Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
INTRODUCTIONTOLIGHTING
ThankyouforyourinterestintheDarkSkiesRangersandInternationalDark‐SkyAssociation(IDA)Educationprograms.Ourmissionis“topreserveandprotectthenighttimeenvironmentandourheritageofdarkskiesthroughenvironmentallyresponsiblelighting.”Ourgoalsaretoraiseawarenessoflightpollution,itscausesanditssolutionsto
thegeneralpublic.IDAdoesthisbyworkingwithlightingdesignersandmanufacturerstoproducelightfixturesthatproducenolightabovethe90degreeangle(fullyshielded),andthenIDA’svolunteersworkwithgovernmentstorequirethistypeofoutdoorlightingforallapplications.
DarkSkiesRangersandIDAeducationprogramsaredesignedtocontinueandadvancethismissionbyproviding
curriculumtochildrenandadultsaboutthecausesandsolutionstolightpollution.Thisprogramisdesignedtoprovideateachingtoolforhighschoolstudentsandadultswhowouldliketolearnmoreaboutqualityoutdoorlighting.
Thechallengeofthisprojectistotakeacomplexsubjectandmakeitunderstandabletothegeneralpublic.Wehopethatthosewhocompletethisprogramwillobserveoutdoorlightingwithmoreunderstandingandinformedquestions.
ScopeoftheProject:ThemainteachingtoolisaPowerPointpresentationthatwillbethereferencematerialneeded
tocompletethefollowing4activities.Theactivitieswillbeofincreasingcomplexityasthestudent/audienceprogresseswiththem.
Activities:
Activity1–Vocabulary–Thereisaglossary,afillintheblankquiz,andananswerkey.
Activity2–EnergyLightingAudit–Forstudentstheauditwouldinvolveauditingtheirschoolcampus.Foradultstheauditcouldbeanauditoftheoutdoorlightsintheirneighborhood(i.e.park,streets,school).Thisauditwillinclude
calculatingenergyconsumptionofthelightsinthearea.
Activity3‐Measurements/ObservationsfromtheAudit–Choose2differenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachoftheselampscompleteatleast2measurements/observations.Forinstanceyouwillobserveifalightisfullyshieldedornot,andyoumeasurethepowerdensityofaluminaire.
Activity4‐Producearevisedmasterplan–Thiscouldincludetheentirecampus,partofthecampus,your
neighborhood,oroneaspectoftheneighborhood.Students(individualorteams)willpresenttheirrevisedlightingplantotheclassandgiveexplanationsforchanges,orkeepingthestatusquoforallfixturesinagivenarea.Partofthisrevisedlightingplanwillincludere‐calculatingtheenergyconsumptionofthelightsasexplainedinActivity2.Didyou
savemoneyforyourschool?Foradultsinacommunitythencanusethisrevisedlightingschemewhentheypresenttoaplanning&zoningmeetingoftheircitygovernment.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Goals:
Providestudents/generalpublicwithtoolsandinformationtheyneedtoeffectivelymonitorenergyusewithintheircampusorneighborhood.
Identifywaystosavemoneybyusingenergywisely
Understandthattheinformationthattheylearnmaybeusedtohelpimprovetheenvironment
Encouragemunicipalities,schools,andbusinessestoconsidermanagingorretrofittingtheirbuildingssothatenergyisusedasefficientlyandwiselyaspossible.
LearningObjectives:
Definetermsassociatedwithanenergyaudit
Identifythecomponentstoincludeinanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Prepareandconductanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Analyzedatafromtheschool/neighborhoodoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Writerecommendation/improvementoptionsformoreefficientlighting.
Calculatethesavingsrealizedbyusingmoreefficientlighting.
Writeoutobservationsandmeasurementsaboutcurrentoutdoorlighting
Developandpresentanactionplantoschool/cityofficialsabouttheresultsofthelightingaudit,measurements,andoptionsusingpowerpoint,photos,worksheets,anddesigns.
ArizonaScienceStandards:(ThisactivityutilizesthefollowingStandardsbutisnotlimitedtothem.)
