Download - chuong 4 Benh STH
CHNG 4
BNH SAU THU HOCH BNH HOCH
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Harvesting, transport, marketing etc.
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Bnh sau thu hoch? Thng xut hin trong giai an gia thu hi v han thin sn phm, trong qu trnh bo qun , vn chuyn, ti ngi bn bun, bn l... L kt qu s ly nhim cc sn phm trc khi n c ch bin hoc n tay ngi tiu dng Bnh sau thu hoch thng thng xut hin
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Symptoms (triu chng) of PDsSoft rots and watery rot caused byGeotrichum, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia
Brown rots caused byPhytophthora, Monilinia, Botrytis etc
Dry rots caused bylargely Fusarium spp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 4
Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and vegetables Infection timing (s ly nhim) and methods of PDsAttacks the actively growing plants and then develop on the crop in storageBotrytis cinerea on grapes, apples and pear Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on green bean
Infects the crop at early stage but remain latent and cause decay only when the crop ripen or when it has been stored for some timeBotryosphaeria dothidea on apples and pears Anthracnose fungus
Attacks the crops only after harvestPenicillium spp. on apples, pears, citrus fruits, garlic etc.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 5
Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Infection type (cac dang lay nhiem) of PDs Through intact surface : Anthracnose fungiThrough intact surface from adjoining diseased fruits/vegetables : Botrytis cinerea Through injury : Geotrichum, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Thieloviopsis etc.
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables Wounds(injuries) is very important in PDsCac yeu to khang
Phan ng cua chu the
Ton thng
Vi khuan
Mam benh
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Causes of mechanical injuries Poor harvesting practices and handling Unsuitable field or marketing containers and crates,which may have splintered wood, sharp edges, poor nailing or stapling;
Overpacking/underpacking of field or marketing containers Careless handling, such as dropping or throwing or walking on produce and packed containers during the process of grading, transport or marketing
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Physiological injuries also predispose (dan en) fruits and vegetables to pathogens (mm bnh) Too low storage temperature Too high temperatures Poor ventilation( s thong hi) Volatile compounds( hp chat de bay hi)
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The forms of injuries Splitting of fruits or roots and tubers caused by dropping Internal cruising, not visible externally, caused by impact; Superficial grazing or scratches affecting the skins Crushing of leafy vegetables and other soft produceEach injury provide entry for penetration of postharvest pathogens10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 10
Injuries cutting through or scraping away the outer skin of produce Provide entry points for moulds and bacteria causing decay Increase water loss from the damage areas; Cause an increase in respiration rate and thus heat production
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Bruising( vet tham tm) injuries, which leave the skin intact (khong b ung cham) and may not be visible externally (ben ngoai) cause: Increased respiration rate and heat production Internal discoloration ( s oi mau) because of damaged tissues Off-flavor because of abnormal (khac thng) physiological reactions in damaged parts
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CROPS MOST SUBJECT TO POSTHARVEST DISEASES
Fruits Temperate fruits : grapes Subtropical fruits : avocados, citrus fruits Tropical fruits : papayas, mangoes oranges Vegetables : cucumbers, lettuce, sweet melons
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruitsFruit DiseaseBlue mold, Gray mold Anthracnose, Target or lenticel spot Bitter rot, Alternaria rot Black rot, White rot Mucor rot, Cladosporium rot Pleospora rot, Phomopsis rot Pink rot, Sooty bloth Fly speck, Brown rot Phytophthora rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 14
Apple & Pear
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Apple
Postharvest diseases of boxed apples10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 15
Apple
Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansusm
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Apple
Gray mold (moc xam) caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 17
Apple
Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 18
Apple
Bitter rot (thoi dang) caused by Glomerella cingulata10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 19
Apple
Canker (thoi muc) caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 20
Apple
Heart rot(thoi trong tim) caused by Alternaria sp/Fusarium sp.
