Download - eenadu pratibha 101-115

Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What were youdoing? (éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’,àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making asmany sentences as we could - withmy sister and prabhakar.(´÷ Sister, prabhakar ûÓ éπLÆœGame -Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo SentencesO©-®·ûË ÅEo Form îËÆæ÷h Busy í¬ÖçúÕ-§Úßª÷)

Damodar: What game was that? (àç Game?)Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth

lesson of spoken english. It's a sim-ple game - forming sentences, asmany as we can by adding suitablewords after 'be' forms and actionwords - sentences to be not onlystatements but also questions, bothtypes, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,with not and never too...

(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verb-verb 'be' form Å´îª’a, action wordÅ´îª’a, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷§Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions,Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’®Ωé¬© Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'nonwh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, notûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈)

Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game.How many sentences were you ableto frame?(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË ØË†’ game missÅßª÷u†’. O’È®Eo Sentences îËßª’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’?)

Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able tomake a good number. We haveunderstood that we can improve ourenglish by this kind of practice morethan by reading books on spokenenglish. (™„éπ\Â°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË îË¨»ç.Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôçéπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©xconfidence Â°®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, EnglishÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓWFriends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕ.

Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ gameÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç.

O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ωé¬©’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç)™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËßª’çúÕ. state-ments ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclama-tions ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo.eg:1) Vineet bought a book2) When did Naresh meet you?3) She doesnot like me (at all)

4) How well Rupa sings that song!5) The teacher never made a joke

É™« áEo Sentences îËßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extendîËßª’çúÕ.eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college

stores.2) When did Naresh meet you to give you

the book.3) She does not like me because I do not

like her.4) How well Rupa sings that song from the

movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.5) The teacher never made a joke while

teaching.

É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓpractice îËßª’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it andthey ûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËßª’çúÕ.

u u u

Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me thebook. I have to prepare for the examthe day after tomorrow. (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ exam èπ◊prepare Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)

Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken itaway. She has to prepare for the examas well. You are a little late.

(Sorry, ¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-Rç-C. ûª†’-èπÿú≈ exam èπ◊ prepare Å¢√y-©E.)

Renuka: I thought of buying the book yester-day, but I had to take mom to hospital,so I didn't find the time. I must get thebook somehow. Otherwise I'll bedoing very badly in the exam. (E†oØË book éÌØ√-©E Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E´÷ Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«Lq´*açC. éÌ†-™‰-éπ-§Úßª÷. á™«íÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç°æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L ØË†’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕexam -¶«í¬ ®√-ßª’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.)

Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is thelast date. I should go to the bank andget the money.(É¢√∞¡ fees éπ-ö«dL ØË†’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J®ÓV. Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L.)

Renuka: That's true. We must submit examapplications by tomorrow. That's therule. (Eï¢Ë’. Exam applications Í®°æöÀ ™°æ©submit îÁßª÷uL. ÅüË rule.)

Urmila: The applications should have the sig-nature of the parent or the guardian,shouldn't it? (Application™ parent/ guardianÆæçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)

Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we mustmention the amount paid, andenclose the fee receipt. (ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD clear í¬ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L, fee receipt ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.)

Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry. (´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ØË†’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) Wemust submit 7) The application should havethe signature 8) We must mention.

Â°j sentences ™E verbs: have to + 1stRDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1stRDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW.

Have to/ has to, had to, must, shouldÉ´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, rule v°æé¬®Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬îËßª÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.

OöÀ 'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,

must be, should be.

(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and

they subjects ûÓ have to be ´Ææ’hçC. He,

she and it subjects ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.)-O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc(command) é¬´îª’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª’a,necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) é¬´îª’a.Have to be, has to be, should be, must be

= Öçú≈L, present ™í¬F, future ™í¬E.Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten

minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.

(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ØË†’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x ÉçöxÖçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)

Suman: Hari too has tobe at home inten minutes. Hedoesn't like tomiss the serial.Isn't it so, Hari?(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ÉçöxÖçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀserial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆£æ«J?)

Hari: That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.

(Eï¢Ë’. ØË†’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L) Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.

You have to be at the centre by 9.45

(Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L)

Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be

¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x(Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©xÖçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be

¢√úøû√ç.a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L.

You have to be at office by 10 (Command)

b) v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈LEvery employee has to be in the office

from 10 to 5 (Command)

c) I have to be at office by 10.

ØË†’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. (Duty = NCµ)d) She has to be at office for a minimum of

Six hours.