Grades9–12• S1,C2,PO4.Conductascientificinvestigationthatisbasedonaresearchdesign.• S1,C2.PO5.Recordobservations,notes,sketches,questions,andideasusingtoolssuchasjournals,charts,
graphs,and• computers.• S1,C3,PO6.Usedescriptivestatisticstoanalyzedata,including:mean,frequency,range.(MHS‐S2C1‐10)• S1,C4,PO1‐Foraspecificinvestigation,chooseanappropriatemethodforcommunicatingtheresults.• S1,C4,PO3.Communicateresultsclearlyandlogically.• S2,C1,PO3.Analyzehowspecificchangesinsciencehaveaffectedsociety.• S2,C2,PO3.Distinguishbetweenpureandappliedscience.• S3,C1,PO5.Evaluatetheeffectivenessofconservationpracticesandpreservationtechniquesonenvironmental
qualityandbiodiversity.• S3,C2,PO3.Supportapositiononascienceortechnologyissue.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
EquipmentNeeded:
• GraphPaper• Pencils• Longtapemeasure• Lightingworkbook(below)• Camera• IlluminanceMeter‐optional(MinoltaT‐10,$300approximately)OPTIONAL• Lightingcatalogue(internetaccessrequired)OPTIONAL• Calculator
TeachingOptions:
• Instructorshavetheoptionofmakingthisateamproject,oranindividualprojectdependingonthesizeoftheclassorthecampus.
• Instructorshavetheoptionofassigningcertainmeasurementsbasedontheavailabilityofresources,i.e.
cameras,lightingmeters,accesstofacilitiesmanagement,internetaccess.• ThePowerPointcanbeshownbyitself,orwithanycombinationofactivities.• Instructorshavethediscretionofgivingthevocabularyquizbeforeoraftertheotheractivitiesarecompleted.
Oritcanbebeforetheactivitiesandthenagainaftertheactivitiestoseehowmuchhasbeenretained.• Instructorshavetheoptionofprintingoffthenotespagestothepowerpointandprovidingthemtothe
studentsduringtheactivities.
• Instructorscancontactlightingdesignersorlightingengineersintheirareatovolunteertheirtimeasconsultantsforthestudentsontheproject.Foradultsworkingtoimprovetheirneighborhood,thiswouldalsobeahelpfuloption.
• Instructorscanmaketheirownassumptionaboutthetotallightingareatobemeasuredi.e.theentireparkinglot,oronesection,theentiresportsareaoronefield.Beconsistent.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity1Vocabulary
Youwillfindavocabularysheet,aquiz,andananswerkey.
Instructors:Youhavethefollowingoptionsforthequiz:
Giveitdirectlyafterthepowerpointpresentation
Giveitafterthelastactivityhasbeencompleted
Haveitbean“openbook”projectthatthestudentscompletewhiletheyarecompletingtheactivities.
Givethequizafterthepowerpointandthenagainafterthelastactivitytoseethedifferenceintheretention.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
GlossaryofLightingTerminology
FortheInstructor:Followingaregenerallightingtermsandtheirdefinition.
• HighSchoolStudents‐ThesetermscanbeusedinconjunctionwithEnglishclasses.Aquizhasbeendesignedtodetermineiftheyhaveretainedthedefinitions.
• Adults–Beingfamiliarwiththelanguageoflightingwillbeusefulwhenworkingonoutdoorlightingordinances.Thebestwayforanordinancetobeenforceableistouseindustrylanguagesothereisnomisunderstandingof
terms.
Adapt:theProcessbywhichthehumanvisualsystemadjuststolightlevels.Completeadaptationtakesconsiderabletime,especiallywhenchangingfromalighttoadarkenvironment.
Annualoperatingcost:thecostperyearofelectricityandmaintenanceofalightingsystem,includingreplacementpartsandassociatedlabor.
ANSI:AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute.ANSIcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntary
nationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
Arealighting:lightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Beamspread:thewidth,expressedindegrees,ofalightbeamfromareflectorlamp.Theedgeofthebeamistypicallydefinedasthepointatwhichtheluminousintensityis50%asgreatasatthecenterofthebeam.
Bollard:alowpost‐shapedluminaire,typically3to4ftinheight,usedtolightpathways,walkways,andperimeters.
Candlepower:ameasureofluminousintensityofalightsourceinaspecificdirectionmeasuredincandelas.Seeluminousintensity
Contrast:theluminanceofanobjectrelatedtoitsimmediatebackground.
Control:adeviceorsystemthatturnslampsonandoff,ordimsthem.Controlsincludeswitches,dimmers;timing
devicesmotiondetectors,photosensors,andcentralcontrolsystems.
Current:arateofflowofelectricity,measuredinamperes.
Cutoffluminaire:anoutdoorluminairehavinglightdistributioncharacteristicsdesignedtoreduceluminousintensityatanglesabove65degreesfromvertical.Cutoffluminairesgenerallyprovidewell‐definedpatterns.
