المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم العالي
جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
كلية العلوم للبنات
شعبة علم الحيوان –األحياء قسم
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of High Education
King Abdu Aziz University
Sciences Faculty For girls
Biology section -Zoology
Department
Done By
Ahlam Abbas Harasani
Under supervision
Dr. Fayza Abdulrhman Bawazeer
2013
Ichthyology
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 1
Syllabus of Ichthyology Lab
Week # Topics
Week 1 Introduction - General Characters of fishes
Week 2
1- Super class : Agnatha (Petromyzon)
Classification - General Characters.
Week 3 Histological study of some cross sections of Petromyzon
Week 4
2- Super class : Gnathostomata
Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish)
Classification - General Characters - Dissections
Week 5 Histological study of some cross sections of Dogfish
Week 6
2- Super class : Gnathostomata
Class : 2- Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)
Classification - General Characters - Dissections
Week 7 Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of
sexual maturation
Week 8 Aquatic ecosystems
Week 9 Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf
Week 10 osmoregulation in Fish
Week 11 Revision
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 2
LAB
1
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 3
Lab 1
Ichthyology
Introduction - Ichthyology is simply the science of studying fishes includes general
characteristic of fish, their habitat requirements, classification, dissection, and
external and internal anatomy .
- All the species of the fish found in the world are classified into the following
two groups. They are:
1- Super class :Agnatha - jawless fish
2- Super class :Gnathostomata – jaw fish
A-Class : Chrondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish
B-Class : Osteichthyes - bony fish
A- Ray finned group
B- Lobe finned group
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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General characteristic of fish:
1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates , cold-blooded, and have fins.
2- Most fish have scales and breathe with gills.
3- Most of the fishes are spindle shaped , some are laterally compressed, some are
snake like, and some are globe like .
4- The body of the fish is divided into head, trunk, and tail.
A- Head (containing a brain and sensory organs).
B- Trunk (with a muscular wall surrounding a cavity with the internal organs ) .
C- Tail (is useful for changing the direction during swimming and it consists of fin
known as caudal fin ).
5- Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position, move, steer and stop.
They are either single fins alone centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins,
caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and
pelvic (hip) fins.
6- Caudal fin is of different types : (forked) or (round) or (Pointed).
7- The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized giving
them their bright red cover. Some of gills covered with an operculum (gill cover) that
is a flexible bony plate protects the sensitive gills while others do not.
Ext ernal
Fish anat omy
Caudal (Tail) Fin
Shapes
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 5
8- Fish see through their rounded eyes and can detect color.
9- Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite
sensitive.
10- The mouth shape is a good clue to what fish eat.
11- The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with sensory cells.
It primarily senses water currents and pressure, and movement in the water.
12- Some of fish have spiral valve like cartilaginous fish while others do not.
Internal Fish Anatomy
BRAIN: The control center of the fish.
It divided into 3 parts :
1- Forebrain : thalamus +Olfactory lobes
2- Midbrain: Optic lobes.
3-Hindbrain: cerebellum + spinal cord
SPINAL CORD: Connects the brain to the rest of the body and relays sensory
information from the body to the brain, as well as instructions from the brain to the
rest of the body.
SPINE: The primary structural framework upon which the fish’s body is built;
connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear. The spine is
made up of numerous vertebrae, which are hollow and house and protect the delicate
spinal cord.
SWIM (or AIR) BLADDER: A hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to
conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water.
KIDNEY: Filters liquid waste materials from the blood;
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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STOMACH AND INTESTINES: digest food and absorb nutrients. or do both.
LIVER: This important organ has a number of functions. It assists in digestion by
secreting enzymes that digest fats, and also serves as a storage area for fats and
carbohydrates. The liver also is important in the destruction of old blood cells and in
maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen (waste)
excretion.
HEART: Circulates blood throughout the body. Oxygen and digested nutrients are
delivered to the cells of various organs through the blood, and the blood transports
waste products from the cells to the kidneys and liver for elimination.
GONADS (REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS): In adults, the bright orange mass of
eggs (yellow) or sperm (white) is unmistakable during the spawning season, but is
still usually identifiable at other times of the year.
MUSCLES: Provide movement and locomotion. This is the part of the fish that is
usually eaten.
