Download - Curs Tesut Epitelial Studenti(2013)
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ȚESUT EPITELIAL
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ŢESUT EPITELIAL (“epi” = pe, deasupra “thele” = ridicătură, mamelon)
Mase celulare compacte
www.udel.edu/biology
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Epiteliile au o suprafaţă:
• liberă • în raport cu ţesut conjunctiv → membrană bazală
ŢESUT EPITELIAL
MB
http://cnx.org
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- mare diversitate ca formă - mare diversitate ca funcţie • formează învelişuri membranare • asigură transport selectiv de substanţe • întră în structura organelor solide /spongioase • rol senzorial • rol contractil
ŢESUT EPITELIAL
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Limitele celulare ? ŢESUT EPITELIAL
http:/www.kidneypathology.com
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- Origine embriologică - ŢESUT EPITELIAL
http://www.cram.com
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• vascularizaţie • inervaţie • regenerare • metaplazie
ŢESUT EPITELIAL
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VASCULARIZAŢIA EPITELIILOR
http://ocw.tufts.edu
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VASCULARIZAŢIA EPITELIILOR
Stria vascularis
www.cram.com
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INERVAŢIA EPITELIILOR
- Senzitivă ! Absenţa terminaţiilor nervoase
pentru durere: • epiteliul gastric şi intestinal • epiteliul colului uterin
- Motorie
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REGENERAREA EPITELIILOR
• agresiuni din mediu → mecanisme de reparare şi reînnoire
• celule stem adulte → activitate mitotică neîntreruptă
• localizare • rata de înlocuire:
- rapidă - lentă
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CARACTERISTICILE CELULEI STEM ADULTE
- Capacitatea de autoreplicare - Multipotenţa - Reconstrucţia ţesutului
IDENTIFICAREA CELULEI STEM ADULTĂ
- marcarea materialului genetic cu: - precursori radioactivi (timidina tritiată) - nucleotide sintetice (bromodeoxiuridina) - marker de suprafaţă (CD34+, integrină α6-)
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Diviziune asimetrică
CARACTERISTICILE CELULEI STEM ADULTE
http://www.stembook.org
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METAPLAZIA ŢESUTULUI EPITELIAL
- metaplazie pavimentoasă -
http://www.eurocitology.eu
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CLASIFICAREA EPITELIILOR
A. Epitelii de acoperire B. Epitelii glandulare
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EPITELII DE ACOPERIRE
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EPITELII DE ACOPERIRE Clasificare: 1. după numărul de straturi celulare 2. după forma celulelor
A. Epitelii simple B. Epitelii stratificate - pavimentoase - pavimentoase • cheratinizat • necheratinizat - cubice - cubice - cilindrice - cilindrice Rol:
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- endoteliu: epiteliul care căptuşeste vasele sangvine şi limfatice
- mezoteliu: epiteliul care intra în alcătuirea seroaselor
Epiteliu simplu pavimentos
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Epiteliu pseudostratificat cilindric
www.nku.edu
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Epiteliu pseudostratificat cilindric
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us
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Epiteliu pseudostratificat cilindric
http:/medcell.med.yale.edu
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Epiteliu de tranziţie (uroteliu, epiteliu polimorf)
www.nku.edu
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Epiteliul căilor urinare
Epiteliu de tranziţie (uroteliu, epiteliu polimorf)
http:/www.gettyimages.com
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Epiteliu de tranziţie (uroteliu, epiteliu polimorf)
http://canvasworksneedlepoint.com
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Epiteliu de tranziţie (uroteliu, epiteliu polimorf)
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
http://canvasworksneedlepoint.com
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EPITELII GLANDULARE
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ELIMINAREA PRODUSULUI DE SECREŢIE