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Pear
Black rot caused by Botryospharia dothidea
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Pear
Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 23
Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of Temperate fruits (Continued)FruitApricot (m), cherry, nectarine, peach, Plum (stone fruit) man
DiseaseBrown rot, Gray mold, Rhizopus rot Mucor rot, Blue mold, Alternaria rot Cladosporium rot Botrytis rot, Surface mold, Dothiorella rot Phoma rot, Phomopsis rot, Sclerotinia rot, Mucor rot, Blue mold, Buckshot rot Gray mold, Leak(l thng) or Rhizopus rot, Mucor rot, Anthracnose, Leather rot Botrytis rot
Kiwi fruitStrawberry(qua dau tay)
Table grapes
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Peach(qu o)
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 25
Peach
Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 26
Peach
Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus arrhizus10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 27
Peach
Phomopsis rot caused by Phomopsis sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 28
Peach
Interior browning in low temperature storage10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 29
Kiwi fruit
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 30
Kiwi fruit
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 31
Strawberry
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 32
Strawberry
Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 33
Strawberry
Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 34
Strawberry
Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotiana10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 35
Strawberry
Powdery mildew (nam moc sng) caused by Sphaerotheca fumili10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 36
Strawberry
Crown rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 37
grape
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 38
grape
Phomopsis fruit rot caused by Phomopsis sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 39
Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of subtropical fruitsFruitAvocado
DiseaseDothiella rot, Stem end rot, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Phomopsis rot, Rhizopus rot Blue and green mold rot, Brown rot, Phomopsis stem end rot, Stem end rot, Alternaria stem end rot, Anthracnose, Sour rot, Sclerotinia rot, Trichoderma rot, Botrytis rot
Citrus fruit
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citrus fruits
Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 41
citrus fruits
Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 42
citrus fruits
Blue mold caused by Penicillium sp.10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 43
citrus fruits
Brown rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 44
citrus fruits
Stem end rot by Diaporthe citri and D. medusae10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 45
citrus fruits
Black rot caused by Alternaria citri10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 46
citrus fruits
Sour rot(thoi chua) caused by Geotrichum candidum
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citrus fruits
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea
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citrus fruits
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 49
citrus fruits
Phoma rot caused by Phoma errtica
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citrus fruits
Phellomyces rot caused by Sclerotium citricolum
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citrus fruits
Decay caused by Fusarium spp.
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citrus fruits
Decay caused by Rhizopus sp.
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citrus fruits
Decay caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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citrus fruits
Low temperature fruit injury from temperature above those freezing tissues.
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of tropical fruitsFruitBanana Mango Papaya Pine apple10/23/2009
DiseaseCrown rot disease complex, Fusarium rot, Anthracnose, Lasiodiplodia rot, Thielaviopsis rot Cerratosystis rot, Cigar end rot, Squirt disease Anthracnose, Stem end rot, Rhizopus rot Anthracnose, Phoma rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Phytophthora rot, Alternaria rot Thielaviopsis rot, Fruit-let core rot, Yeast fermentationTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 56
banana
Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium musarum
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mango
Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium mangiferae
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mango
Stem(cuong) end rot caused by Diplodia natalensis
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papaya
Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata
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pineapple
Heart rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora
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pineapple
Core(loi) rot caused by Erwinia ananas
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetablesFruitCarrot Celery (cn ty) Lettuce (rau dip) Melons (qu da)10/23/2009
DiseaseBacterial soft rot, Gray mold, White rot, Fusarium dry rot, Black mold, Crater rot Bacterial soft rot, Sclerotinia soft rot, Late blight Bacterial soft rot, White rot, Gray mold Sour rot, Rhizopus rot, Fusarium rot, Trichothecium rot, Botrytis rot, Lasiodiplodia rot, Gummy stem blight and black rot, AnthracnoseTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 63
carrot
Pythium rot caused by Pythium sulcatum
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carrot
Soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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carrot
Black rot caused by Alternaria radicina
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carrot
Southern blight caused by Corticium rolfsii
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Celery
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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Celery
Late blight(tan rui) caused by Septoria apii
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cabbage
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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cabbage
Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris
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cabbage
Leaf spot (vet om) caused by Alternaria brassicae
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cabbage
Sooty spot( vet en mo hong) caused by Alternaria brassicicola
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cabbage
Downey mildew (nam moc sng) caused by Peronospora brassicae
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lettuce
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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lettuce
Gray mold(moc xam) caused by Botrytis cinerea
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lettuce
Bacterial dry rot caused by Pseudomonas cicolii, P. malginalis, P. viridiflava
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melon
Fruit rot caused by Cepalothcium sp.
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melon
Brown rot caused by Fusarium solani, F. roseum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum
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melon
Gummy stem blight caused by Micosphaerella melonis
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melon
Decay caused by Diaporte melonis and Phomopsis sp.
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melon
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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watermelon
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium
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watermelon
Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici
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watermelon
Cottony rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)FruitOnion Potato Snap bean Sweet potato10/23/2009
DiseaseNeck rot, Bacterial soft rot, Smudge, Fusarium bulb rot, Black mold, Blue mold Bacterial soft rot, Ring rot, Late blight, Fusarium dry rot, Black scurf, Gangrene, Gray mold, White mold, Sclerotinia soft rot, Gray mold, White rot, Anthracnose Rhizopus rot, Black rot, Java black rot, Fusarium surface rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 86
onion
Basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
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onion
Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis allii and B. cinerea
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onion
Black mold caused by Aspergillus niger
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potato
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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potato
Tuber infected with Corynebacterium sepedonicum
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potato
Late blight of potatoes. Exterior and interior discoloration of tubers infected with Phytophthora infestans
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potato
White mold of potatoes. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of tuber
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potato
Fusarium dry rot infection of tuber (interior section)
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potato
Gangrene. Phoma exigua var. foveata infection of tubers
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potato
Rhizoctonia black scurf. Sclerotia of R. solani on tuber surface
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sweet potato
Fresh storage roots with black rot lesions(left and right), caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, and uninfected roots(center)
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sweet potato
Cross section of storage roots of the cultivar Jewel with symptoms of surface rot(left) and Fusarium root rot(right)
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sweet potato
Internal and external views of a fleshy storage root infected with Phizopus stolonifer
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sweet potato
Restricted end lesion induced by Diplodia gossypina on a fleshy storage root
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sweet potato
Punky rot caused by a Trichoderma sp. on a fleshy storage root.