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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LAB
2
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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Lab 2
1- Super Class : Agnatha
Petromyzon
Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية
Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات
Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات
Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات
Super class: Agnatha فوق طائفة : الالفكيات
Class: Cephalospidomorphi
Order : Cyclostomata رتبة : دائريات الفم
Sub order: Petromyzontia رتبة : الجلكياتتحت
Ex: Petromyzon (Lamprey) )مثال : البترومايزون )الجلكي
Classification of Petromyzon
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 9
General Characters of Agnatha :
*No jaws.
* No paired fins.
* One nostril on the top of the head.
General Characters of Petromyzon :
* A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eels).
* Primitive.
* Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh water.
* Cartilaginous skeleton .
*Buccal funnel or sucking mouth with horny teeth.
* A parasitic marine animal which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood.
* Lampreys have large eyes.
*Adult lamprey can range anywhere from 13 to 100 cm(5 to 40 inches) long.
* Lampreys have seven gills on each side separately and no operculum.
*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.
*Single – sex.
*There is larval stage called "Ammocoetes".
Mout h in
Pet romyzon
External features of
Petromyzon
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 10
* Their larvae have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which is probably
why they are not found in the tropics.
*The Intestine undivided, there is spiral valve.
Cycle life of larva :
*sea lamprey are " diadromous ".They spend the early stages of their life in streams
and rivers .
*The middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large
freshwater lake.
*Then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers ,
and die shortly after spawning.
Lamprey Life Cycle
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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LAB
3
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 12
Lab 3
Histological Study of some cross sections of Petromyzon
____________________________________________
Horny Layer طبقة قرنية
Mucous cell
Club cell
Malpighian layer
Connective tissue
Blood vessel
Meianophores
خلية مخاطية
خلية صولجانية
طبقة ملبيجي
نسيج ضام
وعاء دموي
بوصيات سوداء
Granular cell خلية محببة
Epidermis
Dermis
Idipose tissue
البشرة
األدمة
نسيج دهني
V.S. of Skin
T.S. of Branchial Region
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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T.S. of Posterior Trunk Region
T.S. of Tail Region
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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Drawing
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 15
LAB
4
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 16
Lab 4
2-Super Class : Gnathostomata
Class : 1- Chrondrichthyes
The Dogfish
Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية
Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات
Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات
Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات
Super class: Gnathostomata : الفكياتفوق طائفة
Class: Chrondrichthyes : االسماك الغضروفيةطائفة
Subclass: Elasmobranchii : الخياشيم عاريةتحت طائفة
Order : Selachii.( squalijorms ) رتبة : السالخيات
Ex: The Dogfish : كلب البحرمثال
Classification of Dogfish
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 17
General Characters of Chrondrichthyes:
*Cartilaginous skeleton.
*Skin covered with denticles scales.
*The body is spindle-shaped.
*single & double fin.
*Two dorsal fin.
*The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail.
* There is one spiracle per side.
*Mouth opining is crescent-shaped in the ventral side of the head .
*Cartilaginous jaws, loosely attached lower jaws.
*Five to seven gill slits per side separately and no operculum.
*The stomach is divided into two parts (cadioesophageal & pyloric ).
*Spiral valve intestines.
*Rectal gland.
*The heart consists 4 rooms ( sinus venous –auricle –ventricle – conus arteriosus ).
*No swim bladder.
External features of
Dogfish
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 18
*Single-sex.
*Internal fertilization.
* Males are identified by a pair of sperm-transfer organs named " claspers ".
*There is no larval stage.
*Mating takes place winter months, with gestation lasting 22-24 months ( the longest
of any vertebrate) .
*Males mature at around 11 years of age, females mature in 18-21 years and are
slightly large than males.
Female
Urinogenital
system
Digestive Organs
Male
Urinogenital
system
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 19
LAB
5
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 20
Lab 5
Histological Study of some cross sections of Dogfish
____________________________________________
C.S. of Skin
Dermis
Anamel
Spine
Dentine Pulp cavity
Basal plate Epidermis
المينا
شوكة
تجويف اللب العاج
بشرة صفيحة قاعدية
أدمة
Surface view of denticles scales
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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T.S. of pharyngeal region
T.S. of trunk region
T.S. of tail region
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 22
Drawing
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 23
LAB
6
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 24
Lab 6
2-Super Class : Gnathostomata
Class : 2- Osteichthyes
Lethrinus fish
Kingdom: Animalia المملكة : الحيوانية
Subkingdom: Metazoa تحت مملكة : البعديات
Phylum: Chordata شعبة : الحبليات
Subphylum: Vertebrata تحت شعبة الفقاريات
Super class: Gnathostomata : الفكياتفوق طائفة
Class: Osteichthyes : العظميةاالسماك طائفة
Subclass: Actinopterygii : شعاعيات الزعانف تحت طائفة
Order : Teleostei رتبة : كاملة التعظم
Ex: Lethrinus fish مثال : سمك الشعور
لب البحركمثال :
Classification of Lethrinus fish
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 25
General Characters of Osteichthyes:
* bone skeleton.