(-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-Â°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L= Duty/ NCµ)

e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall

miss the train.

ØË†’ station -™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰train miss Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆)

f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.

Otherwise he will miss the chance.

(éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰Å´-é¬¨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.)

ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.

When have I to be here to report for

duty, Sir?

(Job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.Report îËßª’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join

Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?)(Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.)

Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-

day. (9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.You have to be here till 5.30 in the

evening. (5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– ÑÈ®çúø÷ commands.) Your colleague

too, has to be here at the same time.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. has to be

Ééπ\úø command.)

Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,

because I have to be thorough with

my job. (ØË†’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’.áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ØË†’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - neces-

sity). I understand I have to be at

office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµEûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.)

Now practice the following in English:

Kranthi: †’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô©´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam.

Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F.

Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®ΩèπÿÖçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’.

Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úøØË†’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files

ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆?Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.

Answer:

Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the

afternoon, understand?

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that

not only today, but also tomorrow I

have to be here during the same time.

Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a

little more careful, that only those who

have passes have to be here.

Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he

has to be here till 8 o'clock.

Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I

have to be there by 1.30. By the time I

return all the files must be ready.

Shanthi: They shall be, madam.

I have to prepare -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 101-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ßª’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ --≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What happened? (E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç--îª™‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)

Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be athome attending to some repairs forthe house. Dad was out of town. (Éçöx busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ repairsîª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.)

a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç.

b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬îËßª’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'.

c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’îËßª’ôç, When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.

Hitesh: You remember we have to go toNaresh's for his birthday party. It'salready 5. Shall we start? (Naresh birthday party Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)

Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him. (àüÓ gift éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)

Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't belate. (ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J. late Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's agenow?(ÉçûªéÃ †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤?ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀEnglish ™‰ü¿’.)

Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his18th birth anniversary. (18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´ birthdayÅ†’-èπ◊çö«. Anniversary- ¢√J-éÓûªq-´ç)

Mallesh: We are all the same age then, give ortake a few months. (Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.)

Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't

forget our exams from the day aftertomorrow. Because of the change inthe exam hours, we must be at col-lege 10 minutes before nine.(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ßª÷L.á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*-§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æé¬®Ωç College ™10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.)

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to beÖ°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ûÁîª’a-èπ◊çü∆ç.a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to.b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to.c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

d) Action word: have to + 1st RegularDoing Word, has to + 1st Regular DoingWord. (Have to go, have to do, has togo, has to do etc, ¢Á∞«L, îËßª÷L ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ)

Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’,

îËßª’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be;have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.eg:1) I have to be at home by 8.

ØË†’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o-éÓ°æp-úøû√®Ω’)

2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise wecan't start. (Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç)

3) They have to see the doctor today. Theappointment is for today. (É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çßª’† Ñ®ÓVèπ◊ appointment Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø 'haveto' (Åçõ‰ has to èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª’-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–

4) He has to return my book today. He saidhe would. (Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ßª÷L.É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.)

b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËßª÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.1) You have to show the ticket on demand.

Keep it safe until the journey is over.[ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ Ticket (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æßª÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-îª’. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]

2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.

(kumar Í®°æ¤ fees éπö«dL.)3) The boss has asked us to be at office half

an hour earlier than usual. We have to beat office at 9.

(Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™Öçú≈L.)

Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situ-ations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ωç¶µºÆæç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be athome (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöxÖçú≈Lq ´*açC. é¬•öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) - -à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJ-Æœn -ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿ -†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’©•©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, hadto be, àüÁjØ√ îËßª÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1stRegular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç.

1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friendwas coming. (Station ™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡xfriend á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬•öÀd)

2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada lastSunday to attend a marriage.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ßª’-¢√úø, Â°RxéÀ¢Á∞«Lq ´*açC.)

3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; hehad no money, so I had to lend him theamount.

(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ωúø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’--´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)

b) í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËßª÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç.1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour

his father's word.¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC.

2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years

°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËßª÷Lq ´*açC.3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driv-

ing the wrong way.

(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ßª’© -ï-J--´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)

4) Pramila had to submit the application theday before yesterday. She submitted ityesterday, so she had to pay a late fee ofRs. 10/-.

(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit

îËßª÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.)

´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææç¶µ«-≠æù ã≤ƒJîª÷úøçúÕ:Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.

Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.

Ééπ\úø 'should' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,

should know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞«xL,ûÁL-ßª÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËßª÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ)should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËßª÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-*ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.a) You should be here at 10 everyday.

