Download - Calorimetry Summary Talk
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Calorimetry
Summary Talk
Andy White
University of Texas at Arlington
ILC Workshop
Snowmass 2005
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Overview
- Physics processes driving calorimeter design
- Calorimeter design issues and examples
- Calorimeter technologies:
- Electromagnetic
- Hadronic
- Other technologies (inc. Forward)
- Conclusions
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Physics examples driving calorimeter design
Higgs production e.g. e+ e- -> Z h
separate from WW, ZZ (in all jet modes)
Higgs couplings e.g.
- gtth from e+ e- -> tth -> WWbbbb -> qqqqbbbb !- ghhh from e+ e- -> Zhh
Higgs branching ratios h -> bb, WW*, cc, gg, ττ
Strong WW scattering: separation of
e+e- -> ννWW -> ννqqqq e+e- -> ννZZ -> ννqqqq
and e+e- -> ννtt
Missing mass peak or bbar jets
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Physics examples driving calorimeter design
-All of these critical physics studies demand:
Efficient jet separation and reconstruction
Excellent jet energy resolution
Excellent jet-jet mass resolution
+ jet flavor tagging
Plus… We need very good forward calorimetry for e.g. SUSY selectron studies,
and… ability to find/reconstruct photons from secondary vertices e.g. from long-lived NLSP -> γ G
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Calorimeter system/overall detector design
TWO APPROACHES:
• Large inner calorimeter radius -> achieve good separation of e, γ , charged hadrons, jets,…
Matches well with having a large tracking volume with many measurements, good momentum resolution (BR2) with moderate magnetic field, B ~2-3T
But… calorimeter and muon systems become large and potentially very expensive…
However…may allow a “traditional” approach to calorimeter technology(s).
EXAMPLES: Large Detector, GLD,…?
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230 280 450425
700
450
375350
210
40 3540
Main Tracker EM Calorimeter H Calorimeter Cryostat Iron Yoke Muon Detector Endcap Tracker
QC1745
400
60
260
475
GLD
LDC
HCalECal
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Calorimeter system/overall detector design
(2) Compact detector – reduced inner calorimeter radius.
Use Si/W for the ECal -> excellent resolution/separation of γ/charged. Constrain the cost by limiting the size of the calorimeter (and muon) system.
This then requires a compact tracking system -> Silicon only with very precise (~10µm) point measurement.
Also demands a calorimeter technology offering fine granularity -> restriction of technology choice ??
To restore BR2, boost B -> 5T (stored energy, forces?)
EXAMPLE: SiD
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SiDCompact detector
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The critical issue – jet energy resolution, jet-jet mass resolution
60%/√E 30%/√E
H. VideauTarget region for jet
energy resolution
-> Separation of W,Z,… on an event by event basis
This meeting: is this the right target? What is the physics impact of a lesser requirement?
Must be answered soon!
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Results from “traditional” calorimeter systems- Equalized EM and HAD responses (“compensation”)
- Optimized sampling fractions
EXAMPLES:
ZEUS - Uranium/Scintillator
Single hadrons 35%/ √E ⊕ 1%
Electrons 17%/√E ⊕ 1%
Jets 50%/ √E
D0 – Uranium/Liquid Argon
Single hadrons 50%/√E ⊕ 4%
Jets 80%/ √E
Clearly a significant improvement is needed for LC.
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The Particle Flow Approach Particle Flow approach holds promise of required solution and has been used in other experiments effectively – but still remains to be proved for the Linear Collider!-> Use tracker to measure Pt of dominant, charged particle energy contributions in jets; photons measured in ECal.
-> Need efficient separation of different types of energy deposition throughout calorimeter system
-> Energy measurement of only the relatively small neutral hadron contribution de-emphasizes intrinsic energy resolution, but highlights need for very efficient “pattern recognition” in calorimeter.
-> Measure (or veto) energy leakage from calorimeter through coil into muon system with “tail-catcher”.
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The Energy Flow Approach
- A lot of work before/at this meeting!
- Subject of a separate talk after this by A. Raspereza.
