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Defense
Natural selection resulted in modifications for defense.
Camouflage is beneficial for both seeking prey and hiding from
predators.
- many snakes are green and blend with foliage- others are brown and hide against the bark of trees
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Defense
Some snakes defendthemselves by signaling theirpresence.
Some ward off danger byrapidly changing body shape
- extending a hood likecobras
Some hiss
Others make mechanicalnoises
- such as the rattle of therattlesnake.
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Reproduction
Most male snakes rely on the
scent of female snakes of
heir own species.
Before mating, a male and
female snake may glide
alongside by side, with the
male stroking the female
with his chin and flicking his
tongue over her body.
Fertilization is internal.
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Reproduction
Most snakes are oviparous
- female lays eggs that hatchoutside her body.
- To break out a hatchling uses aspecial tooth which is lost soon
after.
Other snakes are ovoviviparous
- the female carries the eggs in herbody throughout development
the young are born live.
- All newborns must fend forthemselves, relying on their manyspecialized adaptations forsurvival on land.
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Reproduction
Oviparous
Live birth
Boas
Garter snakes
Age of snakes
135 million years old
Possible relation tocaecilians
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Elapidae
Bungarus fasciatus
Bungarus candidus
Naja naja
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SNAKE CLASSIFICATION
15 FAMILIES
ALETHINOPIDHIA
SCOLEOPIDHIA
CAENOPHIDIA
HENOPHIDIA
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18 families; Alethinophidia 15 fams
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Elapidae
A group of highly dangeroussnakes with powerfulneurotoxic venom that affectsthe nervous system, causingrespiratory paralysis. Included
in this family are coral snakes,cobras, mambas, and all theAustralian venomous snakes.The coral snake is small andhas caused human fatalities.The Australian death adder,
tiger, taipan, and king brownsnakes are among the mostvenomous in the world,causing many human fatalities.
http://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfmhttp://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfmhttp://www.tigerhomes.org/animal/king-cobra.cfm -
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Colubridae
The colubrids (KAHL-yuh-bruhds)make up the largest group ofsnakes; they include almost 75percent of all the world's snakespecies, or types of snakes. Thesesnakes come in many sizes,
shapes, and colors. Despite themany differences among thesnakes in this family, colubridsshare a few features. Most havewide scales on their bellies and,usually, nine large scales on thetops of their heads. Mostcolubrids also have glands, orgroups of cells, behind each eye.
Boiga dendrophyla
Trimeresurus albolabris
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Viperidae
Solenoglypha type of
teeth
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Snout acuminate, projecting, without dermal
appendage, rather more than twice as long as
the eye. Internasals usually in contact with thelabials; one to four small loreals between the
prefrontal and the labials ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout or a little
longer, a little longer than the parietals; one
preocular, in contact with the frontal; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3+3, rarely 1+2;upper labials 9, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, usually faintly
keeled on sacral region. Ventrals 203-234; anal
divided; subcaudals 167-203, Bright green,
pale olive, or grey-brown, with a yellow line
along each side of the lower parts; interstitial
skin of the neck black and white.
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Suborder Amphisbaenia
Double walk
Worm Lizards
135 Species
Habitat
Specialized burrowers
Africa, South America, Caribbean, and
Mideast
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Characteristics
Legless
Wedge shaped head
Single median tooth in upperjaw
Can move forward or
backward
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Order Crocodilia
Fam: Aligatoridae, Gavialidae,
crocodylidae; 21-23 species
Crocodiles, alligators, gavials,
and caimans
Have existed for 170 million
years
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Croc like animal
Nostrils at the anterior end to helpwith breathing while mostlysubmerged
large protective scales (osteoderm orscutum)
Breathe and inhale water at thesame time
Have an extra transparent eyelid
Ability to close their nostrils and earsin a similar manner to prevent theunwanted influx of water
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A Comparation
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A Comparison
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Alligator and Crocodile
The easiest way of tellingapart crocodiles fromalligators, however, is tolook at their noses.
Alligators (and caimans)have a wide "U"-shaped,rounded snout (like ashovel), whereas
crocodiles tend to havelonger and more pointed"V"-shaped noses.
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Alligator and crocodile
In alligators, the upper jaw is widerthan the lower jaw and completelyoverlaps it. Therefore, the teeth inthe lower jaw are almost completelyhidden when the mouth closes,fitting neatly into small depressionsor sockets in the upper jaw. This is
particularly apparent with the largefourth tooth in the lower jaw (see [A]in diagram on right). In crocodiles,the upper jaw and lower jaw areapproximately the same width, andso teeth in the lower jaw fit along themargin of the upper jaw when the
mouth is closed. Therefore, the upperteeth interlock (and "interdigitate")with the lower teeth when themouth shuts.
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Aligator and crocodile
Crocodiles and gharialsalso differ from alligatorsand caimans in havingfunctioning salt glands ontheir tongue. Structurally,
these are actually modifiedsalivary glands, and whilealligators and caimans alsohave these structures theyappear to have lost the
ability to use them forexcreting significantamounts of salt.
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Alligator and Crocodile
DPRs (Dermal PressureReceptors). Crocodiles havesimilar organs covering virtuallyevery scale on their body, butalligators and caimans only havethose around the jaws. Although
it's been known for years thatsense organs on the jaws areinvolved in pressure detection,nobody is quite sure what thoseorgans covering the rest of thebody in crocodiles actually do.They probably extend the sensory
surface over the crocodile's entirebody, but previous researchershave suggested they may assist inchemical reception, or evensalinity detection.
