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PHN TPHN TCH VCH V THITHIT KT K HHTHTHNGNG
Chng 1
I CNG V H THNG V PHN TCHTHIT K H THNG
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H thng
Khi nim: H thng l mt tp hp cc phn t cmi lin h vi nhau cng hot ng nhm t mt smc tiu chung. Trong hot ng c trao i vo ra vimi trng ngoi
Phn ta dng
C th l h thng con
Gia cc phn t c mi lin h:
Lu di, n nhNht thi, tht thng
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H thng (cont)
H thng lun bin ng:S pht trin: pht sinh, tng trng, suy thoi v mt i
S hot ng: Cc phn t trong h thng cng tc vi nhau cng thc hin mc ch chung
H thng lun hot ng trong mi trng v c traoi vo ra
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H thng kinh doanh dch v
Khi nim: H thng kinh doanh dch v l h thngm mc ch l kinh doanh dch v. Trong :
Kinh doanh: l hot ng ca con ngi mang li li nhuncho con ngi
Dch v: l hot ng ca con ngi nhm mang li li ch
V d:
Kinh doanh: cng ty,
Dch v: Trng hc,
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H thng kinh doanh dch v (cont)
c im:C con ngi tham gia
Mc ch l phc v con ngi
H thng c trao i thng tin
Do , mt h thng kinh doanh dch v phi c cng tcqun l
Cc phn t: gm HT tc nghip v HT qun lHT tc nghip: gm con ngi, phng tin, phng phptrc tip thc hin mc ch ca h thng
HT qun l: gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php thchin vic iu khin v kim sot hot ng tc nghip hot ng lun hng ch v t cht lng cao
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Vai tr v nhim v ca h thng tin
Vai tr: ng vai tr trung gian gia h tc nghip vh qun l
Nhim v: x l thng tin kinh doanh
H thng quyt nh
H thng tc nghip
HTHNGTHNG
TINBoco
Chth
Thng tin vo Thng tin ra
Nguyn vtliu tin
dch v
Sn phm
tin d
ch v
MI
TRNG
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Vai tr v nhim v ca HTTT (cont)
Thng tin kinh doanh: thng tin t nhin v thng tinc cu trc
Ttin t nhin: l nhng thng tin c gi nguyn dng khi nc sinh ra (m thanh, hnh nh, )Ttin c cu trc: l nhng thng tin c cu trc ho (ssch, tp, )
X l: thu thp, ghi nh, ch bin, a ra v truyn githng tin.
Phn loi nhim v: Nhim v i ngoi, nhim v ini
Nhim v i ngoi: thu thp thng tin t mi hng v athng bo ra bn ngoi
Nhim v i ni: lin lc gia cc b phn v cung cp chocc b phn cc thng tin cn thit
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Cc b phn hp thnh ca HTTT
H thng thng tin c hai b phn: d liu v x lCc d liu: l cc thng tin c cu trc c lu trlu di nhng lun lun tin trin
Ni dung d liu: 2 loiPhn nh cu trc c quan: l thng tin c bin ng phnnh s tin trin ca cc b phn trong c quan thng qua skin tin hoPhn nh hot ng kinh doanh: l thng tin lun lun binng gi l s kin hot ng
Dng s dng d liuChuyn giao: thng tin c chuyn t b phn ny sang bphn khc
Lu tr: l tnh trng ngng hot ng thng tin trong mtkhong thi gian
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Cc b phn hp thnh HTTT (cont)
Cc x l: x l thng tin l vic bin i tp hp ccthng tin vo thnh tp hp cc thng tin ra
Tc nhn x l: l mt nhn vin hoc mt nhm nhn vin,hoc mt thit b x l no
Quy trnh: l cc chng trnh x l
Cng thc/ quy tc qun l: thng c chia thnh cctrng hp vi cc cch x l tng ng
Gia cc x l khc nhau trong mt h thng c lin quan nnhau v thi gian (trt t x l), d liu (l s chuyn giao d
liu gia cc x l)
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Cc b phn hp thnh HTTT (cont)
Cc x l:- Cc quy trnh- Cc cng thc quy tc qun l- Cc lu chu chuyn
Cc d liu phn nhcu trc cquan
Cc d liu phn nhhot ng kinh doanh
Tham sThng bo
kt qu
S kin hot ng
cp nht
S kin tin ho
cp nht
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H thng thng tin t ng ho
H thng thng tin t ng ho l HTTT c s thamgia ca my tnhMc t ng ho: c 2 mc
