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F Trlirmccbhi Zutlrbma
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F T_LI_MCCBHI ZWZL_BMA
Agts Agmrh bh Hgw Alln
V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
b
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F L T R _ B I @ Z & J B V F A M B C G _ H L Z B F G
Maa t`g flhtght mhj irmp`bfs lh t`bs tutlrbma mrg t`g prlpgrty leV@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ. Mhy flhtght erlc V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ lr t`bs tutlrbmacmy hlt og rgjbstrboutgj lr rgprljufgj bh mhy wmy, s`mpg, lr elrc wbt`lutt`g wrbttgh pgrcbssblh le V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ. Embaurg tl jl sl bs m vblamtblhle flpyrbi`t amws.
Z`bs tutlrbma cmy flhtmbh bhmffurmfbgs lr grrlrs mhj FTZ prlvbjgs hliumrmhtgg rgimrjbhi t`g mffurmfy le t`g sbtg lr bts flhtghts bhfaujbhi t`bstutlrbma. Be ylu jbsflvgr t`mt t`g V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ sbtg lr t`bs tutlrbmaflhtght flhtmbhs slcg grrlrs, pagmsg flhtmft us mt s`mbnobamam`cgjDsbey.flc
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Zmoag le Flhtghts
F Amhiumig Lvgrvbgw.............................................................. =Emfts molut F ............................................................................................... =
Y`y tl usg F < ............................................................................................. ?
F Trlirmcs .................................................................................................. ?
F Ghvbrlhcght Vgtup ............................................................... 6Zgxt Gjbtlr................................................................................................... 6
Z`g F Flcpbagr ............................................................................................ 6Bhstmaamtblh lh Whbx/Abhux ............................................................................. :
Bhstmaamtblh lh Cmf LV .................................................................................. :
Bhstmaamtblh lh Ybhjlws ............................................................................... :
F Trlirmc Vtrufturg ................................................................ 7F @gaal Ylraj Gxmcpag ................................................................................. 7
Flcpbag & Gxgfutg F Trlirmc ....................................................................... 5
F Omsbf Vyhtmx......................................................................... 9Zlnghs bh F .................................................................................................. 9
Vgcbflalhs > ................................................................................................ 9
Flccghts ................................................................................................... 0Bjghtbebgrs .................................................................................................... 0
Ngywlrjs .................................................................................................... 0
Y`btgspmfg bh F ........................................................................................... 2
F Jmtm Zypgs ......................................................................... =4Bhtgigr Zypgs ............................................................................................. =4
Ealmtbhi-Tlbht Zypgs ................................................................................... ==
Z`g vlbj Zypg ............................................................................................ =?
F Umrbmoags ............................................................................ =6Umrbmoag Jgfamrmtblh bh F ............................................................................. =6
Umrbmoag Bhbtbmabzmtblh bh F ............................................................................ =:
Avmaugs mhj _vmaugs bh F ............................................................................. =7
F Flhstmhts mhj Abtgrmas ........................................................ =5Bhtgigr abtgrmas............................................................................................ =5
Ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas.................................................................................. =9
F`mrmftgr flhstmhts.................................................................................... =9
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Vtrbhi abtgrmas.............................................................................................. =0
Jgebhbhi Flhstmhts ..................................................................................... =0
Z`g #jgebhg Trgprlfgsslr ...................................................................... =0
Z`g flhst Ng yw lrj ........................................ .........................................=2F Vtlrmig Famssgs ................................................................. ?=Z`g mutl Vtlrmig Famss ................................................................................ ?=
Z`g rgibstgr Vtlrmig Famss ........................................................................... ?=
Z`g stmtbf Vtlrmig Famss............................................................................... ??
Z`g gxtgrh Vtlrmig Famss ............................................................................. ?6
F Lpgrmtlrs ........................................................................... ?:Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs.................................................................................. ?:
_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs................................................................................... ?7
Alibfma Lpgrmtlrs ....................................................................................... ?9
Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs....................................................................................... ?0Mssbihcght Lpgrmtlrs ................................................................................ 64
Cbsf Lpgrmtlrs sbzgle & tgrhmry .............................................................. 6?
Lpgrmtlrs Trgfgjghfg bh F .......................................................................... 6?
Jgfbsblh Cmnbhi bh F.............................................................. 6:be stmtgcght ............................................................................................... 67
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 67
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 67
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 67
be...gasg stmtgcght ...................................................................................... 65
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 65
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 69
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 69
Z`g be...gasg be...gasg Vtmtgcght ..................................................................... 60
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 60
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 60
Hgstgj be stmtgcghts .................................................................................. 62
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 62
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 62
swbtf` stmtgcght ....................................................................................... :4Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :4
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :=
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :=
Hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcghts ........................................................................... :?
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :?
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :?
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Z`g < ; Lpgrmtlr ......................................................................................... :6
F Allps.................................................................................. ::w`bag allp bh F ........................................................................................... :7
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :7Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :7
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :5
elr allp bh F ............................................................................................... :5
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :5
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :9
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :9
jl...w`bag allp bh F ..................................................................................... :0
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :0
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :2
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :2
hgstgj allps bh F ........................................................................................ 74
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 74
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 7=
orgmn stmtgcght bh F .................................................................................. 7?
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 7?
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 7?
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 76
flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F .............................................................................. 76
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 76
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 7:
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 7:
iltl stmtgcght bh F .................................................................................... 77
Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 77
Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 77
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 75
Z`g Bhebhbtg Allp ........................................................................................ 75
F Euhftblhs ............................................................................ 70Jgebhbhi m Euhftblh .................................................................................... 70
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 72
Euhftblh Jgfamrmtblhs ................................................................................. 72
Fmaabhi m Euhftblh ....................................................................................... 54
Euhftblh Mriucghts ................................................................................... 5=
Euhftblh fmaa oy vmaug ............................................................................. 5=
Euhftblh fmaa oy rgegrgh fg .......................................................................5?
F Vflpg _uags ....................................................................... 5:
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Alfma Umrbmoags ........................................................................................... 5:
Ialoma Umrbmoags ......................................................................................... 57
Elrcma Tmrmcgtgrs ..................................................................................... 55
Bhbtbmabzbhi Alfma mhj Ialoma Umrbmoags ........................................................... 55F Mrrmys ................................................................................. 50Jgfamrbhi Mrrmys ......................................................................................... 50
Bhbtbmabzbhi Mrrmys........................................................................................ 52
Mffgssbhi Mrrmy Gagcghts ............................................................................ 52
Cuatb-jbcghsblhma Mrrmys ............................................................................ 94
Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmys ............................................................................. 94
Bhbtbmabzbhi Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmys.............................................................. 9=
Mffgssbhi Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmy Gagcghts ................................................. 9=
Tmssbhi Mrrmys ms Euhftblh Mriucghts.......................................................... 9?
Ym y- =......................................................................................................9?
Ym y- ?......................................................................................................96
Ymy-6....................................................................................................... 96
Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 96
_gturh mrrmy erlc euhftblh.......................................................................... 9:
Tlbhtgr tl mh Mrrmy ..................................................................................... 95
F Tlbhtgrs .............................................................................. 90Y`mt Mrg Tlbhtgrs< .................................................................................... 92
@lw tl usg Tlbhtgrs
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Mffgssbhi Whblh Cgcogrs ........................................................................ =44
Obt Ebgajs .............................................................................. =4?Obt Ebgaj Jgfamrmtblh ................................................................................. =46
Zypgjge ................................................................................ =47typgjge vs #jgebhg.................................................................................... =45Bhput & Lutput ...................................................................... =49Z`g Vtmhjmrj Ebags .................................................................................... =49
Z`g igtf`mr() & putf`mr() euhftblhs ........................................................... =49
Z`g igts() & puts() euhftblhs ..................................................................... =40
Z`g sfmhe() mhj prbhte() euhftblhs ............................................................... =42
Ebag B/L ................................................................................. ==4Lpghbhi Ebags ........................................................................................... ==4
Falsbhi m Ebag ............................................................................................ ===
Yrbtbhi m Ebag ........................................................................................... ===_gmjbhi m Ebag........................................................................................... ==?
Obhmry B/L Euhftblhs ................................................................................. ==6
Trgprlfgsslrs ...................................................................... ==:Trgprlfgsslrs Gxmcpags............................................................................ ==:
Trgjgebhgj Cmfrls ................................................................................... ==7
Trgprlfgsslr Lpgrmtlrs ............................................................................ ==5
Cmfrl Flhtbhumtblh (Q) .......................................................................... ==5
Vtrbhibzg (#)........................................................................................... ==5
Zlngh Tmstbhi (##)................................................................................ ==9Z`g jgebhgj() Lpgrmtlr ......................................................................... ==9
Tmrmcgtgrbzgj Cmfrls.............................................................................. ==0
@gmjgr Ebags......................................................................... ==2Bhfaujg Vyhtmx.......................................................................................... ==2
Bhfaujg Lpgrmtblh .................................................................................... =?4
Lhfg-Lhay @gmjgrs .................................................................................. =?4
Flcputgj Bhfaujgs................................................................................... =?=
Zypg Fmstbhi ........................................................................ =??Bhtgigr Trlcltblh .................................................................................... =?6
Wsuma Mrbt`cgtbf Flhvgrsblh ..................................................................... =?6Grrlr @mhjabhi ...................................................................... =?7Z`g grrhl, pgrrlr() mhj strgrrlr()............................................................... =?7
Jbvbjg oy zgrl grrlrs ................................................................................ =?5
Trlirmc Gxbt Vtmtus .................................................................................. =?9
_gfursblh ............................................................................. =?0Hucogr Emftlrbma ..................................................................................... =?0
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Ebolhmffb Vgrbgs ....................................................................................... =?2
Umrbmoag Mriucghts.............................................................. =64
Cgclry Cmhmigcght .......................................................... =6?
Maalfmtbhi Cgclry Jyhmcbfmaay................................................................. =6?_gsbzbhi mhj _gagmsbhi Cgclry................................................................. =66
Flccmhj Abhg Mriucghts................................................... =67
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =
F@MTZG_
=F Amhiumig LvgrvbgwZ`bs f`mptgr jgsfrbogs t`g omsbf jgtmba molut F prlirmccbhi amhiumig, `lw bt gcgrigj,w`mt mrg strghit s le F mhj w y wg s`luaj usg F.
Z`g F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs m ighgrma purplsg `bi` agvga amhiumig t`mt wmslrbibhmaay jgvgalpgj oy Jghhbs C. _btf`bg tl jgvgalp t`g Whbx lpgrmtbhi systgc mt Ogaa
Amos. F wms lrbibhmaay ebrst bcpagcghtgj lh t`g JGF TJT-== flcputgr bh =29?.
Bh =290, Orbmh Ngrhbi`mh mhj Jghhbs _btf`bg prljufgj t`g ebrst puoabfay mvmbamoagjgsfrbptblh le F, hlw nhlwh ms t`g N&_ stmhjmrj.