Efficacy(ofalightsource):Theratiooflightoutputfromalamptotheelectricpoweritconsumes(lampoutputdividedbyinputpower).Efficacyisexpressedinlumensperwatt(LPW).
Efficiency(ofaluminaire):theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)alone.
Luminousefficiencyisadimensionlessmeasure,expressingthepercentageofinitiallamplumensthatexittheluminaire.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Energy:theproductofpower(watts)andtime(hours).Energyusedforlightingcanbesavedbyreducingthepower
requiredorthetimelightingisused,orboth.
Fixture:seeluminaire.
Fluorescentlamp:alampcontainingmercuryunderlowpressure,relativetohighintensitydischargelamps.Themercuryisionizedbyanelectricarc,producingultravioletenergywhich,inturn,causesaphosphorcoatinginsidethe
lamptofluoresce.
Footcandle(fc):unitofilluminance,equaltoonelumenpersquarefoot.Onefootcandleequals10.76lux(lx).
Glare:excessivebrightnessfromasourceoflightinthelineofsight,usuallyhorizontal.Luminaireswithpooropticalcontrolcanbesourcesofdirectglare.
Highintensitydischargelamp(HID):anelectriclampthatproduceslightdirectlyfromanarcdischargeunderhigh
pressure.Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesofHIDlamps.
Illumination:thedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.Illuminationismeasuredinfootcandles.Forconversionpurposes,1footcandle(fc)isequalto10.76lux(lx).
Incandescentlamp:alampproducingvisibleradiantenergybyelectricalheatingofafilament.
Kilowatt‐hour(kWh):measureofelectricalenergyuse;theproductofpower,asmeasuredinkilowatts,andtime,asmeasuredinhours.Forexample,onekilowattusedforonehourequalsonkilowatt‐hour(kWh).
Lamp:alightingindustrytermforanelectriclightbulb,tube,orotherlightingdevice.
Lightdistribution:thespreadoflightthatisproducedbyalamporaluminaire;alsotheoverallpatternoflightona
surface.
Lightoutput:luminousflux,measuredinlumens.Thelumenratingofalampismeasureofitstotaloveralllightoutput.Seealsolumen.
Lightpollution:adverseeffects,includingglare,lighttrespass,andskyglow,ofunwantedlightintheatmosphere,typicallyproducedbytheupwardcomponentsofoutdoorlightingsystemsatnight.Wastedlight.
Lighttrespass:extraneouslightonadjacentproperty,typicallyproducedbystraylightfromoutdoorlightingsystems.
Lighttrespassincludesglarefromdirectviewing,aswellasunwanted“spilllight.”
Lumen:theunitofluminousflux.Thelumenistherateofflowoflight,andisusedtoexpresstheoveralllightoutputofalam
Luminaire:acompletelightingunitconsistingofalamporlamps,togetherwiththepartsdesignedtodistributethelight,topositionandprotectthelamps,andtoconnectthelampstoapowersupply.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminance:thephotometricquantitymostcloselyassociatedwiththeperceptionofbrightness.Itistheluminous
intensityemittedorreflectedinaparticulardirectionperunitareaofreflectivesurface,measuredincandelaspersquarefeetorsquaremeters.
Luminousflux:therateoftheflowoflight,measuredinlumens.Theoveralllightoutputofalamp.
Lux:theSystemeInternationaled”Unite(SI)unitofilluminanceequalto1lumenpersquaremeter.Oneluxequals0.0929footcandles.
Mercuryvaporlamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfrommercuryvaporproducesvisiblelight,whichis
characterizedbyabluish‐whitecolor.
Metalhalidelamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesvisiblelight,characterizedbyawhitecolor.
Photosensor:adevicethatconvertslighttoelectricalcurrent.Photo‐sensorsswitchlightsonoroff,basedontheamountofincidentlight.
Powerdensity:ameasureofelectricalpowerperunitarea,measuredinwattspersquarefootorsquaremeter.Many
buildingcodesprescribemaximumpowerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.
Reflectorlamps:aclassoflampsthathavereflectingmaterialintegratedintothelamp.Typesincludecommonreflector(R),parabolicaluminizedreflector(PAR),andmulti‐facetedreflector(MR)lamps.
Skyglow:aresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.Skyglowisexasperatedbythepresenceof
watervapor,particulate(air)pollution,clouds,orrain.