1. celulă exocrină → în mediul extern 2. celulă endocrină → în mediul intern
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HISTOGENEZA EPITELIULUI GLANDULAR
Luiz Carlos Junqueira, Jose Carneiro Basic Histology Text and Atlas 11th Edition, 2005
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GLANDE
- exocrine - endocrine - mixte (amficrine)
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
1. Structurală: a. după numărul de celule
- glande unicelulare → celula caliciformă - glande multicelulare • localizate într-un epiteliu de înveliş • epiteliu secretor de înveliş • grupuri compacte (acini, tubi)
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Glandă unicelulară
Leslie P.Gartner, James L.Hiatt Color Atlas of Histology, Fifth Edition, 2010
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Glandă intraepitelială
Leslie P.Gartner, James L.Hiatt Color Atlas of Histology, Fifth Edition, 2010
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Epiteliu secretor
http://citochemistry.net
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Glandă multicelulară
http//medicinembbs.blogspot.ro
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
1. Structurală: b. după aspectul sistemului canalicular
• simple • compuse
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
1. Structurală: c. după aspectul adenomerului
• tubulare • acinoase sau alveolare • tubuloacinoase sau tubuloalveolare
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
Leslie P.Gartner, James L.Hiatt Color textbook of Histology, Third Edition, 2007
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
2. După natura produsului de secreţie: - glande cu secreţie mucoasă - glande cu secreţie seroasă - glande cu secreţie mixtă • muco-seroasă • sero-mucoasă - glande cu secreţie uleioasă
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CLASIFICAREA GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
3. După mecanismul de excreţie: a. glande merocrine (“meros”, parte) - majoritatea glandelor exocrine b. glande apocrine (“apo”, din) - glandele mamare - glandele ceruminoase - glandele Moll c. glande holocrine (“holos”, tot) - glandele sebacee
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MECANISMUL DE EXCREŢIE AL GLANDELOR EXOCRINE
http:www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au
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POLARITATEA CELULEI EPITELIALE
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POLARITATEA CELULEI EPITELIALE
Domeniul apical
Domeniul laterobazal
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POLARITATEA CELULEI EPITELIALE
1. Asimetria biochimică a domeniilor membranare 2. Formarea de joncţiuni strânse 3. Distribuţia componentelor citoscheletului şi a
organitelor celulare 4. Stabilirea de interacţiuni celulare
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1. ASIMETRIA BIOCHIMICĂ A SUPRAFEŢELOR MEMBRANARE
Componenta membranară Membrana apicală Membrana laterobazală
1. PROTEIN-ENZIME Enzime hidrolitice Na+ /K+ ATP-aza
2. PROTEINE DE TRANSPORT ŞI CANALE IONICE
prezente
prezente
3. PROTEINE DE ADEZIVITATE
absente prezente (caderine, integrine)
4. RECEPTORI HORMONALI absenţi insulină, parathormon, factor de creştere
epidermal 5. COLESTEROL crescut scăzut
6. SFINGOMIELINĂ crescut scăzut
7. FOSFATIDILCOLINĂ scăzut crescut
8. FOSFATIDILINOZITOL scăzut crescut
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BOALA RINICHIULUI POLICHISTIC
Redistribuţie apicală a Na+/K+ ATP-azei şi REGF
http://www.pathologyoutlines.com
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2. FORMAREA DE JONCŢIUNI STRÂNSE
- secreţie - absorbţie
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Joncţiunea strînsă (Zonula occludens)
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Joncţiunea strînsă (Zonula occludens)
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Joncţiunea strînsă (Zonula occludens)
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Joncţiunea strînsă (Zonula occludens)
- Rol: - generează şi menţine domeniilor membranare - previne mişcarea laterală a proteinelor
membranare - formează o barieră impermeabilă
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3. DISTRIBUŢIA COMPONENTELOR CITOSCHELETULUI ŞI A
ORGANITELOR CELULARE
EM Fisch, BA Molitoris 1994