- Ongoing -> performance(s) of PFA(s) is critical input to detector design and performance requirements:
It drives – radial detector locations
- segmentation
- choice of absorber material/active layer thickness (RM).
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Integrated Detector Design
Tracking system EM Cal HAD Cal Muon
system/ tail
catcher
VXD tag b,c
jets
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Integrated Detector Design
So now we must consider the detector as a whole. The tracker not only provides excellent momentum resolution (certainly good enough for replacing cluster energies in the calorimeter with track momenta), but also must:
- efficiently find all the charged tracks:
Any missed charged tracks will result in the corresponding energy clusters in the calorimeter being measured with lower energy resolution and a potentially larger confusion term.
- Muon finding/tracking through calorimeter….etc.
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Calorimeter System Design
So how do we realize the requirements in terms of actual calorimeter systems?
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Calorimeter System Design
Two options explored in detail:
(1) Analog ECal + Analog HCal
- for HCal: cost of system for required granularity?
(2) Analog ECal + Digital HCal
- high granularity suggests a digital HCal solution - resolution (for residual neutral energy) of a purely
digital calorimeter??
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Calorimeter TechnologiesElectromagnetic Calorimeter
Physics requirements emphasize segmentation/granularity (transverse AND longitudinal) over intrinsic energy resolution.
Localization of e.m. showers and e.m./hadron separation -> dense (small X0) ECal with fine segmentation.
Moliere radius -> O(1 cm.)
Transverse segmentation ≈ Moliere radius
Charged/e.m. separation -> fine transverse segmentation (first layers of ECal).
Tracking charged particles through ECal -> fine longitudinal segmentation and high MIP efficiency.
Excellent photon direction determination (e.g. GMSB)
Keep the cost (Si) under control!
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SLAC-Oregon-UC Davis-BNL Si-W ECal R&D
David Strom
Effective 4 x 4 mm2
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SLAC-Oregon-UC Davis-BNL Si-W ECal R&D
KPix Cell 1 of 1024
M.Breidenbach
Tungsten
Tungsten
Si DetectorKPix
Kapton
Bump BondsMetallization on detector from KPixto cable
Thermal conduction adhesive
Kapton Data Cable
Heat Flow
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GLD ECal work in Asia (Japan-Korea-Russia)
1 layer
24 layers= 6 super layers
WLS fiber
clear fiber
MA PMTMA PMT
MA PMT
Beam
lead plate
scintillator strip
10-2
10-1
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1st Superlayer2nd Superlayer3rd Superlayer4th Superlayer5th Superlayer6th SuperlayerMIP
x (cm)
I(x)
10-3
10-2
10-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
4 GeV e-
2nd Superlayer
MIP
Simulation
x (cm)
I (x)
Lateral shower profiles –data/simulation
Effectively small granularity of 1cmx1cm
•4cmx4cm tiles to resolve ghost hits
Scintillator 1cm X 20cm X 0.2cm
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GLD ECal work in Asia (Japan-Korea-Russia)
DongHee Kim
Evolution of scintillator strip extrusion
76.5% yield
HAMAMATSU MPC
400 pixel
Observed up to 40~60 photon peaks
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CALICE – Si/W Electromagnetic CalorimeterStructure 1.4
(1.4mm of W plates)Structure 2.8(2×1.4mm of W plates)
Structure 4.6(3×1.4mm of W plates)
ACTIVE ZONE3x3 Si matrices
S/N ~ 8 !!S/N ~ 8 !!JeanJean--Claude BRIENTClaude BRIENT
1x1 cm2
Goal: Test beam CERN/2006, Fermilab/2007
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2 close by 2 close by electronselectrons (~(~ 3cm3cm
FirstFirst realreal test versus test versus thethe «« ParticleParticle FlowFlow »» methodmethodwithwith a a dedicateddedicated detectordetector
R&D for R&D for thethe final designfinal design
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Scintillator/W – U. Colorado
Martin Nagel
5x5 cm2
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Calorimeter TechnologiesHadron Calorimeter
Physics requirements emphasize segmentation/granularity (transverse AND longitudinal) over intrinsic energy resolution.
- Depth ≥ 4λ (not including ECal ~ 1λ) Enough? Tail-catcher?
