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eGovernanceinNepal:Prospectsand
Challenges
in
Implementation
DeepakBahadurDhamiCorvinusUniversityofBudapestHungary
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Contents
IntroductionScopeofeGovernance
Objective
of
the
Thesis
workLiteratureReviewResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
Finding
of
the
Research
workResearchAchievementsandRecommendationConclusionandFurtherworks
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Introduction
InformationAge:
ICTtechnologyisthemajordriver
eGovernance referstotheuseofICTandecommercetoprovide access to government information, communicating
withinthegovernmentorganization,deliveryofpublicservicesto
their
citizens
and
business
partners.
StrategicObjectives: ServicetothePublic EfficientGovernment
ICT plays the key role to Create,Access, Circulate, Process,Analyze and Uses the Information. It helps to transformtraditional government by making it accessible, transparent,effectiveandaccountable.
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IntroductionContinue..
Governmentmore
accountable
by
making
its
operations
more
transparentthatwillreducecorruption.
ICTbasedonlineserviceisthemostdemocraticandunbiasedsystem.It
offersequal
opportunity
to
all
races,
genders
and
ethnic
groups.
EGovernmentbreaksthebarrierofgeographicaldiversityandmakesthegovernmentserviceshandytoallcitizensatvillageswhoareevennotconnectedbyroadsandopensupmanyopportunities,providedInternet
connectivityis
available
either
through
wireless
communication, fiber
opticcables,dialups,VSATsorwhateverothermedium.
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IntroductionContinue..
eGovernanceMasterPlan(eGMP)byHLCIT2006
Improvethequalityofpeopleslifewithoutanydiscrimination,transcendingregionalandracialdifferences,andrealizesocioeconomicdevelopmentbybuildingatransparentgovernmentandprovidingvalueadded
quality
services
through
ICT
ICT and eGovernance in Nepal: Hope for overcome Poverty andimproveeconomicdevelopment
MajorProblem: Implementation
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IntroductionContinue..
Nepal
is
a
landlocked
and
underdeveloped
countrywithabout29.3millionpeople.
ItliesbetweenIndiaandChina.
Nepalis
characterized
by
Diverse
and
difficult
terrain
includinghighestmountainMountEverest
PoorLiteracyRateandTechnologicalCulture
Pooraccess
of
Government
services
by
the
People
of
remoteandruralareaofNepal
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WhereisNepal?
Capital:Kathmandu
Language:Nepali
Government:Republic
(May
28,
2008)
Population:29.3million(approx)
Area:1,47,181squarekm
LiteracyRate:57%(approx)
GDPPercapita:$470(2009)
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ScopeofeGovernance
Citizensarebenefitedfromtheinformation
ImproveTransparency,Accountabilityandreduce
CorruptionRuralpovertyalleviationandimprovedservice
deliverytothecommunity.
Enhancedproductivity
and
Economic
development
Moreeffectiveruleoflawwithastrongerlegalsystemandlawenforcement
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ObjectiveoftheStudy
Toknow
the
current
status
of
egovernance
in
Nepal.
Findingthesocial,economicalandpoliticalaspectofeGovernanceimplementationratherthantechnological.
To
find
out
the
factors
that
influence
e
Governance
implementation.ListouttheChallengesonitsimplementation.Readinessofgovernmenttoitsimplementation.
Comparativestudy
of
the
government
office
with/withoutimplementation.Tofindoutwhethertheavailableresourceisutilizedor
not.
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LiteratureReview
Definitions:Egovernment is the use of information and communications
technologies(ICT)totransformthetraditionalgovernmentbymakingitaccessible,transparent,effectiveandaccountable.
WorldBank,2007EGovernment referstotheusebygovernmentagenciesofinformation
technologies(suchasWideAreaNetworks,the Internet,andmobilecomputing)thathavetheabilitytotransformrelationswithcitizens,businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies canserveavarietyofdifferentends:betterdeliveryofgovernment services
tocitizens,
improved
interactions
with
business
and
industry,
citizen
empowerment through access to information, or more efficientgovernment management. The resulting benefits can be lesscorruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenuegrowth,and/orcostreductions.
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LiteratureReview
continue
An
e
government
is
a
complex
socio
technical
system
inwhichheterogeneousstakeholdersareinteractivelyentangled to fulfill their best interests. Rich anddiverse researches have examined and analyzed
multiple
issues
in
implementing
the
egovernment
amongdevelopedcountries(Nouretal.,2007).
