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P r e p ar a d o
p or : J e an
C ar l o
R u e s t aCBL-VDL
Cement Evaluation
Petrobras Noviembre
2009
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© 2008 Jean Carlo Ruesta
Introducción
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Cement Job
– Provee aislamiento sobre el intervalo de producción.
– Soporte mecánico al casing y al pozo.
– Proteger al casing.
El aislamiento hidráulico asegura que no exista comunicación entre zonas vecinas debido a fluidos que puedan migrar entre el casing y la formación .
El cemento hace un sello hidráulico entre el casing y la formación .
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Evaluación del Sello Hidráulico.
– El objetivo de correr registros de CBL es evaluar sello hidráulico.
– La herramienta de CBL no miden el sello hidráulico, sino mide la pérdida
de la energía acústica como resultado de la propagación a través del
casing.
– Esta pérdida de energía puede ser relacionado con la fracción del
perímetro del casing que esta cubierto por cemento.
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Registros de CBL y qué miden.
– Los registros de CBL están preparados para detectar el llenado
anular del cemento y también puede detectar canales dentro del
cemento de los tipos I y II.
– Las canalizaciones del tipo III ,IV y V son prácticamente invisibles
para el CBL.
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CASING CEMENTO
FORMACION
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Teoría y Operación del CBL
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1. Longitud : 8.75 pies.2. Peso: 92 Lbs.3. Diámetro: 2 ¾”
4. Voltaje: 130 VDC
5. Corriente: 45 Ma. DC6. Presión 20,000 PSI7. Temperatura: 350°F8. Stack con :
1. Temperatura.2. CNT.3. GR-CCL4. Otros de pulsos.
2-3/4” CBL DIGITAL –PROBE
Especificaciones.
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CBL Configuración y Operación.
1. Un CBL convencional tiene típicamente untransmisor omnidireccional y uno o dosreceptores.
2. Cuando es un solo receptor estenormalmente esta ubicado a 4 ft deltransmisor.
3. En el caso de 2 receptores están ubicadosa 3ft y 5 ft del transmisor.
4. Esta herramienta no tiene capacidadazimutal sino por el contrario el receptorrecibe un promedio de la información
alrededor de todo el casing.
5. El transmisor del CBL opera normalmenteen un rango de frecuencia de 15Khz-
30Khz .
3 ft
5 ft
Tx
R3
R5
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CBL Configuración y Operación.
Los transmisores y receptores son elementos direccionales de modoque la señal abarca la totalidad del pozo.
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Señal Acústica: (en cualquier de los receptores)
Tiempoms
Amplitud
T0
- To: Pulso disparado
|--- Sonido Resultante--|
- Sonido Resultante: o señal acústica tal como se
observa en los Receptores
R5ft
R3ft
Tx
CBL Configuración y Operación.
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Similar al resonar de
una Campana
• Cuando no hay cemento, el
fluído está detrás del casing,
este está libre para vibrar [
fuerte señal acústica]
• Cuando el casing está
fuertemente adherido al
cemento , las vibraciones del
casing son atenuadas
proporcionalmete a la
superficie cubierta.
Good
Bond
NoCement
CBL Configuración y Operación.
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CBL Configuración y Operación.
1. Acoustic signal path (ruta de la señal
acústica), la señal acústica que sale deltransmisor puede alcanzar al receptor devarias formas utilizando diferentescaminos.
2. Tenemos 4 caminos y uno obvio:
1. Fluido
2. Casing.
3. Cemento.
4. Formación.
5. ¿?
3. La señal observada en el receptor es lacomposición de las señales mencionadasanteriormente. Esta señal es la base dela interpretación del registro.
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CBL - Señal en el receptor / Wave train.
4. Cada ruta o camino mencionado anteriormente corresponde un
diferente material y tiene una única velocidad acústica. Una respuestatípica de todo el tren de ondas es mostrado en la siguiente figura:
5. Después de cierto tiempo de que la señal sale del Tx los primerosarribos corresponden a los del casing, su velocidad a través del casinges de 57 us/ft.
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CBL - Señal en el receptor / Wave train.
6. Después de que la energía acústica rebota en el casing parte de es transferida a la
capa de cemento y formación.7. La velocidad acústica de la formación con excepción de la calcita y dolomita
(limestone y dolomite) es usualmente menor o cercanos a la velocidad en el casing.