T ng ho mt phn: c s phn chia vic x l thng tingia con ngi v my tnhNhc im: Thng xy ra mu thun khi kt ni tngphn nh
T ng ho ton b: ton b h thng tin c x l bngmy tnh, con ngi chc vai tr ph
u im: X l thng tin tng th v tp trung, iu khinchung nm ti mt khi nn rt hiu quD liu tp trung mt ni v ch c mt bn nn gimc chi ph v trnh c sai lchNhc im: Kh xy dng
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H thng thng tin t ng ho (cont)
Phng thc x l thng tin bng my tnhX l theo m: thng tin thu thp c tch lu lithnh m ri x l c m
X l trc tuyn: thng tin thu thp n u x l ngayn
X l theo m: dng cho cc trng hpIn cc bo co, cc thng k, In cc giy t giao dch vi s lng lnCc x l c tnh nh k (bng tr lng,)
X l trc tuyn: dng cho cc trng hpVo v x l mt s liu nh cc giao dchHin th, sa cha ni dung tpPhc v khch hng ti ch
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H thng thng tin t ng ho (cont)
nh gi x l trc tuynuim:
Gim bt cng vic giy t v cc khu trung gianKim tra c tnh ng n ca d liu ngay khi thu thpNgi dng t mnh nhp d liu, hiu r quy trnh x l do lm ch c h thngCho cu tr li nhanh chng
Nhcim:Chi ph cao c v phn cng v phn mmXy dng h tn cng hnS dng CPU khng kinh t, do CPU lun thng trcNgi s dng h phi qua o toX l chm khi khi lng cn x l l lnKh m bo tnh tin cyKh phc hi d liu
i hi nhiu bin php c bit v bo mt
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Vng i pht trin cc h thng(SDLC)
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Vng i pht trin cc h thng (SDLC)
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Vng i pht trin cc h thng (SDLC)
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SDLC bao gm 4 giai on c bn:
Lp k hoch (Planning): Ti sao phi xy dng hthng?
Phn tch (Analysis): H thng s l g?
Thit k (Design): H thng s lm vic ntn?
Thc hin (Implementation): Chuyn giao h thng
Vng i pht trin (cont)
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Qu trnh Sn phm
Lp khoch
Phn tch
Thit k
Thc hin
Khoch dn
xut h thng
Chi tit k thuth thng
H thng mi vkhoch bo tr
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Mi mt giai on bao gm mt tp cc bc, da vocc k thut c th a ra cc ti liu r rng c th
hiu v h thng nm bt c SDLC:
Mi mt giai on bao gm cc bc m dn dtn biu din rnh mch
H thng gii quyt dn dn c ci tin
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Tng tc gia cc giai on ca vng i
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Giai on I: Lp k hoch
Xc nh gi tr thng mi
Phn tch c trngTrnh by k hoch lm vic
B tr cn b cho d n
Hng dn v qun l d n
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Giai on lp k hoch l mt qu trnh nn tng nm bt c: ti sao mt h thng thng tin phic xy dng?
Giai on lp k hoch cng s xc nh: cc i dn s tham gia vo xy dng h thng thng tin nhth no?
Giai on lp k hoch bao gm 2 bc:
Lp k hoch (cont)
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Hai bc lp k hoch
Theo d n khi u, gi thng mi ca h thngcho t chc c xc nh (N s tng gi hoc
gim li nhun nh th no?)Theo qun tr d n, ngi qun tr d n to ra khoch lm vic, b tr d n, v a cc k thutvo ng v tr gip i d n iu khin v qunl d n theo ton b SDLC
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Giai on II: Phn tch
Phn tch
Tp hp thng tin
M hnh x l
M hnh d liu
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Giai on phn tch tr li cc cu hi: Ai s s dng
h thng, h thng thc hin g, ni no v khi no ns c s dng?Trong giai on ny, i d n nghin cu t m hthng hin ti, nhn bit c hi ci thin, v pht trinkhi nim cho h thng mi.Giai on phn tch bao gm 3 bc:
Giai on phn tch (cont)
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Ba bc phn tch
Chin lc phn tch (Analysis strategy): iu ny
c pht trin a n hiu qu ca cc i dn.