Sharing and delivering services to citizens and
businesses
for
the
purpose
of
reducing
corruption,
strengtheningaccountability,reducingtimeandcost,andincreasingtransparency.Bhatnagar(2002)
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LiteratureReview
continue
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LiteratureReview
continue
The Onion Ring Model
Source: Heeks(2005)
13
The Onion Ring Model
Source: Heeks(2005)
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LiteratureReview
continue
CategoriesofeGovernance
Table:eGovernanceCategories
14
Category Abbreviation
Government to Citizen G2C
Government to Government G2G
Government to Business G2B
Government to Employee G2E
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LiteratureReview
continue
WhyeGovernanceforDevelopment? Threebasicchangepotentialsforgoodgovernancefordevelopment:
Automation
Informatisation
Transformation
fivemainbenefitstogovernancefordevelopment:
Efficiencygains: Governancethatischeaper
Governance
that
does
more Governancethatisquicker
Effectivenessgains: Governancethatworksbetter:
Governancethatisinnovative
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LiteratureReview
continue
ICTandeGovernmentinHungary
In2005,
GSM
penetration
was
86%.
UNereadinessindexofHungaryis0.6494(30)in2008and0.6315in2010(27).
ComputerInfrastructure Centraladministration:0.93computer/employee(practicallycomplete) Local
administration:
0.89
computer/employee
NetworkInfrastructure Central:500institutesongovernmentbackbone,LAN:98%,Internetaccess:
97% Local
:Internet
access:
88%,
LAN:
36%
HomePages Central:>90% Local:
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LiteratureReview
continue
DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary
InitialPhase:
Early
1990s,
Modernization
of
office
equipment
and
exchangingtypewritersforPCs
DevelopmentPhase:
In2000,newinstitution,theOfficeoftheGovernmentCommissionerfor
Informationand
Communication
Technology
(Informatikai
Kormnybiztossg IKB),wasestablishedinthePrimeMinistersOffice.WithinIKBaseparateorganizationalunit,theDivisionofElectronic
Government,wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentofgovernmentinformationsystems
Bythat
time,
several
ministries
and
institutions
had
developed
their
own
networksconnectingtheirownareasofresponsibility.
egovernmentdevelopmentwasfinancedbythePHARE1 programme,becauseofthesubstantialtransittradethathadtobecontrolledaccordingtoEUstandards.
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LiteratureReview
continue
DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary
ImplementationPhase:
Inmid2003,ElectronicGovernmentCentre(Elektronikuskormnyzatkzpont EKK)wasestablished.SincethenEKKhasbeenresponsibleforthecoordinationofegovernmentdevelopmentatthecentrallevel.
In
November
2004,
a
new
version
of
the
Governmental
Portal,
www.magyarorszag.hu,waslaunched,andtheElectronicGovernmentBackbone(ElektronikusKormnyzatiGerinchlzat EKG),
SinceApril2005,atransactionalgateway,theClientGate(gyflkapu),hasalloweduserstosecurelyidentifythemselvesonlineandgainaccessto
transactionalegovernment
services.
InJuly2005,theActontheFreedomofInformationbyElectronicMeans wasadopted;itsgoalistheestablishmentofthelegalenvironmentrequiredtocreateatransparentdigitalstate.
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LiteratureReview
continue
NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementationinHungary:
Institution Eservices
under
implementation
Hungarian National Public Health and MedicalOfficer Service (NTSZ)
Epidemic reports 24.000 /year will be sent electronically.
Laboratory test results (30.000 / year) will be sent electronically.
Employment and Social Affairs Office (FSZH), Declaration of staff number cutbacks over 12 employees at the
same time.Central Office for Administrative and ElectronicPublic Services (KEKKH)
Electronic handling of applications for new ID cards.
Electronic registration in ownership changing of cars.
Applications for ethical certificate necessary for certain jobs.
Electronic ethical certificate
Central Statistical Office Electronic declaration of statistical data (mandatory for businesses)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Electronic data transfer from the Hungarian Embassies to theMinistry, when new Passport should be issued for Hungariancitizens living abroad.
Hungarian Office for Mining and Geology(MBFH)
Electronic handling of mining permissions
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LiteratureReview
continue
NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementation
inHungary:
Institution Eservicesunderimplementation
Hungarian Patent Office (MSzH) Electronic forms for patent related queries
Ministry of Economy and Transport (NFGM) Electronic handling of building permits
Electronic data collectionNational Consumer Protection Office (NFH) Electronic handling of complaints
National Health Insurance Company (OEP) Electronic handling of applications for public care attendance
Educational Authority (OH) Electronic handling of all cases in the competency of theAuthority.