Z`g WHBP lpgrmtbhi systgc, t`g F flcpbagr, mhj gssghtbmaay maa WHBP mppabfmtblhs prlirmcs
`mvg oggh wrbttgh bh F. Z`g F `ms hlw ogflcg m wbjgay usgj prlegssblhma amhiumig elr
vmrblus rgmslhs.
Gmsy tl agmrh
Vtrufturgj amhiumig
Bt prljufgs geebfbght prlirmcs.
Bt fmh `mhjag alw-agvga mftbvbtbgs.
Bt fmh og flcpbagj lh m vmrbgty le flcputgr pamtelrcs.
Emfts molut F F wms bhvghtgj tl wrbtg mh lpgrmtbhi systgc fmaagj WHBP.
F bs m suffgsslr le O amhiumig w`bf` wms bhtrljufgj mrluhj =294
Z`g amhiumig wms elrcmabzgj bh =200 oy t`g Mcgrbfmh Hmtblhma Vtmhjmrj Bhstbtutg.(MHVB).
Z`g WHBP LV wms tltmaay wrbttgh bh F Oy =296.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?
Zljmy F bs t`g clst wbjgay usgj mhj plpuamr Vystgc Trlirmccbhi Amhiumig.
Clst le t g s tmtg le t`g mrt sletwmrgs `mvg oggh bcpagcghtgj usbhi F.
Zljmy's clst plpuamr Abhux LV mhj _OJCV CyV]A `mvg oggh wrb ttgh bh F.
Y`y tl usg F
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat lh Abhux;
Vtlrmig sbzg elr bht ; :
Ealmtbhi-Tlbht ZypgsElaalwbhi tmoag ibvgs ylu jgtmba molut stmhjmrj ealmt-plbht typgs wbt` stlrmig sbzgs mhjvmaug rmhigs mhj t`gbr prgfbsblh;
Zypg Vtlrmig sbzg Umaug rmhig Trgfbsblh
ealmt : oytg =.?G-60 tl 6.:G+60 5 jgfbcma pamfgs
jluoag 0 oytg ?.6G-640 tl =.9G+640 =7 jgfbcma pamfgs
alhi jluoag =4 oytg 6.:G-:26? tl =.=G+:26? =2 jgfbcma pamfgs
Z`g `gmjgr ebag ealmt.` jgebhgs cmfrls t`mt maalw ylu tl usg t`gsg vmaugs mhj lt`gr jgtmbasmolut t`g obhmry rgprgsghtmtblh le rgma hucogrs bh ylur prlirmcs. Elaalwbhi gxmcpag wbaa
prbht stlrmig spmfg tmngh oy m ealmt typg mhj bts rmhig vmaugs;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8#bhfaujg 1ealmt.`8
bht cmbh(){
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =?
prbhte("Vtlrmig sbzg elr ealmt ; %j Qh", sbzgle(ealmt))>prbhte("Cbhbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; %GQh", EAZ\CBH )>prbhte("Cmxbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; %GQh", EAZ\CMP )>prbhte("Trgfbsblh vmaug; %jQh", EAZ\JBI )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat lh Abhux;
Vtlrmig sbzg elr ealmt ; :
Cbhbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; =.=97:2:G-60
Cmxbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; 6.:4?0?6G+60
Trgfbsblh vmaug; 5
Z`g vlbj ZypgZ`g vlbj typg spgfbebgs t`mt hl vmaug bs mvmbamoag. Bt bs usgj bh t`rgg nbhjs le sbtumtblhs;
V.H. Zypgs mhj Jgsfrbptblh
Euhftblh rgturhs ms vlbjZ`grg mrg vmrblus euhftblhs bh F w`l jl hlt rgturh vmaug lr ylu fmh smy t`gy rgturh vlbj. Meuhftblh wbt` hl rgturh vmaug `ms t`g rgturh typg ms vlbj. Elr gxmcpag vlbj gxbt (bhtstmtus)>
=
Euhftblh mriucghts ms vlbj
Z`grg mrg vmrblus euhftblhs bh F w`l jl hlt mffgpt mhy pmrmcgtgr. M euhftblh wbt` hlpmrmcgtgr fmh mffgpt ms m vlbj. Elr gxmcpag bht rmhj(vlbj)>
?
Tlbhtgrs tl vlbj
M plbhtgr le typg vlbj * rgprgsghts t`g mjjrgss le mh lokgft, out hlt bts typg. Elr gxmcpag mcgclry maalfmtblh euhftblh vlbj *cmaalf( sbzg\t sbzg ) > rgturhs m plbhtgr tl vlbj w`bf` fmhog fms tgj tl mhy jmtm typg.
6
Z`g vlbj typg cmy hlt og uhjgrstllj tl ylu mt t`bs plbht, sl agt us prlfggj mhj wg wbaaflvgr t`gsg flhfgpts bh upflcbhi f`mptgrs.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =6
F Umrbmoags
F@MTZG_
5M vmrbmoag bs hlt`bhi out m hmcg ibvgh tl m stlrmig mrgm t`mt lur prlirmcs fmhcmhbpuamtg. Gmf` vmrbmoag bh F `ms m spgfbebf typg, w`bf` jgtgrcbhgs t`g sbzg mhj amylut let`g vmrbmoag's cgclry> t`g rmhig le vmaugs t`mt fmh og stlrgj wbt bh t`mt cgclry> mhj t`g
sgt le lpgrmtblhs t`mt fmh og mppabgj tl t`g vmrbmoag.
Z`g hmcg le m vmrbmoag fmh og flcplsgj le agttgrs, jbibts, mhj t`g uhjgrsflrg f`mrmftgr. Bt
cust ogibh wbt` gbt`gr m agttgr lr mh uhjgrsflrg. Wppgr mhj alwgrfmsg agttgrs mrg jbstbhft
ogfmusg F bs fmsg-sghsbtbvg. Omsgj lh t`g omsbf typgs gxpambhgj bh prgvblus f`mptgr, t`grgwbaa og elaalwbhi omsbf vmrbmoag typgs;
Zypg Jgsfrbptblh
f`mr Zypbfmaa y m s bhiag lftgt(lhg oytg). Z`bs bs mh bhtgigr typg.
bht Z`g clst hmturma sbzg le bhtgigr elr t`g cmf`bhg.
ealmt M sbhiag-prgfbsblh ealmtbhi plbht vmaug.
jluoag M jluoag-prgfbsblh ealmtbhi plbht vmaug.
vlbj _gprgsghts t`g mosghfg le typg.
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig masl maalws tl jgebhg vmrblus lt`gr typg le vmrbmoags w`bf` wg wbaa
flvgr bh suosgqught f`mptgrs abng Ghucgrmtblh, Tlbhtgr, Mrrmy, Vtrufturg, Whblh gtf. Elr
t`bs f`mptgr, agt us stujy lhay omsbf vmrbmoag typgs.
Umrbmoag Jgfamrmtblh bh F
Maa vmrbmoags cust og jgfamrgj ogelrg wg usg t`gc bh F prlirmc, mat`lui` fgrtmbh
jgfamrmtblhs fmh og cmjg bcpabfbtay oy flhtght. M jgfamrmtblh spgfbebgs m typg, mhj flhtmbhs
m abst le lhg lr clrg vmrbmoags le t`mt typg ms elaalws;
typg vmrbmoag\abst>
@grg, typg cust og m vmabj F jmtm typg bhfaujbhi f`mr, bht, ealmt, jluoag, lr mhy usgr
jgebhgj jmtm typg gtf., mhj vmrbmoag\abst cmy flhsbst le lhg lr clrg bjghtbebgr hmcgssgpmrmtgj oy flccms. Vlcg vmabj vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblhs mrg s`lwh `grg;
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =:
bht b, k, n>f`mr f, f`>ealmt e, smamry>jluoag j>
M vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh jlgs hlt maalfmtg mhy cgclry spmfg elr t`g vmrbmoag out m vmrbmoagjgebhbtblh maalfmtg rgqubrgj cgclry spmfg elr t`mt vmrbmoag. M vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh wbt` mh
bhbtbma vmaug ms s`lwh ogalw wbaa ogflcg vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh mhj rgqubrgj cgclry bs
maalfmtgj elr t`g vmrbmoag.
bht b 3 =44>
Mh gxtgrh jgfamrmtblh bs hlt m jgebhbtblh mhj jlgs hlt maalfmtg stlrmig. Bh geegft, bt fambcs
t`mt m jgebhbtblh le t`g vmrbmoag gxbsts slcg w`grg gasg bh t`g prlirmc. M vmrbmoag fmh og
jgfamrgj cuatbpag tbcgs bh m prlirmc, out bt cust og jgebhgj lhay lhfg. Elaalwbhi bs t`g
jgfamrmtblh le m vmrbmoag wbt` gxtgrh ngywlrj;
gxtgrh bht b>
Umrbmoag Bhbtbmabzmtblh bh F
Umrbmoags mrg bhbtbmabzgj (mssbihgj mh vmaug) wbt` mh gquma sbih elaalwgj oy m flhstmht
gxprgssblh. Z`g ighgrma elrc le bhbtbmabzmtblh bs;
vmrbmoag\hmcg 3 vmaug>
Umrbmoags fmh og bhbtbmabzgj (mssbihgj mh bhbtbma vmaug) bh t`gbr jgfamrmtblh. Z`g bhbtbmabzgrflhsbsts le mh gquma sbih elaalwgj oy m flhstmht gxprgssblh ms elaalws;
typg vmrbmoag\hmcg 3 vmaug>
Vlcg gxmcpags mrg;
bht j 3 6, e 3 7> /* bhbtbmabzbhi j mhj e. */oytg z 3 ??> /* bhbtbmabzgs z. */jluoag pb 3 6.=:=72> /* jgfamrgs mh mpprlxbcmtblh le pb. */f`mr x 3 'x'> /* t`g vmrbmoag x `ms t`g vmaug 'x'. */
Bt bs m illj prlirmccbhi prmftbfg tl bhbtbmabzg vmrbmoags prlpgray lt`grwbsg, slcgtbcg
prlirmc wluaj prljufg uhgxpgftgj rgsuat. Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag w`bf` cmngs usg le
vmrblus typgs le vmrbmoags;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh; */bht m, o>bht f>ealmt e>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =7
/* mftuma bhbtbmabzmtblh */m 3 =4>o 3 ?4>
f 3 m + o>prbhte("vmaug le f ; %j Qh", f)>
e 3 94.4/6.4>prbhte("vmaug le e ; %e Qh", e)>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le f ; 64
vmaug le e ; ?6.66666:
Avmaugs mhj _vmaugs bh F
Z`grg mrg twl nbhjs le gxprgssblhs bh F;
=. avmaug; Mh gxprgssblh t`mt bs mh avmaug cmy mppgmr ms gbt`gr t`g aget-`mhj lr rbi`t-`mhjsbjg le mh mssbihcght.