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3. DISTRIBUŢIA COMPONENTELOR CITOSCHELETULUI ŞI A
ORGANITELOR CELULARE
Luiz Carlos Junqueira, Jose Carneiro Basic Histology Text and Atlas 11th Edition, 2005
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3. DISTRIBUŢIA COMPONENTELOR CITOSCHELETULUI ŞI A
ORGANITELOR CELULARE
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Molecule de adezivitate celulară
contact celulă-celulă
contact contact celulă-substrat celulă-substrat
4. INTERACȚIUNI CELULARE
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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4. INTERACŢIUNI CELULARE
Molecule de adezivitate celulară
• molecule cu activitate Ca2+ dependentă
- caderine - selectine
• molecule cu activitate Ca2+ independentă - integrine - molecule din superfamilia Ig
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CADERINA E m
embr
ana
plas
mat
ică
late
rală
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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CADERINE ↓
joncţiuni de ancorare din domeniul lateral 1. zonula adherens ↓ caderina E 2. macula adherens (desmozom) ↓ desmocolină, desmogleină
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Joncţiuni de ancorare din domeniul lateral
caderina E
desmocolină
desmogleină
filament de actină
filamente intermediare
proteine de ancorare
citoplasmatice
proteine de ancorare
citoplasmatice
Macula adherens (Desmozom)
Zonula adherens
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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INTEGRINE
membrana plasmatică bazală
laminina, fibronectina
subunitatea β
subunitatea α
NH2 NH2
COOH COOH
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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INTEGRINE ↓
joncţiuni de ancorare din domeniul bazal 1. joncţiune de ancorare prin filamente de actină 2. hemidesmozom
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Joncţiuni de ancorare din domeniul bazal
proteine de ancorare
citoplasmatice
proteine de ancorare
citoplasmatice
filamente intermediare
integrină (α6β4)
colagen XVII laminină
colagen
filament de actină
Joncţiune de ancorare prin filamente de actină Hemidesmozom
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Rolul caderinelor menţinerea integrităţii straturilor dintr-un
epiteliu asigură rezistenţa mecanică a epiteliului
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Rolul integrinelor ataşarea polului bazal la matricea
extracelulară mecanosenzitivitate
!!! esenţiale în timpul embriogenezei ↓ disintegrine
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PEMFIGUS VULGARIS
http://www.dermpedia.org
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ
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ŢESUT EPITELIAL
!!! orice epiteliu este ancorat la ţesutul conjunctiv adiacent prin membrana bazală
↓ strat distinct al matricei extracelulare acelular,
amorf și dens
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ ● Examinare la MO → grosime variată - col.HE - PAS - impregnare argentică → aspect variat - structură liniară - structură ondulată ↓ ep. stratificate pavimentoase
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ
http://www.ouhsc.edu
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ - PAS
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ - Impregnare argentică -
http://www.nature.com
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ
● Examinare la ME ↓
LAMINA BAZALĂ LAMINA RETICULARĂ
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MEMBRANA BAZALĂ - ME
http://www.cellimagelibrary.org
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ 1. regiune electronotransparentă → lamina lucida
2. regiune electronodensă → lamina densa
histology.leeds.ac.uk
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ 1. regiune electronotransparentă → lamina lucida ~ 50 nm ● domeniile extracelulare ale moleculelor de adezivitate - integrine - distroglicani ● glicoproteine extracelulare - laminina - entactina
2. regiune electronodensă → lamina densa • reţea de filamente fine
↓ colagen tip IV acoperit de perlecan
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ
Lamina bazală = Lamina densa ?
!!! Lamina lucida - artefact de fixare?