Central Administration of National PensionInsurance (ONYF)
Electronic access to personal pension data
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
Research
Categories:1. Quantitative Analysis: systematic empirical investigation ofquantitativepropertiesandphenomenaandtheirrelationships.E.g.Survey
2. Qualitative
Analysis: aim
to
gather
an
indepth
understanding
of
humanbehaviorandthereasonsthatgovernsuchbehavior.Thequalitativemethod investigates the why and how of decision making, notjust what, where,when. E.g.Interviews,reviewofrecordsandobservations
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
DataCollectionTechniques:
1.PrimaryDataCollection:
DataSources:
1. MinistryofFinance2.MinistryofLandandreform3.Ministryof
Scienceand
technology
4.
Ministry
of
General
administration
Questionnaire:
4setsofquestionnaireforsurvey:Type1,2,3and4
SampleSize:
MinistryStaff:50
Citizens:100
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
DataCollectionTechniques:
1.SecondaryDataCollection:
DataSources:
1. AnnualReportsofgovernmentagenciesandNGOs
2. Websites
3. Articles
4. NationalandInternationalpapers
5. Reviewingexperts
views
and
interviews
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
QualitativeDataAnalysis:
Analysisof StructuredQuestionnaire interview andresearchpapersof
ViceChairman,HLCIT
EGovernance
Expert
CoordinatorofeGovernanceimplementation
ComputerEngineer,HLCIT
FormerMemberSecretary,HLCIT
Numberof
Structured
Questions:
12
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
Analysis
of
Ministries
Employee
Survey:
25
Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d
IT training courses Professionaltraining (61%)
Hardware andnetworking courses(30%)
How to usepc (9%)
IT infrastructurecapabilities
Networkedcomputers
(90%)
Stand alonecomputers (10%)
Operating systemand applicationsoftware in use
Windows xp(60%)
Linux (25%) Ubuantu (5%) Others(10%)
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ResearchMethodology
and
Data
Analysis
BudgetAllocationinICTfordifferentMinistries:
HRDBudget:VeryLow
Result:Verypoortechnicalhumanresources
Poorlyutilizedhardwareresources
Andpropermaintenanceand
Supportintheministry.
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ResearchMethodology
and
Data
Analysis
Analysis
of
Citizen
Survey:
27
Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d Option e
Satisfaction onadministrativeservices
Normal or below(91%)
Good or verygood (9%)
Ways to getadministrative
services
Visit governmentoffices (47%)
Query throughtelephone lines
(27%)
Uses internet(18%)
Postalservices
(8%)
Fax
(0%)
Administrativeservices to becomputerized
National IDservices (44%)
Customersservice (20%)
Tax service(16%)
Real Estate(10%)
Licenseservice(10%)
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ResearchMethodology
and
Data
Analysis
28
Goal of the e-Governance ProjectSteps to improve AdministrativeServices
Analysis of Citizen Survey:
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CurrentStatus
of
ICT
and
eGovernance
Development
BriefHistory
1972:Introductionofcomputerforcensus(IBM1401) 1974:EstablishmentofElectronicDataProcessingCenter 1982:FirstPrivateOverseasInvestmentinsoftwaredevelopmentbyestablishing
companyforexport,DataSystemsInternational(p)LTD
1985:Distribution
of
Personal
Computers
1990:Liberalizationonimportsofequipment 1992:EstablishmentofComputerAssociationofNepal 1996:EstablishmentoftheMinistryofScience&Technology 2000:AnnouncementofthefirstITpolicy,ITPolicy2000
2001:Establishment
of
National
Information
Technology
Center
(NITC)
2003:EstablishmentofHighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology(HLCIT)
2007:EnactmentofElectronicsTransactionAct
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KeyInstitutions
and
Organizations
dealing
with
ICT
inNepal
Ministryof
Science
and
Technology
(MoST)
HighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology(HLCIT)
NepalInformationTechnologyCenter(NITC)
Nepal
Telecommunication
Authority
(NTA) InternetServiceProviders'AssociationofNepal(ISPAN)
NepalTelecom(NT),UnitedTelecomLimited(UTL),SpiceNepalPvt.Ltd.(SNPL)
NGOsand
Organizations:
ENetworkingResearchandDevelopment(ENRD)
ComputerAssociationofNepal(CAN)
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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureand
Networks
ProgressinConnectivityacrossthecountryispositive.