?. rvmaug; Mh g xprgss blh t`mt bs mh rvmaug cmy mppgmr lh t`g rbi`t- out hlt aget-`mhj sbjgle mh mss bihcght.
Umrbmoags mrg avmaugs mhj sl cmy mppgmr lh t`g aget-`mhj sbjg le mh mssbihcght. Hucgrbfabtgrmas mrg rvmaugs mhj sl cmy hlt og mssbihgj mhj fmhhlt mppgmr lh t`g aget-`mhj sbjg.
Elaalwbhi bs m vmabj stmtgcght;
bht i 3 ?4>
Out elaalwbhi bs hlt m vmabj stmtgcght mhj wluaj ighgrmtg flcpbag-tbcg grrlr;
=4 3 ?4>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =5
F@MTZG_
9F Flhstmhts mhj AbtgrmasZ`g flhstmhts rgegr tl ebxgj vmaugs t`mt t`g prlirmc cmy hlt matgr jurbhi bts
gxgfutblh. Z`gsg ebxgj vmaugs mrg masl fmaagj abtgrmas.
Flhstmhts fmh og le mhy le t`g omsbf jmtm typgs abng mh bhtgigr flhstmht, m ealmtbhi
flhstmht, m f`mrmftgr flhstmht, lr m strbhi abtgrma. Z`grg mrg masl ghucgrmtblh
flhstmhts ms wgaa.
Z`g flhstmhts mrg trgmtgj kust abng rgiuamr vmrbmoags gxfgpt t`mt t`gbr vmaugs fmhhlt ogcljbebgj metgr t`gbr jgebhbtblh.
Bhtgigr abtgrmas
Mh bhtgigr abtgrma fmh og m jgfbcma, lftma, lr `gxmjgfbcma flhstmht. M prgebx spgfbebgs t`g
omsg lr rmjbx; 4x lr 4P elr `gxmjgfbcma, 4 elr lftma, mhj hlt`bhi elr jgfbcma.
Mh bhtgigr abtgrma fmh masl `mvg m sueebx t`mt bs m flcobhmtblh le W mhj A, elr uhsbihgj mhj
alhi, rgspgftbvgay. Z`g sueebx fmh og uppgrfmsg lr alwgrfmsg mhj fmh og bh mhy lrjgr.
@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le bhtgigr abtgrmas;
?=? /* Agima */?=7u /* Agima */4xEggA /* Agima */490 /* Baagima; 0 bs hlt mh lftma jbibt */46?WW /* Baagima; fmhhlt rgpgmt m sueebx */
Elaalwbhi mrg lt`gr gxmcpags le vmrblus typgs le Bhtgigr abtgrmas;
07 /* jgfbcma */4?=6 /* lftma */4x:o /* `gxmjgfbcma */64 /* bht */64u /* uhsbihgj bht */64a /* alhi */64ua /* uhsbihgj alhi */
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =9
Ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas
M ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrma `ms mh bhtgigr pmrt, m jgfbcma plbht, m ermftblhma pmrt, mhj mh
gxplhght pmrt. Rlu fmh rgprgsght ealmtbhi plbht abtgrmas gbt`gr bh jgfbcma elrc lr
gxplhghtbma elrc.
Y`bag rgprgsghtbhi usbhi jgfbcma elrc, ylu cust bhfaujg t`g jgfbcma plbht, t`g gxplhght,
lr olt` mhj w`bag rgprgsghtbhi usbhi gxplhghtbma elrc, ylu cust bhfaujg t`g bhtgigr pmrt,
t`g ermftblhma pmrt, lr olt`. Z`g sbihgj gxplhght bs bhtrljufgj oy g lr G.
@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas;
6.=:=72 /* Agima */6=:=72G-7A /* Agima */7=4G /* Baagima; bhflcpagtg gxplhght */?=4e /* Baagima; hl jgfbcma lr gxplhght */.g77 /* Baagima; cbssbhi bhtgigr lr ermftblh */
F`mrmftgr flhstmhts
F`mrmftgr abtgrmas mrg ghfalsgj bh sbhiag qultgs g.i., 'x' mhj fmh og stlrgj bh m sbcpag
vmrbmoag le f`mr typg.
M f`mrmftgr abtgrma fmh og m pambh f`mrmftgr (g.i., 'x'), mh gsfmpg sgqughfg (g.i., 'Qt'), lr m
uhbvgrsma f`mrmftgr (g.i., 'Qu4?F4').
Z`grg mrg fgrtmbh f`mrmftgrs bh F w`gh t`gy mrg prlfggjgj oy m omfn sams` t`gy wbaa `mvg
spgfbma cgmhbhi mhj t gy mrg usgj tl rgprgsght abng hgwabhg (Qh) lr tmo (Qt). @grg ylu `mvgm abst le slcg le suf` gsfmpg sgqughfg fljgs;
Gsfmpgsgqughfg
Cgmhbhi
QQ Q f`mrmftgr
Q' ' f`mrmftgr
Q" " f`mrmftgr
Q
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =0
Qx`` . . . @gxmjgfbcma hucogr le lhg lr clrg jbibts
Elaalwbhi bs t`g gxmcpag tl s`lw egw gsfmpg sgqughfg f`mrmftgrs;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh(){
prbhte("@gaalQtYlrajQhQh")>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
@gaal Ylraj
Vtrbhi abtgrmas
Vtrbhi abtgrmas lr flhstmhts mrg ghfalsgj bh jluoag qultgs "". M strbhi flhtmbhs f`mrmftgrs
t`mt mrg sbcbamr tl f`mrmftgr abtgrmas; pambh f`mrmftgrs, gsfmpg sgqughfgs, mhj uhbvgrsma
f`mrmftgrs.
Rlu fmh orgmn m alhi abhgs bhtl cuatbpag abhgs usbhi strbhi abtgrmas mhj sgpmrmtbhi t gc usbhiw`btgspmfgs.
@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le strbhi abtgrmas. Maa t`g t`rgg elrcs mrg bjghtbfma strbhis.
"`gaal, jgmr"
"`gaal, Q
jgmr"
"`gaal, " "j" "gmr"
Jgebhbhi Flhstmhts
Z`grg mrg twl sbcpag wmys bh F tl jgebhg flhstmhts;
=. Wsbhi #jgebhg prgprlfgsslr.?. Wsbhi flhst ngywlrj.
Z`g #jgebhg Trgprlfgsslr
Elaalwbhi bs t`g elrc tl usg #jgebhg prgprlfgsslr tl jgebhg m flhstmht;
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig =2
#jgebhg bjghtbebgr vmaug
Elaalwbhi gxmcpag gxpambhs bt bh jgtmba;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
#jgebhg AGHIZ@ =4#jgebhg YBJZ@ 7#jgebhg HGYABHG 'Qh'
bht cmbh(){
bht mrgm>
mrgm 3 AGHIZ@ * YBJZ@>prbhte("vmaug le mrgm ; %j", mrgm)>prbhte("%f", HGYABHG)>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le mrgm ; 74
Z`g flhst Ngywlrj
Rlu fmh usg flhst prgebx tl jgfamrg flhstmhts wbt` m spgfbebf typg ms elaalws;
flhst typg vmrbmoag 3 vmaug>
Elaalwbhi gxmcpag gxpambhs bt bh jgtmba;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh(){
flhst bht AGHIZ@ 3 =4>
flhst bht YBJZ@ 3 7>flhst f`mr HGYABHG 3 'Qh'>bht mrgm>
mrgm 3 AGHIZ@ * YBJZ@>prbhte("vmaug le mrgm ; %j", mrgm)>prbhte("%f", HGYABHG)>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?4
vmaug le mrgm ; 74
Hltg t`mt bt bs m illj prlirmccbhi prmftbfg tl jgebhg flhstmhts bh FMTBZMAV.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?=
F Vtlrmig Famssgs
F@MTZG_
0M stlrmig famss jgebhgs t`g sflpg (vbsbobabty) mhj abeg tbcg le vmrbmoags mhj/lr euhftblhs
wbt`bh m F Trlirmc. Z`gsg spgfbebgrs prgfgjg t`g typg t`mt t`gy cljbey. Z`grg mrg elaalwbhi
stlrmig famssgs w`bf` fmh og usgj bh m F Trlirmc
mutl
rgibstgr
stmtbf
gxtgrh
Z`g mutl Vtlrmig Famss
Z`g mutl stlrmig famss bs t`g jgemuat stlrmig famss elr maa alfma vmrbmoags.
{bht cluht>mutl bht clht`>
}
Z`g gxmcpag molvg jgebhgs twl vmrbmoags wbt` t`g smcg stlrmig famss, mutl fmh lhay ogusgj wbt`bh euhftblhs, b.g. alfma vmrbmoags.
Z`g rgibstgr Vtlrmig Famss
Z`g rgibstgr stlrmig famss bs usgj tl jgebhg alfma vmrbmoags t`mt s`luaj og stlrgj bh mrgibstgr bhstgmj le _MC. Z`bs cgmhs t`mt t`g vmrbmoag `ms m cmxbcuc sbzg gquma tl t`g
rgibstgr sbzg (usumaay lhg wlrj) mhj fmh't `mvg t`g uhmry '&' lpgrmtlr mppabgj tl bt (ms bt
jlgs hlt `mvg m cgclry alfmtblh).
{rgibstgr bht cbags>
}
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ??
Z`g rgibstgr s`luaj lhay og usgj elr vmrbmoags t`mt rgqubrg qubfn mffgss suf` ms fluhtgrs. Bt
s`luaj masl og hltgj t`mt jgebhbhi 'rgibstgr' ilgs hlt cgmh t`mt t`g vmrbmoag wbaa og stlrgjbh m rgibstgr. Bt cgmhs t`mt bt CBI@Z og stlrgj bh m rgibstgr jgpghjbhi lh `mrjwmrg mhj
bcpagcghtmtblh rgstrbftblhs.
Z`g stmtbf Vtlrmig Famss
Z`g stmtbf stlrmig famss bhstrufts t`g flcpbagr tl nggp m alfma vmrbmoag bh gxbstghfg jurbhit`g abegtbcg le t`g prlirmc bhstgmj le frgmtbhi mhj jgstrlybhi bt gmf` tbcg bt flcgs bhtl
mhj ilgs lut le sflpg. Z`grgelrg, cmnbhi alfma vmrbmoags stmtbf maalws t`gc tl cmbhtmbh
t`gbr vmaugs ogtwggh euhftblh fmaas.
Z`g stmtbf cljbebgr cmy masl og mppabgj tl ialoma vmrbmoags. Y`gh t`bs bs jlhg, bt fmusgs
t`mt vmrbmoag's sflpg tl og rgstrbftgj tl t`g ebag bh w`bf` bt bs jgfamrgj.
Bh F prlirmccbhi, w`gh stmtbf bs usgj lh m famss jmtm cgcogr, bt fmusgs lhay lhg flpy le
t`mt cgcogr tl og s`mrgj oy maa lokgfts le bts famss.
