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I. GII THIEU MON HOC VA HNH THC HNH THC
ANH GIA
1. TEN MON HOC:
(POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR NATURAL RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENT).
2. M MN HC.
3. S N V HC TRNH: 03 TC.
4. MC TIU MN HC.
Mc tiu tng qut ca mn hc l cung cp kin thc chuyn su v tinguyn mi trng v chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn mi trng cho ngi
hc.
Ngi hc sau khi kt thc mn hc khng nhng nm vng cc kinthc chuyn su v ti nguyn mi trng, chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn
m cn c k nng xy dng chnh sch, chin lc ti nguyn mi cp .
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I. GII THIEU MON HOC VA HNH THC HNH THC
ANH GIA
3. PHAN PHOI THI LNG
Ly thuyet : 70%
Thc hanh: 30%
4. HNH THC ANH GIA:
* nh gi kt qu hc tp ca ngi hc qua cc tiu ch: chuyn cn;
thc trch nhim; v mc hon thnh nhim v c giao i vi mn hc.
* Thang im anh gia ket qua hoc tap: 10 iem = 100%.
Trong o:
- Thao luan nhom tren lp: 10 %
- Tieu luan : 30 %
- Thi het mon hoc: 60%
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II. NOI DUNG MON HOC
2.1. NI DUNG TRNH BY TRN LP
MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG V QUN L TINGUYN MI TRNG & NHU CU QUN L BN VNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.
KHI QUT V TI NGUYN MI TRNG
KHI QUYT V CHNH SCH V CHIN LC TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH V CHIN LC TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
PHN TCH, NH GI MT S TRNG HP NGHIN CU iNHNH.
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II. NOI DUNG MON HOC
2.2. CHUYN NGHIN CU CA HC VIN
Chin lc ti nguyn nc.Strategies for natural
resources\Chien luoc v ti nguyn nc.doc
Chin lc s dng ti nguyn khong sn.
Chin lc v a dng sinh hc.
Chin lc v ti nguyn t.
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III. YU CU CA MN HC
MN HC YU CU HC VIN:
1. Thc hin y cc cc yu cu ca ging vin vvic:
- Tham gia y cc gi hc & tho lun trn lp; tmkim ti liu tho lun.
- Tho lun nhm - ty theo ni dung trnh by trn lphc, ging vin a ra mt vn cc nhm tholun.
- Cc nhm tho lun trn lp c hnh thnh ngaytrong gi hc v tho lun di s hng dn ca gingvin.
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III. YU CU CA MN HC
2.Vit tiu lun.
- Tiu lun c thc hin theo nhm, im chm
chung cho c nhm.
- Nhm c hnh thnh t 8-10 hc vin, nhm
trng c nhm bu ln (thng l ngi c uy
tn, c kinh nghim cng tc v c tinh thn trch
nhim.
- ti s c cc nhm chn t cc ti xut x.
3. Thi ht mn hc.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
Ti liu ngi hc c th tham kho baogm:
1. Gio trnh/ni dung bi ging ca gio vin (Ging vin s cung cp cho hc vin dngfile nu hc vin yu cu).
2. Ti liu tham kho bng ting vit.
- Ti nguyn mi trng & Pht trin bnvng L Huy B & Cng s .
- Qun l nh nc i vi ti nguyn v mitrng - Phm Th Ngc Trm.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
- Sterner T. 2002 (Dch gi: TS. ng Minh
Phng), Cng c chnh sch cho qun l ti
nguyn & Mi trng, Nh xut bn tng hp
Tp.HCM, HCM.
- Lu c Hi (cb), Phm Thi Vit Anh, Nguyn
Th Hong Lin v V Quyt Thng 2006, Cm
nang qun l mi trng, Nh xut bn gio dc,
H Ty.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
-Ascher,W., Healy, R. 1990, Natural Resource
Policy Making in Developing countries, Duke
University Press, America.
- Camp, W.G., Daugherty,T.B. 1991 (second
edition), Managing our natural resources,Delma
Publisher Inc, America.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
3. Ti liu bng ting Anh.
- Ascher,W., Healy, R. 1990, Natural Resource
Policy Making in Developing countries, Duke
University Press, America.
- Camp, W.G., Daugherty,T.B. 1991 (second
edition), Managing our natural
resources,Delma Publisher Inc, America.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
3. Ti liu bng ting Anh.
- Carter,N. 2001, The politics of the environment:
Ideas, Activism, Policy, Cambridge, London
- Misra,S.P., Pandey,S.N. 2008, Essential
Environmental Studies, Ane Books India, New
Delhi.
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IV. TI LIU HC TP & NGHIN C
- Schmidt,M., Joao,E., Albrecht,E. 2010,
Implementing Strategic Environmental
Assessment, Springer Berlin Heidberg,
German.
- Rees,R., 1990 (second edition), Natural
Resource: allocation, economics and policy,
Routledge, London
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21/11/2012 14Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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Trn mng,
CT Honda thng bo:Tuyn G maketing, thit k my,K
thut vin ho.... cng nhn k thut, tp v.
i tng : CD ASEAN, TN H & CNKT
Kt qu : CD VN yu ting ANH,
thiu mt s k nng NN c bn,
ch c tuyn......
Phi ngh g?
Ton cu ha
dn n ton cu nhn lc
-
Ch!
bng c
tn la
c y.
i! TV hng chp,
chp g . Bng
ci mng tay m mt
bc triu t qu!
Nh vy v gi : 1 tn hng VN =
1t hng TQ = 1yn hng TL = 1Kg
hng HQ = 1gam hng NB
Ta ngh g v phi lm g?
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1. HiN TRNG S DNG & NHU CU V QUN L
TI NGUYN MI TRNG
1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TI
NGUYN MI TRNG.
ng hnh vi vi dn s tng v mc sng ca loi
ngi tng ln th cc loi ti nguyn nh khng kh
sch, nc, nng lng, kim loi v vt liu si cng tr
nn him/c gi tr v cc vn mi trng tng
nhanh.
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.
Quyn li chnh tr - x hi v s dng tinguyn mi trng cng ngy cng tng nhanh,
chnh sch ti nguyn mi trng ang c mt v
tr quan trng trong cc chng trnh ngh s
quc t.
mi quc gia ,s thay i mi trng v thtrng c th nh hng khc nhau i vi tng
loi ti nguyn mi trng, cu trc v mc tiu
th cng nh dn s ca quc gia .
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.
y thc s l ting chung cnh bo v
nguy c nhng cng l nhu cu v c hi mi hnh
thnh cc dng hot ng thng mi .
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.
Dn s tng v nhu cu tiu th ti nguyn tng nns cnh tranh trn bnh din ton cu v cc loi ti
nguyn mi trng tr nn gay gt hn, dn n nh
hng tiu cc n mi trng.
S thay i nhanh chng trong s dng ti nguynmi trng lm tng nhu cu ci tin cu trc sn xut
cng nh cu trc tiu th nhm c to c s phn
thnh v bn vng ca mi trng.
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Theo nh gi ca y ban quc t v bin i khhu hot ng ca loi ngi ang lm thay i thnh
phn, cu trc ca kh quyn.
Hot ng t chy nhin liu ha thch, hot ngnng nghip v ph rng v ang lm cho tng
di ca bu kh quyn trn a cu v i dng
nng ln.
Hin tng nng ln ca Tri t ang ngy cngtng, nh hng n sinh k ca loi ngi.
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Trn bnh din ton cu, hin tng nng ln caTri t nh hng gh gm n ti nguyn thin
nhin nh nc bin dng, thay i v lng v
khun mu ma, thay i thi tit. Ngoi ra, bin i
kh hu cn dn ti thay i cc khu vc trng trt,
bng tan v tuyt chng cc loi ng thc vt.
Do bin i kh hu, mt s ti nguyn mi trngtr nn khan him trong khi mt s li tr nn di
do!
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Bc tranh v vin cnh tng lai ca ti nguyn mi trng
lm au u cc nh hoch nh chnh sch ni chung v chnh
sch ti nguyn mi trng ni ring trong vic xc nh c
cc vn quan trng trong hin ti v thit lp c cc mc
tiu cng nh bin php gii quyt vn . Theo Saarinen
(2008), vin cnh ti nguyn mi trng trong tng lai nh sau:
Tip tc bng n s dng ti nguyn mi trng trong nnkinh t ton cu v nhu cu v nguyn liu th vn rt cao nhm
pht trin kinh t, hn na nhiu quan nim cho rng cc vn
mi c cng iu ha. Cng ngh tin tin v kinh t pht
trin v nn kinh t m ton cu s gii quyt c cc vn
mi trng v ti nguyn.
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Cc chng trnh tin tin v cc m hnh vn hnh s thayi ph hp vi bin i kh hu v chnh sch v kh hu v loi
ngi phi thay i phng thc sn xut v tiu th. Nn kinh t
ca cc quc gia v cc cng ngh tin tin ang t mt s thnh
tu trong vic chuyn t s dng ti nguyn khng ti to qua s
dng ti nguyn ti to v s dng chu trnh vt cht hiu qu ca
ti nguyn.
Cng ngh hin i s t gy nh hng v mi trng v tiuth t ti nguyn, ngi ta tin rng s tm ra cc gii php cng
ngh hu hiu v hiu qu trong s dng ti nguyn v bo v
mi trng m khng cn phi can thip qu su vo cch sng
v cch tiu th ca con ngi. Do , cc vn mi trng lin
quan n ti nguyn s c gii quyt cng vi s pht trin.
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N SDNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Vin cnh thiu ht nng lng cxy dng da vo quan im cho rng
hu qu mi trng nghim trng s lm
cho Tri t thay i hon ton v hu
qu s khng th tnh ht v vy thi
ca loi ngi i vi ti nguyn mi
trng cng thay i trit .
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1.1. MT S VN LIN QUAN N S DNG TINGUYN MI TRNG.
Yu cu phi c cc m hnh vn
hnh mi mang tnh ton cu trong cc hot
ng kinh doanh, trong chnh sch v cch
hnh x thng nht.
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1. HiN TRNG & NHU CU V QUN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG
1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI
TRNG.
Cc vn nh bin i kh hu, chu trnh cacbon/the carbon
cycle v kh nh knh ang l nhng thch thc mang tnh ton
cu.