InrecentyearsNepalhasremarkablyimprovedtheICTandTelecommunicationfacilities.
TelecommunicationandinternetBackbone:
EastWest
(900
km)
Optical
fiber
network
is
almost
completed
and
will
beconnectedtoIndiaviaseveralconnectingpoints. fiberopticproject(115kilometreArnikoHighway)linkingKathmanduto
Khasa,whichbordersChinaonthenorth,issettocompletetheproject.
At
present
there
is
a
project
to
connect,
via
very
small
aperture
terminals
(VSATs),1,000
Village
Development
Committees
(VDCs)
out
of
Nepals
3,915
VDCsinmountainousregionswhereothermodesoftelecommunicationsarenotconsideredtobefeasible.
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Developmentof
ICT
Infrastructure
and
Networks
continue
TheinstallationofsmallWirelessNetworksinruraland
remoteareas
are
increasing
using
Wireless
Fidelity
(WiFi)technology.
By
the
end
of
2009,
The
number
of
fixed
lines
has
reached
to818526 andmorethan6million(6286942)mobiletelephonelinesweredistributedbythesamedate.
CurrentlyMore
than
30 ISPs
and
Total
International
internetbandwidthusedisintheratioof1:2.25with 52Mbpsand 116Mbpsforuplinkanddownlink
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Developmentof
ICT
Infrastructure
and
Networks
continue
Service
Penetration:
33
Services Penetration(%)
FixedLines 2.97
Mobile 22.86
Others(LimitedMobility) 0.87
Internet(Subscriberonly) 2.55
Note: Projected total population for 2009 is 275, 04,280.
Although the progress of telecommunication facilities in Nepal
is good enough but still the rate of use of internet is very low.
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Development
of
ICT
Infrastructure
and
Networks
continue
EReadinessIndex:
34
Country 2010
Index
2008
Index
2010
Ranking
2008
Ranking
Maldives 0.4392 0.4491 92 95Sri Lanka 0.3995 0.4244 111 101
India 0.3567 0.3814 119 113Pakistan 0.2755 0.3160 134 131Bhutan 0.2598 0.3074 146 134
Bangladesh 0.3028 0.2936 152 142Nepal 0.2568 0.2725 153 150
Afghanistan 0.2098 0.2048 168 167
Region 0.3248 0.3395
World 0.4406 0.4514
Nepal 150th position out of 192 Countries in 2008Nepal 153rd position in 2010
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Developmentof
ICT
Education
Universities:Four(TribhuwanUniversity,Kathmandu
University,Pokhara
University,
and
PurbanchalUniversity)
AffiliatedICTColleges:55 (Approx)
ICT
training
Institutes:
ManyTheyprovideHighereducationandITtraininginNepal.
AccordingtoCANstatistics,some4,000 ICTgraduatesareproducedeveryyear.Only22.49%oftheITgraduatesare
engagedin
real
ICT
activities.
Productionispositivebuthigherpercentageofthemaremigratedforbetteropportunities.
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GovernmentInitiatives,
Opportunities
and
Achievements
WiththesupportofKoreaITIndustryPromotionAgency
(KIPA),
prepared
an
eGovernment
Master
Plan
(EGMP)
inNovember2006.
In order to establish the foundation for the investment
phase
of
the
Master
Plan,
theAsian
Development
Bank
(ADB)providedaprojectpreparatorytechnicalassistance(PPTA)totheGovernmentofNepal.
With
the
financial
and
technical
support
of
KoreaInternational Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the
establishment of Government Integrated Data Center(GIDC)hascompleted.
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GovernmentInitiatives,
Opportunities
and
Achievementscontinue
About500 Telecentersarealreadyestablished.
The
NGO
sector
is
also
active
in
using
ICT
for
development.eNetworking Research and Development (ENRD), another
NGO, conducts basic computer education and hardwaretraining
in
the
rural
areas.
It
establishes
wireless
networks
in
ruralvillagesupportedwithapplications like telemedicineandeducation. It is nowworking on connecting more rural areas
withWiFi.