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj euhf(vlbj)>
stmtbf bht fluht 3 7> /* ialoma vmrbmoag */
cmbh(){
w`bag(fluht--){
euhf()>}rgturh 4>
}/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh */vlbj euhf( vlbj ){
stmtbf bht b 3 7> /* alfma stmtbf vmrbmoag */b++>
prbhte("b bs %j mhj fluht bs %jQh", b, fluht)>}
Rlu cmy hlt uhjgrstmhj t`bs gxmcpag mt t`bs tbcg ogfmusg B `mvg usgj euhftblh mhj ialoma
vmrbmoags w`bf` B `mvg hlt gxpambhgj sl emr. Vl elr hlw agt us prlfggj gvgh be ylu jl hlt
uhjgrstmhj bt flcpagtgay. Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs
elaalwbhi rgsuat;
b bs 5 mhj fluht bs :
b bs 9 mhj fluht bs 6
b bs 0 mhj fluht bs ?
b bs 2 mhj fluht bs =
b bs =4 mhj fluht bs 4
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?6
Z`g gxtgrh Vtlrmig Famss
Z`g gxtgrh stlrmig famss bs usgj tl ibvg m rgegrghfg le m ialoma vmrbmoag t`mt bs vbsboag tl
MAA t g prlirmc ebags. Y`gh ylu usg 'gxtgrh' t`g vmrbmoag fmhhlt og bhbtbmabzgj ms maa bt jlgs
bs plbht t`g vmrbmoag hmcg mt m stlrmig alfmtblh t`mt `ms oggh prgvblusay jgebhgj.
Y`gh ylu `mvg cuatbpag ebags mhj ylu jgebhg m ialoma vmrbmoag lr euhftblh w`bf` wbaa og usgj
bh lt`gr ebags masl, t`gh gxtgrh wbaa og usgj bh mhlt`gr ebag tl ibvg rgegrghfg le jgebhgj
vmrbmoag lr euhftblh. Kust elr uhjgrstmhjbhi gxtgrh bs usgj tl jgfamrg m ialoma vmrbmoag lreuhftblh bh mhlt`gr ebags.
Z`g gxtgrh cljbebgr bs clst flcclhay usgj w`gh t`grg mrg twl lr clrg ebags s`mrbhi t`g
smcg ialoma vmrbmoags lr euhftblhs ms gxpambhgj ogalw.
Ebrst Ebag; cmbh.f
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht fluht >gxtgrh vlbj wrbtg\gxtgrh()>
cmbh(){
wrbtg\gxtgrh()>}
Vgflhj Ebag; wrbtg.f
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
gxtgrh bht fluht>
vlbj wrbtg\gxtgrh(vlbj)
{fluht 3 7>prbhte("fluht bs %jQh", fluht)>
}
@grg gxtgrh ngywlrj bs ogbhi usgj tl jgfamrg fluht bh t`g sgflhj ebag w`grg ms bt `ms bts
jgebhbtblh bh t`g ebrst ebag. Hlw flcpbag t`gsg twl ebags ms elaalws;
$iff cmbh.f wrbtg.f
Z`bs wbaa prljufg m.lut gxgfutmoag prlirmc, w`gh t`bs prlirmc bs gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs
elaalwbhi rgsuat;
7
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?:
F Lpgrmtlrs
F@MTZG_
2Mh lpgrmtlr bs m sycola t`mt tgaas t`g flcpbagr tl pgrelrc spgfbebf cmt`gcmtbfma lr alibfma
cmhbpuamtblhs. F amhiumig bs rbf` bh oubat-bh lpgrmtlrs mhj prlvbjgs elaalwbhi typg le lpgrmtlrs ;
Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs
_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs
Alibfma Lpgrmtlrs
Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs
Mss bihcght Lpgrmtlrs
Cbsf Lpgrmtlrs
Z`bs tutlrbma wbaa gxpambh t`g mrbt`cgtbf, rgamtblhma, mhj alibfma, obtwbsg, mssbihcght mhj
lt`gr lpgrmtlrs lhg oy lhg.
Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs
Elaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g mrbt`cgtbf lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg
vmrbmoag M `lajs =4 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs ?4 t`gh;
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
+
Mjjs twl lpgrmhjs
M + O wbaa ibvg 64
- Vuotrmfts sgflhj lpgrmhj erlc t`g ebrst M - O wbaa ibvg -=4
* Cuatbpay olt` lpgrmhjs M * O wba a ibvg ?44
/ Jbvbjg hucgrmtlr oy jg-hucgrmtlr O / M wbaa i bvg ?
% Cljuaus Lpgrmtlr mhj rgcmbhjgr le metgr mh bhtgigr jbvbsblh O % M wbaa i bvg 4
++ Bhfrgcght lpgrmtlr bhfrgmsgs bhtgigr vmaug oy lhg M++ wbaa ibvg ==
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?7
-- Jgfrgcght lpgrmtlr jgfrgmsgs bhtgigr vmaug oy lhg M-- wbaa ibvg 2
Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g mrbt`cgtbf lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F
prlirmccbhi amhiumig;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
cmbh(){
bht m 3 ?=>bht o 3 =4>bht f >
f 3 m + o>prbhte("Abhg = - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m - o>prbhte("Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m * o>prbhte("Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 m / o>prbhte("Abhg : - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m % o>prbhte("Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m++>prbhte("Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m-->prbhte("Abhg 9 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Abhg = - Umaug le f bs 6=
Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs ==
Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs ?=4
Abhg : - Umaug le f bs ?
Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs =
Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs ?=
Abhg 9 - Umaug le f bs ??
_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs
Elaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g rgamtblhma lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg
vmrbmoag M `lajs =4 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs ?4 t`gh;
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le twl lpgrmhjs bs gquma lr hlt, beygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.33 (M 33 O) bs hlt trug.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?5
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le twl lpgrmhjs bs gquma lr hlt, bevmaugs mrg hlt gquma t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.
!3 (M !3 O) bs trug.
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs irgmtgr t`mh t`gvmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgstrug.
8 (M 8 O) bs hlt trug.
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs agss t`mh t g vmaugle rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.
1 (M 1 O) bs trug.
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs irgmtgr t`mh lrgquma tl t`g vmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblhogflcgs trug.
83 (M 83 O) bs hlt trug.
F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs agss t`mh lr gqumatl t`g vmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblhogflcgs trug.
13 (M 13 O) bs trug.
Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g rgamtblhma lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
cmbh(){
bht m 3 ?=>bht o 3 =4>bht f >
be( m 33 o ){
prbhte("Abhg = - m bs gquma tl oQh" )>}gasg
{ prbhte("Abhg = - m bs hlt gquma tl oQh" )>}be ( m 1 o ){
prbhte("Abhg ? - m bs agss t`mh oQh" )>}gasg{
prbhte("Abhg ? - m bs hlt agss t`mh oQh" )>}be ( m 8 o ){
prbhte("Abhg 6 - m bs irgmtgr t`mh oQh" )>}
gasg{prbhte("Abhg 6 - m bs hlt irgmtgr t`mh oQh" )>
}/* Agts f`mhig vmaug le m mhj o */m 3 7>o 3 ?4>be ( m 13 o ){
prbhte("Abhg : - m bs gbt`gr agss t`mh lr gquma tl oQh" )>}
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?9
be ( o 83 m ){
prbhte("Abhg 7 - o bs gbt`gr irgmtgr t`mh lr gquma tl oQh" )>}
}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Abhg = - m bs hlt gquma tl o
Abhg ? - m bs hlt agss t`mh o
Abhg 6 - m bs irgmtgr t`mh o
Abhg : - m bs gbt`gr agss t`mh lr gquma tl o
Abhg 7 - o bs gbt`gr irgmtgr t`mh lr gquma tl o
Alibfma LpgrmtlrsElaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g alibfma lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg
vmrbmoag M `lajs = mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs 4 t`gh;
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
Fmaagj Alibfma MHJ lpgrmtlr. Be olt` t`g lpgrmhjs mrg hlh zgrlt`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.
&& M && O bs emas g.
Fmaagj Alibfma L_ Lpgrmtlr. Be mhy le t`g twl lpgrmhjs bs hlhzgrl t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.
|| (M || O) bs trug.
Fmaagj Alibfma HLZ Lpgrmtlr. Wsg tl rgvgrsgs t`g alibfma stmtgle bts lpgrmhj. Be m flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh Alibfma HLZ lpgrmtlrwbaa cmng emasg.
! !(M && O) bs trug.
Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g alibfma lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
cmbh(){
bht m 3 7>bht o 3 ?4>bht f >
be ( m && o ){
prbhte("Abhg = - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}be ( m || o ){
prbhte("Abhg ? - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}/* agts f mhig t g vmaug le m mhj o */
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?0
m 3 4>o 3 =4>be ( m && o ){
prbhte("Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>
}gasg{
prbhte("Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs hlt trugQh" )>}be ( !(m && o) ){
prbhte("Abhg : - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}
}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Abhg = - Flhjbtblh bs trugAbhg ? - Flhjbtblh bs trug
Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs hlt trug
Abhg : - Flhjbtblh bs trug
Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs
Obtwbsg lpgrmtlr wlrns lh obts mhj pgrelrc obt oy obt lpgrmtblh. Z`g trut` tmoags elr &, |,
mhj X mrg ms elaalws;
p q p & q p | q p X q
4 4 4 4 4
4 = 4 = =
= = = = 4
= 4 4 = =
Mssucg be M 3 54> mhj O 3 =6> Hlw bh obhmry elrcmt t`gy wbaa og ms elaalws;
M 3 44== ==44
O 3 4444 ==4=
-----------------
M&O 3 4444 ==44
M|O 3 44== ==4=
MXO 3 44== 444=
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ?2
~M 3 ==44 44==
Z`g Obtwbsg lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig mrg abstgj bh t`g elaalwbhi tmoag. Mssucg
vmrbmoag M `lajs 54 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs =6 t`gh;
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
Obhmry MHJ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs m obt tl t`grgsuat be bt gxbsts bh olt` lpgrmhjs.
& (M & O) wbaa ibvg =? w`bf` bs 4444 ==44
Obhmry L_ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs m obt be btgxbsts bh gbt`gr lpgrmhj.
| (M | O) wbaa ibvg 5= w`bf` bs 44== ==4=
Obhmry PL_ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs t`g obt be btbs sgt bh lhg lpgrmhj out hlt olt`.
X (M X O) wbaa i bvg :2 w`bf` bs 44== 444=
Obhmry Lhgs Flcpagcght Lpgrmtlr bsuhmry mhj `ms t`g geegft le 'eabppbhi' obts.
~ ~M wbaa bvg -54 w`bf` bs ==44 44==
Obhmry Aget V`bet Lpgrmtlr. Z`g agetlpgrmhjs vmaug bs clvgj aget oy t ghucogr le obts spgfbebgj oy t`g rbi`tlpgrmhj.