8. En el siguiente cuadro se aprecian las velocidades o “tiempo de transito” de
algunos materiales.
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DT Casing = 57 msec/ftDT Cement = 75 msec/ftDT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ftDT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
Slowness (Tiempo de Tránsito)
Propagación de la Energía Acústica
distanciaVelocidad =tiempo
1 tiempoSlowness = Dt = =
velocidad distancia
Tiempo requerido por el sonido paraviajar 1 pie
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Lecturas del CBL.
1. Amplitud del primer arribo de casing. E1.
2. Tiempo de tránsito del primer arribo al receptor de 3 pies. TT3
3. Lecturas del VDL
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• Amplitud de la primera cresta o arribo
recibido E1, expresado en (mV).
• Es la energía recibida por el receptor de 3 ft
• Es función del Casing-Cement Bond3 ft
Tx
R3
R5
TT
CBL – Curva de Amplitud (E1).
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Significado Cualitativo del E1
Señal E1 o primer arribo del CBL ALTA => Tuberia o casing Libre (FREE PIPE)para Vibrar (No hay Cemento)
GoodBondNo
Cement
Señal E1 BAJA => Atenuación de la Energia (Presencia de Cemento)
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CBL – Tiempo de Tránsito (TT).
1. TT es el tiempo que toma las señal acústica de viajar desde el transmisor
hasta el receptor. El tiempo que se muestra en los registros de CBL es eltiempo del primer arribo del casing.
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Cál l d l Ti d T á i C i
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Cálculo del Tiempo de Tránsito en Casing
CASING ARRIVALSTRAVEL TIME
2”
DT Casing = 57 msec/ftDT Cement = 75 msec/ftDT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ftDT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
TTC = FLUID + CASING + FLUID
3 in x 189 ms/ft 3 in x 189 ms/ft
= + 3 ft x 57 ms/ft +12 in/ft 12 in/ft
= 265.5 ms
Cál l d l Ti d T á i l f ió
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Cálculo del Tiempo de Tránsito en la formación
FORMATION ARRIVALSTRAVEL TIME
2” DT Casing = 57 msec/ftDT Cement = 75 msec/ftDT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ftDT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
TTF = FLUID + CEMENT + FORMATION + CEMENT + FLUID
3 in x 189 ms/ft + 2 in x 75 ms/ft= 2 x + 3 ft x 100 ms/ft
12 in/ft
= 419.5 ms
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Cálculo del Tiempo de Tránsito en el fluido.
FLUID ARRIVALSTRAVEL TIME
2”DT Casing = 57 msec/ftDT Cement = 75 msec/ftDT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ftDT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
TTf = FLUID
= 3 ft x 189 ms/ft
= 567.0 ms
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VDL
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• El VDL es derivado del tren de onda
sónica completo• Medido en el receptor 5 ft
• Su análisis permite fácil diferenciaciónentre las señales del casing y las
señales de formación.5 ft
Tx
R3
R5
CBL – Variable Density Log VDL
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• Registro la forma de Onda en Profundidad
• Se toma solo la parte positiva de la Onda
• Las Crestas son comparadas con una Escala
de Grises. –Codificación de intensidades-
• Las Crestas son sombreadas y presentadas
vistas desde arriba.
• Se obtiene la Imagen Final vs Profundidad:
CBL – Variable Density Log VDL
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CBL VDL S d d O P i
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CBL-VDL Standard Outputs Presentation
•Transit Time TT in micro-seconds [ms]
•CBL Amplitude in millivolts [mV ]
•VDL Variable Density Log [wafeform visual representation]
0 CBL 100
[mV]
400 TT 200
[ms]
200 VDL 1200
[ms]
GR
CCL
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Factores que afectan la interpretación delregistro de CBL
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Factores que afectan la
interpretación del CBL.
1. Micro anillos.
2. Canalización.
3. Presencia de Gas.
4. Espesor del Cemento.
5. Centralización del CBL.
6. Streching.
7. Cycle Skyping.
8. Fast formations.
9. Tiempo de Fraguado .10. Calibración del CBL.
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Microanillos
Es un gap bien pequeño entreel casing y el cemento.