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ - MEMBRANA DE FILTRARE -
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ - MEMBRANA ALVEOLO-CAPILARĂ-
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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• structură numai a ţesutului epitelial ? • celule asociate cu ţesut conjunctiv
↓ - celule musculare - celule Schwann - celule adipoase ↓ lamina externa
1. LAMINA BAZALĂ
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Lamina externa Celula musculară Celula Schwann
http://www.gettyimage.com
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ - compoziţie chimică: ~ 50 tipuri de proteine 1. proteine fibroase → GP - laminină - colagen tip IV - entactină (nidogen) 2. proteoglicani - perlecan → heparan sulfat
← celule epiteliale
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Laminina 1 laminină
integrină
integrină
distroglican
entactină perlecan
α β
γ
laminină
polimer de laminină
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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Colagen IV
3 lanţuri α
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Lanţ polipeptidic α (Monomer de colagen IV)
domeniu 7S
domeniu colagenic helicoidal domeniu NC1
NH2
COOH
Colagen IV
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Colagen IV Lanţ polipeptidic α
(Monomer de colagen IV)
domeniu 7S
domeniu NC1 domeniu colagenic helicoidal
trimer NC1
Protomer de colagen IV Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Colagen IV
Protomer de colagen IV (3 lanţuri α)
trimer NC1
hexamer NC1
Dimer de colagen IV
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Colagen IV
Dimer de colagen IV
hexamer NC1
Tetramer de colagen IV
7S
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Colagen IV
Tetramer de colagen IV
7S
hexamer NC1 7S
Suprastructura de colagen IV Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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ORGANIZAREA LAMINEI BAZALE
http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu
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1. LAMINA BAZALĂ
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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ANCORAREA LAMINEI BAZALE LA MATRICEA EXTRACELULARĂ
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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ANCORAREA LAMINEI BAZALE LA MATRICEA EXTRACELULARĂ
http:mattek.com
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2. LAMINA RETICULARĂ ↓ colagen tip III
↓ fibre reticulare colagen tip I
↓ fibre de colagen
← fibroblaste
← fibroblaste
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ROLURILE MEMBRANEI BAZALE
Ataşarea epiteliului la ţesutul conjunctiv Compartimentalizare Barieră cu permeabilitate selectivă
! GAG Menţine citoarhitectonica şi polaritatea epiteliului Controlează diferenţierea, proliferarea şi migrarea celulelor epiteliale
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LAMINA BAZALĂ
celulă epitelială
lamina bazală
colagen
B.Alberts et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell Fifth Edition, 2008
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TIPURI DE CELULE EPITELIALE
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TIPURI DE CELULE EPITELIALE
I. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru transport II. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză
şi secreţie III. Celule epiteliale cu proprietăţi contractile
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I. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru transport
- ioni - molecule mici - macromolecule
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I.1. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru transport de ioni
↓ pompe ionice
(activitate ATP-azică)
↓ Pompa Na+/K+
(Na+/K+ ATP-aza)
↓ Domeniul laterobazal
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Celula epitelială din tubul contort proximal
Leslie P.Gartner, James L.Hiatt Color Atlas of Histology, Fifth Edition, 2010
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Celula epitelială din tubul contort proximal
R V Krstic Human Microscopic Anatomy, Springer-Verlag,1997
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Celula epitelială din tubul contort proximal
Michael H.Ross, Wojciech Pawlina Histology A text and Atlas, Sixth Edition, 2011
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Celula epitelială din tubul contort proximal
H2O Na+
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Celula epitelială din tubul contort proximal
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sensul de transport: pol apical → pol bazal
↓
absorbţie pol bazal → pol apical
↓ secreţie
- intestin - vezicula biliară - canale striate - TP şi TD - plexuri coroide - procese ciliare - gl. sudoripare
I. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru transport de ioni
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După locul de eliminare a produsului sintetizat: - celule exocrine - celule endocrine - celule paracrine
II. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză şi secreţie
După natura produsului sintetizat: - proteine - glicoproteine - amine şi polipeptide mici - lipide
