Download - Burgerkracht 220414 eng
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22 april 2014, theater Zuidplein Rotterdam
prof. dr. Derk LoorbachR. van Raak, M. Verhagen, M. Lodder
G.J. Peek, M. Meijer
Learning from the Luchtsingel
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Burgerkracht and Luchtsingel
• ‘Stadsinitiatief’ to support ‘stadskracht’– As part of new form of governance?
• The city as the testing ground for transitions– Government and society reinvent themselves
• ‘Luchtsingel’ as urban transition lab– For new type of area development and participation
• How to reinvent the city– And the role of government, civil society and business
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WhoDRIFT (Dutch Research Institute for Transitions)• Research Institute Erasmus University• Research and consultancy societal transitions• Interdisciplinary and cross sectoral research, education and
experimental governance
Hogeschool Rotterdam • Lectoraat Gebiedsontwikkeling & Transitiemanagement• Research and education new forms of area development• Integral approach sectors, life-cycle fases, sustainability
and economy
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THE TRANSITION PERSPECTIVE
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Symptoms of unsustainability
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Signs of transition
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Transition = regime change
Long-term (one or two generations) fundamental change of structure, culture and practices in a societal (sub)system
– culture: collective set of values, norms, perspectives (shared orientation), paradigms
– structure: physical infrastructure, economic infrastructure, institutions, rules, regulations, collective routines
– practices: behavior, operation, implementation
Periodic, non-linear systemic shift common in ecological and socio-economic systems
Paradigm to analyse and influence complex societal change
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Transition levelsMacro-level: landscapeSustainability, ICT, ageing population, economic crisis
Meso-level: regimeGrowth orientation, planning, specilisation, top-downMicro-level: niches innovative ideas, projects, technologies, niche actorsBased on Geels and Kemp, 2001
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Transition phases
predevelopmenttipping phase
reconfiguration
stabilisation
Based on Rotmans et al, 2001
Sustainable Society?
enhanced lock-in
decline
Time
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Urban transitions
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Transitions in (Urban) Area Development
1950-1990 Government driven focused on building production
1990-2010 Governance driven focused on development profits
2010- Participation driven focussed on dealing with temporality
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Transitions in governance
1950-1980 Government creates society top-down
1980-2000 Governments facilitates markets and formal participation
2000- Governance with increased civil society initiative
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Rotterdam’s current regime
• Fossile, stoney and large scale– Little diversity, green and small scale
• Blueprints, plans and project development– Planned city made by professionals
• Always changing, rebuilding, destroying and doing– Little vision, reflection, learning and balance
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Vision city development
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Luchtsingel
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Elements
• Pedestrian bridge• Dakakker• Parkpompenburg
• Boxingschool
• Hofbogendak• ‘Accelerating’
development (‘aanzwengelen’)
• ‘Communication-platform’
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Luchtsingel was elected by cross-section of the citizens
New ‘burgerpanel’ survey indicates supportfrom citizens of allage groups, educational levelsand ethnicities
Source: uitslag verkiezingen Stadsinitiatief / analyse COS
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Why this research
• Research into impact of all city initiatives
• Learning for policy innovation, area development and next phase Luchtsingel
• Reorienting complex spatial development Central District
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How: methods
Combination of methods (triangulation):• Previous studies/date• Interviews• Questionnaires (firms in the area, citizens)• Documentanalysis
– Plans, policy documents– Media analysis, online blogs and debates
• Expert- & stakeholder session
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4 stories + 2 reflections
• Story of gradual area transformation• Story of city branding and image
• Reflection from the perspective of area development
• Story of civil society initiative on major scale• Story of doubt and criticism
• Reflection from new governance perspective
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PERSPECTIVE AREA DEVELOPMENT
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Gradual area transformation
• Strong bottom-up development in the area, driven by a vision on long-term value development
• Luchtsingel builds upon, connects and accelerates these developments
• Crucial question whether Luchtsingel sustains and strengthens local scale bottom-up initiative or creates springboard for next phase of a new type of area development
AREA
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T
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Source: ZUS
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Question to firms in the area:How big do you estimate the impacts of the Luchtsingel are on the local economy and real estate prices now and in the coming years?AR
EA D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
Majority of local firms observes and expects impact….
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS
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…in different waysAR
EA D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS
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Tangible indicators for economic impact and future development:• Co-investment
– Lower than originally proposed
• Spin-offs– Already visible on modest scale
• Expectations turn-over growth local firms– Over 80% expects positive impact on business in area,
40% on own firm.
Indicators for impact LSAR
EA D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
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expected effect on own firm’s turn-over and/or value
Indicators for impact LSAR
EA D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
Source: DRIFT/online survey local firms
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Iconic function?