0.002”-0004”
Revisar las lecturas E1 ?, VDL?
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Canalización
Causas
Casing descentralizado. Significa espacio entre casing y laformación no uniforme, a veces el casing topa en un lado laformación en este caso el trabajo de la cementación no secumple al 100% alrededor del casing y un canal es dejado .
Cuando los fluidos de formación fluyen antes que el cementohaya fraguado
Como serían las tendencias de las lecturas E1 ?, VDL?
, Otras herramientas acústicas
CBL Radial,PET, USI, SBT entre otros,
G
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Presencia de Gas.
Mas conocido como “Gas –cut cement”, el cementonormalmente tiene una permeabilidad de 0.001 md; osea esimpermeable a los fluidos líquidos o gas.
Frente a zona de gas de alta presión el gas puede invadir elcemento y este cemento con gas invadido se llama gas-cut cement y tiene una permeabilidad de 5md aproximadamente.
Este efecto es difícil de identificar en la amplitud del CBL E1 enel VDL puede aparecer grises.
,
E d l
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Espesor del cemento.
Si el espesor del cemento es menor que ¾” , el cemento no vaser capaza de amortiguar adecuadamente las vibraciones delcasing y no podrá trasmitir adecuadamente la energía acústicaa la formación y la amplitud del CBL leerá demasiado alto.
La atenuación decrece exponencialmente para valores deespesor de cemento menores a ¾”.
,
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FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA MEDICION
• Microanillos
– Pequeñas espacios entre el casing y el cemento.
• Espesor del anillo de cemento.
• Pozos desviados
• Canalización del cemento
• Formaciones Rápidas
– Formaciones con velocidad de transmisión del sonidomayores a la del casing.
• Cemento mal fraguado
46
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Tool Eccentering
Causes for Eccentralization
5
3
2
T
• Improper Equipment selection
[ Centralizers ] for Casing Size
• Missing or Broken Centralizer(s)
• Weak Centralizers in deviated wells
• Tool Damaged and/or bent
• Damaged Casing
Consequences
• Unbalanced sound paths
• Resulting waveform is meaningless
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Eccentering Analysis
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Eccentering Analysis
There will be destructive interference from different sound paths
Waveform from close tool side to casing
If the tool is eccentered
ThresholdT0
TT
Short Path
WaveformResulting Waveform
Waveform from far tool side to casing
Delayed Waveform
Result is a Bad Log
not recoverable
in Playback
Normal Waveform
Resulting waveform has Dramatic lower amplitude
Resembling a zone of Good Cementbut with shorter Transit Time [≈ 4 ms less]
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Stretching
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Stretching
E1 decreases and TT is detected on a non linear portion of E1
DT STRETCHING is the TT increase from its value in free pipe
In cases of Good Cement
Threshold
E1
T0
TT
Free Pipe Signal
TT’
DT
Good Bond Signal
TT Cycle Skipping
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TT Cycle Skipping
E1 could not reach Detection Threshold Level
T T skips to 3rd Peak [E3 ]........this is known as CYCLE SKIPPING
In cases of very Good Cement
Threshold
E1 E3
E2
T0
TT TT’
F F i
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Fast Formation Arrivals
In cases of good cement and
formation slowness < steel slowness
formation arrival arrives first
The transit time and CBL amplitude
will be affected
Fast Formation
T
5
3
2
DT Dolomite = 43.5 msec/ftDT Limestone = 47.5 msec/ftDT Anhydrite = 50.0 msec/ft
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FAST
FORMATION
High
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
on areas of
fast formation
<---------------------------------------- arrivals
Transit Time
Shorter than
Casing arrivals
Tiempo de fraguado
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Tiempo de fraguado.
