subset of rows that meet Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteriaspecific criteria
• Join:Join: Combines relational tables to provide Combines relational tables to provide users with informationusers with information
• Project:Project: Enables users to create new tables Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant informationcontaining only relevant information
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database
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Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Hierarchical DBMSHierarchical DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structureOrganizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child Supports one-to-many parent-child relationshipsrelationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systemsPrevalent in large legacy systems
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Hierarchical DBMS
Figure 7-8
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Hierarchical and Network DBMS
Network DBMSNetwork DBMS
• Depicts data logically as many-to-many Depicts data logically as many-to-many relationshipsrelationships
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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42Figure 7-9
Network DBMS
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• OutdatedOutdated
• Less flexible compared to RDBMSLess flexible compared to RDBMS
• Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queriesqueries
Hierarchical and Network DBMS
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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• Object-oriented DBMS:Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data and procedures Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and shared as objects that can be retrieved and shared automatically automatically
• Object-relational DBMS:Object-relational DBMS: Provides capabilities of Provides capabilities of both object-oriented and relational DBMSboth object-oriented and relational DBMS
Object-Oriented Databases
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Basic SQL CommandsBasic SQL Commands
• SELECT: Specifies columnsSELECT: Specifies columns
• FROM: Identifies tables or viewsFROM: Identifies tables or views
• WHERE: Specifies conditions WHERE: Specifies conditions
Querying Databases: Elements of SQL
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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Results of SELECT Statement
THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
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THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
Results of Conditional Selection
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THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
Projection from Joining PART and SUPPLIER Tables
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• Conceptual design:Conceptual design: Abstract model of database from Abstract model of database from a business perspectivea business perspective
• Physical design:Physical design: Detailed description of business Detailed description of business information needsinformation needs
Designing Databases
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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• Entity-relationship diagram:Entity-relationship diagram: Methodology for Methodology for documenting databases illustrating relationships documenting databases illustrating relationships between database entitiesbetween database entities
• Normalization:Normalization: Process of creating small table data Process of creating small table data structures from complex groups of datastructures from complex groups of data
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
Designing Databases
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CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
Figure 7-13
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CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
Figure 7-14
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CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
An Normalized Relation of ORDER
Figure 7-15
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Centralized databaseCentralized database
• Used by single central processor or multiple processors Used by single central processor or multiple processors in client/server networkin client/server network
Distributing Databases
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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Distributed databaseDistributed database
• Stored in more than one physical locationStored in more than one physical location
• Partitioned database Partitioned database
• Duplicated databaseDuplicated database
Distributing Databases
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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Distributed Databases
Figure 7-16
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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Management Requirements for Database Systems
Key elements in a database environment:Key elements in a database environment:
• Data AdministrationData Administration
• Data Planning and Modeling MethodologyData Planning and Modeling Methodology
• Database Technology and ManagementDatabase Technology and Management
• UsersUsers
CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
Management Requirements for Database Systems
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Multidimensional Data Analysis
On-line analytical processing (OLAP)On-line analytical processing (OLAP)
• Multidimensional data analysisMultidimensional data analysis
• Supports manipulation and analysis of large Supports manipulation and analysis of large volumes of data from multiple volumes of data from multiple dimensions/perspectivesdimensions/perspectives
DATABASE TRENDS
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Multidimensional Data Model
Figure 7-18
DATABASE TRENDS
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Data warehouseData warehouse
• Supports reporting and query toolsSupports reporting and query tools
• Stores current and historical data Stores current and historical data
• Consolidates data for management analysis and Consolidates data for management analysis and decision makingdecision making
Data Warehousing and Datamining
DATABASE TRENDS
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Components of a Data Warehouse
DATABASE TRENDS
Figure 7-19
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Data martData mart
• Subset of data warehouse Subset of data warehouse
• Contains summarized or highly focused portion of data Contains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of usersfor a specified function or group of users
Data Warehousing and Datamining
DATABASE TRENDS
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DataminingDatamining
• Tools for analyzing large pools of data Tools for analyzing large pools of data
• Find hidden patterns and infer rules to predict trendsFind hidden patterns and infer rules to predict trends
Data Warehousing and Datamining
DATABASE TRENDS
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• Improved and easy accessibility to informationImproved and easy accessibility to information
• Ability to model and remodel the dataAbility to model and remodel the data
Benefits of Data Warehouses
DATABASE TRENDS
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Databases and the Web
Hypermedia databaseHypermedia database
• Organizes data as network of nodesOrganizes data as network of nodes
• Links nodes in pattern specified by userLinks nodes in pattern specified by user
• Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programsprograms
DATABASE TRENDS
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A Hypermedia Database
Figure 7-20
DATABASE TRENDS
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Database serverDatabase server
• Computer in a client/server environment runs a Computer in a client/server environment runs a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasksdatabase management tasks
Application serverApplication server
• Software handling all application operationsSoftware handling all application operations
Databases and the Web
DATABASE TRENDS
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Linking Internal Databases to the Web
Figure 7-21
DATABASE TRENDS