Tp hp nhu cu (Requirements gathering): Phntch thng tin ny a n s pht trin khi nimcho h thng mi. Khi nim ny c s dng xy dng tp cc m hnh phn tch.
xut h thng (System proposal): xut c
a ra cho ngi bo tr h thng v ngoi ra aiquyt nh d n s tip tc pht trin ln.
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xut d n l pht biu khi u, m t nhng yucu quan tm no m h thng mi s gp.
Thc hin t giai on ny bao gm phn tch v thitk khi u mc cao cho h thng mi.
Giai on phn tch (cont)
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Giai on III: Thit k
Thit k logic
Thit k cu trc
Thit k giao dinThit k CSDL v tp
Thit k chng trnh
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Giai on thit k xc nh h thng s hot ng nhth no, trong cc iu kin phn cng, phn mm vc s h tng mng; giao din ngi s dng, ccform v cc bo co s c s dng; v cc chngtrnh c th, cc CSDL, cc file s cn.
Giai on thit k bao gm 5 bc:
Giai on thit k (cont)
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Chin lc thit k (Design Strategy): iu ny lcra h thng c pht trin bi cng ty hoc cngty ngoi.
Thit k kin trc (Architecture Design): iu nym t phn cng, phn mm, v c s h tngmng s c s dng.
Ch nh tp v CSDL (Database and FileSpecifications): cc ti liu ny xc nh d liuc lu tr nh th no v khi no?
Thit k chng trnh (Program Design): Xc nhchng trnh no cn vit v chng thc hinnh th no.
5 bc thit k
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Giai on IV: Thc hin
Xy dng h thng
Ci t
Bo tr h thng.
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Trong giai on thc hin, h thng c pht trinhoc c mua (trong trng hp ng gi phn
mm).Giai on thc hin thng thng l di v t nhtca qu trnh.
Giai on ny c 3 bc:
Giai on thc hin (cont)
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Xy dng h thng (System Construction): Hthng c xy dng v kim tra m bo nthc hin nh thit k.
Ci t (Installation): Chun b cung cp hthng ci t.
Bo tr (Support): Bao gm xem xt sau thc hin.
3 bc thc hin
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Cc phng php pht trin h thng
Phng php l mt cch tip cn chnh thc ho thc hin SDLC.
Phng php s bin i ph thuc vo tm quantrng trong qu trnh thng mi hoc trn d liu mcung cp thng mi.
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Phng php x l trung tm
Vi phng php ny, mc tiu l xc nh cc hotng lin quan n h thng
S tp trung l trong vic trnh by khi nim h thngnh l tp cc qu trnh vi lung thng tin vo v raca qu trnh.
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Phng php d liu trung tm
Phng php ny a ra mc tiu trong vic xc nhni dung ca kho d liu lu tr v chng c tchc nh th no?
Cc phng php d liu trung tm s dng cc mhnh d liu nh ct li khi nim h thng.
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Phng php hng i tng
Phng php ny c gng thng bng mc tiu giax l v d liu.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) c s dng m t khi nim h thng nh l tp trung cc itng kt hp cht ch c d liu v x l.
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Phng php lun thit k cu trc chp nhn cchtip cn step-by-step cho SDLC.
Phng php thit k ny gii thiu m hnh thngthng hoc k thut biu m t x l thngmi c bn ca h thng v cho php cch tip cn cbn ca 2 loi thit k cu trc.
Loi 1: Thit k cu trc
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Vi thc pht trin - da vo phng php lun, ngiphn tch v ngi dng truy cp tun t t mt giai
on n giai on k tip.Hai kho li th ca thc pht trin - da vo phngphp lun:
- Cc i hi h thng c nhn bit di trc khichng trnh bt u.
- Thay i yu cu c gim n mc ti thiu khi dn bt u.
M hnh thc pht trin
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Hai kho bt li ca thc pht trin - da vo phngphp lun l:
- Thit k phi hon ton r rng trc khi chngtrnh bt u.