Mc d loi ngi c th ngn chn bin i kh hu nhng
nhu cu ngy cng tng v ti nguyn mi trng trn Tri t
ang lm ny sinh nhng vn quan trng v kinh t, x hi v
sinh thi.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Hot ng thng mi v s giao lu c th khng
lu na s thnh cng trong vic to ra thun li trong
quan h truyn thng nh to ra nhiu ti nguyn mi
trng phi vt cht v trao i quc t (Businesses and
societies can no longer build their success on the basis
of traditional relative advantage such as abundant
natural resources as the key inputs are non- material
and circulate internationally).
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Nhiu loi ti nguyn mi trng s khng c thng
mi trn th trng truyn thng hoc rt t c trn th
trng.
iu rt quan trng l phi thy c nhng loi ti
nguyn mi trng no cng nh s lng ca tng loi ti
nguyn cn dng trong tng lai trong bi cnh cc sn
phm v dch v t cc dng ti nguyn mi trng khng
ngng thay i.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Nhu cu phi c cch tip cn ton din v c h
thng i vi cc vn ti nguyn mi trng. Cch
tip cn ny phi tnh n cc hin tng x hi khc
nhau v mi lin h cng nh tng tc ln nhau ca
cc hot ng c th c trn bnh din quc gia v quc
t.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
Qa trnh xem xt phi c tnh ton din v bn cht
ca vn phi c xem xt mt cch linh hot, cc
kha cnh cn c xc nh trong chnh sch v chin
lc ti nguyn mi trng nhm mc ch t c
nh hng v thc t ha mc tiu ra.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
- Kha cnh kinh t sinh khi (in the
bioeconomy), th h tng lai s c nhu cu sn
phm ngun gc t si v cc ha cht ly t
ngun sinh khi v cc quy trnh sinh hc cng
ngy cng a dng nhm ti a ha gi tr ti
nguyn v mang li phn thnh cho loi ngi.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
- Kha cnh chu trnh vt cht hiu qu/ In an
efficient material cycle, ti nguyn mi trng
c s dng phi sn xut c khi lng sn
phm ti a v cng t vt cht c gi tr thi b
cng tt.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
- Kha cnh phn b ti nguyn: nhiu ti nguyn mi
trng phn b theo a hnh, a l ca khu vc nn tr
nn rt quan trng cho a phng hoc khu vc. M
hnh sn xut ca cc dng ti nguyn khu vc/regional
resources lm gim nhu cu vn chuyn cho dng ti
nguyn ra ngoi khu vc nn tng an ninh cung cng
nh tng s phn thnh cho a phng/khu vc.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG.
- Vn bin gii v ch quyn. Hp tc
quc gia v quc t s lm tng c hi giao lu
thng mi trong lnh vc ti nguyn mi trng
v to thun li cho cnh tranh ln mnh.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Khai thc khong sn, tiu th ti nguyn mi trng lm tng
mc cnh tranh trong s dng t v iu tit mi trng.
Bin i kh hu v cc vn v nng lng ny sinh quyt
nh cc ni dung ca chnh sch mi trng.
Chnh sch ti nguyn mi trng ch trng n cc kha
cnh khc nhau ca pht trin bn vng: sinh thi, kinh t v x
hi.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Hin nay rt kh d bo v s dng ti nguyn
cng nh hiu c mi lin h ni ti gia cc
dng vt cht, yu t mi trng, bin i kh hu
v vic gim st nhm hiu r mi quan h tng h
a chiu v cc s thay i. Tt c nhng vn
ny l nhng th thch cng nh c hi nh hng
ln n cng ng quc t ni chng v ca tng
quc gia ni ring.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Trn bnh din quc t, c Hi
ng cc chuyn gia (UN expert panel) nhm
nghin cu cc vn lin quan n chnh sch
ti nguyn v Chu u cng c nhng hot
ng tch cc trong vic nghin cu cc vn
v ti nguyn mi trng.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
S thay i nhanh chng ca mi trng lm
tng nhu cu v ci t phng thc sn xut
cng nh cch tiu th.
Trong tng lai, cn phi du t cho sn xut
bn vng v bo tn ti nguyn, v v vy s
thc y cnh tranh, cng n vic lm v pht
trin cc khu vc.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Nhu cu v chuyn gia c trnh cao
trong xy dng chnh sch qun l ti
nguyn tng
C hi chia s trch nhim cng tng ln
gia cc cng ng, quc gia v quc t
cng tng ln.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuN L TI NGUYN MI TRNG
S dng ti nguyn thin nhin thng b nhhng bi cc yu t th trng, yu t sn xut,
nhu cu tiu dng v cc nguyn tc ch o ca
quc gia v quc t.
th ha lm cho con ngi xa ri vi tnhin, bin i kh hu v gim st a dng sinh
hc ng lm cho con ngi c thc hn vi
mi trng.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Hin nay, t c quc gia c chin lc tinguyn cng mt lc cn nhc tt c cc loi tinguyn mi trng v cc mi lin h ca chngdu rng c nhiu chin lc ang c xydng c trn bnh din quc gia v quc t.
Trch nhim qun l iu hnh s dng ti
nguyn c phn chia cho cc lnh vc khc
nhau.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cc vn lin quan n ti nguyn mitrng ang ngy cng c quan tm trong xy
dng chng trnh, chin lc trn bnh din
quc gia, khu vc v cc lnh vc khc.
Vin cnh v cc vn ti nguyn mitrng gip xc inh c cc vn hn ch
cng nh cc gii php trong s dng ti nguyn
mi trng.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cc chuyn gia ng vi quan im
cho rng c rt nhiu vn lin quan n
ti nguyn mi trng v cn phi a dng
ha s dng bn vng ti nguyn mi
trng.
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1.2. CCH TiP CN MI TRONG QuNL TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cch nhn truyn thng cha thu r cc mi
quan h kinh t, cnh tranh,.. nn khi xy dng
chin lc, chnh sch ti nguyn cn phi nhn
nhn t gc mi trng v x hi, v vy,
chin lc ti nguyn mi trng rt quan trng
trong qun l v s dng ti nguyn hin nay.
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURALRESOURCES)
2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN
Cc nh ngha truyn thng v ti nguyn mi trng thng
da trn quan im lin quan n vt liu th/raw materials.
Trong quan im ny 3 vn then cht cn quan tm l:
* s tn ti ca ti nguyn;
* gi tr i vi con ngi; v
* s ph hp vi nguyn liu.
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURALRESOURCES)
2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN
Trong cc nh ngha mi v ti nguyn mi trng, ngoi cc
yu t nh thng mi, nng sut sn xut v kh nng khai thc,
yu t v tc ng mi trng c b sung /In the new
definitions the commercial and productive exploitative
perspective is supplemented with the environmental impact
perspective.
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURALRESOURCES)
2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN
Chng ta ang giai on chuyn tip vi cch tip
cn ton din i vi ti nguyn mi trng, ngha l
xem xt ti nguyn mi trng di gc kinh t, sn
xut-sn lng v mi trng, bao gm c cc yu t x
hi. V cch tip cn h sinh thi l mt phn ca giai
on chuyn tip ny.
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
Cch tip cn h sinh thi l chin lc s
dng v bo tn ti nguyn mi trng, trong
nhn mnh n mi quan h v chc nng ca h
sinh thi v con ngi cng nh tnh a dng cy
trng c xem l nhng kha cnh thit yu ca
h sinh thi.
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
The ecosystem approach refers to the strategy
for the use and conservation of natural
resources, in which particular emphasis is given
to the functioning interaction of ecosystems, and
in which people and cultural diversity is
regarded as a crucial aspect of ecosystems.
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
S dng cch tip cn h sinh thi, c th qun l
hu nh ton din cc ti nguyn hu c v v
c/organic and inorganic natural resources nhm mc
ch nng cao kh nng bo tn v s dng bn vng ti
nguyn. Theo cch tip cn h sinh thi, cc t chc
sng c xem xt theo cc quy trnh ch yu/the
central processes, chc nng/functions v cc mi quan
h tng tc trong mi trng /interactions of their
environments at all levels of natural diversity.
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN
Cch tip cn h sinh thi to iu kin a ra cc thng tin c
h thng. Chc nng ca h sinh thi, cc qu trnh sinh thi cng
nh x hi l nhng vn ch o ca cch tip cn ny /the
heart of the approach. Trong cch tip cn ny, thng tin x hi
c xc nh l mt phn ca thng tin ti nguyn mi trng.
Trong cch tip cn h sinh thi, tt c cc kha cnh khc nhau
nh qun l hnh chnh, cu trc ca cc th ch, hnh thc vn
hnh, khung php l cho vic thu thp thng tin, gim st v ban
hnh quyt nh u c ch trong.
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI NGUYN
The ecosystem approach offers the means to produce such
information systematically. The functionality of ecosystems
services, and ecologi- cal and social processes are at the heart of
the approach. In this way social information becomes defined as
a part of natural resource information. In the ecosystem
approach attention is paid above all to the various administrative
and institutional structures, and operational terms, within the
frameworks of which knowledge is produced and controlled, and
decisions taken.
21/11/2012 53Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
Trong khoa hc t nhin khi nim ti nguyn
mi trng c xem xt theo ngun gc ca ti
nguyn, thnh phn v v tr ca ti nguyn :
ti nguyn ti to, ti nguyn khng ti to; c
tnh vt l, c tnh ha hc; v theo khu vc ca
ti nguyn.
21/11/2012 54Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
In natural science the concepts have research
as their starting point, and they relate to the
origin of natural resources (non-renewable
versus renewable natural resources), their
composition (chemical, physical qualities), and
location (vegetation or climatic zones).
21/11/2012 55Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
Trong khoa hc x hi, khi nim ti nguyn
mi trng xut pht t quan im qun l, khi
nim ti nguyn mi trng theo quan im ny
lin quan n gi tr ti nguyn (quy ra thnh
tin, khi lng sn phm), cht lng sn
phm, php l.
21/11/2012 56Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
In social sciences the concepts have research and management
starting points, and they concern the value of natural resources
(measurable monetarily, sustaining culture, production volume)
commodity quality (legal angles, freely exploitable or under
ownership, questions of possession), legislation (Land Extraction
Act, Water Act), national economy, taxation, environment
(matters essential to people, material non-material) and
physical space (land use planning).
21/11/2012 57Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
Trong sn xut v kinh t, khi nim ti nguyn mi trng c
xem xt c th i vi lnh vc sn xut v s dng.
