Download - Biol.celular
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TEORÍA CELULAR 1º- Todos los organismos son células o
están constituidos por células. 2º- Las unidades reproductoras, los
gametos y esporas, son también células.
3º- Las células no se crean de nuevo, toda célula proviene siempre de otra célula.
4º- Existen seres unicelulares y seres pluricelulares.
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En pocas palabras, de acuerdo a la TEORÍA CELULAR, la célula es la unidad estructural, fisiológica y reproductora de los seres vivos; pues todo ser vivo está constituido por células: UNIDAD ANATÓMICA, su actividad es consecuencia de la actividad de sus células:UNIDAD FISIOLÓGICA y se reproduce a través de ellas: UNIDAD REPRODUCTORA.
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Como consecuencia del cuarto punto de la teoría celular, vamos a dividir los seres vivos en dos grandes grupos:
Unicelulares: con una sola célula.
Pluricelulares: con muchas células.
No todos los seres vivos están constituidos por células. Un claro ejemplo son los virus, a estos organismos que no son células se les conoce como acelulares.
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EUCARIOTES Y PROCARIONTES
Por su estructura se distinguen dos tipos de células: procariontes y eucariontes.
Procariontes:Muy simples y primitivas. Apenas tienen estructuras en su interior. Se caracterizan por no tener un núcleo propiamente
dicho esto es, no tienen el material genético envuelto en una membrana y separado del resto del citoplasma.
Además, su ADN no está asociado a ciertas proteínas como las histonas y está formando un único cromosoma.
Son procariotas, entre otras: las bacterias y las cianofíceas
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Eucariontes: Células características del resto de los
organismos unicelulares y pluricelulares, animales y vegetales.
Su estructura es más evolucionada y compleja que la de los procariontes.
Tienen orgánelos celulares y un núcleo verdadero separado del citoplasma por una envoltura nuclear.
Su ADN está asociado a proteínas (histonas y otras) y estructurado en numerosos cromosomas
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CÉLULA VEGETAL
1 Membrana plasmática2 Retículo endoplasmático rugoso3 Retículo endoplasmático liso4 Aparato de Golgi5 Mitocondria6 Núcleo7 Ribosomas 8 Cloroplasto9 Pared celulósica10 Vacuola
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ORGÁNELOS DE LA CÉLULA ANIMAL
1 Membrana plasmática2 Retículo endoplasmático granular3 Retículo endoplasmático liso4 Aparato de Golgi 5 Mitocondria6 Núcleo7 Ribosomas 8 Centrosoma (Centriolos)9 Lisosomas10 Microtúbulos (citoesqueleto)
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