*Skin covered with bone scales (cycloid scales, ctenoid scales).
*Some of its have two dorsal fin.
* Single & double fin.
*The caudal fin has a convex shape.
* There is one spiracle per side.
*Four gill slits per side.
*They have one external gill opining and covered with operculum.
*Mouth opining in the extremity side of the head .
* They have bony jaws.
*The stomach is divided into two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).
*Stomach have multiple forms(S-Y-V).
*No spiral valve intestines.
*No rectal gland.
*The heart consists 3 rooms ( sinus venosus –auricle –ventricle ).
External features of
Telapia Nilotica
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 26
*They have swim bladder.
* Single-sex.
*External fertilization.
* They have larval stage .
_____________________________________________________________________
Internal Anatomy of
Telapia nilotica
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 27
Types of Scales in
Osteichthyes
A holobranch Gills
The Urinogenital
system of female
The Urinogenital
system of male
Photograph of bony fish scale showing
line of measurement and ages
F (Focus) ; S1,S2 (Scale radii to 1st &
2nd annulus) ; TS (Total Scale Radius)
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 28
Drawing
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 29
The difference between
Cyclostomata (Petromyzon) , Chrondrichthyes (Dogfish) and
Osteichthyes (Lethrinus fish)
Cyclostomata
(Petromyzon)
Chrondrichthyes
(Dogfish)
Osteichthyes
(Lethrinus fish)
skeleton Cartilaginous
skeleton Cartilaginous skeleton Bone skeleton
Scales No Denticles scales Bone scales
Mouth
Buccal funnel or
sucking mouth with
horny teeth
Crescent-shaped in the
ventral side of the head
In the extremity side of the
head
Spiracle No Have
Eyes No eyelids Surrounded by eyelids No eyelids
Gills (Seven gills) and no
operculum
(Five to seven gill slits)
and no operculum
(Four gill slits) & one
external gill opining and
covered with operculum
Stomach No Two part (cardioesophageal & pyloric ).
Spiral valve Have No
Rectal gland No Have No
Male & Female Via Internal anatomy Males are identified by
claspers Via Internal anatomy
Air swim No No Have
Sex Single
Fertilization External Internal External
Reproduction laying eggs
Ovoviviparity )بيوضة ولودة(
laying eggs
Viva )ولودة(
laying eggs
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 30
LAB
7
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 31
Lab 7
Identify the Cross sections of gonads in fish at different stages of sexual
maturation
____________________________________________
Oocytes in different stage : uration stageMat
of yolk deposition.
PY (Primary yolk vesicle oocyte) ; SY (Late
secondary yolk vesicle oocyte)
secondary oocyte (SY) Maturation stage :
with lot of yolk vesicles (YV), lipid vacuoles
(LV), chromosome near nuclear membrane
(C) and ovum wall (W)
shows development of Maturation stage :
spermatocytes .
(SG) spermatogenia ; (PS) primary
spermatocyte ; (SS) secondary spermatocytes
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 32
LAB
8
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 33
Lab 8
Aquatic ecosystems
- Aquatic ecosystems include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands.
- Within these aquatic ecosystems are living organs that depend on the water for
survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms.
- Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.
-Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Only 1
percent of the water on Earth is available to humans as freshwater.
- Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean. Most
of the earth’s water exists in the oceans as salt water .
The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the
five named "oceans", the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans.
Oceans in The World
Ichthyology – BIO 454
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Red Sea :
The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian
Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
Arabian Gulf:
The Arabian Gulf is located in Western Asia
between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula.
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 35
LAB
9
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 36
Lab 9
Common Fishes of the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 37
LAB
10
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 38
Lab 10
Osmoregulation in fish
Osmoregulation in a saltwater fish
Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish
Drink
Na+ , Cl- Mg++ ,
So4=
gills
H2O
Na+, Cl-
Mg++, So4=
(Kidneys)
Na+ , Cl-
(Chloride cells)
gills Na+ , Cl-
Na+,Cl-
Water
(Kidneys)
H2O
االمتصاص النشط للماء
Drink
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 39
Drawing
Ichthyology – BIO 454
By: Ahlam Harasani 40
GOOD
LUCK