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ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore, February 21st, 2011
Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and
Cleanrooms
Dr. Satish Kumar
Energy Efficiency Ambassador
Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd.
(Formerly, Chief of Party, USAID ECO-III Project)
ISA Vision Summit, Bangalore
February 21, 2011
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Outline
Commercial Building Sector in IndiaBenchmarking Energy Use in the Building
Sector
Implementation Barriers & ChallengesECBC Implementation Strategy
Conclusions & Recommendations
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Commercial Buildings Sector in India
Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast
Currently, ~ 659 million m2 (USAID ECO-III Internal Estimate Using MOSPI, CEA andBenchmarked Energy Use data)
In 2030,~ 1,900 million m2 (estimated) *
66% building stock is yet to be constructed
Year: 2010
660
million
m2
* Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth
Current
34%
Yet to be
Built66%
1,930
million m2
Source: USAID ECO- III Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Projected Growth Across Building Sector in India
Source: McKinsey Analysis
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Growth of Electricity Consumption in Commercial
Sector in India
2820131381
35965
40220
46685
11.3
14.611.8
16.1
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
GWh
Growth in % over the previous year
SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009).
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Indian Power Supply: Current Situation and Future
Projections
Installed Capacity in India Approx. 160,000 MWProjected Capacity in 2030 800,000 MW
600 MW capacity addition each week
Continued deficit supply in 2007-08 (MOP) Peak power deficit of 16.6%
Energy Deficit of 9.9%
Source: Planning Commission of India and Central Electricity Authority
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Electricity Scenario in India
Domestic
24%
Commercial
9%
Industry
38%
Public Lighting
1%
Traction
(Railways)
2%
Agricultutre
21%
Public Water
Works &
SewagePumping
3%
Miscellaneous
2%
1614
14861433
1020
623
439
188101
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Punjab Gujarat Delhi Maharashtra Madhya
Pradesh
West Bengal Assam Bihar
ElectricityinkWh
Source: Central Electricity Authority's 'Year End Review 2007-08'
State-wise Per Capita Electricity
Consumption During the Year 2007-08
National Average
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ECBC Compliance
ENVELOPE
HVAC
LIGHTING
ELECTRICAL POWER
SOLAR HOT WATER &PUMPING
MandatoryRequirements
Prescriptive
Whole Building
Performance
Trade-off option (for
ENVELOPE only)
COMPLIANCE APPROACHES
Required for ALL
Compliance Approaches
Applicable BUILDING SYSTEMS
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Energy Conservation Act 2001
Government of India - creation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
Powers and Functions of BEE vis--vis ECBC Prescribe ECBC for efficient use of energy
Take suitable steps to prescribe guidelines for ECBC
Link Energy Performance Index (from the EC Act) to the ECBC Prescriptive ComplianceApproach in order to facilitate the implementation of the Code
[On Page 5, clause (j) of the EC Act, 2001 currently reads:
"energy conservation building codes" means the norms and standards of energyconsumption expressed in terms of per square meter of the area wherein energy isused and includes the location of the building]
Power of State Government:
The State Govt., in consultation with BEE, may amend ECBC to suit the regional and local climatic conditions with respect to use of
energy in the buildings
direct the owner or occupier of a building (if notified as a Designated Consumer) tocomply with the provisions of ECBC
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Use of Benchmark Numbers
Building Level Benchmarks First Step, Less Costly
Energy consumption per employee in an office
Energy consumption per bed in a hospital
Energy consumption per room in a hotel
System Level Benchmarks Requires Metering Infrastructure, More Costly andData-Intensive
Lighting System: 5 Watts/m2
Equipment Power: 10 Watts/m2
HVAC System: 50 m2/Ton of Refrigeration; 25 Watts/m2
Chilled and Condenser water pumps: 10 Watts/GPM
Air Handling Unit: 0.75 Watts/CFM
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Benchmarking: Macro Analysis Building Population
N=760
N=861
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Baseline Energy Use in Commercial Buildings
Number ofBuildings
Building TypeFloorArea(m2)
Annual EnergyConsumption
(kWh)Benchmarking Indices
OFFICE BUILDINGS kWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour
145 One shift Buildings 16,716 20,92,364 149 0.068
55 Three shifts Buildings 31,226 88,82,824 349 0.042
88 Public Sector Buildings 15,799 18,38,331 115 0.045
224 Private SectorBuildings
28,335 44,98,942 258 0.064
10 Green Buildings 8,382 15,89,508 141 -
HOSPITALS kWh/m2/year kWh/bed/year
128Multi-specialty
Hospitals8721 24,53,060 378 13,890
22 Government Hospitals 19,859 13,65,066 88 2,009
HOTELS kWh/m2/yearkWh/room/yea
r89
Luxury Hotels (4 and 5Star)
19,136 48,65,711 279 24,110
SHOPPING MALLS kWh/m2/year kWh/m2/hour
101 Shopping Malls 10,516 23,40,939 252 0.05642
Source: Building Energy Benchmarking study undertaken by the USAID ECO-III Project
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Why Regression Based Rating and Why Not Simple EPI
Based Rating?
Simple EPI based rating does not take intoaccount
Physical characteristics
Location characteristics
Operating characteristics
Regression based methodology:
Energy consumption of a benchmarked building
= function (Building use,physical, operationalandlocation characteristics).