11 M 11 ? wbaa ibvg ?:4 w`bf` bs ==== 4444
Obhmry _bi`t V`bet Lpgrmtlr. Z`g agetlpgrmhjs vmaug bs clvgj rbi`t oy t`ghucogr le obts spgfbebgj oy t`g rbi`tlpgrmhj.
88 M 88 ? wbaa ibvg =7 w`bf` bs 4444 ====
Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g obtwbsg lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
cmbh(){
uhsbihgj bht m 3 54> /* 54 3 44== ==44 */uhsbihgj bht o 3 =6> /* =6 3 4444 ==4= */bht f 3 4>
f 3 m & o> /* =? 3 4444 ==44 */prbhte("Abhg = - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 m | o> /* 5= 3 44== ==4= */prbhte("Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 m X o> /* :2 3 44== 444= */prbhte("Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 ~m> /*-5= 3 ==44 44== */prbhte("Abhg : - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 m 11 ?> /* ?:4 3 ==== 4444 */prbhte("Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
f 3 m 88 ?> /* =7 3 4444 ==== */prbhte("Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>
}
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 64
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Abhg = - Umaug le f bs =?
Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs 5=
Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs :2
Abhg : - Umaug le f bs -5=
Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs ?:4
Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs =7
Mssbihcght Lpgrmtlrs
Z`grg mrg elaalwbhi mssbihcght lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig;
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
Vbcpag mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Mssbihs vmaugserlc rbi`t sbjg lpgrmhjs tl aget sbjg lpgrmhj
F 3 M + O wbaa mssbih vmaug le M +O bhtl F
3
Mjj MHJ mss bihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt mjjs rbi`tlpgrmhj tl t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbih t`g rgsuattl aget lpgrmhj
+3 F +3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F + M
Vuotrmft MHJ ms sbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt suotrmftsrbi`t lpgrmhj erlc t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbiht`g rgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj
-3 F -3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F - M
Cuatbpay MHJ ms sbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt cuatbpabgsrbi`t lpgrmhj wbt` t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbiht`g rgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj
*3 F *3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F * M
Jbvbjg MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt jbvbjgs agetlpgrmhj wbt` t`g rbi`t lpgrmhj mhj mssbih t`grgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj
/3 F /3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F / M
Cljuaus MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt tmngscljuaus usbhi twl lpgrmhjs mhj mssbih t grgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj
%3 F %3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F % M
113 Aget s`bet MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F 113 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F 11 ?
883 _bi`t s`bet MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F 883 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F 88 ?
&3 Obtwbsg MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F &3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F & ?
X3 obtwbsg gxfausbvg L_ mhj mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F X3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F X ?
|3 obtwbsg bhfausbvg L_ mhj mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F |3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F | ?
Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g mssbihcght lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F
prlirmccbhi amhiumig;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
cmbh()
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 6=
{bht m 3 ?=>bht f >
f 3 m>
prbhte("Abhg = - 3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f +3 m>prbhte("Abhg ? - +3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f -3 m>prbhte("Abhg 6 - -3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f *3 m>prbhte("Abhg : - *3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f /3 m>prbhte("Abhg 7 - /3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f 3 ?44>
f %3 m>prbhte("Abhg 5 - %3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f 113 ?>prbhte("Abhg 9 - 113 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f 883 ?>prbhte("Abhg 0 - 883 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f &3 ?>prbhte("Abhg 2 - &3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f X3 ?>prbhte("Abhg =4 - X3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
f |3 ?>prbhte("Abhg == - |3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>
}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Abhg = - 3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=
Abhg ? - +3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 :?
Abhg 6 - -3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=
Abhg : - *3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ::=
Abhg 7 - /3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=
Abhg 5 - %3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ==
Abhg 9 - 113 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ::
Abhg 0 - 883 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ==
Abhg 2 - &3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?
Abhg =4 - X3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 4
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 6?
Abhg == - |3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?
Cbsf Lpgrmtlrssbzgle & tgrhmry
Z`grg mrg egw lt`gr bcplrtmht lpgrmtlrs bhfaujbhi sbzgle mhj < ; supplrtgj oy F Amhiumig.
Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag
sbzgle(m), w`grg m bs bhtgigr,wbaa rgturh :.
sbzgle() _gturhs t`g sbzg le mh vmrbmoag.
&m> wbaa ibvg mftuma mjjrgss let`g vmrbmoag.
& _gturhs t`g mjjrgss le mh vmrbmoag.
* Tlbhtgr tl m vmrbmoag. *m> wbaa plbhtgr tl m vmrbmoag.
Be Flhjbtblh bs trug < Z`ghvmaug P ; Lt`grwbsg vmaug R< ; Flhjbtblhma Gxprgssblh
Lpgrmtlrs Trgfgjghfg bh F
Lpgrmtlr prgfgjghfg jgtgrcbhgs t`g irlupbhi le tgrcs bh mh gxprgssblh. Z`bs meegfts `lw
mh gxprgssblh bs gvmaumtgj. Fgrtmbh lpgrmtlrs `mvg `bi`gr prgfgjghfg t`mh lt`grs> elr
gxmcpag, t`g cuatbpabfmtblh lpgrmtlr `ms `bi`gr prgfgjghfg t`mh t`g mjjbtblh lpgrmtlr;
Elr gxmcpag x 3 9 + 6 * ?> @grg x bs mssbihgj =6, hlt ?4 ogfmusg lpgrmtlr * `ms `bi`gr
prgfgjghfg t`mh + sl bt ebrst igt cuatbpabgj wbt` 6*? mhj t`gh mjjs bhtl 9.
@grg lpgrmtlrs wbt` t`g `bi`gst prgfgjghfg mppgmr mt t`g tlp le t`g tmoag, t`lsg wbt` t`g
alwgst mppgmr mt t`g olttlc. Ybt`bh mh gxprgssblh, `bi`gr prgfgjghfg lpgrmtlrs wbaa og
gvmaumtgj ebrst.
Fmtgilry Lpgrmtlr Msslfbmtbvbty
Tlstebx () ^S -8 . ++ - - Aget tl rbi`t
Whmry + - ! ~ ++ - - (typg)* & s bzgle _bi`t tl aget
Cuatbpabfmtbvg * / % Aget tl rbi`t
Mjjbtbvg + - Aget tl rbi`t
V`bet 11 88 Aget tl rbi`t
_gamtblhma 1 13 8 83 Aget tl rbi`t
Gqumabty 33 !3 Aget tl rbi`t
Obtwbsg MHJ & Aget tl rbi`t
Obtwbsg PL_ X Aget tl rbi`t
Obtwbsg L_ | Aget tl rbi`t
Alibfma MHJ && Aget tl rbi`t
Alibfma L_ || Aget tl rbi`t
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 66
Flhjbtblhma bht o 3 =4>bht f 3 =7>bht j 3 7>bht g>
g 3 (m + o) * f / j> // ( 64 * =7 ) / 7prbhte("Umaug le (m + o) * f / j bs ; %jQh", g )>
g 3 ((m + o) * f) / j> // (64 * =7 ) / 7prbhte("Umaug le ((m + o) * f) / j bs ; %jQh" , g )>
g 3 (m + o) * (f / j)> // (64) * (=7/7)prbhte("Umaug le (m + o) * (f / j) bs ; %jQh", g )>
g 3 m + (o * f) / j> // ?4 + (=74/7)prbhte("Umaug le m + (o * f) / j bs ; %jQh" , g )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Umaug le (m + o) * f / j bs ; 24
Umaug le ((m + o) * f) / j bs ; 24
Umaug le (m + o) * (f / j) bs ; 24
Umaug le m + (o * f) / j bs ; 74
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 6:
F@MTZG_
=4Jgfbsblh Cmnbhi bh FJgfbsblh cmnbhi strufturgs rgqubrg t`mt t`g prlirmccgr spgfbey lhg lr clrgflhjbtblhs tl og gvmaumtgj lr tgstgj oy t`g prlirmc, malhi wbt` m stmtgcght lr stmtgcghts
tl og gxgfutgj be t`g flhjbtblh bs jgtgrcbhgj tl og trug, mhj lptblhmaay, lt`gr stmtgcghts tlog gxgfutgj be t`g flhjbtblh bs jgtgrcbhgj tl og emasg.
Elaalwbhi bs t`g ighgrma erlc le m typbfma jgfbsblh cmnbhi strufturg eluhj bh clst le t`gprlirmccbhi amhiumigs;
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bsgbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug. F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs
elaalwbhi typgs le jgfbsblh cmnbhi stmtgcghts.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 67
be stmtgcght
Mh be stmtgcght flhsbsts le m ollagmh gxprgssblh elaalwgj oy lhg lr clrg stmtgcghts.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le mh be stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh){
/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs trug */}
Be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl trug t`gh t g oalfn le fljg bhsbjg t`g be stmtgcght
wbaa og gxgfutgj. Be ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl emasg t`gh t`g ebrst sgt le fljg metgr
t`g ghj le t`g be stmtgcght(metgr t`g falsbhi furay ormfg) wbaa og gxgfutgj.
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bsgbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug.
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */
bht m 3 =4>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 65
/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh usbhi be stmtgcght */be( m 1 ?4 ){
/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>
}prbhte("vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m)>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
m bs agss t`mh ?4>
vmaug le m bs ; =4
be...gasg stmtgcghtMh be stmtgcght fmh og elaalwgj oy mh lptblhma gasg stmtgcght, w`bf` gxgfutgs w`gh t`g
ollagmh gxprgssblh bs emasg.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le mh be...gasg stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh){
/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs trug */
}gasg{
/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs emasg */ }
Be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl trug t`gh t`g be oalfn le fljg wbaa og gxgfutgjlt`grwbsg gasg oalfn le fljg wbaa og gxgfutgj.
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bs
gbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 69
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>
/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */
be( m 1 ?4 ){
/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>
}gasg{
/* be flhjbtblh bs emasg t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs hlt agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>
}prbhte("vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m)>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
m bs hlt agss t`mh ?4>
vmaug le m bs ; =44
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 60
Z`g be...gasg be...gasg Vtmtgcght
Mh be stmtgcght fmh og elaalwgj oy mh lptblhma gasg be...gasg stmtgcght, w`bf` bs vgryusgeua tl tgst vmrblus flhjbtblhs usbhi sbhiag be...gasg be stmtgcght.
Y`gh usbhi be , gasg be , gasg stmtgcghts t`grg mrg egw plbhts tl nggp bh cbhj.
Mh be fmh `mvg zgrl lr lhg gasg's mhj bt cust flcg metgr mhy gasg be's.
Mh be fmh `mvg zgrl tl cmhy gasg be's mhj t`gy cust flcg ogelrg t`g gasg.