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CBL CASING DATA
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CBL-CASING DATA
E1 en tuberíalibre= 72mV TT3= 263uS
TT5= 372uS
81
CBL CASING DATA
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CBL CASING DATA
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Respuestas típicas del CBL
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FREE PIPE CHECK
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FREE PIPE CHECK
CBL
Interpretation
Chevron Patterns
Chevron Patterns
Perfect
Depth Match
TT and CBL Amplitude
as expected according to Casing Size
100
100
CBL AMPLITUDE VS CASING SIZE
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CBL AMPLITUDE VS. CASING SIZE
CBL-VDL Fluid Effects
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CBL-VDL Fluid Effects
Cement to Casing Bond
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• If casing is well bonded,
soundwave will be attenuated
• The received CBL amplitude will below
CBL: Free Pipe
CBL: Good Bond
T
5
3
2
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GOOD BOND TO
CASING
& FORMATIONX
X
Transit Time
with some
Stretching
Formation Arrivals
X
No
Casing Arrivals
Low
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
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GOOD BOND
TO FORMATION
Irregular Bond
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g
• The more “free” pipe or
“contaminated” cement in an interval,the poorer the bond
• If cement job is not perfect, theamplitude decreases less
CBL: Poor Bond
T
5
3
2
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POOR BONDTO CASING
X
X
X
Stable
Transit Time
Strong
Casing Arrivals
Medium
<------------------------------CBL Amplitude
GOOD BONDCASING NOT
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TO FORMATION
X
X
Transit Time
with some
Cycle Skipping
No
Formation Arrivals
Low
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
No
Casing Arrivals
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Interpretación
Interpretacion Cualitativa del CBL
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te p etac o Cua tat a de C
CONDICION TIEMPO DETRANSITO
AMPLITUD delCBL
VDL
Cañería Libre NORMAL ALTA Fuertes Arribos Revestidor
No Arribos de Formación
Excelente cemento (adherencia alrevestidor y a la formacion)
ALTO (Saltosde ciclo yestiramiento)
BAJA No Arribos Revestidor
Arribos de Formación
Buena adherencia al revestidor
No a la Formacion
ALTO (Saltosde ciclo yestiramiento)
BAJA No Arribos Revestidor
No Arribos de Formación
Mala adherencia NORMAL MEDIA a ALTA Arribos Revestidor
No Arribos de Formación
Microanillo NORMAL MEDIA Arribos de Formación
Arribos Revestidor
Canalizacion NORMAL MEDIA Arribos de Formación
Arribos Revestidor
Formaciones Rapidas BAJO ALTA Arribos de FormaciónNo Arribos Revestidor
Herramienta Excentralizada BAJO BAJA DEPENDE
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BOND INDEX
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El Bond index es una medida proporcional a la energía mecánica que
esta siendo convertida en mVolt en el receptor de 3 pies.
Para determinar el Bond Index primero necesitamos calcular laatenuación de la señal en cañería 100% cementada y en el punto a medir
2
110log20
A
A
z Atenuacion
Donde:
A1 = Amplitud en caneria libre(mV)
A2 = Amplitud del punto a medir (mV)
z = Espaciado entre transmisor-receptor(pies)
83
BOND INDEX
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Cálculo del Bond Index:
Bonded atenuacion
atenuacion BondIndex
%100
log
El Bond Index varia entre 0-1 y nos indica el porcentaje de atenuación de laseñal sonora en el receptor.
Bond Index= 0 cañería libreBond Index= 1 cañería 100% cementada
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Ejemplos de Perfiles.
EJEMPLO: HERRAMIENTA …..
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Lineas curvadas
86
EJEMPLO: NIVEL DEL FLUIDO
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87
EJEMPLO:
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88
EJEMPLO:
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89
EJEMPLO: ARRIBOS DE LA FORMACION-BUEN CEMENTO
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Arribos de laformacion
90
EJEMPLO: FALTA DE ARRIBOS DE LA FORMACION
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Solo arribos del
fluido
91
EJEMPLO:
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92
EJEMPLO:
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7 MPa
PressurePass
0 MPa
(Hydrostatic)
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© 2008 Jean Carlo Ruesta
Otros tipos de Registros.
GOOD CEMENT LOG EXAMPLE
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FREE PIPE EXAMPLE
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LIGHT CEMENT LOG VENEZUELA EXAMPLE
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© 2008 Jean Carlo Ruesta
Well: RM-47
– 7” Liner
– 8.5” Bit Size
– OBM 10.2ppg
– Depth: 9418 ft. – Temp: 246F
– Density Cement: 10.2
– 60% Nitrogen Spheres
– 0.6 Specific Gravity
– Compressive Strength
• 1200 lbs / 24
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