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Performance Based Rating
1. Estimate energy consumed by benchmarked building
log(kwh) = c0. + c1.climate + c2.log(%ac) + c3.log(bua) + c4.log(hrs) + c5.log(emp)
2. Calculate performance relative to the benchmarked building
(BPI)
BPI=Actual Energy Consumed / Energy Consumed by the benchmarked building
3. Compare candidate buildings BPI to other buildings and assign
score to the performance differential
0 1 2 3 4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Building Performance Index (BPI)
BPI(ActualAnnualKWH consumed/Predicted KWH)
CumulativePercent
DataFitted Curve
10 12 14 16 18
10
12
14
16
ActualElectricityConsumed(Log)
EstimatedElectricityConsumed(L
og)
lkwh
- 3 - 2 - 1 0
0.17 0.87
8 .0 8 .5 9 .0
0.093
10
12
14
16
18
0.83
-3
-2
-1
0
lpac20.082
0.290.081
lbua0.11
4
6
8
10
0.80
8.0
8.5
9.0
lhrs
0.19
10 12 14 16 18 4 6 8 10 12 3 5 7 9
3
5
7
9lemp
Offices
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10 12 14 16 18
10
12
14
16
Actual Electricity Consumed(Log)
EstimatedElectricityConsumed(Log)
Performance Based Rating
Building Performance Index
(BPI) =
Energy consumed by the
benchmarked building
Actual Energy Consumed
BPI < 1
Efficient Bldgs.
BPI > 1
Inefficient Bldgs.
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Performance Based Rating
EPI Percentile
~ 82 25%
132 50%
200 ~ 75%
Building Type Office
Built up area (m2) 2,000
Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) 100,000
Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) 40,000
Select Climate zone Hot and Dry
Hours per day 12
Days per Week 5
Percent conditioned space 0.75
Total number of employees 150
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Performance Based Rating
EPI Percentile
~ 72 25%
116 50%
175 ~ 75%Dynamic!
Building Type Office
Built up area (m2) 2,000
Annual Elec. Purchased (kWh) 100,000
Annual Elec. Generated (kWh) 40,000
Select Climate zone Hot and Dry
Hours per day 12
Days per Week 5
Percent conditioned space 0.75
Total number of employees 150
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Benchmarking of Cleanroom Facilities
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Cleanroom Energy Benchmarking
Cleanroom energy benchmarking data shows that there is a variety of chillerplant designs and operating efficiency for cleanroom facilities.
Chiller plants usually serve cleanroom facility and adjacent spacessimultaneously and use significant energy and water.
The efficiency level of the overall chiller plant is influenced by the efficiency
of individual components and subsystems in the plant. Major components include chillers, water pumps, and cooling tower or
condenser fans.
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Benchmarked cleanroom energy usages in a semiconductor
cleanroom facility
Central Plant ChilledWater for Cleanroom
Cooling
12%
Central Plant Chilled
Water for Process
Cooling
7%
Glycol Chilled Water40%
Heating
10%
Cleanroom Fans
14%
Process
16%
Lighting
1%
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Benchmarked HVAC energy usages in a semiconductor
cleanroom facility
Chillers
39%
Cooling
Towers
7%
Pumps
17%
MUAH + RCU
Fans9%
Hot Water +
Steam
25%
Exhaust Fans
3%
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HVAC Air Systems
Air Change Rates
Recirculation air change rates (ACRs) are an important factor in contamination
control in a cleanroom and are the single largest factor in determining fan and
motor sizing for a recirculation air handling system.
Many air change rate recommendations were developed decades ago with little
scientific research to back them up. The recommended design ranges for ISO
Class 5 (Class 100) cleanroom ACRs are from 250 to 700 air changes per hour.
Higher ACRs equate to higher airflows and more energy use, and dont always
achieve the desired cleanliness.
Benchmarking has shown that most facilities are operated at or below the low
range of recommended ACRs. A Sematech study has also verified that lowered airchange rates in cleanrooms are adequate in maintaining cleanliness. The actual
operating ACRs documented for ten ISO Class 5 cleanrooms was between 94 and
276 air changes per hour.
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Global Trends
Building Performance
Labeling of Buildings and Facilities EN 16001
ISO 50001
IPMVP
Automation and Controls Innovation Next Generation of Energy Management Systems
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Thank You
Contact Information:Satish Kumar, Ph.D.
Energy Efficiency Ambassador
Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd.Phone: +91-124-3305-039
Email: [email protected]
electric.com
Useful Web Sites:http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.php
http://www.eco3.org
http://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarking
http://www.buildingenergytools.in/eco
nirman
Acknowledgements:
1. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, USAID, and ECO-III Project Team2. Kumar, S. et. al. (2010): Developing an Energy Conservation Building Code
Implementation Strategy in India, ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency inBuildings, Asilomar, CA
3. Kumar, S. et. Al. (2010): Performance Based Rating and Energy PerformanceBenchmarking for Commercial Buildings in India, BauSIM 2010, Vienna
University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.phphttp://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.phphttp://www.eco3.org/http://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarkinghttp://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarkinghttp://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarkinghttp://www.buildingenergytools.in/benchmarkinghttp://www.eco3.org/http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.phphttp://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.phphttp://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc.php