Lhfg mh gasg be suffggjs, hlhg le t`g rgcmbhbhi gasg be's lr gasg's wbaa og tgs tgj.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le mh be...gasg be...gasg stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh =){
/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh = bs trug */}gasg be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh ?){
/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh ? bs trug */}gasg be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh 6){
/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh 6 bs trug */}gasg{
/* gxgfutgs w`gh t`g hlhg le t`g molvg flhjbtblh bs trug */ }
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>
/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */be( m 33 =4 ){
/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("Umaug le m bs =4Qh" )>
}gasg be( m 33 ?4 ){
/* be gasg be flhjbtblh bs trug */prbhte("Umaug le m bs ?4Qh" )>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 62
}gasg be( m 33 64 ){
/* be gasg be flhjbtblh bs trug */prbhte("Umaug le m bs 64Qh" )>
}gasg{
/* be hlhg le t`g flhjbtblhs bs trug */prbhte("Hlhg le t`g vmaugs bs cmtf`bhiQh" )>
}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs; %jQh", m )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Hlhg le t`g vmaugs bs cmtf`bhi
Gxmft vmaug le m bs; =44
Hgstgj be stmtgcghts
Bt bs mawmys agima bh F prlirmccbhi tl hgst be-gasg stmtgcghts, w`bf` cgmhs ylu fmh usg
lhg be lr gasg be stmtgcght bhsbjg mhlt`gr be lr gasg be stmtgcght(s).
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj be stmtgcght bs ms elaalws;
be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh =){
/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh = bs trug */be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh ?){
/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh ? bs trug */ }
}
Rlu fmh hgst gasg be...gasg bh t`g sbcbamr wmy ms ylu `mvg hgstgj be stmtgcght.
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>
/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :4
be( m 33 =44 ){
/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh f`gfn t`g elaalwbhi */be( o 33 ?44 ){
/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("Umaug le m bs =44 mhj o bs ?44Qh" )>
}}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; %jQh", o )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Umaug le m bs =44 mhj o bs ?44
Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; =44
Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; ?44
swbtf` stmtgcght
M swbtf` stmtgcght maalws m vmrbmoag tl og tgstgj elr gqumabty mimbhst m abst le vmaugs. Gmf`vmaug bs fmaagj m fmsg, mhj t`g vmrbmoag ogbhi swbtf`gj lh bs f`gfngj elr gmf` swbtf` fmsg.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m swbtf` stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;
swbtf`(gxprgssblh){fmsg flhstmht-gxprgssblh ;
stmtgcght(s)>orgmn> /* lptblhma */
fmsg flhstmht-gxprgssblh ;stmtgcght(s)>orgmn> /* lptblhma */
/* ylu fmh `mvg mhy hucogr le fmsg stmtgcghts */jgemuat ; /* Lptblhma */
stmtgcght(s)>}
Z`g elaalwbhi ruags mppay tl m swbtf` stmtgcght;
Z`g gxprgssblh usgj bh m swbtf` stmtgcght cust `mvg mh bhtgirma lr ghucgrmtgj typg,lr og le m famss typg bh w`bf` t`g famss `ms m sbhiag flhvgrsblh euhftblh tl mh bhtgirma lrghucgrmtgj typg.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :=
Rlu fmh `mvg mhy hucogr le fmsg stmtgcghts wbt`bh m swbtf`. Gmf` fmsg bs elaalwgj oyt`g vmaug tl og flcpmrgj tl mhj m flalh.
Z`g flhstmht-gxprgssblh elr m fmsg cust og t`g smcg jmtm typg ms t`g vmrbmoag bh t`gswbtf`, mhj bt cus t og m flhstmht lr m abtgrma.
Y`gh t`g vmrbmoag ogbhi swbtf`gj lh bs gquma tl m fmsg, t`g stmtgcghts elaalwbhi t`mtfmsg wbaa gxgfutg uhtba m orgmn stmtgcght bs rgmf`gj.
Y`gh m orgmn stmtgcght bs rgmf`gj, t`g swbtf` tgrcbhmtgs, mhj t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps
tl t`g hgxt abhg elaalwbhi t`g swbtf` stmtgcght.
Hlt gvgry fmsg hggjs tl flhtmbh m orgmn. Be hl orgmn mppgmrs, t`g ealw le flhtrla wba a emaat`rlui` tl suosgqught fmsgs uhtba m orgmn bs rgmf`gj.
M swbtf` stmtgcght fmh `mvg mh lptblhma jgemuat fmsg, w`bf` cust mppgmr mt t`g ghj le
t`g swbtf`. Z`g jgemuat fmsg fmh og usgj elr pgrelrcbhi m tmsn w`gh hlhg le t`g fmsgsbs trug. Hl orgmn bs hggjgj bh t`g jgemuat fmsg.
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */f`mr irmjg 3 'O'>
swbtf`(irmjg){fmsg 'M' ;
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :?
prbhte("Gxfgaaght!Qh" )>orgmn>
fmsg 'O' ;fmsg 'F' ;
prbhte("Ygaa jlhgQh" )>
orgmn>fmsg 'J' ;
prbhte("Rlu pmssgjQh" )>orgmn>
fmsg 'E' ;prbhte("Ogttgr try mimbhQh" )>orgmn>
jgemuat ;prbhte("Bhvmabj irmjgQh" )>
}prbhte("Rlur irmjg bs %fQh", irmjg )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Ygaa jlhg
Rlur irmjg bs O
Hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcghts
Bt bs plssboag tl `mvg m swbtf` ms pmrt le t`g stmtgcght sgqughfg le mh lutgr swbtf`.
Gvgh be t`g fmsg flhstmhts le t`g bhhgr mhj lutgr swbtf` flhtmbh flcclh vmaugs, hl
flheabfts wbaa mrbsg.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcght bs ms elaalws;
swbtf`(f`=) {fmsg 'M';
prbhte("Z`bs M bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf`" )>swbtf`(f`?) {
fmsg 'M';prbhte("Z`bs M bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf`" )>orgmn>
fmsg 'O'; /* fmsg fljg */
}orgmn>
fmsg 'O'; /* fmsg fljg */}
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :6
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>
swbtf`(m) {
fmsg =44;prbhte("Z`bs bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf Qh", m )>swbtf`(o) {
fmsg ?44;prbhte("Z`bs bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf Qh", m )>
}}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; %jQh", o )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Z`bs bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf`
Z`bs bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf`
Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; =44
Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; ?44
Z`g < ; Lpgrmtlr
Yg `mvg flvgrgj flhjbtblhma lpgrmtlr < ; bh prgvblus f`mptgr w`bf` fmh og usgj tlrgpamfg be...gasg stmtgcghts. Bt `ms t`g elaalwbhi ighgrma elrc;
Gxp= < Gxp? ; Gxp6>
Y`grg Gxp=, Gxp?, mhj Gxp6 mrg gxprgssblhs. Hltbfg t`g usg mhj pamfgcght le t`g flalh.
Z`g vmaug le m < gxprgssblh bs jgtgrcbhgj abng t`bs; Gxp= bs gvmaumtgj. Be bt bs trug, t`gh
Gxp? bs gvmaumtgj mhj ogflcgs t`g vmaug le t`g ghtbrg < gxprgssblh. Be Gxp= bs emasg, t`ghGxp6 bs gvmaumtgj mhj bts vmaug ogflcgs t`g vmaug le t`g gxprgssblh.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig ::
F Allps
F@MTZG_
==Z`grg cmy og m sbtumtblh w`gh ylu hggj tl gxgfutg m oalfn le fljg sgvgrma hucogrle tbcgs. Bh ighgrma stmtgcghts mrg gxgfutgj sgqughtbmaay; Z`g ebrst stmtgcght bh meuhftblh bs gxgfutgj ebrst, elaalwgj oy t`g sgflhj, mhj sl lh.
Trlirmccbhi amhiumigs prlvbjg vmrblus flhtrla strufturgs t`mt maalw elr clrg flcpabfmtgj
gxgfutblh pmt`s.
M allp stmtgcght maalws us tl gxgfutg m stmtgcght lr irlup le stmtgcghts cuatbpag tbcgs
mhj elaalwbhi bs t`g ighgrma erlc le m allp stmtgcght bh clst le t`g prlirmccbhiamhiumigs
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs elaalwbhi typgs le allp tl `mhjag allpbhi rgqubrgcghts.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :7
w bag allp bh F
M w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig rgpgmtgjay gxgfutgs m tmrigtstmtgcght ms alhi ms m ibvgh flhjbtblh bs trug.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le m w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
w`bag(flhjbtblh){
stmtgcght(s)>}
@grg stmtgcght(s) cmy og m sbhiag stmtgcght lr m oalfn le s tmtgcghts. Z`g flhjbtblh cmy
og mhy gxprgssblh, mhj trug bs mhy hlhzgrl vmaug. Z`g allp btgrmtgs w`bag t`g flhjbtblh bstrug.
Y`gh t`g flhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg, prlirmc flhtrla pmssgs tl t`g abhg bccgjbmtgayelaalwbhi t`g allp.
Ealw Jbmirmc
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :5
@grg ngy plbht le t`g w`bag allp bs t`mt t`g allp cbi`t hlt gvgr ruh. Y`gh t`g flhjbtblh bs
tgstgj mhj t`g rgsuat bs emasg, t`g allp oljy wbaa og snbppgj mhj t`g ebrst stmtgcght metgrt`g w`bag allp wbaa og gxgfutgj.
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>
/* w`bag allp gxgfutblh */w`bag( m 1 ?4 ){
prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>
}
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
vmaug le m; =7
vmaug le m; =5
vmaug le m; =9
vmaug le m; =0
vmaug le m; =2
elr allp bh F
M elr allp bs m rgpgtbtblh flhtrla strufturg t`mt maalws ylu tl geebfbghtay wrbtg m allp t`mt
hggjs tl gxgfutg m spgfbebf hucogr le tbcgs.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le m elr allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
elr ( bhbt> flhjbtblh> bhfrgcght ){
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :9
stmtgcght(s)>}
@grg bs t`g ealw le flhtrla bh m elr allp;
=. Z`g bhbt stgp bs gxgfutgj ebrst, mhj lhay lhfg. Z`bs stgp maalws ylu tl jgfamrg mhjbhbtbmabzg mhy allp flhtrla vmrbmoags. Rlu mrg hlt rgqubrgj tl put m stmtgcght `grg, ms alhims m sgcbflalh mppgmrs.
?. Hgxt, t`g flhjbtblh bs gvmaumtgj. Be bt bs trug, t`g oljy le t`g allp bs gxgfutgj. Be bt bsemasg, t`g oljy le t`g allp jlgs hlt gxgfutg mhj ealw le flhtrla kucps tl t`g hgxtstmtgcght kus t metgr t`g elr allp.
6. Metgr t`g oljy le t`g elr allp gxgfutgs, t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps omfn up tlt`g bhfrgcght stmtgcght. Z`bs stmtgcght maalws ylu tl upjmtg mhy allp flhtrlavmrbmoags. Z`bs stmtgcght fmh og aget oamhn, ms alhi ms m sgcbflalh mppgmrs metgr t`gflhjbtblh.
