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CONTACT STRESS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Upper Left: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/civil-engineers.htm Lower Left: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/phoenix/AZ100/1970/roosevelt_dam.html Lower Center: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/00jan/alongroad.cfm Upper Right: http://www.deldot.gov/home/employment/recruitment/deldotopportunity.shtml Lower Right: http://energy.gov/articles/building-better-transmission-tower
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Introduction
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Skyscrapers Bridges Dams
How are these constructions supported?
Why are all these large constructions standing, stable and straight?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Left (skyscraper): http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/features/lense.shtml Center (bridge): http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bridges/queensboro.shtml Right (dam): http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Powerplant.jsp?fac_Name=Hungry+Horse+Powerplant
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Civil Engineering field is enormous
These structures include shallow foundations (footings), deep foundations (piles and drilled piers), retaining walls, dams, embankments, tunnels, etc. Let’s CONCENTRATE on Foundations
An area of civil engineering that focuses on working under ground is called Geotechnical Engineering
• Geotechnical engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the properties and materials of the Earth.
• Geotechnical engineers work with data
from soil and rock samples to specify the requirements for design and construction of engineered structures.
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image source: http://landslides.usgs.gov/monitoring/dunsmore/rtd/soilmoisture.php
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Support the structure’s load
Foundations systems in civil engineering
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Provide stability to the structure: What is the purpose of building a foundation?
a
Reduce the contact stress on the ground
b
Minimize severe deformation (or settlements) Cost efficiency
c
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Top: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/technologies/building_envelope_research.html Bottom: http://www.newportbeachca.gov/index.aspx?page=1854
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Designing a foundation
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Soil profile (layers, water, etc.) Load Importance and service of structure
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3
There are several things to consider when designing/ building a foundation?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Top: http://www.wakeforestnc.gov/soil-erosion-101-.aspx Center: http://www.allentownpa.gov/Visitors/HistoricalAllentown/tabid/72/Default.aspx Bottom: http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/partnerships/regional/region6/john_james_final_pic.html
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Understand our type of soil
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Before designing the foundation, soil profile and its behavior are
determined.
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Sand
Gravel
Clay
Rock
Defining a type of foundation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Upper left: http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=631 Upper right: http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/Districts-Idaho/IFD/challis/minerals.print.html Lower left: http://www.ci.frisco.tx.us/departments/publicworks/water/lawnGarden/Pages/SoilType.aspx Lower right: http://mcclintock.house.gov/2011/05/congressman-tom-mcclintock-announces-congressional-art-competition-winners.shtml
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Know your load
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Defining a type of foundation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image sources: Left: Katierae12, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Penguin-with-a-heavy-load.jpg Right: Quistnix!, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Quistnix!_-_Heavy_Load_-_the_Transformers_are_coming_-_5_(CC-BY-SA).jpg
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Define the importance and service of the structure 3
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Defining a type of foundation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image Sources Upper Left: http://www.nps.gov/vafo/historyculture/arch.htm Lower Left: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/eihd/navajo.htm Upper Right: http://godden.seattle.gov/2012/02/09/all-roads-lead-to-downtown/ Lower Right: http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/blogs/2010/10/heading-to-the-gavins-point-dam-area/
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What does this mean for us?
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Weight ( ) of your feet
Your weightStressArea Area
σ = =
Our weight can be found by using a scale
The area of our foot can be found by tracing its outline on graph
paper and counting the squares within the outline
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Image Sources: Left: http://womenshealth.gov/fitness-nutrition/food-fitness-healthy-weight/ Right: FA RenLis, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Children_foot.jpg