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sweet potato
Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. on fleshy storage roots
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Post-harvest diseases(PDs) of fruits and Vegetables
Post-harvest Diseases of vegetables (continued)FruitTomato Egg plant Pepper Cucumber10/23/2009
DiseaseAlternaria rot, Anthracnose, Buckeye rot, Gray mold and ghost spot, Sour rot, Fruit rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Gray mold, Phytophthora rot, Brown rot, Sclerotinia rot, Phomopsis blight, Southern blight Gray mold, Rhizpus rot, Phytophthora blight, Bacterial soft rot Gray mold, Sclerotinia rot , Scab, Bacterial spot, Gummy stem blight, Phytophthora rot, Pythium rotTh.S Truong Thi My Linh 103
tomato
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea
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tomato
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans
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tomato
Fruit rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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tomato
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum phomoides
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tomato
Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum
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tomato
Bacterial canker caused by Corynebacterium michiganense
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tomato
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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tomato
Leaf spot caused by Alternaria tomato
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egg plant
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea
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egg plant
Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae
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egg plant
Brown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici
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egg plant
Brown spot caused by Phomopsis vexans
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egg plant
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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pepper
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea
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pepper
Stem end rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer
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pepper
Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici
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pepper
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora
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pepper
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
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pepper
Mosaic caused by Tomato mosaic virus-P,-T,-OM
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cucumber
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea
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cucumber
Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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cucumber
Scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum
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cucumber
Angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae
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cucumber
Gummy stem blight caused by Mycosphaerella melonis
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cucumber
Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora melonis
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cucumber
Pythium rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, biphenyl
Biphenyl
Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation Target diseases : most of post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, phenylphenolOH
O-Phenylphenol
Mode of action : inhibition of sporulation and germination of spores Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of apples, citrus fruits, stone fruits, tomatoes, cucumbers, gladioli, capsicums10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 131
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, dicloranN H2 Cl Cl
N C2
D ic lo r a n
Mode of action : protective (little effect on spore germination) Target diseases : Botrytis, Monilinia, Rhizopus etc. on stone fruits, berry fruit, vines10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 132
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, Captan
Biphenyl
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes, pome and stone fruits,vegetables pre-harvest sprayUsed on postharvest disease of pear sold domestically10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 133
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, sec-butylamineCH3CH2 H CH3 NH2
Sec-Butylamine
Mode of action : fungicidal fumigation Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold stem rot of orange gray mold on gladioli and chrysanthemus10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 134
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, sorbic acidCH3CH C H C H C H COOH
Sorbic acid
Mode of action : ? Target diseases : citrus blue and green mold stem rot of orange gray mold on citrus fruit10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 135
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, thiabendazoleH N N N S
Thiabendazole
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of bananas, citrus fruits, pome fruits, onions, mangos, etc. blue mold, Bulls eye spot, gray mold, stem end rot10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 136
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, benomylO NCH H 4 9 H O N N COCH3
N
Benomyl
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : post-harvest diseases of grapes, pome and stone fruits, vegetables pre-harvest spray10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 137
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatmentPost-harvest Fungicide, thiophanate methylHS O N CNH COCH3 N CNH COCH3 HS O
Thiophanate-methyl
Mode of action : protective and curative, wound protectant Target diseases : wound pathogens on pruning cuts on tree10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 138
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, carbendazimH N N O NH COCH3
Carbendazim
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : storage diseases of fruits
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, iprodionO C N N Cl NHCH(CH3)2 Cl O
Iprodione
Mode of action : contactive fungicide with protective and curative action
(strong inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth)
Target diseases : postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 140
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, trifolineCl3C CHNHCHO N
N Cl3C CHNHCHO
Triforine
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : Monilinia spp. on stone fruits
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Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, GuazatineH2N HN CNH(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NHO NH NH2
Guazatine
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : postharvest diseases of seed potatoes, citrus fruits and pine apples10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 142
Control of Post-harvest Diseases : Factors affecting post-harvest losses
Chemical treatment Post-harvest Fungicide, ImazalilN N C H2 C H O C H2C H Cl C H2
Cl
Im a z a lil
Mode of action : protective and curative Target diseases : Penicillium, Gloeosporium, Phomopsis Phoma spp. etc. of citrus fruit, banana, seed potatoes10/23/2009 Th.S Truong Thi My Linh 143