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Sommaire
Chapitre 1: Introduction of CDMA Technologies
Chapitre 2: Process of Radio Network Planning
and Optimization
Chapitre 3: PN offset Planning
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Multi-Access Technology
Time
Frequency
CodeCDMA
User 3
User 2
User 1
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1st Generation1980s (analog) 2
nd
Generation1990s (digital) 3rd
Generationcurrent (digital)
3G provides: Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency
AMPS
Analog to DigitalTACS
NMT
OTHERS
GSM
CDMA
IS95
TDMAIS-136
PDC
UMTSWCDMA
CDMA2000
TD-SCDMA
Development of Mobile Communications Introduction
Voice to Broadband
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3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global
coverage
High spectral efficiency
High quality of service with complete security and reliability
Introduction
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3G Objectives
•Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G
•Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
• Vehicle environment: 144kbps• Walking environment: 384kbps• Indoor environment: 2Mbps
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Sommaire
Chapitre 1: Introduction of CDMA Technologies
Chapitre 2: Radio Network Planning and
Otpimization
Chapitre 3: PN offset Planning
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Coverage Quality CostCapacity
Achieve a mobile network with
•better coverage
•large capacity and
•future proof
Efficient Networking
Objective of RNP
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Capacity Analysis
Estimate number of subscribers
long-term predictions
demanded number
Expected traffic load per subscriber
data calls domination
voice calls domination
Particular phone usage by the subscribers
thin & thick areas
phoning during some special events
Process of RNP
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Process of Radio Networw Planning andOptimization
•Network Planning and optimization are two key elements very important
For the whole of mobile network construction
•Network Planning is start when the contract is signedand ends when the report is submitted
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Process of Radio Networw Planning andOptimization
Dimensioning Planning & Implementation O & M
Requirements
- Capacity
- Coverage
- QoS
Dimensioning
-Link Budget
-Capacity
analysis
Equipment
Number
Coverage Planning
& Site Acquisition
- Simulation
- Search ring
- Site Survey
Capacity Planning
- Traffic
- Service
PN offset Planning
Parameter Planning
- Area/Cell Specific
- Handover Type- Maximum load
Network Construction
Installation Test
- Cell Test
- Cluster Test
- System Test
Network
Optimization
- Statistics
- Measurement
- User Claims
Network Re-
engineering
- Increase FA- Add Equipment
- Relocating
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Sommaire
Chapitre 1: Introduction of CDMA Technologies
Chapitre 2: Process of Radio Network Planning and
Optimization
Chapitre 3: PN offset Planning
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Séquence de Cryptage de (M)
Two types of codes are used in a CDMA2000 system,
i.e. orthogonal code and pseudo-noise code.
Pseudo-noise codes used in a CDMA2000 system are
of two types
m-sequence with length 215-1
and that with length 242-1.
Techniques & Technologies de CDMA
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Short Code
In a CDMA system, a pair of m-sequences with length 215 chips
are used as the spectrum spreading codes for forward and
backward links.
This pair of m-sequences are also the pilot codes for pilot
channels, and different sectors are assigned different pilot code
phases.
with the phase difference between adjacent phases required to be
at least 64 bits. So the maximum number of available phases is:
215 /64=512.
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Long Code
The long code is a sequence of PN with one period of 242-1 çhips
Functions of long code:
Encoding the channel of shameless CDMA
Control the insertion of the bit of control of energy
To spread out information over the channel of CDMA reversed to
identify the stations of MS
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Walsh Code
W2n=Wn Wn
Wn Wn
W1=0
W2=0 0
0 1
W4 =
0 00 1
0 00 1
0 00 1
Walsh code
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and
each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the
position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101
code in W4 matrix
1 1
1 0
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Walsh Code
•In a CDMA system, the 1.2288Mbit/s 64-order Walshfunction is used to spread the spectrum of each code
multiplexed forward channel so as to make code
multiplexed forward channels orthogonal to each other.
•A code multiplexed forward channel spread by using 64-order Walsh function n (n=0-63) is defined as code
multiplexed channel n, wherein “Walsh function n” refers to
row n+1 in the above Walsh function matrix.
The sequence number function of the pilot channel is “0”,
namely, Wal (64, 0).
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Variable Walsh codes
64
4
8
16
32
12
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400
Data Rate(bps)-
W01=0
W02=00
W12=01
W04=0000
W24=0011
W14=0101
W34=0110
W08=00000000
W48=00001111
W28=00110011
W68=00111100
W18=01010101
W5
8=01011010
W38=01100110
W78=01101001
( W016,W
816)
( W416,W
1216)
( W216,W
1416)
( W616,W
1416)
( W116,W
916)
( W516,W13
16)
( W316,W
1116)
( W716,W
1516)
The Walsh Code for The data rate
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Search Windows
•SRCH_WIN_A : used to search the activated and candidate pilot set
•SRCH_WIN_N : used to search the adjacent pilot set
•SRCH_WIN_R : used to search the remaining pilot set
•The measurement unit for each window is “chip”.