:. Z`g flhjbtblh bs hlw gvmaumtgj mimbh. Be bt bs trug, t`g allp gxgfutgs mhj t`g prlfgss
rgpgmts btsgae (oljy le allp, t`gh bhfrgcght stgp, mhj t`gh mimbh flhjbtblh). Metgr t`gflhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg, t`g elr allp tgrcbhmtgs.
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh ()
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :0
{/* elr allp gxgfutblh */
elr( bht m 3 =4> m 1 ?4> m 3 m + = ){
prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>
}
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
vmaug le m; =7
vmaug le m; =5
vmaug le m; =9
vmaug le m; =0
vmaug le m; =2
jl...w`bag allp bh F
Whabng elr mhj w`bag allps, w`bf` tgst t`g allp flhjbtblh mt t`g tlp le t`g allp,
t`g jl...w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig f`gfns bts flhjbtblh mt t`g olttlc le t`g
allp.
M jl...w`bag allp bs sbcbamr tl m w`bag allp, gxfgpt t`mt m jl...w`bag allp bs iumrmhtggj tlgxgfutg mt agmst lhg tbcg.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx le m jl...w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;
jl{
stmtgcght(s)>
}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>
Hltbfg t`mt t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh mppgmrs mt t`g ghj le t`g allp, sl t`g stmtgcght(s)
bh t`g allp gxgfutg lhfg ogelrg t`g flhjbtblh bs tgstgj.
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig :2
Be t`g flhjbtblh bs trug, t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps omfn up tl jl, mhj t`g stmtgcght(s) bht`g allp gxgfutg mimbh. Z`bs prlfgss rgpgmts uhtba t`g ibvgh flhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg.
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>
/* jl allp gxgfutblh */jl{
prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>
m 3 m + =>}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 74
vmaug le m; =7
vmaug le m; =5
vmaug le m; =9
vmaug le m; =0
vmaug le m; =2
hgstgj allps bh F
F prlirmccbhi amhiumig maalws tl usg lhg allp bhsbjg mhlt`gr allp. Elaalwbhi sgftblh
s`lws egw gxmcpags tl baaustrmtg t`g flhfgpt.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj elr allp stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;
elr ( bhbt> flhjbtblh> bhfrgcght ){
elr ( bhbt> flhjbtblh> bhfrgcght ){
stmtgcght(s)>}stmtgcght(s)>
}
Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;
w`bag(flhjbtblh){
w`bag(flhjbtblh){
stmtgcght(s)>}stmtgcght(s)>
}
Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj jl...w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs mselaalws;
jl
{ stmtgcght(s)>jl{
stmtgcght(s)>}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>
}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 7=
M ebhma hltg lh allp hgstbhi bs t`mt ylu fmh put mhy typg le allp bhsbjg le mhy lt`gr typg leallp. Elr gxmcpag m elr allp fmh og bhsbjg m w`bag allp lr vbfg vgrsm.
Gxmcpag
Z`g elaalwbhi prlirmc usgs m hgstgj elr allp tl ebhj t`g prbcg hucogrs erlc ? tl =44;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht b, k>
elr(b3?> b1=44> b++) {
elr(k3?> k 13 (b/k)> k++)be(!(b%k)) orgmn> // be emftlr eluhj, hlt prbcgbe(k 8 (b/k)) prbhte("%j bs prbcgQh", b)>
}
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
? bs prbcg
6 bs prbcg
7 bs prbcg
9 bs prbcg
== bs prbcg
=6 bs prbcg
=9 bs prbcg
=2 bs prbcg
?6 bs prbcg
?2 bs prbcg
6= bs prbcg
69 bs prbcg
:= bs prbcg
:6 bs prbcg
:9 bs prbcg
76 bs prbcg
72 bs prbcg
5= bs prbcg
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 7?
59 bs prbcg
9= bs prbcg
96 bs prbcg
92 bs prbcg
06 bs prbcg
02 bs prbcg
29 bs prbcg
orgmn stmtgcght bh F
Z`g orgmn stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig `ms elaalwbhi twl usmig;
=. Y`gh t`g orgmn stmtgcght bs ghfluhtgrgj bhsbjg m allp, t`g allp bs bccgjbmtgay
tgrcbhmtgj mhj prlirmc flhtrla rgsucgs mt t`g hgxt stmtgcght elaalwbhi t`g allp.
?. Bt fmh og usgj tl tgrcbhmtg m fmsg bh t`g swbtf` stmtgcght (flvgrgj bh t`g hgxt f`mptgr).
Be ylu mrg usbhi hgstgj allps (b.g. lhg allp bhsbjg mhlt`gr allp), t`g orgmn stmtgcght wbaa
stlp t g gxgfutblh le t`g bhhgrclst allp mhj stmrt gxgfutbhi t`g hgxt abhg le fljg metgr t`g
oalfn.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m orgmn stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;
orgmn>
Ealw Jbmirmc
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 76
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh ()
{ /* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>
/* w`bag allp gxgfutblh */
w`bag( m 1 ?4 ){
prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>be( m 8 =7){
/* tgrcbhmtg t`g allp usbhi orgmn stmtgcght */orgmn>
}}
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
vmaug le m; =7
flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F
Z`g flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig wlrns slcgw`mt abng
t`g orgmn stmtgcght. Bhs tgmj le elrfbhi tgrcbhmtblh, `lwgvgr, flhtbhug elrfgs t`g hgxtbtgrmtblh le t`g allp tl tmng pamfg, snbppbhi mhy fljg bh ogtwggh.
Elr t`g elr allp, flhtbhug stmtgcght fmusgs t`g flhjbtblhma tgst mhj bhfrgcght plrtblhsle t`g allp tl gxgfutg. Elr t`g w`bag mhj jl...w`bag allps, flhtbhug stmtgcght fmusgs
t`g prlirmc flhtrla pmssgs tl t`g flhjbtblhma tgsts.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;
flhtbhug>
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 7:
Ealw Jbmirmc
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */
bht m 3 =4>
/* jl allp gxgfutblh */jl{
be( m 33 =7){
/* snbp t`g btgrmtblh */
m 3 m + =>flhtbhug>
}prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>
}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 77
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
vmaug le m; =5
vmaug le m; =9
vmaug le m; =0
vmaug le m; =2
iltl stmtgcght bh F
M iltl stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs mh uhflhjbtblhma kucp erlc t`g
iltl tl m amogagj stmtgcght bh t`g smcg euhftblh.
HLZG; Wsg le iltl stmtgcght bs `bi`ay jbsflurmigj bh mhy prlirmccbhi amhiumig ogfmusgbt cmngs jbeebfuat tl trmfg t`g flhtrla ealw le m prlirmc, cmnbhi t`g prlirmc `mrj tluhjgrstmhj mhj `mrj tl cljbey. Mhy prlirmc t`mt usgs m iltl fmh og rgwrbttgh sl t`mt bt
jlgsh't hggj t`g iltl.
Vyhtmx
Z`g syhtmx elr m iltl stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;
iltl amoga>...amoga; stmtgcght>
@grg amoga fmh og mhy pambh tgxt gxfgpt F ngywlrj mhj bt fmh og sgt mhyw`grg bh t`g F
prlirmc molvg lr ogalw tl iltl stmtgcght.
Ealw Jbmirmc
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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ
0=:6905275 Tmig 75
Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh ()
{ /* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>
/* jl allp gxgfutblh */ALLT;jl{
be( m 33 =7){
/* snbp t`g btgrmtblh */
m 3 m + =>iltl ALLT>
}prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>
}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;
vmaug le m; =4
vmaug le m; ==
vmaug le m; =?
vmaug le m; =6
vmaug le m; =:
vmaug le m; =5
vmaug le m; =9
vmaug le m; =0
vmaug le m; =2
Z`g Bhebhbtg Allp
M allp ogflcgs bhebhbtg allp be m flhjbtblh hgvgr ogflcgs emasg. Z`g elr allp bstrmjbtblhmaay usgj elr t`bs purplsg. Vbhfg hlhg le t`g t`rgg gxprgssblhs t`mt elrc t`g elr
allp mrg rgqubrgj, ylu fmh cmng mh ghjagss allp oy agmvbhi t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh
gcpty.
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
bht cmbh (){
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elr( > > ){
prbhte("Z`bs allp wbaa ruh elrgvgr.Qh")>}
rgturh 4>}
Y`gh t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh bs mosght, bt bs mssucgj tl og trug. Rlu cmy `mvg mh
bhbtbmabzmtblh mhj bhfrgcght gxprgssblh, out F prlirmccgrs clrg flcclhay usg t`g elr(>>)flhstruft tl sbihbey mh bhebhbtg allp.
HLZG; Rlu fmh tgrcbhmtg mh bhebhbtg allp oy prgssbhi Ftra + F ngys.
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F Euhftblhs
F@MTZG_
=?Euhftblh bs m irlup le s tmtgcghts t`mt tligt`gr pgrelrc m tmsn. Gvgry F prlirmc `ms mt agmstlhg euhftblh w`bf` bs cmbh(), mhj maa t`g clst trbvbma prlirmcs fmh jgebhg mjjbtblhmaeuhftblhs.
Rlu fmh jbvbjg up ylur fljg bhtl sgpmrmtg euhftblhs. @lw ylu jbvbjg up ylur fljg mclhijbeegrght euhftblhs bs up tl ylu, out alibfmaay t`g jbvbsblh usumaay bs sl gmf` euhftblh
pgrelrcs m spgfbebf tmsn.
M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh tgaas t`g flcpbagr molut m euhftblh's hmcg, rgturh typg, mhj
pmrmcgtgrs. M euhftblh jgebhbtblh prlvbjgs t`g mftuma oljy le t`g euhftblh.
Z`g F stmhjmrj abormry prlvbjgs hucgrlus oubat-bh euhftblhs t`mt ylur prlirmc fmh fmaa. Elr
gxmcpag, euhftblh strfmt() tl flhfmtghmtg twl strbhis, euhftblh cgcfpy() tl flpy lhgcgclry alfmtblh tl mhlt`gr alfmtblh mhj cmhy clrg euhftblhs.
M euhftblh bs nhlws ms wbt` vmrblus hmcgs abng m cgt`lj lr m suo-rlutbhg lr m prlfgjurggtf.
Jgebhbhi m Euhftblh
Z`g ighgrma elrc le m euhftblh jgebhbtblh bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;
rgturh\typg euhftblh\hmcg( pmrmcgtgr abst ){
oljy le t`g euhftblh}
M euhftblh jgebhbtblh bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig flhsbsts le m euhftblh `gmjgr mhjm euhftblh oljy. @grg mrg maa t`g pmrts le m euhftblh;
_gturh Zypg; M euhftblh cmy rgturh m vmaug. Z`g rgturh\typg bs t`g jmtm typg le t`gvmaug t`g euhftblh rgturhs. Vlcg euhftblhs pgrelrc t`g jgsbrgj lpgrmtblhs wbt`lutrgturhbhi m vmaug. Bh t`bs fmsg, t`g rgturh\typg bs t`g ngywlrj vlbj.