†’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L.b) He should understand that we are his well

wishers.

´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æßª’ç Åûª†’Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

c) You should refer to the dictionary when

you are in doubt.

FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary

îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE)E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æé¬®Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph

along this road.

(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo --N’ç-*-†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)

b) Passengers should be at the airport half

an hour before the flight departure.

(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’v°æßª÷---ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.)flight = N´÷-†-ßª÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç, Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

c) Before you build a house, you should sub-

mit the plan for approval.

(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ plan Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ sub-

mit îËßª÷L)´ Should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ past form 'had to' ØË, have

to/ has to ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC sentences †’§Ú©açúÕ.

a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM

ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ field ™ Öçú≈L. ÉC present/ future Å´îª’a.

b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.

Players 9 éÀ field ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC– ÉC Past.

´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊ have to/has to, should ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, should éπçõ‰have to/ has to á π◊\´ powerful.

You have to do it =

O’JC îËßª÷L = You

should do it. Ééπ\úø you

have to do it èπ◊, you

should do it éπØ√o force

áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁçí∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.

Now practise the following in English:

Prema: ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ßª’-©’-üË®√-L?Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport

™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docu-

ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öçîª’-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx-Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L.

Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öçîª’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.

Preethi: Airport entrance ticket éÌ†’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge

™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.Prema: OK.

Answer:

Prema: When have we to start? / When should

we start?

Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at

the airport by 9. We have to have our

passport, visa and other documents

ready. We should be able to show

them when they ask for it.

Prema: We have to have / should have three

hundred to four hundred rupees in

change in case of need.

Preethi: You should tell your friends that they

have to buy the airport entrance ticket.

They have to sit all the time in the

lounge.

Prema: OK.

You have to do it -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 102-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please

sound horn' Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç

´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√Öçü∆?

– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Please sound horn Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE

Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn

¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.

2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬Å†-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, é¬•öÀd, 'unassertive'

Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ --•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô)

Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.

(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC)Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?

(job èπ◊ °æç§ƒ-Lq† Application Æœü¿l¥çîË¨»¢√?/ ready í¬ Öçü∆?)

Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have

plenty of time, haven't we?

(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª time ÖçC,éπü∆? Plenty of = î√™«)

Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days

are left, you know. You must hurry.

(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L)left = N’T-LçC

Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will

be ready by tomorrow afternoon.

(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA application °æ‹JhîË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x ready í¬Öçô’çC.)

Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you

know that the application must be in the

candidate's own hand writing? It must

be complete in with all particulars. No

column must be blank. If a column does

not apply to us, we must write in it,

Does not apply / Not applicable' No

dashes either.

(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o fill

îËßª’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? Application

Å¶µºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column

àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not appli-

cable ÅE ®√ßª÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀNèπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = Å¶µºuJn particulars (°æöÀ-èπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸,size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S.Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’.No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also

¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either

Åçö«ç. Column = é¬©ç = Application ™ÅúÕÍí Åç¨»©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ßª’-ö«-EéÀÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç)

Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.

(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_)

Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too

that you must enclose all the certifi-

cates. The application must reach the

office on or before the 31st January.

(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ fill îÁß’. ÅEo certifi-

cates ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Application, Ç office èπ◊,31st Jan ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L.Certificate - ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË ØË†’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ must ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ1) The application must be in the candidate's

own handwriting = Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L2) No column must be blank =

ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.3) We must write = ´’†ç ®√ßª÷L.4) You must enclose = ïûª-°æ-®√aL.5) must reach = îË®√L.´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰ûª°æpEÆæJÅE.Must be - be form = Öçú≈L;Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must

write, etc,) = ¢Á∞«xL, ®√ßª÷L, etc.)

éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ have to/ has to, should èπ◊must èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™,Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© must †’E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O (must

be) / îËßª÷-Lq-†O (must + 1st RDW) ¢√úøôçí∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling

Officers =

Voters polling officers èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ cards

(ID cards = Identity cards) îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†)b) Students must get their own geometry box to

the exam = °æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤ÒçûªGeometry box ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

Varun: When will you

be back,

Kuber?

(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?)

Kuber: Only after 5. Till

then I must be

at office. I must

close the accounts before I leave office.

(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ office ™ØËÖçú≈L. Office Ć-™‰-´·çü¿’, accounts

èπÿú≈ close îËßª÷L)Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ kuber, must †’ ûª† duties

îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? (office ™ Öçú≈-Lq† Ææ´’ßª’ç, îËßª÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç –Must expresses duties.