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II.1. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză şi secreţie de
proteine
celulă exocrină şi endocrină rolul proteinelor sintetizate:
• enzime digestive → celule seroase • proteine plasmatice • hormoni
secreţia de proteine: • continuă • intermitentă → granule de secreţie
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Celula epitelială din acinul pancreatic
www.vetmed.vt.edu
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Celula epitelială din acinul pancreatic
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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Etapele ciclului secretor în celula epitelială din acinul
pancreatic
asimilarea aminoacizilor liberi sinteza lanţului polipeptidic la nivelul
ribozomilor din RER acumularea produsului de sinteză în CG formarea granulelor de secreţie (gr. de zimogen) transportul granulelor de secreţie spre polul
apical eliminarea produsului de secreţie prin exocitoză
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asimilarea aminoacizilor liberi
sinteza lanţului polipeptidic
acumularea produsului de sinteză
formarea gr. de zimogen
transportul gr. de zimogen
exocitoză
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II.2. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză şi secreţie de glicoproteine celulă exocrină şi endocrină localizare:
• celule exocrine → celule mucoase • celula caliciformă • epitelii de suprafaţă • acini mucoşi
• celule endocrine • celule din adenohipofiză (TSH, Gn)
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Celula caliciformă
www.vetmed.vt.edu
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Celula caliciformă
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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exocitoză
acumulare de granule Complex Golgi:
terminarea glicozilării şi sulfatarea
RER: sinteză proteică
şi iniţierea glicozilării
Celula caliciformă - mecanismul de sinteză şi secreţie
Luiz Carlos Junqueira, Jose Carneiro Basic Histology Text and Atlas 11th Edition, 2005
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II.3. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză şi secreţie de
amine şi polipeptide mici celulă endocrină şi paracrină celule APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake
and Decarboxilation) localizare:
• distribuţie largă • izolate / grupuri mici, intraepitelial
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Particularităţi structurale MO: citoplasma slab bazofilă (col.HE) ↓ • precipitare cu săruri de argint (celule argentafine şi argirofile) • oxidare cu bicromat de potasiu (celule cromafine) • imunocitochimie: - anticorpi monoclonali - markeri: - NSE (enolaza neuronală specifică) - cromogranine / secretogranine • hibridizare in situ
II.3. Celulă epitelială specializată pentru sinteza şi secreţia de amine
şi polipeptide mici
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II.3. Celulă epitelială specializată pentru sinteza şi secreţia de amine
şi polipeptide mici
Leslie P.Gartner, James L.Hiatt Color textbook of Histology, Third Edition, 2007
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Celulă de tip închis Celulă de tip deschis
II.3. Celulă epitelială specializată pentru sinteza şi secreţia de amine
şi polipeptide mici
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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II.4. Celule epiteliale specializate pentru sinteză şi secreţie de lipide
celulă exocrină şi endocrină localizare:
• celule exocrine → glande sebacee (sebum) • celule endocrine → celule secretoare de
hormoni steroizi: • celule interstiţiale Leydig (testicul) • celule foliculare şi luteinice (ovar) • celule din CSR
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Celulă epitelială secretoare de steroizi
www.vetmed.vt.edu
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Celulă epitelială secretoare de steroizi
Luiz Carlos Junqueira, Jose Carneiro Basic Histology Text and Atlas 11th Edition, 2005
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III. Celule epiteliale cu propietăţi contractile
(Celule mioepiteliale)
Localizare: între lamina bazală şi membrana plasmatică bazală a celulelor
din: • glandele lacrimale • glandele salivare • glandele mamare • glandele sudoripare
← adenomeri / ducte
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III. Celule mioepiteliale
http;//en.goldenmap.com
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III. Celule mioepiteliale
Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and Atlas 13th Edition, 2013
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Bibliografie selectivă: • Anthony L.Mescher Junqueira’ s Basic Histology Text and
Atlas 13th Edition, 2013 • Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 2010 • Ross MH, Wojciech P. Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 • Pakurar AS, Bigbee JW. Digital Histology, 2009 • Mitchell BS, Peel A. Histology. An illustrated colour text, 2009 • Alberts B and al. Molecular Biology of the cell, 2008 • Kierszenbaum AL. Histology and Cell Biology, 2007 • Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color Atlas of Histology, 2007 • Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC. Cell Biology, 2004 • Stevens A, Lowe J. Histology, 2004