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Caimans
Caimans are alligatoridcroccodylian within Caimaninae.The group is one of two primarylineages within Alligatoridae, theother being alligator Caimansinhabit central and south
america. They are relatively smallcrocodylians, with most speciesreaching lengths of only a fewmetres, with the smallest beingthe dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus
palpebrosus), which grows to 1metre (3 feet) long and the
largest being the black caiman(Melanosuchus niger), which cangrow to 4 metres (13 ft) or more.
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Gharial
The false gharial(Tomistoma schlegelii),also known as theMalayan gharial, or false
gavial is a freshwatercroc with a very thin andelongated snout. Thefalse gharial is listed asan endfangered species
by IUCN as thepopulation is estimatedat below 2,500 matureindividuals
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Sarcosuchus imperator
Sarcosuchus meaningcommonly calledSuperCroc, is anextinct genus of
crocodyliform thatlived 112 million yearsago. It dates from theearly cretaceous of
what is now africa andand is one of thelargest crocodile-likereptiles that ever lived
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Sarcosuchus imperator
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Order: Testudinata
Family: Chelydridae Genus: Chelydra
Family: Kinosternidae Genus: Sternotherus
Family: Emydidae Genus: Clemmys Genus: Glyptemys Genus: Graptemys Genus: Pseudemys Genus: Chrysemys Genus: Terrapene Genus: Trachemys
Family: Trionychidae Genus:Apalone Amyda
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Chelonia Order consists of about 265 species of turtles and
tortoises
- Tortoise are terrestrial Chelonia
(Galapagos tortoises)
- Turtles- chelonians that live in water
- Body covered by a shell made of hard
plates- 2 parts- a carapace and
plastron
- Shape is modified for variety of
ecological demands- retract heads, swimming
- Forelimbs of a marine turtle have
evolved into flippers and freshwater
turtles have webbed toes
- Migratory behavior of sea and riverturtles
-return to land to lay eggs
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Sea Turtles
Bodies are enclosed in a carapace shell
Cannot retract their head into the shell
Forelimbs are modified into flippers
Only 9 species exist
Lack teeth but have strong jaws for biting
Females come up onto the beach at night to lay eggsin the sand
Babies hatch and return to the sea
Turtles are thought to return to same beach theywere born on to lay their own eggs
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Hawksbill Turtle(Eretmochelys imbricata)The Hawksbill Turtle gets its name from its hawk-
like beak. It ranges in size from 30 to 36 inches in
length. This turtle's shell is the source of "tortoiseshell", and because of this commercial exploitation
has caused their numbers to dwindle. Their shell
and oils are in constant demand, placing this turtlein danger.
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Loggerhead Sea Turtle(Caretta caretta)The Loggerhead is a large reddish-brown turtle.
They range in size from 33 to 40 inches in length.
Loggerheads are the most common sea turtles
found in the Southeastern U.S. They feed on
crabs, mollusks, and jellyfish. The biggest danger
to this species is pollution and commercialfishing.
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Leatherback Sea Turtle(Dermochelys coriacea)The Leatherback is the largest of the sea turtles.
They can reach a length of 6 feet, making them
the true giants of the undersea reptiles. These
turtles get their name from their shells. Unlike
the other turtles, the Leatherback's shell has no
scales. Instead it is covered with a rubberyleather-like skin.
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Green Sea Turtle(Chelonia mydas)The Green Sea Turtle can be recognized by the
radiating pattern on its shell. This is a medium sized
turtle ranging in size from 36 to 43 inches in length.The Green Sea Turtle is commonly found in the
waters off Florida. Due to their declining numbers,
steps are being taken to protect their nesting areas
on Florida beaches.
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Family: Chelydridae
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Eastern Snapping Turtle
Carapace with large
tubercles
Plastron with less than
8 plates
Tail long
Body spiny
Chelydra s. serpentina
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Family: Kinosternidae
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Stinkpot
11 plastron shields
Spines covering the
body
Dome shaped
carapace
Sternotherus odoratus
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Family: Emydidae
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Spotted Turtle
Spots on eachcarapace scute
Head is spotted
Dome shaped
carapace
Clemmys guttata
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Wood Turtle
Sculptured carapace
No longitudinal stripes
on head
Notched scutes
Glyptemys insculpta
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Northern Map Turtle
Longitudinal stripeson head
Keeled carapace
Somewhat flattened
Triangular spots
behind eyes
Graptemys geographica
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Ouachita Map Turtle
Very keeled carapace
Somewhat flattened
Longitudinal stripes
on head Square spots behind
eyes
Graptemys o. ouachitensis
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Eastern Painted Turtle
Boarder around outerpart of shell
Head with longitudinalstripes
Smooth carapace First row of costals
and vertebrals line up
Chrysemys p. picta
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Midland Painted Turtle
First line of vertebralsand costals dont line
up
Smooth carapace
Head with longitudinal
stripes
Chrysemys p. marginata
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Eastern River Cooter
Cusps not prominent Longitudinal stripes
on head
Longitudinal grooveson carapace
Pseudemys c. concinna
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Northern Red-bellied Cooter
Prominent cusp onupper jaw
Plastron might have
pink/red color
Pseudemys rubriventris
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Eastern Box Turtle
Dome shaped
carapace
Orange and red-ish
Plastron with movable
hinge
Terrapene c. carolina
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Red-eared Turtle
Spot on each scute of
the plastron
Longitudinal grooves
on the carapace
Longitudinal stripeson head
Trachemys scripta elegans
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Family: Trionychidae
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Eastern Spiny Softshell
Spines on the anteriorpart of the shell
Shell is covered withskin
Snout projected Pancake like
Feet mottled
Apalone spinifera
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Midland Smooth Softshell
No spines to theanterior of the shell
Feet not mottled
Nostril rounded Pancake like
Apalone mutica