-Assuming PFlow:
- sufficient segmentation to allow efficient charged particle tracking.
- for “digital” approach – sufficiently fine segmentation to give linear energy vs. hits relation
- efficient MIP detection
- intrinsic, single (neutral) hadron energy resolution must not degrade jet energy resolution.
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To DAQ
FEE
Tiles+SiPMsCal
ibra
tion
elec
troni
csHadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog
Vishnu V. Zutshi
Amplifier Board Data Acquisition
Monitoring
Tile size
3x3 6x6 12 x 12
need 3500 4000 1000
molded
3500 4000 1000
milled 3500 3000 800
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog
Tail Catcher
ECAL
HCAL Electronic Rac
Beam
Preparing for test beam in summer-fall of 2006/CERN, 2007/Fermilab
SiPM production/selection Felix SefkowCalibrated light source, adjust working point, ~500/week
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital
500 channel/5-layer test
30x30cm2 foils
Details of new 30cm x 30cm foils from 3M
(1) Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) – based DHCAL
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital
Average multiplicity = 1.27
Cross talk studies
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Efficiency of the 9-pads GEM chamber:
Ar:Co2=80:20V=409v
Two fold
Three fold
Three foldwith 3' separation
MIP Efficiency
Energy Deposit
MIP Efficiency study
Assembly techniques for large scale GEM layers
Goal: Test beam at Fermilab 2007
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital(2) Resistive Plate Chamber-based DHCAL
Signal PadMylar sheet
Mylar sheet Aluminum foil
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.1mm Glass sheet
Resistive paint
Resistive paint
1.2mm gas gap
-HVGND
Charged particles
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital
AIR4
Note the scale difference!
“RPC’s totally understood -ready to build RPCs for the
1m3 test beam section”
Goal: Test beam at Fermilab 2007
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digitalCommon to RPC and GEM (400,000 channels/module)
FE ASIC needed to multiplex early on
Functionality specified by ANL; design work started June ’04/FNAL
Prototype run submitted on March 18th 2005
40 unpackaged chips in hand
Tests started: digital part tested: OK, analog tests next.
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Digital HCal and SiW ECal in US
The evaluation in beam tests and comparison with GEANT4 simulations to underpin the PFA studies is the critical issue for LC calorimetry/detector design.
However, NSF/MRI was not funded and this needs urgent attention!
Module construction (~400,000 channels/module for HCal), testing, data analysis, and simulation comparison will take several years – a large fixed target experiment.
We must get started on this soon!
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Design work at FNALDesign work started in June, 2004
Prototype run submitted on March 18th 2005
40 unpackaged chips in hand
Tests started: so far looks good
Other technologies/calorimetry
Challenge – how to configure for a LC calorimeter??
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Crystal Calorimeter
Empasize energy resolution, position/angular resolution
LC Detector design? HCal?
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Other technologies/calorimetry
IP
VTX
FTD
300 cm
LumiCal
BeamCal
L* = 4m
Very forward calorimetry/Luminosity Cal.Wolfgang Lohmann
•Detection of electrons and photons at small polar angles-important for searches
•Shielding of the inner Detectors
•Measurement of the Luminosity with precision O(<10-3) usingBhabha scattering
•Fast Beam Diagnostics
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Other technologies/calorimetry
W-Diamond sandwichMessage:
Electrons can bedetected!
Technologies for the BeamCal:
Wolfgang Lohmann
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Other technologies
Halina Abramowicz
15 cylinders * 24 sectors * 30 rings = 10800 cells)(θ )(φ )(z
RL 6.10 m
Luminosity detector
Beam monitor
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Conclusions- Steady progress (since LCWS05):
- Calorimeter systems designs
- Prototype construction/testing
- Development of PFA’s (later talk)
BUT ! A long way to go for a clear understanding of
Physics needs -> PFA performance -> Detector design
- Approaching a critical phase of large HCal module, and further ECal, construction/testing - essential to ensure adequate support is available!
- Designing LC calorimeters with the required performance for the physics is a fascinating challenge –let’s keep up the momentum!