- Thi gian di tri qua gia vic hon thnh ca xut h thng trong giai on phn tch v trin khaica h thng.
M hnh thc pht trin (cont)
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M hnh thc pht trin bao gm cc giai on x l ni tipnhau
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Pht trin song song
Trong m hnh thc nc, kim th c thc hin
trong mt giai on ring bit. Cn vi m hnh songsong, ton b quy trnh c chia thnh hai nhm giaion tng ng nhau: pht trin v kim th. Mi giaion pht trin s kt hp vi mt giai on kim thtng ng.
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Tinh thn ch o ca m hnh song song l cc hotng kim th phi c tin hnh song song (theo
kh nng c th) ngay t u chu trnh cng vi cchot ng pht trin. V d, cc hot ng cho vic lpk hoch kim th ton h thng c th c thchin song song vi cc hot ng phn tch v thit kh thng.
Pht trin song song (cont)
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Thit k chung cho ton b h thng c thc hin v sau d n c chia nh vo dy ca cc d n con ringbit
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Loi II: M hnh pht trin nhanh(RAD)
M hnh pht trin nhanh (RAD Rapid Application
Development) chnh l m hnh tng dn vi chu kpht trin cc ngn. t c mc tiu ny, RADda trn phng php pht trin trn c s thnhphn ho h thng cng vi vic ti s dng cc thnhphn thch hp. RAD thch hp cho nhng h thngqun l thng tin.
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RAD - da vo phng php lun, iu chnh cc giai
on SDLC to ra mt s phn ca h thng phttrin nhanh v vo cc thao tc th cng ca ngi sdng.
Phn ln RAD - da vo phng php lun m ngiphn tch s dng cc k thut c bit v cng cmy tnh tng tc cc giai on phn tch, thit k,v thc hin, nh cng c CASE (computer-aidedsoftware engineering).
M hnh pht trin nhanh (cont)
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M hnh tin ho
M hnh ny cng l mt dng da trn m hnh mu, tuynhin c s khc bit:M hnh tin ho xy dng nhiu phin bn prototypelin tip nhau.Nhng phin bn prototype trc s c xy dngvi mc tiu c th ti s dng trong nhng phin bnsau
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Phng php ny ph v ton b h thng vo dycc phin bn m c pht trin tun t.
Cc loi nhm c yu cu vo dy cc phin bn,sau yu cu quan trng v c bn nht c nggi vo phin bn u tin ca h thng.
Giai on phn tch sau c a vo trong thitk v thc hin, tuy nhin, duy nht tp cc yu cuxc nh cho phin bn 1.
Khi mi phin bn c hon thnh, cc i bt ulm vic trong phin bn khc.
M hnh tin ho (cont)
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M hnh tin ho - da vo phng php lun
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M hnh muQuy trnh c bt u bng vic thu thp yu cu vi sc mt ca i din ca c pha pht trin ln khch hngnhm nh ra mc tiu tng th ca h thng phn mmsau ny, ng thi ghi nhn tt c nhng yu cu c thbit c v s lc nhng nhm yu cu no cn phic lm r.
Sau , thc hin thit k nhanh tp trung chuyn tinhng kha cnh thng qua prototype khch hng cth hnh dung, nh gi gip hon chnh yu cu cho tonh thng phn mm. Vic ny khng nhng gip tinh
chnh yu cu, m ng thi gip cho i ng pht trinthng hiu hn nhng g cn c pht trin. Tip theosau giai on lm prototype ny c th l mt chu trnhtheo m hnh waterfall hay cng c th l m hnh khc
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M hnh mu - da vo phng php lun thc hinphn tch, thit k v thc hin cc giai on ngthi.Tt c cc giai on ny thc hin lp trong mt vngtrn cho n khi h thng hon thnhMt nguyn mu l mt phin bn nh ca h thngvi cc tiu s cc c trng.