In production and the economy the concepts are specific to fields
of activity and production, and concern use (food, materials,
energy production), availability (presumed, known, proven raw
material resources), price (limiting value of utilization standard),
dispensability, raw material classification and commerce.
21/11/2012 58Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.1. I MI TRONG KHI NiM V TI
NGUYN
Khi nim ti nguyn trong quan im mi trng kh bin
ng, da vo s a kha cnh ca mc tiu. Cc khi nim ny
lin quan n sinh thi, bo tn v tc ng
Environmental concepts of natural resources are dynamic, target
based and multidimensional. They involve ecological (ecosystems
services, natural processes), conservation and use impacts
(intrinsic value, numbers and biodiversity).
21/11/2012 59Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG (Natural Resources).
. Thut ng Ti nguyn kh linh ng (dynamic)
nhng ngha ca thut ng ny thng thay i theo s
pht trin ca khoa hc v cng ngh.
. Trc y, ngi ta thng nh ngha ti nguyn
mi trng (ti nguyn thin nhin) l nhng vt cht c gi
tr c th i vi cuc sng ca loi ngi.
21/11/2012 60Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG (Natural Resources).
21/11/2012 Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy 61
. Tuy nhin, ngy nay mi thtrn Tri t ny hu nh u c
gi tr s dng, nhng thc t
mt s ti nguyn nh t,
nc, khng kh, nh sng, cy
trng v ng vt rt sn trong
mi trng trong khi mt s ti
nguyn khc nh khong sn,
than , du m,li nm su
trong lng t v rt kh khai
thc.
Vy, nhng th
ny c phi l ti
nguyn khng?
-
2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(Natural Resources).
. Ti nguyn l do con ngi nh ngha ch khng phi
do chnh bn cht ca n.
Theo Ciriacy-Wantrup (1952), khi nim ti
nguyn/resource u tin bao hm mt cht no trong
mi trng sng c gi tr s dng cho mt mc ch c
th/certain end.
21/11/2012 62Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(Natural Resources).
. Trong cuc sng v pht trin ca mnh, loi
ngi lin tc nghin cu mi trng vt l m
mnh ang sng, khm ph v nh gi c gi tr
ca cc nguyn t - yu t/element v c, hu c
trong n.
21/11/2012 63Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.2. KHI NiM V TI NGUYN MI TRNG
(Natural Resources).
.Mt nguyn t no tr thnh ti nguyn, trctin phi tha mn 02 iu kin: loi ngi c s
hiu bit v k thut, cng ngh khai thc v s
dng; v loi ngi c nhu cu v nguyn t .
.Nu 01 trong 02 iu kin trn khng tha mnth nguyn t khng bo gi c gi l ti
nguyn.
21/11/2012 64Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.3. PHN LoI CC DNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. C th chia ti nguyn mi trng ca Tri t datrn:
Bn cht ha hc ca ti nguyn;
S sn c hay s lng ca ti nguyn;
Khu vc xut hin ca ti nguyn;
Ngun gc; v
Tnh hu dng ca ti nguyn.
21/11/2012 65Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2. TI NGUYN MI TRNG(NATURAL RESOURCES)
2.3. PHN LoI CC DNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn bn cht hahc.
C 03 loi ti nguyn, l:
- Ti nguyn v c/Inorganic Resources. Nhng cht v
c c trong t nhin l ti nguyn v c, nhng cht ny
c th l: khng kh/air, nc, /rocks, qung
khong/mineral ores, khong cht,
21/11/2012 66Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
- Ti nguyn hu c/Organic resources. Nhng ti nguyn ny l cc
cht hu c v bn cht bao gm cc vt cht sng nh cy ci/plants
rng (forest), ng vt, vi khun v cc sn phm hu c nh nhin
liu ha thch (fossil fuel: oil, coal, natural gas,..),..
- Ti nguyn hn hp/Mixed resources: l nhng ti nguyn kt hp
thnh phn c v c ln hu c. V d, th nhng c hnh thnh bi
c cht v c ( b phong ha) v cht hu c (mn hnh thnh t
cy/plants v cc loi ng vt/animals hnh thnh t hot ng ca cc
vi sinh vt,
21/11/2012 67Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn s c sn hay
s lng ca ti nguyn.
Theo cch phn loi ny th ti nguyn mi trng c
cc dng sau:
. Ti nguyn khng th cn kit (Inexhaustible
resources) l loi ti nguyn c s lng ln hoc
khng th cn kit do tiu th ca loi ngi. Cc loi
ti nguyn dng ny c th l: nng lng mt tri,
khng kh, nc, t st/clay, gi, thy triu,..
21/11/2012 68Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Ti nguyn c th cn kit (Exhaustible resources) l loi ti
nguyn hin din trn Tri t c hn v th b cn kit do khai
thc v s dng qu mc. Cc loi ti nguyn c th cn kit c
th l loi c th ti to/renewable hoc khng th ti to/non-
renewable.
Ti nguyn c th b cn kit bao gm:
1). Ti nguyn khng th ti to /non-renewable resources,
2). Ti nguyn c th ti to/ renewable resources.
21/11/2012 69Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Ti nguyn khng th phc hi/ non-renewable resources
- Ti nguyn khng th phc hi l loi ti nguyn khng c
kh nng ti sinh v thay th hoc ch c ti sinh sau mt
khong thi gian rt di. V d, du m, than cn hng triu
nm mi hnh thnh/ti to li.
- Loi ti nguyn ny phn b khng u trn Tri t, c khu
vc th rt nhiu, nhng c khu vc li him hoc khng tn ti.
21/11/2012 70Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
- Ti nguyn khng th ti to c th l t nhin nh nhin liu
ha thch/fossil fuels hoc nhn to/man-made nh nha tng
hp/polythene.
21/11/2012 71Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
Cn phi s dng hp l dng ti nguyn ny,
nu khng s th h tng lai s khng c s
dng
-
2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Ti nguyn c th phc hi/ Renewable resources.
- Dng ti nguyn ny c kh nng duy tr, ti xut
hin/reappear hoc thay th/replacement trong mt
khong thi gian hp l/reasonable, ngha l chng c
th c b sung (replenish), ti sinh (reproduce) hoc
ti ch (recycle).
21/11/2012 72Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
- Cn bng gia khai thc v phc hi dng ti nguyn ny s
mi mi duy tr chng, nu s dng qu mc/over-use dng ti
nguyn ny s dn n cn kit chng.
V d:
+ mu m ca th nhng, nc, cy ci, cc t chc
sng,l ti nguyn ti to nhng nu s dng cc dng ti
nguyn ny vt qu kh nng ti sinh ca chng th cc dng ti
nguyn ny s tr thnh khng th phc hi/non- renewable
resources.
+ Cht ph rng v chn th qu mc c th dn n sa
mc ha t.
21/11/2012 73Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn s hin dinca dng ti nguyn /Occurrence.
Theo phn loi ny, c 03 loi ti nguyn mi trng
sau:
1) Ti nguyn quc t (International Resources). y l
loi ti nguyn mi trng (natural resources) sn c
tt c mi quc gia v khng c bin gii (no
boundaries). V d, nh sng mt tri, khng kh, nhiu
loi kh,u c tt c cc quc gia.
21/11/2012 74Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
2) Ti nguyn a quc gia (Multinational Resources). y l
nhng loi ti nguyn c chia s cho hn mt quc gia. V d,
sng, h,..mt s loi chim di tr cng thuc loi ti nguyn ny.
3) Ti nguyn quc gia (National Resources). y l loi ti
nguyn nm trong mt quc gia c th. V d, hnh thi vt l,
cu trc a cht/a tng, phc h ng thc vt, h thng sng,
ngi v con ngi l ti nguyn quc gia.
21/11/2012 75Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn ngungc/Origin.
Theo cch phn loi ny c 02 dng ti nguyn sau y:
Ti nguyn hu sinh/Biotic Resources. y l dng ti nguync bn cht/basically l hu sinh: rng, cy ci, ng thc vt, vsinh vt,Nhin liu ha thch (fossil fuels) cng xp vo loiti nguyn ny v n c ngun gc l t cc cht hu c; mt sti nguyn hu sinh nh rng, vt nui,.. l ti nguyn ti tonhng cng c nhng ti nguyn hu sinh nh nhin liu hathch l khng th ti to.
Ti nguyn v sinh/Abiotic Resources l nhng ti nguynbn cht c hnh thnh t nhng vt v sinh nh t, nc,khong cht (ng st,..)
21/11/2012 76Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.3. PHN LoI TI NGUYN MI TRNG
. Phn loi ti nguyn mi trng da trn tnh hudng/Utility
- Trn c s tnh hu dng ca ti nguyn, ti nguyn mi
trng c th l ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn nc, lng
thc - thc phm/food resources, ti nguyn nng lng v
bt k dng ti nguyn no c gi tr s dng vi loi ngi.
- Mt loi ti nguyn mi trng c th no c th thuc
nhiu dng phn loi. V d, nng lng mt tri l loi
khng th cn kit, rng l ti nguyn ti to c th cn kit,
nhin liu ha thch l ti nguyn khng th ti sinh v c
th cn kit.
21/11/2012 77Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Chng ta thng xc nh tr lng ti
nguyn ti to cho th h tng lai da trn
kh nng/tim nng sn xut ca ti nguyn
trong mt khong thi gian xc nh no
.
21/11/2012 78Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
c nhiu d on rt kh quan v tim nng nng
lng ca cc loi ti nguyn nh thy triu, nng
lng mt tri, nng lng gi
Theo cc d on c c s, tng nng lng mt tri
c th nhn c cho loi ngi tiu th gp 10 triu
ln nng lng do loi ngi tiu th hin nay.
21/11/2012 79Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tuy vy, trong thc t s sn c (lng nng
lng cung cp) ca ti nguyn li ph thuc vo
kh nng ca loi ngi chuyn cc tim nng
thnh nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh pht
trin, bao gm c mi chi ph lin quan k c
thit hi do mi trng b suy thoi.
21/11/2012 80Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cng tng t, tng tim nng sinh hc ca lc a v
i dng ca Tri t c th sn xut vo khong 40 tn
thc phm cho mt ngi/nm vi mc dn s hin nay, tc
vo gp 100 ln nhu cu.
C c tnh nng lng v tim nng sinh hc ni trn
mi da vo sn lng vt cht ca h thng t nhin ch
cha tnh n kh nng tc ng ca h thng kinh t - x
hi ca loi ngi.
