Composizione algoritmica e notazione musicale automaticaEstensioni del progetto GeoGraphy
Andrea Valle - Vincenzo Lombardo<valle, [email protected]>
CIRMA - Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca sulla Multimedialità e l’Audiovisivo - Università di Torino<http://www.cirma.unito.it/>
Composizione algoritmica e notazione musicaleAl di là di molti esempi ante litteram, la composizione musicale algoritmica è stataproposta e praticata diffusamente a partire dagli anni ’50 del secolo scorso, comerisultato di uno Zeitgeist che accomuna Darmstadt e New York, avanguardia europeae sperimentalismo americano (→ Boulez, Cage, Xenakis). L’utilizzo del calcolatorene è la conseguenza in qualche modo necessaria (→ Hiller, Brün, Koenig, Grossi).L’approccio algoritmico ha trovato il suo dominio d’elezione soprattutto nella compo-sizione elettroacustica piuttosto che in quella acustica (nel senso di “strumentale”).
Dominio elettroacustico: sintesi del segnale audio→ tecnicamente agevole (teoria formale del DSP)Dominio strumentale: generazione di notazione musicale→ difficilmente automatizzabile (accumulazione storica delle prassi compositi-ve/esecutive)
La predisposizione della notazione richiede al compositore una competenza artigianalerilevante: non a caso molte sperimentazioni musicali “contemporanee” hanno fattodella notazione il campo privilegiato della pratica compositiva ([1]).Trascrizione manuale e trascrizione automaticaLa composizione algoritmica richiede la traduzione di strutture dati (output compu-tazionale degli algoritmi compositivi) in notazione musicale (output musicale finalein vista dell’esecuzione). Quest’operazione è tipicamente svolta in prima persona dalcompositore, che la considera un’operazione di controllo ed elaborazione dell’outputdel calcolatore (Koenig), o che non è interessato alla generalizzazione della procedurastessa (Xenakis).
Partituramusicale
Verificacompositiva
Trascrizione
Verificanotazionale
Algoritmocompositivo
Ok?
Parametricompositivi
Ok?
4
1
2
7
5
8
4, 5, 7: operazioni manuali
2: processi1: dati in iput
6, 8: documenti
Struttura dati3
Dati (lista)6
3: struttura dati in output
Algoritmotrascrittivo
Partituramusicale
Verificacompositiva
Verificanotazionale
Algoritmocompositivo
Ok?
Parametricompositivi
Ok?
4
1
2
7
5
8
4, 5: operazioni manuali
2, 7: processi1: dati in iput
8: documenti
Struttura dati3
3: struttura dati in output
Trascrizione manuale vs. Trascrizione automaticaAdattabilità interpretativa Definizione formale esaustiva(→inconsistenza) (→consistenza)Lentezza Rapidità (automazione)WYSIWYG: controllo output Compilazione: controllo inputChiusura opera Metodologia in fieri (prove/errori)
GeoGraphy
GeoGraphy: un sistema formale per il controllo algoritmico della organizzazionedel materiale sonoro che prevede due componenti:1. grafi: strutture per il concatenamento di oggetti sonori in sequenze2. spazio di controllo: controllo delle sequenze generate dai grafi
In GeoGraphy una composizione è una sequenza marcata temporalmente di oggettisonori: un cammino sul grafo istanziato da un’elemento dinamico (un attante) checircola sul grafo. Il modello di ritmica additiva alla base di GeoGraphy ne ha permessol’applicazione all’analisi musicale ([2]). GeoGraphy è stato utilizzato per la composi-zione elettroacustica e per la composizione strumentale (→ trascrizione manuale)([3],[4], [5]).Il progetto I 6 nodiIl progetto compositivo I 6 nodi prevede la generazione automatica di una partitu-ra comprendente notazione tradizionale a partire dalla struttura dati di un grafo diGeoGraphy (→ Spazio di controllo QUI non rilevante).