Uniformity:inoutdoorlighting,ameasureindicatinghowevenlylightisdistributedacrossasurface.Typicallythemeasureisexpressedasaratioofonevaluetoanother,suchasaveragetominimum,ormaximumtominimum.Usingratios,perfectuniformitywouldbe1:1.
Voltage:thedifferenceinelectricalpotentialthatcausescurrentflowinacircuit.
Watt:unitofrealelectricpower;therateatwhichelectricenergyisused.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
VocabularyTest
Overalllightoutputismeasuredin__________.
Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalled_____________.
Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_____________________,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.
Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasa_______.
The_______________________________________________istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
______________________isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calleda________usuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.
Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_______________.
Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling__________devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or
dimsthem.
Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_______tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.
Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafull________________________.
Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas____________________.
Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe________usedbyaluminaire.
Compact__________________________useasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.
One___________equals10.76lux.
Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof______________________________lamps.
____________isbestdescribedasthelightthatreflectsoffofahorizontalsurface.
ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful__________________________________thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.
Blindinglightthatshinesusuallyhorizontallyisknownas_________.
___________isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.
Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall____________________,ismeasuredinlumens.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit
contributestoskyglowiscalled______________________.
Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_____________________.
Theperfectratioindicating____________,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.
Alightingfixtureiscalleda___________bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.
___________________________________areanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.
Atypeofcontroldevice,a___________,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.
Thisorangehazeknownas__________________isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.
Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled__________.
Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits___________.
AHIDlightsourceinwhichRadiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa__________________________________.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
VocabularyTestAnswerKey
Overalllightoutputismeasuredin_lumens_________.
Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalledefficiency_____.
Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_annual______operating_______costs_______,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.
Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasalamp_______.
The__AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute__istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
AreaLighting_isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calledabollardusuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.
Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_candlepower___.
Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling_control__devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or
dimsthem.
Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_adapt___tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.
Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafullcutoffluminaire_.
Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas_lightdistribution___.
Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe_energy__usedbyaluminaire.
Compactfluorescentlampuseasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.
One_footcandle___equals10.76lux.
Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof_high__intensitydischarge_lamps._
Illumination__isbestdescribedasthedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.
ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful_incandescentlamp__thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.
Blindinglightthatshines,usuallyhorizontally,isknownas_glare_.
_Efficacy____isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.
Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall_lightoutput_,ismeasuredinlumens.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit
contributestoskyglowiscalled__lightpollution__.
Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_lighttrespass_.
Theperfectratioindicating_uniformity___,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.
Alightingfixtureiscalleda_luminaire_bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.
_MercuryVaporLamp___isanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.
Atypeofcontroldevice,a_photo‐sensor_____,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.
Manybuildingcodesprescribemaximum_powerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.
Thisorangehazeknownas_skyglow_isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.
Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled_watts___.
Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits
_luminance_____.
AHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa_MetalHalideLamp___.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity2:EnergyLightingAudit
Yourinstructorwillplaceyouintogroupsofthreeorfour.Eachgrouppicksadifferentbuildingatyourschooltouseinthelightingaudit.Makesurethebuildinghasmorethanahalfdozenlightsontheexterior.
Measurethedimensionsofthebuildingandsketchittoscaleonapieceofgraphpaper.Besuretowritethelengthandwidthonthesketch.
Onyourschematicofthebuilding,drawthelocationofthelightsandwhereyouthinkthelightwillfall(e.g.,ontheground).Youcanfigureoutwherethelightwillfallbylookingattheshielding(ifany)andwherethelightispointed.
Takeapictureofthefixture,closeenoughtoidentifyitlater. Identifythekindofshielding.Matchittooneofthepicturesinthepackage.Identifytheshapeofthelamp. Comebackatnightasagroupandconfirmwherethelightfallsforeachfixture.Describewhetherthearea
beingilluminatedistoomuchortoolittleforthetask.Describeifthelightfallswhereneededorbeyondwhereitisneeded,orifitisblockedbyvegetationoranotherstructure.Also,describeifthereareoverlybrightordarkpatchesthathinderyourabilitytoseewhatisaroundyou.
Recordthecolorofthelamp(i.e.yelloworange‐ish,greenish‐white,bluishwhite,etc.) Foreverylightthatyousee,recordthewattsandlamptypebyinterviewingthefacilitiesstaff.Askabout
whetherthelightsareontimersoronlightsensors(dusttodawn)ormotionsensors.Ifthelightsareontimers,thenaskthestaffwhattheapproximatehoursofoperationare.
Determinetheannualoperatingcostsofthelightsinyouraudit.(Thisisforallofthebuildinglightsonaverage.)