Broad impact across various media– Traditional and new professional media– General media (paper, TV, internet)
Various target groups– Urban planning and project development (office space
location)– Tourism– Creative industry
Talk of the townAREA
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T
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Awareness in city IM
PACT Citizen panel: do you know
the city initiative of the Luchtsingel?
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS
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CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PERSPECTIVE
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Stadsinitiatief: citizen participation on enormous scale
• Adaptive Luchtsingel versus ‘one-shot’ Stadsinitiatief
• Larger scale means more impact? – Emphasis on elections– Initiative in the public space– Different phases and scales of participation
• Before and after elections• City and direct areaCI
TIZE
N P
ARTI
CIPA
TIO
N
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Citizen’s satisfaction with LSCI
TIZE
N P
ARTI
CIPA
TIO
N
Question to citizen panel: how satisfied are you with the Stadsinitiatief LS?
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS
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Local firms see unique opportunities
Local firms on Stadsinitiatief:
CITI
ZEN
PAR
TICI
PATI
ON
The approach has resulted in a positive change, which conventional parties could not have realised
The approach is a good way to develop from citizen’s initiatives
Source: DRIFT / online survey local firms
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Doubts and criticism
• Very diverse criticisms, both on Stadsinitiatief and Luchtsingel
• Broader debates can be considered form of impact– Well-founded debates and criticisms related to governance and area
development, spending public money
• Extreme expectations and ambitious-realistic plan– Polarising all-or-nothing debate– Enormuous ‘public participation’ budget, but quite modest ‘public-space’
budget, no iconic budget
• Seemingly toned-down plan because of budget control• Perception of only ‘elite’ support, at least not true for
votersDO
UBT
S AN
D C
RITI
CISM
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Dissatisfied Rotterdammers voted differently or not…
DO
UBT
S AN
D C
RITI
CISM AGREE DISAGREE
“LS has no added value for the city”
Those who voted for LS
Those who did not vote
Those who voted different
Source: Burgerpanel gem. R’dam/COS
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REFLECTIONS
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Transition in Urban Area Development
• Move away from a process of city-making to city-being• Although cities will keep growing in numbers of
inhabitants, workers and visitors, most of the real estate is already built
• Development turns into redevelopment as (vacant) supply, such as office-buildings, does not match demand
• Temporary use is key in the redevelopment process of a city district; keeping it alive and altering it’s image
• Temporary use allows start-ups and creative class to A-locations they otherwise could not afford and, as such, supporting their growthAREA
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T
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Lessons from the Luchtsingel• Investment in urban infrastructure might lead to a dispersal of scarce
property development potential, yet it stimulates bottom-up urban development
• Involvement of professional civil-servants is essential for success
• Investments in city-making upfront prevent districts from ‘dying’ during a lengthy redevelopment process
• Investments in public space can be kick-starter of a bottom-up regeneration process, rather than as finally spending some of the development’s profit
AREA
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T
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Participatory governance?• Unorthodox approach created breakthrough
– Working SMART and based on consensus could not have
• Local government internally divided and confused– Participating, ´gedogen´, facilitating, directing, legitimizing, blocking, …?
• Underestimated potential for learning and experimenting– More a continuous struggle
• Area developing coalition sub-optimal– Low-levels of participation and transparency in the process
• Luchtsingel as experiment demonstrates potential– But also the need for synergetic top-down and bottom-up forces
NEW
GO
VERN
ANCE
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Conclusions
• Luchtsingel exemplifies the dilemmas and possibilities of a new style urban area development
• Luchtsingel connects, strengthens, opens up
• Impact already noticeable, expectations for the future high and ambiguous
• New phase requires broader vision and new style of governance
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Conclusions
• Government struggles with participation if not supporting policy
• Participatory governance requires redefining every role as well as playing multiple roles
• Stadsinitiatief should be complemented by other (smaller scale) innovative instruments
• Rotterdam should more consciously organize and experiment with such spaces as urban transition labs
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Thank you for your attention
Voor meer informatie en publicaties:loorbach@drift.eur.nlwww.drift.eur.nlwww.ksinetwork.orgwww.twitter.com/drk75
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zomerhof/ ZoHo
“PlanMER”
CentralDistrict(structuurvisie)
C.S. kwartier(buurt) Oostelijk
Central District
Luchtsingelgebied
Shelltoren
Hof-bogen
Schie-kadeblok
Schieblock
proveniersstraat
StedebouwkundigPlan 2007 RCD
Noord(wijk)
Centrum(wijk)
Rubroek(buurt)
Agniesebuurt(buurt)
Provenierswijk(buurt)
Delfsepoort
PompenburgCentraal Station
Diverse afbakeningen
Source: various project plans and policies
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Enquete gebied
Source: KvK (own grouping of categories)