M hnh mu (cont)
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M hnh mu - da vo phng php lun
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Thun li: cung cp h thng cho ngi s dng
tng tc, thm ch nu n khng bt u sn sng s dng.Khng thun li: thng thng nguyn mu tri quanh nhng thay i ng k m mt s thit k khiu quyt nh quan im tr nn ngho nn.Ch , prototype thng c lm tht nhanh trongthi gian ngn nn khng c xy dng trn cngmi trng v cng c pht trin ca giai on xy
dng phn mm thc s sau ny. Prototype khng tra mc tiu ti s dng cho giai on pht trin thcs sau
M hnh mu (cont)
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Cc phng php lun nguyn mu mt ln ri b
tng t vi nguyn mu da vo phng php lun.im khc nhau chnh l nguyn mu c lm mtln ri b IS hon thnh theo cc im khc nhautrong SDLS.
C s phn tch giai on tng i trit .
M hnh mu (cont)
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M hnh mu thc hin mt ln
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M rng chng trnh c xy dng trn 4 gi tr ctli:
Truyn thng (Communication)Gin d (Simplicity)
Phn hi (Feedback)
Can m (Courage)
M rng chng trnh (XP)
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Nguyn l kho ca XP bao gm:
Tip tc kim traM n gin
ng tng tc vi nhng ngi s dng cuicng xy dng nhanh h thng.
M rng chng trnh (cont)
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Lp trnh m rng- da vo phng phplun
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La chn phng php lun khng n gin, khikhng c mt phng php lun no l lun lun tt
nht.Nhiu t chc c nhng chun ring ca mnh.
Hnh minh ho k tip tng kt mt s phng phplun quan trng la chn khi u.
La chn phng php lun pht trinthch hp
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Criteria for Selecting aMethodology
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S r rng ca yu cu ngi dng
Cc phng php lun RAD ca nguyn mu v
nguyn mu s dng mt ln l thng xuyn thchhp khi ngi s dng yu cu l khng r rng, khicung cp cc nguyn mu cho ngi dng tngtc sm trong SDLC.
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Hiu bit v k thut
Nu h thng c thit k m khng c mt s hiu
bit v k thut c bn, ri ro s tng bi v cc cngc c th khng c kh nng thc hin ci g l cn.
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phc tp h thng
Cc h thng phc tp i hi phi cn thn v phntch v thit k chi tit.Cc i d n ngi theo cc giai on pht trin -da vo cc phng php lun hng ti dnh chot ch phn tch vn chnh hon thnh hnchng c th nu chng s dng cc phng phplun khc.
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tin cy h thng
tin cy ca h thng lun lun l mt nhn t quantrng trong pht trin h thng.
Nguyn mu s dng mt ln - da trn cc phngphp lun l tin cy nht khi tin cy ca h thng lu tin cao.
Nguyn mu - da vo cc phng php lun l thngthng khng tt khi chng thiu giai on phn tchv thit k cn thn.
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K hoch thi gian ngn
RAD-da vo phng php lun l ph hp cho cc
d n vi lch thi gian ngn khi chng tng tc .Thc - da vo phng php lun l s la chn tinht khi thi gian l cn thit khi chng khng chophp thay i lch d dng.
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K hoch minh bch
RAD-da vo phng php lun thay i mt s quyt
nh thit k ban u sm trong d n; do , iu nygip nhng ngi qun l d n nhn ra v ly ra ccnhn t ri ro v gi s mong i cao.
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Cc k nng v vai tr i d n
Cc d n bao gm a dng cc k nng ring bittrong th t cho h thng tr nn thnh cng.
6 k nng ch yu p t cho ngi phn tch c thbao gm:K thut (Technical)Thng mi (Business)Phn tch (Analytical)
Kt hp gia cc c nhn (Interpersonal)Qun l (Management)ng ni quy (Ethical)
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Cc kiu ca ngi phn tch
Phn tch thng mi (Business Analyst)
Phn tch h thng (Systems Analyst)
Phn tch c s h tng (Infrastructure Analyst)Thay i ngi phn tch qun l (ChangeManagement Analyst)
Ngi qun l d n (Project Manager)
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Vai tr i d n
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Tm tt
Vng i pht trin h thng bao gm 4 giai on:
Planning, Analysis, Design, and ImplementationC 6 phng php lun pht trin chnh: Phng phpthc, pht trin song song, phng php pht trin giaion, nguyn mu h thng, nguyn mu thit k, vpht trin linh hot.
C 5 nhm vai tr chnh: phn tch thng mi, phntch h thng, phn tch c s h tng, ngi qun lthay i d n v qun l d n.