Example:Forthepurposesofillustratinghowsuchaschedulemightworktakeahypotheticalschoolweekwherethelightsareonfrom7p.m.to7a.m.,MondaythroughFriday.Duringschoolsessions,thelightsareon12hoursadayforfivedaysaweektotaling60hoursaweek.
Ifyourschoolhas10weeksoffduringthesummer,a2weekwinterbreak,aweekoffforspringbreak,andaweekoff
forholidays,thiswouldamountto15weeksayear.Thecalculated“ontimes”formostofthelightsinthiscasewouldbeasfollows:
(OxI)+(FxN)=Y
• O=thenumberofhoursthattheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisinsession• I=thenumberofweekstheschoolisinsession• F=thenumberofhourstheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisnotinsession• N=thenumberofweeksthattheschoolisnotinsession
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
AuditWorksheet
Foreveryfixturewithaparticularlampthathasaparticularwattage,calculate:
____________X_______x__________ = ____________#oflamps wattageestimatedhoursofuse energy(Wh)usedinayear InayearAddtogethertheenergyusedinayearforallthedifferentlapsofdifferentwattagesDividethisyearlyenergyusageinwatt‐hoursby1000tochangetheunitstokilowatt‐hours.Youhavedeterminedhowmanykilowatt‐hoursorhowmuchenergyhasbeenconsumedbytheoutdoorlightonyourcampus.Findoutfromthedistrictmainofficewhatthedollarsperkilowatt‐hourisfortheschool.Thisnumberorratiocanbefoundonthemonthlybill.Dothemathtodetermineroughlythecurrentannualcostofoperatingtheoutdoorlightaroundyourbuilding: ______________________X_________________________=dollarsspentonoutdoorlights #ofkilowatt‐hours dollarsperkilowatt‐hour CalculatedTheamountofcarbondioxidegreenhousegasgeneratedduringelectricityproductionrangesfrom1.4lbs.to2.8lbs.perkilowatt‐hour,dependingonwhetherornottheelectricityisproducedfromcoal,nuclearpowerorhydropower.Estimatetheamountofgreenhousegascreatedwhentheelectricityismadetopowertheoutdoorlightsaroundyourbuilding; _____________________X2= ______________________________ #ofkilowatt‐hours amountgreenhousegas Calculated topowertheoutdoorlightsCongratulations!Youhavedatathatwillhelpdeterminewhetherthelightingaroundyourschoolbuildingcanbemademoreenergyandcosteffective.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity3:MeasurementofAuditedLightsThepurposeofthissectionistohaveyoubecomemoreawareofthefixturesintheauditandmakeobservationsandmeasurementsabouthoweffectivetheyareinperformingthefunctionforwhichtheywereinstalled.Itishopedthatthestudentwillbecomemoreawareofthescienceanddesignelementsofqualityoutdoorlighting.Itwillalsoprovidemorein‐depthanalysisoftheenergyaudit.Andprovidethestudentwithmoreinformationtomakerecommendations.Choosetwodifferenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachlampprepareatleast2ofthefollowingmeasurements.
Determinepoleheight Determinepowerdensity Determinelightoutputinlumens Determineilluminancelevelsinfootcandles Variousobservationsabouttheluminairesi.e.howaretheycontrolled,aretheyfullcut‐off,etc.
ChooseyourtwotypesofluminairesWriteadescriptionoftheluminaires: Typeofmount–wall,pole,ceiling,other Coloroflamp–white,orange,green, Whatisitslocation/purpose‐parkinglot,walkway,intersection,park/greenarea,overadoor? Whattaskisitlightingfor–driving,walking,reading,facialrecognition,securitycameraLuminaire#1‐____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Observation/MeasurementWorksheetObservations:Canyouseeanylight/glareshowingabovethe90degreeangle?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible?#1#2Canyoudetermineifthelightisfullcut‐offornot?#1#2Isthereasaglensoradiffuserbeneaththelamp?#1#2Isthelamponacircuit(meaningazone/areagoesonandofftogether),oritiscontrolledindividually?Whatarethecontrols;i.e.dusktodawn,clock,photocell,ormotionactivated?(Youmayneedfacilitiesmanagementtoaccessthisinformation)#1#2Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthecontrols?Lightsareontoomuch,toolittle,justright?#1#2Fromtheauditarethereanyglaring/badlightingexamples?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible.______________________________________________________________________________________Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthegenerallightingschemefromtheenergyaudit?Good,bad,glaring,notenoughcoverage,toomuchcoverage,oldtechnology,newtechnology?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
MeasurementsDeterminethelightoutput(inlumens)ofaparticularluminaire.Internetaccessrequired.Noinstrumentationrequired.Luminaire#1–Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.ForExtraCredit–Estimatehowmuchlightfromtheluminairegoesintothesky?