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Size of windows
In a CDMA system, two adjacent PN offsets must beseparated from each other at an interval of at least 64 chips.
•1 chip=3×108/1.2288M=244.14(m)•64 chips=64×244.14=15.6(km)
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PN Planning
PNa
PNc
PNb
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Purpose of PN Offset Planning
•In CDMA we have two m-sequence with lenght 215
•We have a limited number of PN Offset planning, a maximum is512
•And we must be developed to avoiy any confusion
•if we would have a same PN offset , thus causing interference
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Pilot_inc
•The value of PILOT_INC determines the phase differencebetween pilots of different cells
•In reality, due to complicated radio propagation environmentsand limited sizes of MS search windows, the 15.6km separation
is not enough for distinguishing between two adjacent PN offsetsin an actual PN offset planning.
•For this reason, we use parameter PILOT_INC to set the numberof available PN offsets.
•Available number of PN offsets=512/PILOT_INC
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Lower Limit Of Pilot_inc
The numbers are generally according to the
environment : 1;2; 3;4
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Lower Limit of Pilot_inc
Rayon de régiond'assurance
r (m)
r(morce
aux)
SRCH_ WIN_ A
Taille deSRCH_WIN
_A(morceaux)
S 1 A PILOT_INC LimiteinférieuredePILOT_INC
Nombred'excentragesdisponibles de
PN
500 2.048 0 4 2 0.17893832 1 512
500 2.048 1 6 3 0.19456332 1 512
500 2.048 2 8 4 0.21018832 1 512
500 2.048 3 10 5 0.22581332 1 512
500 2.048 4 14 7 0.25706332 1 512
500 2.048 5 20 10 0.30393832 1 512
500 2.048 6 28 14 0.36643832 1 512
500 2.048 7 40 20 0.46018832 1 512
500 2.048 8 60 30 0.61643832 1 512
500 2.048 9 80 40 0.77268832 1 512
500 2.048 10 100 50 0.92893832 1 512
500 2.048 11 130 65 1.16331332 2 256
500 2.048 12 160 80 1.39768832 2 256
500 2.048 13 226 113 1.91331332 2 256
500 2.048 14 320 160 2.64768832 3 170
500 2.048 15 452 226 3.67893832 4 128
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Engineering Approaches to PN OffsetPlanning
•According to the previous analyses:
•the PILOT_INC lower limit, is “4” in practical applications
•the number of available PN offsets is 128 and the adjacent offset separation is256 chips
•A pilot signal must travel at least 62Km in order to fall into search windowSRCH_WIN_A for another pilot.
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Approach 1 to PN offset planning
Cell No. Sector 1(Group A) Sector 2 (Group B) Sector 3 (Group C)
Cell 1 4 172 340
Cell 2 8 176 344
Cell 3 12 180 348
... ... ... ...
Cell n n*4 (n+42)*4 (n+84)*4
... ... ... ...
Cell 37 148 316 484
i2 ij j2
If N is the number of cells in a reuse cluster, it should be
N=37 for this example
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Approach 2 to PN Offset Planning
Sub-cluster 1
Sector 1 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164
Sector 2 172 188 204 220 236 252 268 284 300 316 332
Sector 3 340 356 372 388 404 420 436 452 468 484 500
Sub-cluster 2
Sector 1 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168
Sector 2 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336
Sector 3 344 360 376 392 408 424 440 456 472 488 504
Sub-cluster 3
Sector 1 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156
Sector 2 180 196 212 228 244 260 276 292 308 324
Sector 3 348 364 380 396 412 428 444 460 476 492
Sub-cluster 4
Sector 1 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160
Sector 2 184 200 216 232 248 264 280 296 312 328
Sector 3 352 368 384 400 416 432 448 464 480 496
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Distribution of cells in a sub-cluster
As shown above, cells in a sub-cluster are distributed in a spiral
We have used the sector 1
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Reuse cluster layouts
148 164 152 168 148 164 152 168
132 20 36 136 24 40 132 20 36 136 24 40
116 4 52 120 8 56 116 4 52 120 8 56
100 84 68 104 88 72 100 84 68 104 88 72
156 160 156 160
140 28 44 144 32 48 140 28 44 144 32 48
124 12 60 128 16 64 124 12 60 128 16 64
108 92 76 112 96 80 108 92 76 112 96 80
152 168 148 164 152 168 148 164
136 24 40 132 20 36 136 24 40 132 20 36
120 8 56 116 4 52 120 8 56 116 4 52
104 88 72 100 84 68 104 88 72 100 84 68160 156 160 156
144 32 48 140 28 44 144 32 48 140 28 44
128 16 64 124 12 60 128 16 64 124 12 60
112 96 80 108 92 76 112 96 80 108 92 76
We have used the sector 1
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application case of PN offset planning
We have used the sector 1
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ETUDE DE CAS
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