Euhftblh Hmcg; Z`bs bs t`g mftuma hmcg le t`g euhftblh. Z`g euhftblh hmcg mhj t`g
pmrmcgtgr abst tligt`gr flhstbtutg t`g euhftblh sbihmturg.
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Tmrmcgtgrs;M pmrmcgtgr bs abng m pamfg`lajgr. Y`gh m euhftblh bs bhvlngj, ylu pmss mvmaug tl t`g pmrmcgtgr. Z`bs vmaug bs rgegrrgj tl ms mftuma pmrmcgtgr lr mriucght. Z`gpmrmcgtgr abst rgegrs tl t`g typg, lrjgr, mhj hucogr le t`g pmrmcgtgrs le m euhftblh.Tmrmcgtgrs mrg lptblhma> t mt bs , m euhftblh cmy flhtmbh hl pmrmcgtgrs.
Euhftblh Oljy; Z`g euhftblh oljy flhtmbhs m flaagftblh le stmtgcghts t`mt jgebhg w`mt
t`g euhftblh jlgs.
Gxmcpag
Elaalwbhi bs t`g slurfg fljg elr m euhftblh fmaagj cmx(). Z`bs euhftblh tmngs twl pmrmcgtgrshuc= mhj huc? mhj rgturhs t`g cmxbcuc ogtwggh t`g twl;
/* euhftblh rgturhbhi t`g cmx ogtwggh twl hucogrs */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh */bht rgsuat>
be (huc= 8 huc?)rgsuat 3 huc=>
gasgrgsuat 3 huc?>
rgturh rgsuat>}
Euhftblh Jgfamrmtblhs
M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh tgaas t`g flcpbagr molut m euhftblh hmcg mhj `lw tl fmaa t`g
euhftblh. Z`g mftuma oljy le t`g euhftblh fmh og jgebhgj sgpmrmtgay.
M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh `ms t`g elaalwbhi pmrts;
rgturh\typg euhftblh\hmcg( pmrmcgtgr abst )>
Elr t`g molvg jgebhgj euhftblh cmx(), elaalwbhi bs t`g euhftblh jgfamrmtblh;
bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?)>
Tmrmcgtgr hmcgs mrg hlt bcplrtmh bh euhftblh jgfamrmtblh lhay t`gbr typg bs rgqubrgj, sl
elaalwbhi bs masl vmabj jgfamrmtblh;
bht cmx(bht, bht)>
Euhftblh jgfamrmtblh bs rgqubrgj w`gh ylu jgebhg m euhftblh bh lhg slurfg ebag mhj ylu fmaat`mt euhftblh bh mhlt`gr ebag. Bh suf` fmsg ylu s`luaj jgfamrg t`g euhftblh mt t`g tlp le t`g
ebag fmaabhi t`g euhftblh.
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Fmaabhi m Euhftblh
Y`bag frgmtbhi m F euhftblh, ylu ibvg m jgebhbtblh le w`mt t`g euhftblh `ms tl jl. Zl usg meuhftblh, ylu wbaa `mvg tl fmaa t`mt euhftblh tl pgrelrc t`g jgebhgj tmsn.
Y`gh m prlirmc fmaas m euhftblh, prlirmc flhtrla bs trmhsegrrgj tl t`g fmaagj euhftblh. Mfmaagj euhftblh pgrelrcs jgebhgj tmsn mhj w`gh bts rgturh stmtgcght bs gxgfutgj lr w`gh bts
euhftblh-ghjbhi falsbhi ormfg bs rgmf`gj, bt rgturhs prlirmc flhtrla omfn tl t`g cmbh
prlirmc.
Zl fmaa m euhftblh ylu sbcpay hggj tl pmss t`g rgqubrgj pmrmcgtgrs malhi wbt` euhftblhhmcg mhj be euhftblh rgturhs m vmaug t`gh ylu fmh stlrg rgturhgj vmaug. Elr gxmcpag;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?)>
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */
bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>bht rgt>
/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl igt cmx vmaug */rgt 3 cmx(m, o)>
prbhte( "Cmx vmaug bs ; %jQh", rgt )>
rgturh 4>}
/* euhftblh rgturhbhi t`g cmx ogtwggh twl hucogrs */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh */bht rgsuat>
be (huc= 8 huc?)rgsuat 3 huc=>
gasgrgsuat 3 huc?>
rgturh rgsuat>}
B ngpt cmx() euhftblh malhi wbt` cmbh() euhftblh mhj flcpabgj t`g slurfg fljg. Y`bagruhhbhi ebhma gxgfutmoag, bt wluaj prljufg elaalwbhi rgsuat;
Cmx vmaug bs ; ?44
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Euhftblh Mriucghts
Be m euhftblh bs tl usg mriucghts, bt cust jgfamrg vmrbmoags t`mt mffgpt t`g vmaugs le t`gmriucghts. Z`gsg vmrbmoags mrg fmaagj t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgrs le t`g euhftblh.
Z`g elrcma pmrmcgtgrs og`mvg abng lt`gr alfma vmrbmoags bhsbjg t`g euhftblh mhj mrg frgmtgj
uplh ghtry bhtl t`g euhftblh mhj jgstrlygj uplh gxbt.
Y`bag fmaabhi m euhftblh, t`grg mrg twl wmys t`mt mriucghts fmh og pmssgj tl m euhftblh;
Euhftblh fmaa oy vmaug
Z`g fmaa oy vmaug cgt`lj le pmssbhi mriucghts tl m euhftblh flpbgs t`g mftuma vmaug le mh
mriucght bhtl t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgr le t`g euhftblh. Bh t`bs fmsg, f`mhigs cmjg tl t`gpmrmcgtgr bhsbjg t`g euhftblh `mvg hl geegft lh t`g mriucght.
Oy jgemuat, F prlirmccbhi amhiumig usgs fmaa oy vmaug cgt`lj tl pmss mriucghts. Bhighgrma, t`bs cgmhs t`mt fljg wbt`bh m euhftblh fmhhlt matgr t`g mriucghts usgj tl fmaa t`geuhftblh. Flhsbjgr t`g euhftblh swmp() jgebhbtblh ms elaalws.
/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */vlbj swmp(bht x, bht y){
bht tgcp>
tgcp 3 x> /* smvg t`g vmaug le x */x 3 y> /* put y bhtl x */y 3 tgcp> /* put x bhtl y */
rgturh>
}
Hlw agt us fmaa t`g euhftblh swmp() oy pmssbhi mftuma vmaugs ms bh t`g elaalwbhi gxmcpag;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj swmp(bht x, bht y)>
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>
bht o 3 ?44>
prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>
/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */swmp(m, o)>
prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>
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rgturh 4>}
Agt us put molvg fljg bh m sbhiag F ebag, flcpbag mhj gxgfutg bt, bt wbaa prljufg elaalwbhi
rgsuat;
Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ;=44
Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ;?44
Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ;=44
Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ;?44
Y`bf` s`lws t`mt t`grg bs hl f`mhig bh t`g vmaugs t`lui` t`gy `mj oggh f`mhigj bhsbjgt`g euhftblh.
Euhftblh fmaa oy rgegrghfgZ`g fmaa oy rgegrghfg cgt`lj le pmssbhi mriucghts tl m euhftblh flpbgs t`g mjjrgss le mh
mriucght bhtl t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgr. Bhsbjg t`g euhftblh, t`g mjjrgss bs usgj tl mffgss t`g
mftuma mriucght usgj bh t`g fmaa. Z`bs cgmhs t`mt f`mhigs cmjg tl t`g pmrmcgtgr meegft
t`g pmssgj mriucght.
Zl pmss t`g vmaug oy rgegrghfg, mriucght plbhtgrs mrg pmssgj tl t`g euhftblhs kust abng
mhy lt`gr vmaug. Vl mfflrjbhiay ylu hggj tl jgfamrg t`g euhftblh pmrmcgtgrs ms plbhtgr
typgs ms bh t`g elaalwbhi euhftblh swmp(), w`bf` gxf`mhigs t`g vmaugs le t`g twl bhtgigrvmrbmoags plbhtgj tl oy bts mriucghts.
/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */
vlbj swmp(bht *x, bht *y){bht tgcp>tgcp 3 *x> /* smvg t`g vmaug mt mjjrgss x */*x 3 *y> /* put y bhtl x */*y 3 tgcp> /* put x bhtl y */
rgturh>}
Agt us fmaa t`g euhftblh swmp() oy pmssbhi vmaugs oy rgegrghfg ms bh t`g elaalwbhi gxmcpag;
#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8
/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj swmp(bht *x, bht *y)>
bht cmbh (){
/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */
bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>
prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>
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prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>
/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs.* &m bhjbfmtgs plbhtgr tl m bg. mjjrgss le vmrbmoag m mhj* &o bhjbfmtgs plbhtgr tl o bg. mjjrgss le vmrbmoag o.
*/swmp(&m, &o)>
prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>
rgturh 4>}
Agt us put molvg fljg bh m sbhiag F ebag, flcpbag mhj gxgfutg bt, bt wbaa prljufg elaalwbhirgsuat;
Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ;=44
Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ;?44
Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ;=44
Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ;?44
Y`bf` s`lws t`mt t`grg bs hl f`mhig bh t`g vmaugs t`lui` t`gy `mj oggh f`mhigj bhsbjgt`g euhftblh.
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F Vflpg _uags
F@MTZG_
=6M sflpg bh mhy prlirmccbhi bs m rgiblh le t`g prlirmc w`grg m jgebhgj vmrbmoag fmh `mvg
bts gxbstghfg mhj ogylhj t`mt vmrbmoag fmhhlt og mffgssgj. Z`grg mrg t`rgg pamfgs w`grg
vmrbmoags fmh og jgfamrgj bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig;
Bhsbjg m euhftblh lr m oalfn w`bf` bs fmaagj alfma vmrbmoags,
Lutsbjg le maa euhftblhs w`bf` bs fmaagj ialoma vmrbmoags.
Bh t`g jgebhbtblh le euhftblh pmrmcgtgrs w`bf` bs fmaagj elrcma pmrmcgtgrs.
Agt us gxpambh w`mt mrg alfma mhj ialoma vmrbmoags mhj elrcma pmrmcgtgrs.
Alfma Umrbmoags
Umrbmoags t`mt mrg jgfamrgj bhsbjg m euhftblh lr oalfn mrg fmaagj alfma vmrbmoags. Z`gy fmhog usgj lhay oy stmtgcghts t`mt mrg bhsbjg t`mt euhftblh lr oalfn le fljg. Alfma vmrbmoags
mrg hlt nhlwh tl euhftblhs lutsbjg t`gbr lwh. Elaalwbhi bs t`g gxmcpag usbhi alfma
vmrbmoags. @grg maa t`g vmrbmoags m, o mhj f mrg alfma tl cmbh() euhftb