Luminaire#2‐Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
PowerDensity
Unit Power Density (W/sq.ft.) = Total System Input Wattage (W) ÷ Total Area (Square Feet)
Luminaire#1–CampusLocation ________________________ Typeoflamp ________________________ Function/Task _________________________ Equation _________________________ Observations _________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐ CampusLocation __________________________ Typeoflamp __________________________ Function/Task __________________________ Equation __________________________ Observations ___________________________________________________NOTE:Youmaymakeyourownassumptionsaboutthetotalareayouareworkingwith.Forexampleyoucanmeasuretheentireparkinglot,oracourtyard,oranoutsidewalkway.Whateverassumptionsyouuse,notethemandbeconsistentwiththemeasurements.PoleMountingHeight
Luminairesonpolescanprovideilluminationineverydirectionatdistancesoftwototwoandhalftimesthemountingheightfromthepole.Thus,luminairesonasinglepolecanserveanareaofaboutfourtimesthemountingheight‐squared.Forexample,a50‐ftpolecancoverabout40,000sqftanda150‐ftpoleabout369,000sqft.
Lookatotherlightsthatmightbeintheareabutarenotnecessarilyoncampus(streetlights,cityparkinglotlights,businessesandtheirparkinglots).
Luminaire#1 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlights,ashoppingcenter,businesses,orparkinglots?____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminaire#2 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlightings,ashoppingcenter,businessesorparkinglots? ___________________________________________
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InstrumentationRequiredDeterminetheilluminationlevel(footcandles)thattheluminaireprovidesonthepavement/walkwayatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaire(2,5,10,20,30feeforexample).Thepurposeofthisexerciseistofigureouthowthelightoutputofthelampandluminaire(measuredinlumens)distributesthelightanddirectsitontothepavementsoitprovidesillumination(lumen/sq.footorlumens/sq.meter).Youwillneedanilluminancemeterforthisexerciseandthemeasurementswillclearlyneedtobecompletedatnight.Thetypicalmeasurementsforastreetlightorpost‐topluminairewouldrangefrom5footcandlesdownto0.1footcandles.Illuminancemetersarecalibratedtoreadfootcandles,luxorboth.Forcalculationpurposes: Onefootcandleofillumination=1lumen/squarefootInmetricterms: Oneluxofillumination=1lumen/squaremeterThemeterreadingsaretakenbyplacingehmeteronthegroundatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaireandrecordingthereading.Themeterismeasuring“horizontalilluminance”whenyoudothiswhichmeanstheilluminanceonthe(horizontal)pavementsurface.Observationaftermeasurement–Howmuchlightisthisluminaireprovidingcomparedtomoonlight?Luminaire#1Luminaire#2
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity4:DesignNewLightingPlan&AuditProducearevisedlightingschemeforyourschoolcampusorneighborhood.
Designavisualmasterplanforyourcampus: Whatareyourgoalsfortheplan Pleaseshowadiagramongraphpaperofyournewlightingplan. Takeintoaccounttheseareas(youarewelcometomakeyourownassumptions,justbeconsistent)and
addresseachareainyourfinalpresentation. o Howwillitbeused?Alot,alittle?BallPark?Walk/Cyclingpath?Restrooms?Nearbyparking
lot?Sculpture?Fountain?o Whatarethehoursofuse?o Whatsafetyprecautionsareinplace?o Hasglarebeenreducedoreliminated?o Whattypesofluminairesareyourecommendingandwhy?o Whatisaroundyourpark/campus?Residential,openspace,businesses,mixeduse?
Usingthematerialyouhavelearneddetermine:
Ifallthelightsintheauditarenownecessary.Ifnot,whynot? Whattask/purposeisalampusedfor.Isthecurrentlightadequatetoperformthistask.List
reasonseitherway. Isthereamoneysavingalternative?Givereasonswhyandwhynot.
Re‐calculatetheenergyconsumptionofthelightsfortherevisedplanusingtheequationsfromtheauditinthesecondactivity.Haveyousavedmoney?Whatisthepayofftimeofanynewequipmentthatwasrecommendedtobepurchased(purchasecost–energysavingscostsovertime=energysavedovertime).