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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 1
Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica
Departamento de Tecnologias de Distribuição - DTD
CEPEL’s
new PMU Laboratory
LabPMU
José Eduardo Alves Jr. (CEPEL)
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
Index
1. Introduction
2. Driver
3. Laboratory
4. Previous Works
5. Discussions
2
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
You control what you measure.
3
If you measure more precisely and
quickly you will control better.
PMUs may provide better
measurements in real time and
help analysis off line.
CONCEPT OF PMUs
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 4
=0 =0
CONCEPT OF PMUs
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
PMU
TP
TC
PDC
PMU
PMU PMU
PDC
PMU
PMU PMU
Software
Application Control
Phasor data concentrator Protection
Data Base
CONCEPT OF PMUs
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 6
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
1
1,05
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
tempo (s)
ten
são
(p
u)
PMU
SCADA
CONCEPT OF PMUs
PMUs and SCADA
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 7
Fault Recordings (post event)
SCADA
Phasor measurements
(up to 50/60 frames/s)
stability
power electronics
switching
flow
frequency
frequency
CONCEPT OF PMUs
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
– Off-line:
• Post event diagnostics.
– Real time:
• Monitoring, protection and Control.
• Examples: enhance state estimation, monitoring
critical angles, monitoring oscillations, FACTS
equipment control.
8
APPLICATIONS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 9
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
Central PDC
Local application
Local application
Local application
General application
time
MOTIVATION: APPLICATIONS
CNOS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 10
PMU
TP
TC
Metering Chain
MOTIVATION: METERING CHAIN
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
OBJECTIVES
Synchrophasor Laboratory
• To give technological support to :
1. Study the PMU applications.
• Simulating in real time using real PMUs and virtual PMUs if necessary.
2. Study PMU performance using a metrological test
bed based on NIST’s SynchroMetrology Lab.
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
WORLD BANK FUNDING
Synchrophasor Laboratory
1. Real time simulator;
2. PMUs and PDC;
3. PMU test bed instrumentation;
4. Auxiliary instrumentation.
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STUDY PMU APPLICATIONS
Synchrophasor Laboratory
• What equipment should have?
1. Flexible equipment
2. Up to date equipment
• What applications should study first?
1. We are beginning discussions about it. Monitoring
oscillations should be a good guess.
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 14
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
Central
PDC
Local application
Local application
Local application
General application
Dig
ita
l S
im
ulator in
re
al tim
e
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS
Simulation
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 15
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
Central
PDC
Local application
Local application
Local application
General application
Dig
ital S
im
ulator in
real tim
e
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS
Simulation
Simulation
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 16
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
Central
PDC
Local application
Local application
Local application
General application
Dig
ita
l S
im
ulator in
re
al tim
e
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS
Simulation
Simulation
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 20
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
PMU PMU
PMU PMU
PMU PDC
Central
PDC
Local application
Local application
Local application
General application
Dig
ita
l S
im
ulato
r in
re
al tim
e
POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS: Control in the loop
Simulation
Simulation
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 21
METROLOGIC TEST BED
Synchrophasor Laboratory
• What equipment should have?
1. Precision equipment
2. Up to date equipment
3. Flexible equipment
• What tests should be applied?
1. IEEE Standard tests
• C37.118.1 (metering)
• C37.118.2 (communication)
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 22
STANDARD ASPECTS
IEEE Std 1344-1995 IEEE Standard for
Synchrophasors for Power Systems
1995
C37.118-2005 - IEEE Standard for
Synchrophasors for Power Systems 2005
IEEE Std C37.118.1™-2011 IEEE
Standard for Synchrophasor
Measurements for Power
Systems
IEEE Std C37.118.2™-2011 -
IEEE Standard for
Synchrophasor Data Transfer
for Power Systems
2011
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
• Categories:
• P (protection)
• M (metering)
• To evaluate the performance of PMUs:
• TVE
• FE (Frequency Measurement Error ):
• RFE (Rate of change of Frequency
measurement Error): ROCOF
Based on: Accuracy X Speed
23
STANDARD ASPECTS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
• Tests:
• Static
• Dynamic
• Ramp
• Step
• Amplitude and phase modulation
24
STANDARD ASPECTS
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PMU under test
Generates voltage and current
signals synchronized by GPS.
The phasors measured by PMUs
are moved to the test bed and comparated
with virtual standard PMU.
VIRTUAL PMU Standard
METROLOGIC TEST BED: NIST
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
Amplifiers
PMU under test
Voltage signals
current
voltage
Control System
High accuracy PTs
Current signals
Amplifiers GPS
PMU Standard
METROLOGIC TEST BED PROPOSED
High accuracy CTs
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
Current and voltage signals
synchronized by GPS are
carried to PMU under test.
The control system
knows the ideal
phasors.
The control system
receives the phasors
measured by PMU.
The control system
calculates TVE.
The results
are presented.
METROLOGIC TEST BED
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
• TVE<1%
• Dynamic tests must be done with the same small uncertainty
• The standards continue to be in discussion.
28
CHALLENGES
uncertainty of test
bed much be smaller.
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
Study of Metering Chain (CTs)
Thesis of Luiz Carlos Grillo (CEPEL)
COPPE-UFRJ
Advisors: Prof. Glauco Taranto e José Eduardo
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Accuracy Standard of metering current transformers
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
ACCURACY CRITERIA ACCORDING CT STANDARD
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
ACCURACY CRITERIA ACCORDING PMU STANDARD
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
ACCURACY CRITERIA CTs X PMU
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 34
Magnitude
error
(%)
Angle error
(MINUTES)
TVE
(%)
ACCURACY
LIMIT
(%)
-2,4 120 4,2 2,22
-1,2 40 1,7 0,34
-8,05 182,6 9,5 1,03
-2,4 20 2,5 1,63
0,6 -31,2 1,1 0,6
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 35
CONCLUSION:
THE CT STANDARDS SHOULD CONSIDER THE
PMUS STANDARDS
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
Study of Internal Algorithms of PMUs
Thesis of Suzana C. Oliveira (CEPEL)
COPPE-UFRJ
Advisors: Prof. Edson Watanabe e José Eduardo
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
• Learn about the internal algorithm of PMUs.
• Tests at NIST (2009) “PMU Interoperability,
Steady-State and Dynamic Performance
Tests” by Moraes and all.
37
DRIVERS
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Fasores de Sinais de 60 e 61 Hz a taxa de 1 frame por ciclo de 60 Hz durante 20 ciclos
(a) (b)
Fasores de Sinais de 60 e 61 Hz a taxa de 1 frame por ciclo de 60 Hz durante 20 ciclos
(a) (b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ϴ 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
40
STUDY OF SYNCHROPHASOR
CONCEPT
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
voltage
current
voltage
sensor Filter
Anti
Aliasing Converter
AD
PLL
GPS
current
sensor
DFT Sincrophasor
frequency
metering
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMUS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 44
(PMU)
CT (current transformer)
CT error
PMU error PMU
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMUS
QUANTIZATION
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 48
Leakage effect
FREQUENCY DETECTION
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
• PLL proposed to measure the frequency
50
Transformada de Clarke
va
vb
vc
vα
vβ
X
X
Σ ControlePI
ωIntegrador
ωt
sen
-cos
iα’
iβ’
-
Reset p pref=0
DETECÇÃO DE FREQUÊNCIA
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 52
CONCLUSION:
THE ALGORITHMS AND INTERNAL FILTERS
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED CAREFULLY.
PREVIOUS WORKS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel
We are at the beginning!
CONCLUSIONS
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Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 54
THANKS AND DISCUSSIONS
Contact: