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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii
PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iii
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii
INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah ......................................................................... 3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 3
1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ........................................................................ 3
1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 3
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Manfaat Praktisi ..................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Manfaat Teoritis ..................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5
2.1. Antibiotik ......................................................................................... 5
2.1.1. Definisi ................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Klasifikasi Antibiotik ............................................................. 5
2.1.3. Faktor yang mempengaruhi Kuantitas Antibiotik ................ 12
2.1.4. Dampak penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional ............ 13
2.1.5. Evaluasi antibiotik................................................................ 15
2.2. BPJS .............................................................................................. 19
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2.3. Pneumonia ..................................................................................... 20
2.3.1. Definisi Pneumonia .............................................................. 20
2.3.2. Manifestasi Klinik Pneumonia ............................................. 20
2.3.3. Klasifikasi ............................................................................ 21
2.3.4. Guideline Antibiotik ............................................................ 22
2.4. Hubungan Antar Variabel .............................................................. 23
2.5. Kerangka Teori ............................................................................. 24
2.6. Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 24
2.7. Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 24
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ..................................................................... 25
3.1. Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian .................................... 25
3.2. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ................................................ 25
3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................... 25
3.2.2. Definisi Operasional ............................................................ 25
3.3. Populasi dan Sampel ...................................................................... 26
3.3.1. Populasi ................................................................................ 26
3.3.2. Sampel .................................................................................. 26
3.4. Instrumen dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................... 28
3.5. Cara Penelitian ............................................................................... 28
3.6. Alur Penelitian ............................................................................... 30
3.7. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................... 31
3.8. Analisa Hasil ................................................................................. 31
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................... 32
4.1. Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 32
4.1.1. Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ........................................... 32
4.1.2. Jenis antibiotik pada pneumonia .......................................... 33
4.1.3. Kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik dalam DDD (define daily
doses) ................................................................................... 35
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4.2. Pembahasan ................................................................................... 35
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................ 39
5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 39
5.2. Saran .............................................................................................. 39
DAFTAR PUSAKA .............................................................................................. 40
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 43
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ATC : Anatomical Theraupetic Chemical Classification
BPJS : Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan
CDC : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
DDD : Define Daily Dosed
DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid
ICD : International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related
Health Problems
PBI : Penerima Bantuan Iuran
PPRA : Pencegahan Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba
RNA : Ribonucleic Acid
s.d.a : Sama Dengan Atas
WHO : World Health Organization
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1. Mekanisme kerja antibiotik .............................................................. 6
Gambar 2. 2. Alur penilaian kualitas penggunaan antibiotik dengan metode
Gyssens (Permenkes, 2011) ............................................................ 17
Gambar 2. 3. Rumus perhitungan kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik
(Permenkes, 2011) .......................................................................... 18
Gambar 4. 1. Jenis antibiotik yang diberikan pada pasien pneumonia ................ 33
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2. 1. Daftar antibiotik sefalosporin golongan pertama-keempat
(Depkes,2005) .................................................................................. 8
Tabel 2. 2. Antibiotik yang dapat dipilih pada Pneumonia (Glover dan
Reed, 2001; ICSI, 2005; Mandell dkk, 2003) ................................ 22
Tabel 4. 1. Karakteristik sampel penelitian ...................................................... 32
Tabel 4. 2. Hasil Uji T-Test .............................................................................. 34
Tabel 4. 3. Kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik DDD/100 hari lama rawat inap .. 35
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Daftar Antibiotik Yang Ditanggung Oleh Bpjs Berdasarkan
Formularium Nasional Tahun 2016 (Kemenkes, 2016). ................ 43
Lampiran 2. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Rekam Pemberian Antibiotik Pasien
BPJS ............................................................................................... 50
Lampiran 3. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan Rekam Pemberian Antibiotik Pasien
non BPJS ........................................................................................ 51
Lampiran 4. Tabel Hasil Pengolahan SPSS ........................................................ 52
Lampiran 5. Foto Pengambilan Sampel .............................................................. 53
Lampiran 6. Surat Ijin Penelitian ........................................................................ 55
Lampiran 7. Ethical Cleareance ......................................................................... 57