Udaya: May I go now Madam? (¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?)Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another

hour; understand? You must finish

the work I have given you and then

only leave.

(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø.ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL†’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?)

Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders

= Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-ý-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must

¢√úøû√ç.É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses:

1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊)3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊)

Now practice the following in English:

a)

Karthik: †’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’--ü∆´÷?Sravan: é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ØË†’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL.

Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁîª’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq

Öçô’çC.

Karthik: ´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀÇ©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆?

Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬Çí¬L ØË†’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’Kí∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC.

Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬.ØË†’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?

Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç.

b)

police officer: É°æ¤púø’ time áçûª?Shopkeeper: 10.30 ü∆öÀçC.Police officer: 10.30 éπ™«x shop ´‚ÂÆ-ßª÷u-©E

--ûÁ-L-ßª’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ßª÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’.Shopkeeper: •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo

-™°æ©Â°ö«dL.

Police officer: ØË†’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûªûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’,ûÁL-Æœçü∆?

Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC éÌ†ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’,sir.

Police officer: Governor ´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊shop éπõ„d-ßª÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.

Answers:

a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?

Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me

get the money.

Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?

Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of

Rs.10/- per day.

Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the

delay? You have the money.

Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait

till mother comes back. She has told

me that I must wait till she is back.

Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?

Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is

here. We can go on his bike.

b) Police officer: What is the time now?

Shopkeeper: Past 10.30

Police officer: Don't you know that you must

close shop by 10.30? you must

close it now.

Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I

must keep it in.

Police officer: I must not see the shop open

after 10.30 again; understand?

Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came

here to buy something. He

ordered me to keep the shop

open until his purchases are

complete, sir.

(Purchases = éÌ†’-íÓ©’)

Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,you must close shop by 10.30.Don't forget.

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o game practice îËßª’çúÕ.Infinitive Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ les-sons ™ N -Jçî√ç– to + Ist Regular DoingWord. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc, OöÀE´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ßª’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË

Å®ΩnçûÓ.To go now will be the right thing É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC.

2) ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ßª’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓa) He is getting ready to go

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ she is going out to buy a book °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ†-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC.

É°æ¤púø’ game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*sentences form îËßª’ôç – áEo îËßª’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo,áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements &questions, negative sentences (no/ not/never ûÓ, O©-®·ûË dialogue form ™.eg: 1) She wants to sing §ƒú≈-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-öçC2) To smoke is not good for health.

( smoke îËßª’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)3) She has came to borrow a book from me

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC)4) Where do you want to go now?

É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to

join?Hemanth: I have come to consult you.Vasanth: To join our college will be the

best.Hemanth: But to join your college will be

expensive, won't it?É™«ç-öÀN Ñ game ™ practice îËßª’çúÕ.

You must finish the work -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 103-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’.'Lest you should forget that I havereminded you' Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√?Lest ´ÊÆ hshould ®√¢√-L -éπü∆?

i) ¢√úÕûÓ ØË†’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆœ Â°úø-û√úø’.-ii) †’´¤y Å™« Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«-É Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’.

-O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ á™« îÁ§ƒpL?iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

– ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz-ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h îË¨»†’ –

DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded youlest you (should) forget. 'That I have reminded you; ûª°æ¤p

2. Start early lest you should be late Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’.

3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) getdrenched ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’.

No 1, No 3 sentences ™ should omit îËßª’-´îª’a.No. 2 ™ èπÿú≈ should BÊÆÆœ, lest you be lateÅ†-´îª’a. Lest = so that not.

i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.(It is from me = ØË†’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)

ii) I knew that you would think so.iii) Close friend †’, old boy Å†ôç correct,

Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some

morning train to avoid hot sun. So

let's have our tickets booked by an

early morning train.

(´’†ç Öü¿-ßª’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúøûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç-îª’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey,

we must carry enough cash with us

as well. We must be careful about

spending too, not at every place can

we find an ATM of our bank.

(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æßª÷ùç é¬•öÀd ûªT-†çûªúø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a Â°ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank

ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) (ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank

card ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’)Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on

the train is very expensive and not at

all good.

(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL.Train ™ Ç£æ…®Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’ èπÿú≈)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions

îª÷ü∆lç.Must travel, must carry, must be careful.

-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.1) Must expresses rules. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-

ûª’çC)Candidates must report for the interview at

9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006.

(2nd Feb 2006 ®ÓV Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©’ interview èπ◊£æ…ï®Ω’ é¬¢√L)

2) Must expresses commands (Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀmust ¢√úøû√ç)You must not do it again.