I 6 nodi : presupposti estetici1. accentuare la rilevanza della struttura del grafo come punteggiatura temporale2. associare all’esecuzione/interpretazione la definizione del cammino sul grafo3. sperimentare la struttura del grafo come notazione grafica sui generis (cfr.Boulez, Terza Sonata, Stockhausen, Klavierstück XI, [1])
.058
.025
.043
12
3
4
.051.058
.070
.083
.044
.059
.061
.065
.070.063
.124
.141
Archi: relazioni di successione tra oggetti sonori
Etichette (archi): intervallo tra gli attacchi dei due oggetti sonori connessi
Etichette (vertici): durata deglioggetti sonori
vertici: oggetti sonori
Grafo: struttura e posizione
Annotazioni: opzionali"Grafo 1"
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Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
Music engraving by LilyPond2.5.29 — www.lilypond.org
I
Prestissimo possibile, ma preciso
In ogni arco, l’etichetta indica il valore a cui deve essere legata l’ultima nota del vertice da cui l’arco inizia.Tutto deve essere suonato alla 15ma superiore.
notazioneLilyPond
graficaMetaPost
testoTeX
Python( Scalptor )
ConTeXt
Aspetti tecnici e soluzioni tecnologicheI vincoli da rispettare nella ricerca delle soluzioni sono quattro: qualità tipografica(tradizione musicale), scalabilità (adattabilità ai formati cartacei), programmabilità(generazione automatica), integrabilità (nel caso di più software, l’output di uno devepoter essere l’input di un altro). La complessità del problema richiede l’utilizzo di piùsoftware specializzati.
Linguaggi di programmazione TEX-based (o-inspired)TEX: tipografia (D. Knuth)METAPOST: estensione di METAFONT(Knuth) per la grafica (J. Hobby)ConTEXt: sistema di gestione tipografica (H. Hagen)LilyPond: notazione musicale (H. Nienhuis, J. Nieuwenhuizen)
ScalptorL’integrazione dei diversi software è realizzata attraverso Scalptor, un programmain Python. Python è un linguaggio di programmazione (→ flessibilità nell’applicationglueing) interpretato di alto livello (→ flessibilità nella composizione musicale). Scalp-tor riceve in input: la struttura dati che rappresenta il grafo, file di configurazione, filepdf pre-renderati (durate archi).
Scalptor1. definizione algoritmi (composizione/trascrizione a partire dal grafo)2. scrittura su file (LilyPond/ConTEXt)3. accesso al sistema operativo (esecuzione e compilazione : LilyPond/ConTEXt)
Scalptor ha una struttura modulare: insieme di classi specializzate e astratte. Ognicomposizione prevede ereditarietà, estensione, overloading delle classi (→ natura sem-pre locale del processo compositivo).
hieroglyphsDict
vertex ID hieroglyph
NotePatternmusical
data structure
translategenerate
*/lily/*.ly files
graph structure
PreTeXtor
graph structureconvenientstructures
*/styleFile.ly */durations/*.pdf*/durations/*.cfg
.gra file
*/lily/*pdf files
writeLy renderLy
Scriptor
writeTeX renderTeXprecalculateDicts
ConTeXtor
/*.pdf file/*.tex file
mapToNotation
Magister
Input files
Output files
Scalptor
Riferimenti bibliografici1. VALLE 2003
La notazione musicale contemporanea. Aspetti semiotici ed estetici, Torino, EDT 2003.2. VALLE 2004
“A Graph-Grammar for some local sound objects’ relations in Stravinskij’s Sacre”, Musica come Linguaggio- Secondo Simposio Internazionale sulle Scienzedel Linguaggio Musicale, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, 14-17/10/2004.
3. VALLE 2005A“GeoGraphy: A Two-Component System for Sound Organisation”, Symposium ACT: Art complexity and Technology: Their interaction in emergence,EXISTENCE - Complex Sistems Network of Excellence, Fondazione ISI- Villa Gualino, Torino, 05-06/05/2005.
4. VALLE 2005B“Sound Composition with GeoGraphy”, panel New Media Projects in Turin, VR&MMP, Torino, 17/05/2005.
5. VALLE-LOMBARDO 2003“A two-level method to control granular synthesis”, XIV CIM - Colloquio di Informatica Musicale, Firenze, 8-10/05/2003, pubbl. in XIV CIM 2003 - ComputerMusic: Past and Future, Proceedings: 136-140.