21/11/2012 81Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Vi n lc d on din tch t tim nng
phc v cho nng nghip, trn c s ly cc iu
kin sn xut cc nc tin tin p dng cho
cc nc km pht trin, tng din tch t c
tim nng phc v cho trng trt ca Tri t l
khong 3,2 3,6 t ha, s liu hin c l 1,4 t
ha (Gerasimov, 1983).
21/11/2012 82Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Nu tnh mt cch n thun theo phng php d
kin cc din tch t c kh nng canh tc v trnh
cng ngh hin nay c th p ng th din tch t c
kh nng phc v cho nng nghip vo khong 6,6 t
ha. Tuy vy, do cn nhiu yu t khc lin quan n con
ngi (human constraints) thc t din tch t c kh
nng canh tc t hn nhiu so vi con s 6,6 t ha
(Rees,J 1990).
21/11/2012 83Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
OX OX Sn lng cc i hng nm ph hp vi pht trin bn vng.
Tn sn lng OY N lc khai thc nhm t sn lng cc i
trn nm
Sn lng bn vng cc i
ng sn lng bn vng
Khu vc khng khong
suy thoi
Cn kit
Y OY
Hnh: Biu th ng sn lng bn vng
21/11/2012 84Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Khong vt/Mineral Khi
lng/Resources
(M3)*
Thi gian tn ti vi cc tng mc tiu th theo t l
khc nhau /Life expectancy in years with different
consumption growth rate**
Mc tng trung
bnh hng nm
1947-74
0% 2% 5% 10% %
Aluminium
Cadiminum
Chrominium++
Cobalt
Copper
Gold
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Mangnese +
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Platinium
Silver
Sulphur
Tin
Tungsten
Zinc
2.0 x 1018
3.6 x 1012
2.6 x 1015
600 x 1012
1.5 x 1015
84 x 109
1.4 x 1018
290 x 1012
672 x 1015
31.2 x 1015
2.1 x 1012
2.1 x 1012
28.8 x 1015
408 x 1015
1.1 x 1012
1.8 x 1012
9.6 x 1015
40.8 x 1012
26.4 x 1012
2.2 x 1015
166 x 109
210 x 106
1.3 x 109
23.8 x 109
216 x 106
62.8 x 106
2.8 x 109
83.5 x 106
131.5 x 109
3.1 x 109
223.5 x 106
3.2 x 106
1.9 x 109
22.1 x 109
6.7 x 109
194.2 x 106
205.3 x 106
172.2 x 106
677.2 x 106
398.6 x 109
1107
771
861
1009
772
709
898
724
1095
906
773
559
881
1005
944
766
769
760
829
1151
468
332
368
428
332
307
383
313
463
386
333
246
376
427
402
330
331
327
355
486
247
177
196
227
177
164
203
167
244
205
178
133
200
226
213
176
177
175
189
256
9.8
4.7
227
5.8
4.8
2.4
7.0
3.8
7.7
6.5
2.0
6.9
7.3
9.0
9.7
2.2
6.7
2.7
3.8
4.7
21/11/2012 85Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.4. TR LNG TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Take notes:
* The resource base is calculated by multiplying its elemental abundance measured in
grams per metric ton times the total weight (24x108 in metric tons of the earths crust.
** Life expectancies were calculated based on the average annual production figures
for 1972-4 and these were taken from US Bureau of Mines 1974.
++ Production figures assume that concentrates are 46 per cent Chromium.
+ Production figures assume that concentrates are 46 per cent Manganese
(R Judith Rees, 1990)
21/11/2012 86Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Loingi
- Dn s ngy cng tng.
- Nhu cu ngy cng ln c v s
lng ln chng loi.
- Khoa hc k thut ngy cng pht
trin to iu kin nng cao nng
lc khai thc.
- thc s dng ti nguyn
km.
- Gim st v s lng
ti nguyn.
- Gim st cht lng ti
nguyn.
- S lng ti nguyn b
khai thc vt qu xa s
lng ti nguyn ti to dn
n suy thoi, cn kit ti
nguyn
21/11/2012 87Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
2.5.1. KHI NiM V THI GIAN SUY KiT V TN LU CA TI
NGUYN MI TRNG.
Thi gian tn lu/Life time ca ti nguyn mitrng l khong thi gian m ti nguyn sn sng
v cho loi ngi s dng trn bnh din ton cu.
(Life time of a resource is a period along time scale
upto which its availability for human use is assured o
a global basis).
21/11/2012 88Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
2.5.1. KHI NiM V THI GIAN SUY KiT V TN LU CA TI
NGUYN MI TRNG.
Thi gian suy kit ti nguyn l thi gian m ti
nguyn gim st n mc khng th tha mn nhu
cu ca loi ngi s dng.
(Depletion time is a period along the time scale when
the availability of the resource will decrease to such an
extent that it is not available to meet human
requirements).
21/11/2012 89Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
2.5.2. KHUN MU CN KiT TI NGUYN
(DEPLETION OF PATTERNS OF RESOURCES).
1) Chnh sch qun l ti nguyn mi trng khng tt, c bit
l chnh sch khai thc s dng vt b s y nhanh tc
cn kit ti nguyn trong mi trng.(Rapid Depletion time It is
due to policy extract use and throw away. It was prevalent
during early years. There was unrestricted economic extraction,
involving wastage at every step. The after use materials were
thrown away).
21/11/2012 90Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
2) Cch thc qun l trong khai thc, lu gi v ch bin
khng hp l cng l nguyn nhn lm cho ti nguyn mi
trng d b cn kit, du rng tc khng nhanh nh
khun mu 1.
* (Extended depletion time - It involves proper management
at the point of extraction, concentration and manufacture so
that the wastage can be reduced. Partial recycling extends
the depletion period of resources.
21/11/2012 91Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.5. SUY KiT TI NGUYN MI TRNG
3). Thc hin cc chin lc bo tn khc nhau v cc k
thut phng nga cht thi s gip ko di s hin din v
bo tn c ti nguyn mi trng.
(Indefinite depletion time It involves various conservation
strategies, as such depletion period of the resource can be
extended indefinitely. Conservation techniques prevention of
wastage, recycling and substitution.).
21/11/2012 92Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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BIU BiU TH KHUN MU CN KiT TI NGUYN
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Cn kit TN nhanh/ Rapid depletion time
Cn kit TN kh nhanh/Extended depletion
time
Cha r thi gian cn kit TN/Indifinite depletion
time
21/11/2012 93Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN
c im phn b ca ti nguyn mi trng Vit nam
ni ring v trn th gii ni chung l khng u v c
khng gian ln thi gian.
Nhiu loi ti nguyn mi trng ch tp trung mt s
nc trong khi rt nhiu nc khc li khng c loi ti
nguyn . V d, khong 90% tr lng du pht hin ra
ch tp trung khong 15 nc trong s hn 200 trn th.
21/11/2012 94Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN
Thng mi quc t c th iu tit s phn b ti nguyn thng qua
lu chuyn ti nguyn mi trng t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc
t khu vc cung nhiu sang khu vc cu nhiu/by allowing resources
to move from areas of excess supply to areas of excess demand v do
hiu sut s dng ti nguyn s cao hn.
Tuy vy, v ti nguyn mi trng l mt trong nhng u vo
khng th thiu c ca hot ng sn xut v rt cn thit duy tr
cht lng cuc sng con ngi nn s phn b bt bnh ng ti
nguyn c th l nguyn nhn gy xung t gia cc dn tc.
21/11/2012 95Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN
Ti nguyn thin nhin c th c xem nh l vn t nhin /naturalcapital assets. Vn vt cht t nhin ny khc vi nhn lc /human capital
ch, n khng c to ra bi con ngi.
Vn t nhin c th tr thnh mt yu t u vo quan trong trong nnkinh t ca mt quc gia /in a countrys production function. Theo
Josling (2009), sn lng ca mt nn kinh t c th biu th qua phng
trnh sau:
Y = f (K, L, N)
Trong : Y - Sn lng/ output,
K - Vn/capital.
L - Nhn lc/labour
N - Ti nguyn mi trng/natural resources.
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2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN
Cn phi xc nh ti nguyn mi trng va l cc yu
t ca sn xut v cng l hng ha c th thng mi trn
trng quc t: khong sn, qung, du, v nhiu nguyn
nhin vt liu khc c th khai thc v bn bun trn trng
quc t. Tuy vy, c nhiu ti nguyn li c th l nn tng
c bn ca nn kinh t quc gia /form the economic basis
for various sectors of the domestic economy v do ch c
th tham gia vo thng mi mt cch gin tip/in trade in
an indirect way.
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2.6. PHN B TI NGUYN
V d, kh hu v cnh quan (climate and scenery) c th xut
khu thng qua du lch. Tng t, t nng nghip l mt loi ti
nguyn mi trng c nh (fixed, immobile natural resource)
ch c th xut khu thng qua xut khu cc sn phm trng t
t . Bi vy, v c bn, ti nguyn mi trng c xem nh
l nguyn nhn cho thng mi ch khng phi l hng ha
thng mi (Hence, at a fundamental level, natural resources are
often a reason for trade rather than tradable goods in their own
right).
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21/11/2012 Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy 99
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3. CHNH SCH & CHIN LC TI
NGUYN MI TRNG
3.1. Khi nim v CS & CL ti nguyn
3.2. Cc cng c CS ti nguyn.
3.3. Cc c tnh cn phi xem xt.
3.4. Quy trnh XDCS/CL
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3.1 CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
3.1. KHAI NIEM VE CHNH SACH TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG.
Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la mot loat hoac tap
hp cac quy nh va nguyen tac c t lieu hoa
(documented) mot cach chnh thc ma nha nc, moi
ca nhan, cong ty hoac to chc chap nhan cho cac hoat
ong cua mnh trong quan ly tai nguyen moi trng /A
natural resource policy is a set of rules or principles
(usually formal and documented) that an
individual, company or organization adopts for a
chosen of natural resource management action.
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3.1 CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la tong the cacquan iem, cac chuan mc, cac bien phap, cac thu
thuat thc hien nham at c nhng muc tieu e ra.
Chnh sach tai nguyen la tien trnh cua cac quyetnh va la khuon mau cho moi hoat ong ve QLTN.
Chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng la tat ca nhngviec chnh quyen chon lam hoac khong lam e quan
ly tai nguyen moi trng.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Cac chnh sach co the c e ra va thc hien nhng
tang nac khac nhau:
- chnh sach cua Lien hiep quoc;
- chnh sach cua mot ang;
- chnh sach cua chnh phu;
- chnh sach cua chnh quyen a phng;
- chnh sach cua mot bo;
- chnh sach cua mot to chc, oan the, hiep hoi;
- chnh sach cua mot doanh nghiepDo o co the phan loai chnh sach thanh 02 loai:
Chnh sach cong va chnh sach t.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Nhng chnh sach do cac c quan hay cac cap chnhquyen trong bo may nha nc ban hanh nham giai
quyet cac van e co tnh cong ong c coi la chnhsach cong.
Cac chnh sach cong thng c the che hoa thanhcac quyet nh co hieu lc phap ly cua c quan nha
nc.
Hien nay van con nhieu tranh luan ve nh nghachnh sach cong va xem ra se rat kho at c nhat tr
rong rai.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
William Jenkin nh ngha chnh sach congnh sau Chnh sach cong la mot tap hp cacquyet nh co lien quan lan nhau cua mot nha
chnh tr hay mot nhom nha chnh tr gan lien
vi viec la chon cac muc tieu va cac giai phap
e at cac muc tieu o.
Theo nh ngha nay, co 02 van e can phainhan manh:
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Chnh sach cong khong phai la mot quyetnh n le nao ay ma la mot tap hp cac
quyet nh khac nhau co lien quan vi nhau
trong mot khoang thi gian dai.
Chnh sach cong do cac nha chnh tr trong bomay nha nc ban hanh, tc la, cac c quan nha
nc la chu the ban hanh chnh sach cong.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Mot so ac trng quan trong cua chnh sachcong
Th nhat: Chu the ban hanh cua chnh sach cong lanha nc, cac c quan trong bo may nha nc (Quoc
hoi, chnh phu, cac Bo, chnh quyen a phng cac
cap). Cac c quan trong bo may nha nc va la chu
the ban hanh chnh sach cong va la chu the ban hanh
chnh sach t cac chnh sach t do c quan nha ncban hanh la nhng chnh sach ch nham giai quyet
nhng van e thuoc ve noi bo c quan o).
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Th hai: Chnh sach cong bao gom nhieu quyet
nh co lien quan lan nhau. Trc het chung ta
khong nen ong nhat khai niem quyet nh ay
vi cac quyet nh hanh chnh, cang khong the coi
o ch la nhng van ban quy pham phap luat cua
nha nc. Khai niem quyet nh ay co ngha
rong hn, no co the c coi nh la mot la chon
hanh ong cua nha nc.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Cac quyet inh nay co the bao gom ca
luat, cac quyet nh di luat, tham ch ca
nhng y tng cua cac nha lanh ao the hien
trong li noi va hanh ong cua ho. Song chnh
sach khong ong ngha vi mot ao luat rieng
biet hay mot van ban nao o.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Chnh sach la mot chuoi hay hay mot loat cac
quyet nh cung hng vao giai quyet mot van
e chnh sach, do mot hay nhieu cap khac nhau
trong bo may nha nc ban hanh trong mot thi
gian dai.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Mot chnh sach co the c the che hoa
thanh cac van ban phap luat e tao tnh phap ly
cho viec thc thi, song no con bao gom nhng
phng an, hanh ong khong mang tnh bat
buoc ma co tnh nh hng, kch thch phat
trien.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Th ba: Cac quyet nh cua chnh sach la nhng
quyet nh hanh ong, co ngha la chung bao
gom ca nhng hanh vi thc tien. Chnh sach
cong khong ch the hien d nh cua nha hoach
nh chnh sach ve mot van e nao o ma con
bao om cac hanh vi thc hien cac d nh o.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Th t: Chnh sach cong tap trung giai quyet
mot van e ang at ra trong i song kinh te xa hoi theo nhng muc tieu xac nh.
Th 5: Xet theo ngha rong chnh sach cong bao
gom nhng viec nha nc nh lam va khong
nh lam (Chnh sach tha noi gia ca hoac lai
suat khong can thiep vao s len xuong cua giaca va lai suat).
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Th 6: Chnh sach cong tac ong en cac oi tng
cua chnh sach. oi tng cua chnh sach la nhng
ngi chu s tac ong hay ieu tiet cua chnh
sach: oi tng trc tiep la nhng ngi trc tiep la
nhng ngi trc tiep chu s ieu chnh cua chnh
sach o, oi tng gian tiep la nhng ngi chu
anh hng cua chnh sach o mot cach gian tiep.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Th bay: Chnh sach cong c nha nc
e ra nham phuc vu li ch chung cua
cong ong hoac quoc gia.
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3.1.1. PHN LoI CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Cac to chc, doanh nghiep, cac hiep hoi, oan theco
the e ra nhng chnh sach rieng biet e ap dung trong
pham vi mot to chc, doanh nghiep, hiep hoi hay oan the
o. Cac chnh sach nay nham giai quyet nhng van e at
ra cho moi to chc, chung ch co hieu lc thi hanh trong to
chc o. V vay, chung mang tnh chat rieng biet va c
coi la nhng chnh sach t .
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3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN LC
Theo Riley (2012), Chin lc lnhng nh hng v mc tiu ca mt t
chc xc lp cho mt thi gian di nhm
t c nhng li th cho t chc
thng qua s dng cc ngun ti nguyn
trong mt mi trng y th thch nhm
tha mn nhu cu ca th trng v p
ng c mong i ca cc nhm i
tng Jim Riley:Sunday23September,2012:www.google.com\strategy definition)
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3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN
LC
"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation
over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the
organisation through its configuration of resources
within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of
markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations (Jim
Riley, 2012). ( Jim Riley : Sunday 23 September, 2012:
www.google.com\strategy definition)
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3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN LC
Chien lc la mot chng trnh hanh ong tong
quat, trien khai cac nguon lc e at c cac muc
tieu toan dien ve phat trien kinh te xa hoi trong mot
thi gian tng oi lau dai (10 nam, 20 nam).
Xay dng chien lc la mot trong nhng nhiem vu
quan trong nhat cua nha nc.
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3.2. NH NGHA & KHI NiM V CHIN LC
Thong thng, mot chien lc ln cua nha nc
bao gom mot so chnh sach can thiet e giai quyet
nhng van e bc xuc, nham ho tr cho tien trnh thc
hien cac muc tieu chien lc e ra.
Chnh sach co tac dung ho tr cho chien lc, tao
ra nhng ong lc quan trong va moi trng thuan li
e thc hien chien lc phat trien kinh te xa hoi
cua at nc.
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3.2.1 PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC
Chin lc tn ti nhiu cp trong bt k t chc no, t cp tp
on n cc b phn ring r trong t chc .
1) Chin lc ca lin hip cc cng ty (tp on)/Corporate
Strategy.
Chin lc ca cng ty/tp on l chin lc lin quan n cc mc tiu tng
th v phm vi ca cng ty nhm p ng s mong ca cc c ng. Chin
lc ca cng ty ng vai tr then cht v n nh hng ln n cc nh u t
ca cng ty v l o lut hng dn qu trnh ban hnh quyt nh trong hot
ng sn xut, kinh doanh ca cng ty . Chin lc ca cng ty thng c
tuyn b rt r rng trong mt bui cng b nhim v ca n v.
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3.2.1. PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC
2) Chin lc kinh doanh ca n v /Business
Unit Strategy ch yu l chin lc lin quan n
lm th no cnh tranh thng li trong mt th
trng c th no . Chin lc kinh doanh bao
gm nhng quyt nh v s chn la sn phm
tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng, bin php t
c nhng u th i vi cc i th cnh
tranh, khai thc v to ra nhng c hi mi.
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3.2.1. PHN LoI CHIN LC TRONG CC T CHC
3) Chin lc vn hnh/Operational Strategy - lin quan
n cc vn lm th no t chc cc b phn trong
n v phn phi/iu phi cc hng dn/ch th chin
lc ca cp trn (tp on, cng ty). Chin lc vn
hnh, do , tp trung vo cc vn nh ti nguyn, quy
trnh, nhn lc,..
Operational Strategy - is concerned with how each part of the business is
organised to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction.
Operational strategy therefore focuses on issues of
resources, processes, people etc.
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3.3 K HOACH TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG
Ke hoach la mot chng trnh cu the e at c
cac muc tieu nh trc. Ke hoach e ra bao gom
nhng muc tieu cu the va nhng giai phap hanh ong
cu the c la chon e at c nhng muc tieu nay.
Ke hoach c lap ra cho nhng khoang thi gian
xac nh: 5 nam, hang nam, na nam, quy,Sau khi
ke hoach c phe chuan, no la can c phap ly e
hng dan hoat ong va anh gia hoat ong cua cap
thc hien ke hoach.
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3.4 AC IEM CUA CHNH SACH TAI
NGUYEN MOI TRNG
Chnh sach co ac iem va la san pham va
la quy trnh.
Tnh san pham/products cua chnh sach v no
la ket qua cua mot qua trnh.
Tnh quy trnh cua chnh sach la v no lien
quan en giai oan xay dng chnh sach va giai oan
thc hien
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 125
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3.5 QUY TRNH XAY DNG CHNH SACH &
CHIEN LC TAI NGUYEN MOI TRNG
3.5.1. Moi quan he gia chnh sach va ket qua
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 126
Chnh sach kinh te
Chnh sach tai nguyen
moi trng
Ket qua ve tai nguyen moi
trng
Ket qua ve kinh te
Ket qua chnh
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN
MI TRNG
ac tnh la hang hoa cong cong/public goods
Nhieu tai nguyen moi trng co the xem la hang hoa cong cong v
tieu thu cua ca nhan nay khong lam giam i mc tieu thu cua bat c ca
nhan nao khac oi vi cung mot loai hang hoa. /each individuals
consumption lead to no subtractions from any other individuals
consumption of that good.
ac tnh cua hang hoa cong cong:
Tnh khong oi thu/non-rival tieu thu cua mot ca nhan nao o
khong lam han che mc tieu thu cua ca nhan khac
V du: Mot ngi nao o ht th khong kh trong lanh khong the
bat ngi khac khong c s dung khong kh sach e th.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh khong loai tr/non excludable Mot ca nhan nao o km
ham c hoat ong gay o nhiem th ca nhan khac cung c li t
hoat ong o.
V du: Mot ngi giam dung xe hi th ngi khac cung c
li la ht th c khong kh trong lanh.
Ban chat cong cong cua cac van e moi trng rat quan trong oi
vi cac nha xay dng chnh sach bi: Cac no lc bao ve moi trng co
the vap phai cac hanh ong chong oi cua tap the. V du, Mot so nha
may tap trung gan nhau cung gay o nhiem moi trng se co the e
ngh c che khuyen khch e bao ve quyen li cua ho (giam thue e
trch cho cong tac x ly).
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Li ch thu c t viec s dung hang hoa cong
cong thng ch tap trung mot nhom ngi san
xuat, trong khi chi ph x ly co the phan tan cho nhieu
ngi ganh chu.
V du, Mot nha may SX nang lng phat thai vao
khong kh mot lng ln Sulphur Dioxide gay ra ma axit
nhng ni rat xa so vi ni phat thai va nhng ni b
ma axit phai ton chi ph x ly.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh phc tap va khong chac chan. Thong thng rat kho xac nh va giai thch can ke cac moilien he gia cac hien tng t nhien va hien tng tao ra do con
ngi.
Do co s tac ong tng ho, qua lai gia cac he sinh thai nencac van e moi trng khong the giai quyet mot cach rieng le.
Trong thc te a co nhng chnh sach co tac ong tot mot
khu vc nao o nhng lai lam nay sinh nhng van e khong
mong i hoac pha huy nhng thanh qua mot so khu vc khac.
V du, xay dng cac ong khoi cao nhng khu cong nghiep cua
Anh nhng nam 1950 a co tac dung lam giam han chat thai trong
kh cac KCN giam nhng lai gay ra hien tng ma axit nhng
vung rat xa (Scandinavia).
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Mot so ep buoc chnh tr cung can tr giai quyet cac van
e moi trng.
- Mot so giai phap moi trng trong nong nghiep hien ai
nh chong xoi mon, chong o nhiem cac dong songcan phai
c can nhac da tren cac chnh sach cong cong co tnh v
mo hn nh: cac quy nh thng mai quoc te, chien lc san
xuat lng thc quoc gia; chnh sach gia ca nong san cac
nc thanh vien Lien minh Chau Au
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Nhieu van e moi trng hien nay cha c giai thch
ro da tren cac chng c khoa hoc. V du, thc te co s bien
oi kh hau hay khong, neu co th o la do con ngi hay yeu
to t nhien? Thc pham bien oi gen co li hay hai? Tham
ch, co nhng van e a c sang to nhng nhieu van e
lien quan en van e o cung can tiep tuc c lam ro. V
du, viec phat hien ra moi trng b o nhiem bi cac hoat ong
giao thong nhng can phai nh lng hoa cac chat gay o
nhiem.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh khong thay oi hoac khong the ao ngc
Thc te cho thay tnh phc tap cua cac van e moi trng con tang
them bi tnh khong thay oi/khong the phuc hoi cua moi trng.
V du, khi trai at b s dung vt qua sc tai cua no th cac tai nguyen
moi trng se b huy hoai va khong the sa cha, phuc hoi
Tnh khong the ao ngc lam tang them ap lc cho cac nha xay
dng chnh sach, ac biet la trong cac chnh sach tai chnh, tr cap xa
hoi.
V du, mot chnh sach ve thue hoac li tc khong hp ly ch co the sa
oi trong nhng nam sau va ngi ta khong the sa lai nhng thieu sot
trc ay.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh bien ong theo khong gian va thi gian
Bien ong theo thi gian
Nhieu van e moi trng rat phc tap bi tac ong cua no co tnh lau
dai va hau nh cac tac ong anh hng nhieu hn oi vi the he tng lai so vi
the he hien tai, rong khi cac chnh sach cha tr can phai co trc khi anh
hng tieu cc xuat hien hoan toan.
e bao ve the he tng lai, mot so hanh ong phai c thc hien ngay
nhng khuynh hng cua cac nha chnh tr la thng ngan han. Thc te, rat kho
thuyet phuc e moi ngi hy sinh quyen li hien tai cho mot the he cha xuat
hien. Thong thng giai quyet cac van e moi trng hien tai se de hn rat
nhieu so vi xay dng chnh sach giai quyet cac van e moi trng trong tng
lai.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Bien ong theo khong gian
Cac van e ve moi trng cung thay oi rat nhieu ve khong gian. Mc
nc bien dang cao se anh hng nghiem trong en cac vung duyen hai va luc
a thap nh Bangladesh; Egyps..; viec ong ca cac nha may ien nguyen t
ong c sau khi nc c thong nhat lam giam nguy c s co moi trng
nhng lai tang lng ngi that nghiep
Bien ong theo thi gian va khong gian cua cac van e moi trng co ngha
la chi ph cho cac giai phap phuc hoi moi trng se khong c phan eu.
Cac chnh sach tai nguyen moi trng se tao ra tnh trang ngi thang, ke
thua.
V vay, chnh quyen can phai can oi c li ch cua moi ngi va ay chnh
la nhng van e quan trong ve cong bang xa hoi gia cac the he hien tai va
tng lai.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh khong ranh gii
Nhieu van e moi trng co tnh khong ranh gii: lo thung tang ozon, o
nhiem nc bien, thay oi kh hau. Do o, nhieu van e moi trng mang tnh
toan cau ch co the giai quyet bang cac hanh ong phoi hp bi cong ong quoc
te.
Do moi quoc gia eu co chu quyen va theo hoc thuyet chu quyen quoc
gia th se khong co mot chnh quyen chung cho the gii (World Government) va
chnh sach cua quoc gia nay khong the ap at cho quoc gia khac thc hien.
e giai quyet nhng van e moi trng co tnh khong bien gii oi hoi phai
co s hp tac gia cac quoc gia nham xay dng mot the che chung/quoc te
nham giup va loi keo nhieu dan toc phoi hp hanh ong.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tnh manh mun trong c cau hanh chnh
C cau hanh chnh cac cap chnh quyen thong
thng c chia ra cac Bo khac nhau: Bo Giao duc; Bo
Cong nghiep, Bo Y te
Nhom cac bo thuoc cac nghanh kinh te nh tai
chnh, cong nghiep, nang lng, nong nghiep ...thng a
ra nhng quyet sach lien quan en san xuat, tieu thu va
nhng hoat ong nay co anh hng tieu cc en moi
trng.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cac bo rieng biet a ra nhng chnh sach nham eo uoi muc ch a
nh va t khi xem xet nhng tac ong moi trng do hoat ong cua mnh gay
ra. V du, Bo Giao thong Van tai a ra nhng d an xay dng ong cao toc;
Bo Nong nghiep chap nhan va khuyen khch phng phap tham canh (intensive
farming)
Cong tac bao ve moi trng giao cho Bo tai nguyen & Moi trng
S tac ong tng ho gia kinh te va sinh thai khong co ranh gii hanh
chnh cung nh ranh gii ve the che (administrative and institutional
boundaries), rat nhieu van e moi trng co tnh a lnh vc va oi hoi s hp
tac a phng mi giai quyet c. V du, chien lc han che thay oi kh hau
oi hoi phai co s ket hp gia cac lnh vc nh giao thong, cong nghiep, nong
lam nghiep.va cac chnh sach kinh te khac.
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
ieu tiet cac hoat ong moi trng bang cac quy inh luat
phap
Moi trng b huy hoai thng la do san pham phu/by
product cua cac hoat ong hp phap (Weale 1992).
e giam nhng tac ong ve moi trng, cac cap chnh
quyen co the dung cac quy nh phap luat, kinh te va xa hoi e
ieu tiet. ieu tiet bang cac quy nh luat phap thng la tong
hp cac cong cu chnh sach ch khong ch la cong cu phap
ly/legal instrument. V du, thiet lap cac tieu chuan xa thai cho
mot nha may hoac khuyen khch tai che
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3.5.2. CC C TNH CT LI CA TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Trong thc te, tnh ieu tiet cua nhieu chnh sach tai
nguyen moi trng mau thun va oi khang vi nhieu chnh
sach khac. V du, dung thue va chi ph cong ch e phan bo
tai nguyen.
Mot so quy nh phap luat c chnh quyen ap dung co
the gay ra nhng ket qua tieu cc nh: lam tang nguy c
ton that oi vi cac hoat ong SXKD, giam tnh canh tranh
trong SX, tang nguy c that nghiep trong cong ong dan c
hoac ngi tieu dung phai tra so tien ln hn do ho muon
co hang hoa sach va an toan hn.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH
SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Chnh sach cong luon c xem xet di goc
o mot quy trnh, bao gom cac hoat ong lien
quan lan nhau c tien hanh t khi van e chnh
sach nay sinh cho en khi no c giai quyet bi
cac chu the tham gia vao quy trnh nay.
Thc te a co rat nhieu mo hnh ve quy trnh
chnh sach cong (Public policy process) c a
ra bi cac hoc gia khac nhau
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cac nhan to anh hng en quy trnh xay dng chnh sach
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 142
Kinh te
Moi trng
Chnh tr
Chnh sach
Xa hoi
Quy trnh xay dng va thc
thi chnh sach b anh hng bi
bon lc lng (vect) chnh:Xa
hoi,Moi trng, Chnh tr &
Kinh te.
Tuy theo sac thai chnh
tr, s thanh cong hay that bai
cua cac nhom co lien quan, cac
phng va hng cua cac vect
co the thay oi ve cng o va
muc ch.
-
3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Nghien cu van e.
Xac nh van e.
at muc tieu.
Phan tch va la chon phngan.
Thc hien, ieu hanh va kiemtra chnh sach.
anh gia va xem xet.
Duy tr, tiep tuc hoac ket thucchnh sach. Theo Gunn (1966),
Xay dng chnh sach.
The che hoa chnh sach.
Thong qua chnh sach.
a chnh sach vao thc hien.
anh gia chnh sach.
(Anderson (1975)
21/11/2012 Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy 143
-
POLICY-MAKING PROCESS
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 144
Policy formulation
(General objectives, legislation)
Establish deail goals
Establish appropriate methods
Develop appropriate
institutions or orgaisations
Implementation of plans
Day to day operations
Analysis of results (Test against
policy objectives)
Information
system
Loop
Feed
back
R. Judish Rees 1990
-
3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Tuy co nhieu mo hnh ve quy trnh chnh
sach cong co khac nhau ve chi tiet, song c
ban cac mo hnh quy trnh chnh sach eu bao
gom 03 giai oan c ban.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 146
HoCH NH
THC THI
NH GI
Phan tch chnh sach
-
3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Quy trnh chnh sach ti nguyn la mot qua
trnh nang ong vi mot mc o trung lap ang
ke gia ba giai oan:
hoach nh;
thc thi; v
anh gia.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Hoach nh chnh sach cong (Public policy making)
la mot giai oan bao gom viec nghien cu e xuat ra mot
chnh sach va ban hanh chnh sach o.
Trong giai oan hoach nh chnh sach, cac chnh
sach c nghien cu e xuat e nha nc phe chuan va
ban hanh cong khai.
Developing env.man. strategy (Xay dung chien luoc).docx
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 148
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Viec nghien cu e xuat chnh sach cong do cac nha hoach nh
chnh sach, cac c quan nha nc, cac to chc oan the c nha nc uy
quyen thc hien.
Qua trnh e xuat chnh sach bao gom viec xac nh van e can ra
chnh sach, xac nh muc tieu ma chnh sach can at c va xac nh cac
giai phap can thiet e at c cac muc tieu o. Tren c s la chon cac
phng an chnh sach, c quan nha nc co tham quyen phe chuan mot
phng an toi u nhat va ban hanh thanh mot chnh sach cong e a vao
thc hien.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 150
Thay oi s ieu tiet
cua nha nc
S khong hai long cua
cong chung
Ap lc quoc te
Thay oi trong hien phap
Moi quan tam mi cua
xa hoi
Ap dung cong nghe mi
-
3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Cac can c chu yeu e hoach nh chnh sach moitrng.
Can c chnh tr: Bat ky mot chnh sach nao, ke cachnh sach moi trng, cua nha nc u mang tnh chnh
tr, co ngha la no can c vao ng loi chnh tr va t
tng ch ao cua ng cam quyen, phuc vu ng loi va
t tng o. Chnh sach la cong cu quan ly cua nha
nc, hng vao nhng muc tieu cua nha nc ma nhng
muc tieu nay luon the hien ban chat va phng hng cua
ang cam quyen.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Can c phap luat: Trong moi quoc gia u tn tai motchuan mc chung bat buoc moi ngi phai tuan thu. Nhng
chuan mc chung o c c quan quyen lc toi cao cua
nha nc thong qua va ban hanh di hnh thc van ban
phap luat. He thong phap luat tao nen nhng khuon kho
phap ly quy nh va ieu chnh tat ca cac quan he xa hoi.
Cac chinh sach cong bao gom ca cac chnh sach moi trng
do nha nc ban hanh, v vay, cung phai can cu vao he
thong phap luat hien hanh. Ban than cac the che phap luat
khong gay ra hanh ong, chung tac ong en chnh sach
bang cach nh hnh s the hien cua van e va cac giai phap
cu the bang cach quy nh khuon kho la chon cac giai
phap cung nh cac phng phap e thc hien cac giai phap
o.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
- Cac the che phap luat cung cap cho cac nha
hoach nh chnh sach nhng quy tac hanh ong, tieu
chuan xay dng chnh sach, nhng rang buoc va
khuon kho oi vi chnh sach. Noi mot cach cu the:
cac chnh sach khong c trai vi nhng quy luat
hien hanh. Do o, khi hoach nh mot chnh sach, can
nam c tat ca cac quy nh phap luat ang ieu tiet
lnh vc lien quan en chnh sach o.
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 153
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
- ong thi, chnh sach lai la nguon tao ra nhng
the che phap luat mi. Thong thng, sau khi nha
nc ban hanh mot chnh sach, e thc thi chnh sach
o trong cuoc song, nha nc phai the che hoa chnh
sach o thanh cac quy pham phap luat va khuyen
khch, va cng che oi vi viec thi hanh chnh sach
o.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Can c kinh te: Moi chnh sach e ra phaida vao hoan canh kinh te cu the, chung
khong the vt qua ieu kien kinh te va nguon
lc hien co. tam v mo, nhng ieu kien kinh
te o la trnh o phat trien cua nen kinh
te, mc o tang trng kinh te, s phat trien va
nhu cau phat trien cua lnh vc kinh te ma
chnh sach o tac ong en.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Can c xa hoi: Viec e ra mot chnh sach phai xuat phatt nhng can c xa hoi, o la: mc song cua dan c, tnh trang
cong an viec lam, cong bang xa hoi, trnh o dan trNeu caccan c xa hoi mc tien bo th viec e ra cac giai phap cua
mot chnh sach cong co the da vao y thc t giac cua nhan
dan, c s ung ho cua nhieu ngi, t b cac yeu too xa hoi
tieu cc can tr. V du, e a ra chnh sach co phan hoa, ben
canh nhng yeu to kinh te, phai tnh en ieu kien xa hoi nh
thu nhp cua dan c con thap khong co kha nang mua co
phieu, tnh trang tieu cc trong quan ly nhieu doanh nghiep
con pho bien nen nhan dan cha tin tng bo tien mua co
phieu.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Can c khoa hoc Cong nghe: Vai tro cua khoahoc va cong nghe (Trong trng hp nay bao gom ca
khoa hoc t nhien va khoa hoc xa hoi) rat ln, no co
the lam thu hep khoang cach cua cac nc giau va
ngheo trong khoang thi gian ngan neu biet tan dung
hoac khoang cach o cang ngay cang ln neu khong
tan dung c. V vay, moi chnh sach eu phai tiep
thu va tan dung cac thanh t cua khoa hoc va cong
nghe, chnh nhng yeu to khoa hoc va cong nghe tac
ong rat ln en s thanh cong cua mot chnh sach.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Boi canh quoc te: Boi canh quoc te trong giai oannay la s suy thoai cua chu ngha xa hoi mac dau van co
c hoi phuc hoi va phat trien va xu hng toan cau
hoa, toan cau hoa cha ng nhieu u iem nhng van
tiem an nhieu yeu to tieu cc. Toan cau hoa ang tr
thanh mot ong lc thuc ay s tng tac cua moi quoc
gia trong nhieu lnh vc. Do o, toan cau hoa dan en s
thay oi cac chnh sach lien quoc gia cung nh chnh sach
cua tng quoc gia nham tang tnh hieu qua kinh te thong
qua viec hoi nhap kinh te va ni long s kiem soat cac th
trng quoc gia.
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 158
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Giai oan thc thi chnh sach thng
c bat au trc khi chnh sach c
thiet lap vng chac, va giai oan anh gia
thng an en nhng thay oi trong
chnh sach.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Phan tch /nh gi chnh sach la mot trnh
bao trum toan bo quy trnh chnh sach. Tren
thc te cac chnh sach cong thng t khi bat di
bat dch, chung luon c sa oi cho thch
ng vi nhng ieu kien mi.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
Ve thc chat kho co the mo ta quy trnh chnh
sach mot cach n gian va ro rang v no va co tnh
lien tuc va co tnh bien ong.
Quy trnh chnh sach lien tuc v cac chnh sach cua
Chnh phu thng bat nguon t nhng y o hay quyet
nh a ton tai trong qua kh ch khong phai bat
nguon t cho khong co g.
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3.5.3. QUY TRNH XY DNG CHNH SCH TI NGUYN MI TRNG
ong thi, chnh sach khong cham dt ot
ngot, no luon luon la tien e cho nhng y
tng mi hoac chnh sach mi trong tng lai.
ieu nay co ngha la kho co the tm c s
khi au cung nh ket thuc cua hau het cac
chnh sach.
11/21/2012 Tin s: Nguyen Vinh Quy 162
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5.6. CNG C CHNH SCH TI NGUYN
Cc cng c chnh sch qun l ti nguyn mi trng
bao gm:
a) Cng c khuyn khch, ng vin/moral suasion: khuyn
khch ng vin bng ni chuyn, cng khai ha v p lc x
hi).
b) Kim tra gim st trc tip/direct control: lut, quy nh,..
c) Phng php iu tit th trng/market processes: iu tit
gi c, nh thu cc loi, tr gi, giy php, k qu,..
d) u t ca chnh quyn/Government investems: u t trong
nghin cu, gio dc,..
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5.7 QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
Trong thc tin, quy trnhthc hin/p dng trit mt chin lc bao gm 03thnh phn:
1) Phn tch chin lc;
2) La chn chin lc; v
3)Thc hin chin lcChien luoc nuoc schNT.RTF
21/11/2012 164Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
Phn tch chin lc/Strategic Analysis lthc hin phn tch mt mnh v v th ca doanh
nghip v nm r nhng yu t bn ngoi nh
hng n v th ca n v. Qu trnh phn tch
chin lc c th s dng cc cng c nh:
- PEST Analysis;
- Scenario Planning;
- Five Forces Analysis;
21/11/2012 165Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
- Market Segmentation;
- Directional Policy Matrix;
- Competitor Analysis;
- Critical Success Factor Analysis;
- SWOT Analysis Strategic Choice
21/11/2012 166Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
PEST Analysis - a technique for understanding the "environment" in which a business
operates
Scenario Planning - a technique that builds various plausible views of possible futures
for a business
Five Forces Analysis - a technique for identifying the forces which affect the level of
competition in an industry
Market Segmentation - a technique which seeks to identify similarities and differences
between groups of customers or users
Directional Policy Matrix - a technique which summarizes the competitive strength of
a businesses operations in specific markets
Competitor Analysis - a wide range of techniques and analysis that seeks to summarize
a businesses' overall competitive position
Critical Success Factor Analysis - a technique to identify those areas in which a
business must outperform the competition in order to succeed
SWOT Analysis - a useful summary technique for summarizing the key issues arising
from an assessment of a businesses "internal" position and "external" environmental
influences.
21/11/2012 167Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
PEST analysis stands for "Political, Economic, Social, and Technological
analysis" and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the
environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added
Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT;[1] inserting Environmental factors
expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the United Kingdom.[2]
The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and
STEEPLED, adding Ethics and demographic factors. It is a part of the external
analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives
an overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to
take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market
growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The
growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of
the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use
of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically
considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory
factors.
21/11/2012 168Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
La chn chin lc/Strategy choice l qu trnh
tm hiu bn cht ca cc nguyn vng/mong i ca cc
c ng, xc nh cc gii php chin lc v nh gi &
chn la cc gii php chin lc.
Thc hin chin lc/Strategy Implementation
y l phn kh khn nht ca chin lc. Sau khi chin
lc c la chn, cng vic tip theo l bin nhng
ca chin lc thnh cc hot ng c th ca t
chc/doanh nghip.
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5.7. QUY TRNH P DNG CHIN LC
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &
CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch, VN c mt khng hai
GS. KENICHI OHNO
Hu ht chnh sch c xy dng vi s can d hn
ch ca DN.
DN ch c php c kin sau hoc khi c vn pht sinh.
Chnh sch c xy dng trn c s cc phn tchv mc tiu khng thc t, khng c gii DN ng h.
21/11/2012 171Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &
CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Cc chnh sch khng c s phi hp gia cc B, ch
l bn lit k cc chnh sch m thiu k hoch hnh
ng c th.
Mi B ngnh c nhiu k hoch nhng li khngxc nh c lnh vc u tin.
VN c qu nhiu chin lc ngnh. Mi chin lcch do vi ngi lm, trong thi gian ngn, vi cht
lng khng cao. Chnh ph la chn u tin v quyt
nh k hoch.
21/11/2012 172Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &
CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
i. bt k chnh sch no, vic xy
dng u qu phn tn, v c qu
nhiu s chng ln. V d, nu mun
x l vn mi trng lin quan n
t, bn cn gp i din B Cng
thng, B Giao thng Vn ti, B
Ti nguyn mi trng v bin, B
Khoa hc - Cng ngh, lc lng
cnh st giao thng... v khng mt c
quan no chu trch nhim ch o
trong vic ny. Cc chnh sch khc
cng tng t.
21/11/2012 173Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &
CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
ii. C qu nhiu trch nhim
cp b chng ln ln nhau.
Trong , nh hng
ln, khng c quan no ra
quyt nh.
iii. Chnh ph VN hin lm
qu nhiu. Cn b nh nc
phi xy dng qu nhiu k
hoch, chin lc vi ngun
lc hn ch c v ti chnh v
nhn lc.
21/11/2012 174Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT &
CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Thi Lan, Chnh ph khng a ra chin lc ngnh. i din DN l ngi
a ra chin lc, v Chnh ph ch c nhim v nhn v chp thun nhng kin
ngh .
y l cch lm tch cc, thc y khu vc t nhn t xc nh mc tiu v k
hoch hnh ng. kha cnh , VN cn phi i mt chng ng di hc
tp.
Cng ng DN cng cha thc s ch ng tham
gia vo quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch v h khng c cho mi
tham gia vi Chnh ph trong vic ny.
21/11/2012 175Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
"Sau 20 nm i mi, Chnh ph VN khng
thay i v mt c hc (physically). Nng lc
vn nh c vi nhng con ngi c tip tc
lm vic, do , tin trnh thay i chm hn
cc nc".
"Chnh ph VN hin lm qu nhiu.
Cn b nh nc phi xy dng qu
nhiu k hoch, chin lc vi ngun
lc hn ch c v ti chnh v nhn
lc".
21/11/2012 176Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
VN nn bt u mt quy trnh hoch nh chnh sch
mi, vi s tham gia c tt c cc bn lin quan, bao
gm: Chnh ph, DN, ngi tiu dng, ngi nc
ngoi, cc nh ti tr, cc nh khoa hc, chuyn gia. i
khi, cc DN hoc cc nh khoa hc c th vch ra mt
chin lc trnh Chnh ph. Chnh sch khng n
thun ch l mt vn bn hnh chnh ca Nh nc.
21/11/2012 177Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Trong xy dng chin lc ngnh, Chnh ph cn xy dng c
ch cho php khu vc DN t quyt nh ni dung chin lc
ngnh mnh thay v Chnh ph quyt nh nh hin nay.
Chnh ph cn lng nghe cng ng DN thng xuyn, nm
r iu g cc DN cn, mun v hoch nh gip cc DN. l
iu B Ngoi thng v Cng nghip Nht Bn lm trc y.
H i thoi vi DN lin tc, do , hiu mong mun ca DN, v
Chnh ph c th hoch nh.
21/11/2012 178Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
VN, Chnh ph khng bit cc DN thc s mun g. Do
, bc i u tin l xy dng mt knh cho php cc DN v
Chnh ph i thoi thng xuyn
Khu quan trng trong hoch nh chnh sch l joint writing.
Sau 3-5 nm, cn tin hnh r sot li k hoch c s iu
chnh thch hp khi hon cnh thay i.
Tt c cc nc u thc hin theo quy trnh .
21/11/2012 179Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Cn xy dng mt knh nh th no lng nghe kin
DN?
cp cao, cn xy dng Din n DN i thoi
vi Th tng, trong , cc gim c iu hnh
ca cc DN ln trong v ngoi nc c th trao i
trc tip vi Th tng v nhng vn ln. ng
thi, h c th gi th trc tip ln Th tng.
21/11/2012 180Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
i vi cp thp v cp trung, cn c t
cng tc v tham vn, ni DN v Chnh ph v
chuyn gia i thoi c th cc vn hoch
nh chnh sch. Cn c rt nhiu nhm nh vy
v cc nhm ny tho lun nhm xy dng lut
hoc chin lc ngnh.
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Sau khi gp 10-20 ln, tho lun nhiu
vn , ti ngh, Chnh ph hiu cc DN
mun g v cc DN bit Chnh ph nh
lm g. V lc , ai chp bt vit bn
chnh sch khng cn quan trng.
21/11/2012 182Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Vo thi im ny, Chnh ph VN khng i thoi nhiu vi
cc DN. Ti Nht, i din cc B c th gi in trc tip ti bt
k DN no v ngh hp tc hoc cung cp thng tin. B Cng
thng VN khng h lin h trc tip vi DN trao i thng
tin. Ti sao cc bn khng th p dng m hnh ny? Chnh ph
khng ch ni vi mt DN m vi nhiu DN, v thm ch s tt
hn nu Chnh ph trao i vi DN thng qua Hip hi ngnh
ngh nh Hip hi dt may, thy sn...
21/11/2012 183Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Bn thn cc Hip hi ca VN cha mnh
th hin ting ni i din cho cng ng DN?
Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi
v ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca
Hip hi phn nh quan im, ch ng tm n
Hip hi
21/11/2012 184Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Ban u, Chnh ph nn h tr cc Hip hi. Khi
cc Hip hi mnh, khu vc t nhn c th t
mnh ln ting. VN cng c nhng Hip hi
ngnh ngh hot ng tt, nh Hip hi thpVN.
21/11/2012 185Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Chnh ph nn s dng cc Hip hi trong qu trnh
hoch nh chnh sch, thu thp kin ca cc ngnh
ngh thng qua Hip hi nh mt knh quan trng.
Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi v
ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca Hip hi
phn nh quan im, ch ng tm n Hip hi.
21/11/2012 186Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Cn nhm k tr tr, nng ng v c
trao trng trch
Trong bi pht biu ti Hi tho v Chin lc
CNH ca VN n 2020, ng ni v vic thnh lp
mt nhm cc nh k tr trc tip trc thuc Th
tng. Vy vai tr c th ca nhm k tr ny nh
th no, tha ng?
21/11/2012 187Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Ti cc nc ng thnh cng, Chnh ph u xydng h thng nh vy. Nht Bn c mt c quan lp
chnh sch trc chin tranh. Sau chin tranh, B
Thng mi quc t v Cng nghip tr thnh mt siu
b, a ra cc chnh sch cng nghip, thng mi, ti
chnh, mi trng, cng ngh... l mt nhm lp k
hoch v trin khai mnh.
Hn Quc c mt c quan ph trch chnh sch kinht vi i ng cn b gii, v h a ra rt nhiu chnh
sch (tin thn ca B Ngoi giao v Kinh t ngy nay).
21/11/2012 188Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Singapore u p dng mhnh ny, ti sao VN li khng?
VN nn xy dng nhm k tr chu trch nhimtrc tip vi Th tng, c tuyn chn t cc
chuyn vin, cng chc tr, c trnh , t cc B
ngnh tham gia, lng ghp tng. Nhm ny s
chu trch nhim xy dng chnh sch cho ton
Chnh ph, thng xuyn c tng tc hai chiu vi
Th tng v cc B, c quan thc thi chnh sch.
21/11/2012 189Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
VN l t nc c mt khng hai khi vn
pht trin nhanh d khng c mt th ch nh
vy. Bn thn Chnh ph Trung Quc c mi lin
h cht vi cc vin v c nhiu ngi t vn
chnh sch, trong khi VN c rt t nh t vn
chnh sch.
21/11/2012 190Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Nhm ny khc g vi nhm t vn ca Th
tng Chnh ph trc y?
VN tng c nhm t vn cho Th tng
nhng ti khng ngh nhm ny lm chc nng
ca mt nhm k tr tr.
21/11/2012 191Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Trc tip di quyn Th tng nhng theo ti,
nhm ny hot ng cha thc s hiu qu. Cc bn
cn xy dng li mt nhm kiu nh vy nhng cn
nhng ngi tr v nng ng hn v c trao
nhiu trch nhim hn. iu ny hon ton kh thi.
VN phi la chn c nhng ngi thc s tt,
trao trch nhim cho h v ti tin h s lm tt.
21/11/2012 192Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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4. QUY TRNH XY DNG LuT & CHNH SCH ViT NAM V TH GiI
Ti khng ngh l cc bn cn ngi nc ngoi
trong nhm ny mc d t vn nc ngoi trong
mt s trng hp c th hu ch. Tt c nhng
tham vn bn ngoi nh t WB, IMF, ADB... nn
lm vic trc tip vi nhm k tr ny thay v lm
vic vi nhiu b khc nhau. l cch thc
thng thy ng .
21/11/2012 193Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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QUY TRNH LP CHNH SCH THEO XUT CA GS. KENICHI OHNO.
Chnh ph trao trng trch, tin tng Hip hi v
ngc li, cc DN s sn lng s dng knh ca
Hip hi phn nh quan im, ch ng tm
n Hip hi
21/11/2012 194Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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S QUY TRNH XY DNG LUT CA QUC HI
(t khi lp Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh n khi c thng qua)
__________
21/11/2012 195Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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S QUY TRNH XY DNG LUT CA QUC HI
(t khi lp Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh n khi c thng qua)
21/11/2012 196Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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S QUY TRNH XY DNG LUT CA QUC HI
(t khi lp Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh n khi c thng qua)
21/11/2012 197Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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S QUY TRNH XY DNG LUT CA QUC HI
(t khi lp Chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh n khi c thng qua)
Ngun: Ban Cng tc UBTVQH
21/11/2012 198Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy
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THO
LuN
NHM
21/11/2012 Tin s: Nguyn Vinh Quy 199