FinancialPlan
to
Implement
eGovernance:
ADBGrant:$25 million
KoreanGovernment:$30 millionasLoan
NepalGovernment:
$9 million 37
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Findingsfrom
the
Research
Work
38
1.Technical Factor: i.* Internet Infrastructure and Bandwidth
ii.* Privacy and Security Concerns
iii.* Digital Divide
iv.* E-readiness
v.* Supply of Electricity
2. Education and Citizens Concerns: i)* Insufficient Education and Low ICT Literacy
ii)* Citizens Expectations prior to e-Governance
3. Cultural Factors i)* Employee Resistance to Change
ii)* Corruption
4. Political Factors i)* Regulations and Legislation
ii)* Lack of Governments will and stand due to
Political Instability
iii)* Governments priority
iv)* Frequent Changing of Ministries and high level
officials
Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation
of e-Governance in Nepal:
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Findingsfrom
the
Research
Work
39
5. Institutional Factorsi)* Limited Information Sharing and Transparency
ii)* Public Sector Weaknesses
iii)* Lack of training and awareness programs
6. Human Resource Factori)* Lack of e-Governance Awareness
ii)* Inadequate skilled human resource Capacity
7. Financial Factor
i) * Funding Issues
ii) * Sustainability
Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation
of e-Governance in Nepal:
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Strategiesand
Recommendations
The successful introduction of eGovernance depends
largelyon
the
first
applications,
which
should
be
relatively
cheap, easy to implement, easy to use, secured and alsoshouldinvolvearelativelyimportantnumberofusers.
The
firstversion
shouldn't
be
necessary
a
complete
twowayinteractiveapplication,butextendablelater.
For example: etaxation in Hungary,which in fiveyearsreachedan83%levelconcerningthetaxdeclarations.
Thatmeans,theapplicationwasverymuchuserfriendlyand easy to implement. Similarly, It is secure enough todeclaretax.
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Strategiesand
Recommendations
continue
1. Governmentshould
change
their
focus
of
attention
2. EvaluateEgovernmentMasterPlananddevelopnewVision/Strategies/Leadershipforegovernance
3. AdvancingICTinfrastructure
4. GovernmentProcessReengineering
5. CreateandRetainadequateskilledIThuman
resource6. IncreasingtrainingtoimproveITliteracyto
governmentofficials
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Strategiesand
Recommendations
continue
7. Organizepublic
awareness
programs
on
ICT
8. Developamechanismtoquickmonitorandtracktheprogressoftheproject
9. EnsureReliability,PrivacyandSecurity
10. PrioritizetheissuesofEnterpriseArchitectureandInteroperability
11. Implementinggovernmentwebportalsand
Monitorthe
functions
of
Telecenter
12. Assistancefromdonorcommunitybyraisingawareness
13. Develop
sustainable
models
for
e
Governance 42
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Conclusion
PopularityofICTisincreasingbutstillImplementationisBigProblem
inNepal
like
other
Underdeveloped
country.
The basic foundations like Human Resource, ICT Infrastructure,Literacy, awareness, Commitment, Funds must be improved for theimplementationofeGovernance.
RuralconnectivityandICTuseintheruralareasshouldbeexpandedthrough
use
of
such
technologies
as
WiFi,
WiMAX,
and
Voice
Over
InternetProtocol(VoIP).
FirstidentifytheSizeandScopeandthenimplementbasedupon thePriority.
Alwaysthink
about
the
public
expectations
and
their
participation
to
successtheeGovernanceinNepal.
Conduct further cycle of researchwhere more attention is paid totechnicalaspectofeGovernanceimplementation.
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References
Heeks,R.MosteGovernmentforDevelopmentProjectsFail:Howcanrisksbereduced?iGovernmentworkingpaperseries,paperNo.14,2003.
DanishDada,
A
failure
of
eGovernment
in
developing
countries:
A
Literature
review,
The
ElectronicJournalofInformationSystemsinDevelopingCountries, Vol.26,2006
MISReportNepalTelecomAuthorityVol.32,2010.
AHandbookforCitizencentriceGovernmentVersion2.1December2007,October2008
RoadmapforEgovernmentintheDevelopingWorldbyPacificcouncilonInternational
policy,
October
2008 NationalITWorkforceSurvey2005,ComputerAssociationofNepal (CAN).
UnitedNationeGovernmentSurvey2010
www.egovernance.wordpress.com/2006/10/11/niitsingaporejoint handsforeGoveranance,September2008
KIPA,GovernmentofNepal,eGovernmentMasterPlanConsultingReport,2006.
AsianDevelopment
Bank.
Aide
Memoire
of
ICT
Development
Project, Fact
Finding
Mission
(2007)
TheeGovernmenthandbookfordevelopingcountriesAprojectofInfoDevandthecentrefordemocracyandtechnology,November2008
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ThankYou!!!
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