Download - Biology Journal 8/26/2013
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Biology Journal 8/26/2013What could be some foods high in carbohydrates? Fat? Protein?
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Organic food is not the same as organic molecules.
All of our food is made out of organic molecules.
“USDA Organic” certified food is grown and never touches artificial fertilizers or pesticides, is not genetically modified.
Organic food is not necessarily healthier for you! But it is…• Much better for the environment• Grown locally and supports the local economy (it
has to be because organic food spoils faster)• Tastes better because its fresher
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Get ready to play…Organic or inorganic?
Name the molecule!Say whether it is organic or inorganic!
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H2O
waterInorganic!
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C6H12O6
glucose
Organic!
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CO2Carbon dioxide
Inorganic!
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Na2CO3
sodium carbonate
Inorganic!
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C4H10
butane
Organic!
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C5H10O5
ribose
Organic!
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NaHCO3
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Inorganic!
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Amino Acids
Organic!
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C3H8O3
glycerol
Organic!
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O2
oxygen
Inorganic!
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Triglyceride
Organic!
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eMolecules.com online drawing toolTry to draw:
• Glycine• Glycerol• Fatty acids• Glucose• Ribose
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Which molecule represents ribose?
What is molecule B?
What is molecule C?
Question from Paper 1
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Question from Paper 1
Which structure represents an amino acid?
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Which molecule is:i. riboseii. Generalized fatty acidii. Generalized amino acid
Discuss which two molecules are most similar in structure.
Question from Paper 1
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Biology Journal 8/28/2013What is the name of this molecule? What are each of the parts called?
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Biology Journal 8/28/2013
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What is a monomer?What is a dimer?
What is a polymer?
glucose
starch
lactose
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Assessment statement: State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Carbohydrates and Sugars
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Glucose• A monosaccharide• “Blood sugar”• Used in cellular respiration
Important Animal Carbohydrates
As you eat and burn calories, your blood sugar levels go up and down.
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Lactose• A disaccharide• Made out of 2 glucoses• Milk sugar• People with lactose intolerance don’t make the
enzyme that breaks the glycosidic bond between the 2 glucose molecules.
Important Animal Carbohydrates
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Glycogen• Polysaccharide made out
of glucoses. • Our bodies store our
“blood sugar” as glycogen
• Its concentration in the blood is controlled by the hormone insulin.
• Its like starch, but highly branched and compact. Glycogen is often attached
to a protein your body makes called glycogenin
Important Animal Carbohydrates
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Type of molecule Example Structure Description Picture
Mono-saccharide Glucose
C6H12O6
(6-sided ring)
Small, easily absorbed sugars. Used in cellular respiration. Blood sugar.
Di-saccharide Lactose 2 glucose
molecules
Found in milk. A quickly digested (by hydrolysis) into glucoses.
Poly-sacchardie Glycogen
Many glucoses, very branched
Energy storage molecule. Insulin triggers sugars synthesizing into glycogen
Animal Sugars / Carbohydrates
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Fructose• A monosaccharide• “fruit sugar”• Found in many sweet
plant parts, but it often linked to glucose to make sucrose.
Important Plant Carbohydrates
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Sucrose• A disaccharide• Made out of 1 glucose
and 1 fructose• Common table sugar
found in many sweets and candy
We get raw sucrose from plants like sugar cane and sugar beets.
Important Plant Carbohydrates
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Important Plant CarbohydratesStarch• Polysaccharide made of glucoses.• Provides most of the calories in “carbs” that we eat.• Found in plants like potatoes, rice, grains, oats, fruit…
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Cellulose• Polysaccharide made out of glucoses (attached differently than starch)• We can’t digest it, so it has no calories. It’s called “fiber.”• Plant cell walls. Makes up many plant parts like wood and leaves• Found in salads, vegetables
Important Plant Carbohydrates
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Type of molecule Example Structure Description Picture
Mono-saccharide Fructose
C6H12O6
(5-sided ring)
Small, easily absorbed and used sugar.
Di-saccharide Sucrose
1 glucose and 1 fructose
Unreactive, biologically transportable sugar. Table sugar!
Poly-sacchardie
Celluloseand Starch
Many glucose molecules
Makes up cell walls.Humans can digest starch, but not cellulose (fiber)
Plant Sugars / Carbohydrates
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•Long, specifically-shaped chains of amino acids.•Proteins do everything! Protein makes skin stretchy, bones hard, gives your hair its color, lets you digest different foods, makes up hormones…
Protein: long, long chains of amino acids
Protein and Amino Acids
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There are 20 kinds of amino acids used in the human body. They link up differently to make different proteins
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We can break down proteins and get energy too. We absorb and use many important amino acids from food high in protein.
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Muscles are made of protein. Meat is high in protein because meat is animal
muscle.
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Turns garbage into bacon
Your welcome.
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Where fat comes from
Lipids
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Lipids (aka fats) are mostly carbon and hydrogens (repeating CH2 units). The calories, or energy, in fats comes from the C-H bonds. The more of these bonds, the more calories in it.
We store our own extra energy in a fat called triglyceride.
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Saturated fats are crammed with the maximum number of H’s. They have the most calories.
Animal fats are usually saturated.
What are the names of these lipids?
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Unsaturated fats have one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds.
Plant fats are usually unsaturated.
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Unsaturated fats have fewer calories, because they have fewer high-energy C-H bonds.
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Double bonds cause bends or “kinks” in the carbon chain.
•Saturated fats have no kinks in them and are usually solids at room temperature.•Unsaturated fats have many kinks and are usually liquids at room temperature.
Lard: Not KinkyBody Oil: Very Kinky
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Which of these fats are saturated and which are unsaturated?
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Which of these fats is unsaturated?Which of these will be a liquid at room temperature?
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Which of these fats is a solid, and a liquid? Where do they come from?
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Which has more saturated fat? 2% milk or soy milk
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Which has more saturated fat?
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Naming SystemCarbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids
Molecule Type Monomer Dimer Polymer
Sugars, Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
Amino Acids, Proteins
Monopeptide(one amino acid) Dipeptide Polypeptide
Lipids(aka fats) CH2 n/a lipid
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What does it mean to be dehydrated?
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What does it mean to decompose?
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
There’s 2. They’re not decomposing very quickly.
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What is condensation?
Condensation is the formation of water
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Which of these reactions is a decomposition reaction?
Which is a synthesis reaction?
N2H4O → NH3 + O2
2NaBr + F2 → 2NaF + Br2
H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
PbSO4 + 2NH4OH → Pb(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
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Turns garbage into bacon
Your welcome.
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Biology Journal 8/27/2013
What is the name of the monosaccharide below? These 2 molecules bond in a condensation reaction to form a disaccharide called lactose. Show this reaction by circling the atoms that are “released” as water, and draw the product.
H2O+ → +
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Biology Journal 8/27/2013
What is the name of the monosaccharides shown below? These 2 molecules bond in a condensation reaction to form a disaccharide called lactose. Show this reaction by circling the atoms that are “released” as water, and draw the product.