(O’JC ´’Sx îËßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’)3) Must expresses duty.

I must be at office until 5.

(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ØË†’ office ™ Öçú≈L)´’Sx Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.a) We must carry enough cash.

î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†çb) We must travel by some morning train.

´’†ç §Òü¿’l† train ™ ¢Á∞«xL.c) We must be careful.

´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L.Â°j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo)ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈,´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊must ¢√úøû√ç.a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning

of the movie.

´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ movie begin-

ning miss Å´¤û√ç.

b) We must carry enough cash.î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰É•sçC °æúøû√ç)

c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must bethere atleast by 8.(Q ™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ØË†-éπ\úø 8éπ™«x Öçú≈L)

d) I must check up with him and see thatevery thing is ready.(ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L)

Â°j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ é¬´-©-Æœ† N≠æ-ßª÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËßª’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC:Have to/ has to, should, must-Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, com-mands, necessity ©†’ express îËßª’-ö«-EéÀ¢√úøû√ç.

Å®·ûË should Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force).

should ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ Å†-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.a) You should be punctual

(†’´¤y punctual í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C).b) He should not talk like that

(Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C)

should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´.éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ßª’éπçÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.a) I have to take my sister to the hospital

BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç (more powerful

than, 'I should take')...

b) He has to do whatever I want him to do

ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁßª’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁßª÷u-LqçüË.c) They have to finish the work by the

evening

(≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞« °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ßª÷-LqçüË).b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊•ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force

®√ü¿’.d) He has made mistakes and has to face the

consequences.

(ûª°æ¤p©’ îË¨»úø’ é¬•öÀd °∂æLûªç Å†’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).

é¬•öÀd have to/ has to expresses command,

duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than

should.

Must Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity

é¬F, rules é¬F.'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or

should.

I should go-

ØË†’ ¢Á∞«xL; DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to go-

Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go.

ÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúËûËú≈©’.

For commands, duties, necessity and

rules.

have to/ has to must

should stronger strongest

least than form

strong should

(´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç: Commands, rules ™«çöÀNîÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ must áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª´’ç*C. Must ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç-îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’,ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç-îª’-èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôçÅ®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good

manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a).Should, must-

-Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷EoûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps

(•£æ›--¨¡) èπ◊ opposite.

Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?

(v°æ°∂æ¤™¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)Manoj: He must be at home. He is expecting

some guests.

(ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó guests

éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?)

Manoj: His cousins from the states on a short

visit to India.

(Å¢Á’-J-é¬™ Ö†o -ÅûªE cousins - India èπ◊-´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’)

Pramod: That should keep him busy for anoth-

er two days then.

(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’)

Ééπ\úø must be at home, should keep him

busy- É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/-Öç-ô’çC Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ Å†’-èπ◊ØËN≠æ-ßª÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç.1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.

She must be quite rich.

á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.

2) I see prasanth's name on the book.

It should be his.

-Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj Öçú≈L.

practice the following in English

Kesav: èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË ØË†’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç äéπ-ô’çC.

Gangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çôéÀçü¿õ‰ ØË†’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéÃ ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E

Kesav: Å®·ûË ØË†’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√?Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-

´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæçwait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.

Kesav: Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æ-ßª÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬Öçú≈L ´’†ç.

Gangadhar: †’´¤y Å†’-¶µº-´çûÓîÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L

Kesav: Ok. Ok. ØË†’¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.

Answer:

Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.

There is an important matter I have to

talk to him about./ I have to talk to him

about something important.

Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-

while ago I called him and he told

me he wouldn't be going any-

where.

Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with

me?

Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her

somewhere. I must go home at

once, she must be waiting for me.

Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about

things connected with them.

Gangadhar: You must be speaking from expe-

rience.

Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJÉ*a† game ™ infinitive practice îË¨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆.Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿ume, us, you, him, her, it, them Â°öÀd practice

îËßª’çúÕ.eg: a) I want you to go;

b) She wants him to sing

c) What do you want me to do?

d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.

É™«ç-öÀN practice îËÆœ áEo sentences

îËßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

We must be careful -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 104-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past

participles èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned eng-

lish ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned Å†-´î√a? English was

learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-<N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

– á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’-ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx

àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned,

burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ßª’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’,learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yester-day?(E†o movie á™« ÖçC?)

Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’)

Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it?(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? suggest = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)

Pavan: I leave it to you.(ÅC F É≠ædç leave it to you = FéÌ-C-™‰- Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç)

Sravan: The other day, I happened to watchan old English movie. 'The ten com-mandments' on the TV. A real goodmovie - one of the all time greats.(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV† TV™ §ƒûªEnglish movie, 'The ten command-ments îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp movie. -á°æp-öÀéÃ íÌ°æp¢Ë Å†’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ.(All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp)

Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?)

Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was show-ing. I just turned on HBO channel andthere it was. (Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé HBOchannel A§ƒp†’. Ñ movie éπE-°œç-*çC)

Pavan: Was it very good?(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?)

Sravan: You can say that again and again.(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpîª’a. Ç ´÷ô.)It ran to packed houses for weekstogether those days(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ Houseful í¬†úÕ-*çC)

Pavan: Who were the cast?(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?)

Sravan: The movie features Charlton Hestonas Moses and Yul Brynner as thePharaoh.

(Moses í¬ Charlton Heston, Pharaohí¬ Yul Brynner †öÀç-î√®Ω’. Moses--¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; Pharaoh - §∂ƒ®Ó Egyptian-îªvéπ-´Jh)

Pavan: Any special feature of it?(Ç movie™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?)

Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grandshot. I have yet to see such a shot inany movie. It looked as though the seareally parted by a path. That's the high-light of the movie.(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀ Shot †’ ØË†’Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ßª’© ´’üµ¿uü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ -v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ωù ÅüË.)

Pavan: can we get a CD of it?(ü∆E CD üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?)

Sravan: Definitely (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)Ñ Ææç¶µ«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñlesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary (°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV 3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing 5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses

7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ English ™ movie.Cinema Åçõ‰ English™ cinema hall, Ç hall™ÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. The cinema Åçõ‰ îª©-†-*vûª°æJ-v¨¡´’. îª©-†-*-vû√Eo English™ film ÅE èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a. That cinema is good Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷ hall¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿Eé¬ü¿’.See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. (Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing amovie Å†ç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watchinga movie Å†ôç correct)TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an inter-esting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’)

One of all time greats: All time great - Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç.a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.b) Tendulkar is an all time great.

ÅD all time great meaning and use.Was showing: *vûªç -äéπ hall ™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC

(í∫ûªç™)Kranthi: The movie is excellent. You must

see it. I feel like seeing it a second time.

Prasanth: Where is it showing?(ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?)

Kranthi: It is showing in Chitramahal.(ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC)

*vûªç -äéπ theatre™ Çúøôç = showingLast week it was showing in Chitradarsini. Idon't know where it is showing now. Someother movie is showing in Chitradarsini. (í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úøÇúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movieÇúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’)

Ran to packed houses: Houseful í¬ ÇúÕçC.Packed house = housefulRun to packed houses = housefulí¬ †úø-´úøç.

movie Çúø-ö«Eo run ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Ç movie É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC.

The movie has run for the past four weeks. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC =

It will certainly run for a hundred days. movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-Jç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË–

It's a big draw.a) This movie will be a big draw

(Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J-Ææ’hçC.)

(It will run to packed houses)b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC

èπÿú≈ big draw ØË.The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw

(Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ωù.) Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big

draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êu-Ç-éπ-®Ωù.

caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™.a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in

the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.(ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%--≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’g-úÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’)

b) He is cast as a villain in the movie (Ç movie™ ÅûªEC villain (N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª)

c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as hero and chitrasri as the heroine

(Ç *vûªç-™ -*--vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’)

d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË.a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features

Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles ('E†’o ØË†’ Â°∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvAv°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’. Lead role = v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª,movie™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.)

b) The movie features all great actors(Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.)

c) The movie features him in a minor role(Åûª†’ Ç movie ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.)

Shot = *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence.a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

best sequence in the movie . (Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç)

b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot inKashmir (Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’

Role= -§ƒ--vûª = part.a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease

(SV ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ßª÷-Ææçí¬(with ease) †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’)

b) His is the most important role in the movie(Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª)act a role = do a role = take on a role (äéπ §ƒvûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)

a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada inBhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role ofNarada .(Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)

b) He acted the role well (Ç §ƒvûª™ Çßª’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’)

Live a role = §ƒvûª™ @Nç-îªôç Do justice to a role = §ƒvûªèπ◊ Ø√ußª’ç îËèπÿ-®Ωaôç Comic role = £æ…Ææu§ƒvûª, Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª Perform = E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç He performed well = Çßª’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

His performance as Sri Rama deserves all praise. (X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çßª’† †ô† ¢Á’îª’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.)

(Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. He deserves an award (Çßª’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’)

Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿/movie / Ø√ôéπç

Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿a) Missamma is a comedyb) Devadasu is a tragedy

Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª

a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles (£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆœ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’)

b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles(éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.)£æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = comedian (éπO’-úÕ-ßª’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√çRelangi was a great comedian£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = comedienne (éπN’-úŒ-ßª’Ø˛), úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.

Practice the following in English.Sruthi: Hi Laya, †’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx

™‰¢√?Laya = ™‰†’. àçîË-ßª÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ Sruthi: à movie, áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC?Laya: vÊ°´’èπ◊ éπ∞¡Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñu-A™.Sruthi: ¶«í∫’çü∆?Laya: My God, áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ?Sruthi: †ô’-™„-´®Ω’?Laya: íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬-

™‰ü¿’.Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« îË¨»®Ω’?Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷®Ω’.Sruthi: Å®·ûË ØË†’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

Answers:Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at

home yesterday?Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going

better to do. (I went to a movie, having - nothing better to do.)

Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.Sruthi: Was it good?Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the

cast?Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The

actors were all great./ The cast includ-ed all great actors.

Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/How did they perform?/ How was their

performance?Laya: They couldn't

act well./Theydidn't do well.

Sruthi: So I need notsee it.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ.I know what to do.(ØËØËç îËßª÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËßª÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentencesîÁ°æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷,questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç cor-rect í¬ Öçú≈L.

eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box (box á™« ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC)

b) She did not know where to sit(áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’)

c) Do you know when to start?(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Ñ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûªinfinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.Prem: Do you remember when to start?

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?)Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

Tendulkar is an all time great-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 105-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -'I PROMiSETO PAY THE BEARER THESUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'-Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

-áÆˇ.--á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u© - --ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç

sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬T-ûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆCReserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governorof Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa£æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√(bearer) ØË†’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√)îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movieyesterday, didn't we?(E†o movie Eïçí¬ enjoy îË¨»ç, éπü∆?)

Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as theheroine was really superb.(Eïç-í¬ØË Heroine í¬ *vûªX †ô† Åü¿’s¥ûªç)

Heroine Â£«®Ó-®·Ø˛– Â£« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç Superb: Ææ÷u°æ¶¸ – °æ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.(Ñ *vûªç ¶«í¬ Nï-ßª’-´çûªç Å´¤-ûª’çC)

Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind ofstory line, brilliant action and cleverdirection(Å™«çöÀ éπü∑¿, ´’ç* †ô†, ûÁL¢Áj† ü¿®Ωz-éπ-ûªyçûÓ ÅC ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’)

Priya: The main characters brought out the tal-ent of the lead pair.(´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª©’ v°æüµ∆† ïçô v°æA-¶µº†’¢ÁL-éÀ-ûÁ-î√a®·)

Character: é¬u®Ωéπd – é¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; é¬, ¶«uçé˙™ ¶«u ™«í¬ = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç –Q©ç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’/ Ææy¶µ«´ç. é¬F Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç–ã éπü∑¿™, Ø√ô-éπç™ ÆœE-´÷™ §ƒvûª.Lead Pair = v°æ´·ê ïçô – ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬éπü∑¿™/ Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ Ø√ßª’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ©’.

Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumarand chitrasri. Their combination hasbeen successful.(¢√R-ü¿lJ – *vûª-èπ◊-´÷®˝, *vûªX ïçô – hero,heroine í¬ Â°ü¿l hit. ¢√∞¡xC Nï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†ïçô Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊)

Priya: They are teaming up again in the nextmovie 'premikulugane vundam'(®√¶-ûª’†o *vûªç 'vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØË Öçü∆ç—™èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ †öÀÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’)

Divya: They show themselves at their bestwhen they are cast opposite each other(¢√∞¡Ÿx ïçôí¬ / Ø√ßª’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ-©’í¬ †öÀÊÆh¢√∞¡x v°æA¶µº î√™« ¶«í¬ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’)

Priya: I think she made her debut in neekosame. She hasn't had a failure in hercareer(Ç¢Á’ ÆœF-®Ωçí∫ç v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç FéÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ *vûªçûÓØËÅ†’-èπ◊çö«, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à *vûªç èπÿú≈ N°∂æ-©-´’-´y-™‰ü¿’)Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" isreally memorable(å†ç-ö«®√, é¬ü¿ç-ö«®√? *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ †ô†´’®Ω-°æ¤-®√-EC)

Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet youtomorrow. Bye(ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-≤ƒh†’. Bye)

Priya: ByeéÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ îª©-†-*-vû√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´÷ô©’ î√™« îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEoîª÷ü∆lç. É´Fo ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’¢√úø’-ûª÷çõ‰ Conversational English î√™«¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ.1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. team-ing up 8. cast opposite 9. debut

1) superb= Åü¿’s¥ûªç/ Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç = àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ® –Movie é¬´îª’a, ã íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬´îª’a, äéπJ†ô†/ véÃúø/ äéπ®Ω’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC – É¢Ë-¢ÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ Öçõ‰ Superb Åçö«ç.a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan =

É®√p¥Ø˛ °æ®∏√-Ø˛C Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i† hattrick. HattrickÅçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Nïßª’ç≤ƒCµÊÆh, ´·êuçí¬ véÃúø™x, ÅD äÍé PlayerÅ®·ûË, hat-trick Åçö«ç.

b) The movie is superb=Ç *vûªç î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.

c) Tendulkar's was a superb centuryÅûªúÕ Century Åü¿’s¥ûªç.

2) A runaway successûªyJ-ûª-¢Á’i† Nïßª’ç

a) The movie was a runaway success.Ç *vûªç Núø’-ü¿-™„j† ¢ÁçôØË Nïßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC.

b) Missamma was a runaway success.N’Ææq´’t ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içCÜ£œ«ç-îªE KA™.

c) No one has the formula to make a movie a

runaway success -

ã *vû√Eo Å†÷-£æ«u-K-A™ ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ßª’-´çûªç îËßª’-í∫© Ææ÷vû√©’ á´-J-´ü∆l ™‰´¤.

Formula Ææ÷vûªç. Flop, Runaway success èπ◊´uA-Í®éπç.

3) Story lineéπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç – ã *vûªç éπü∑¿†’ ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’îª÷°œçîË B®Ω’. DEÍé ÉçéÓ-´÷ô Plot

a) His movies have the same basic story but

the story line differs

ÅûªúÕ *vû√© ´‚©-éπü∑¿ äéπõ‰, é¬F éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-†¢Ë’ ûËú≈

b) The movie failed because of its weak story

line

éπü∑¿™/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-†ç™ °æô’d™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç -´-™‰xÅC N°∂æ-©-¢Á’içC.

c) Weak story line is the cause of most

failures

î√™« *vû√©’ °æô’-d™‰E éπü∑¿ ´©x üÁ•s-Aç-ô’-Ø√o®·.

d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the boxoffice/ The movie was a flop, because of itsthin story lineü∆E •©-£‘«† éπü∑¿/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç ´©x Ç *vûªçüÁ•s-AçC. Thin èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç weak ÅE.ü∆E ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– Ææ†oE/ °æ©aE.

4) Character: éπü∑¿™/ Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ §ƒvûª.DØËo ´’†ç role ÅE-í¬F part ÅE-í¬F Å†-´îª’a.a) NTR played the character/ role/ part of

Karna in the dramaÇ Ø√ô-éπç™ NTR éπ®Ω’gúÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»úø’/ †öÀç-î√úø’.

b) One of the main characters in the movie isLord Venkateshwara played by SumanÇ *vûªç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª™x äéπöÀ Suman†öÀç*† ¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ §ƒvûª.

c) He played his part wellÅûªúÕ §ƒvûª†’ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

Play ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Çúøôç, Ééπ\úø †öÀç-îªúøç.5) lead pair= ´·êu-ïçô– Ø√ßª’é¬ Ø√®·-éπ©’. (the

hero and the heroine)a) NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in

Lavakusa©´-èπ◊¨¡ *vûªç™ ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD ´·êu-¢Á’i† ïçô(Hero, heroine).

b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanthand Jyothika®Ωï-F-é¬çû˝, ñuAéπ Ç *vûªç™ v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûª-üµ∆-®Ω’©’, ïçôí¬.

c) They have proved a hit pairNï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô.

6) Hit pair*vû√-EéÀ Nïßª’ç îËèπÿÍ®a/ Nï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†/vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊© ÅGµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† ïçô (´÷´‚-©’í¬hero, heroine §ƒvûª™x)

a) They make a hit pair¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD Nï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx†öÀç-*† *vû√-©Fo hits ÅE.

7) Teaming upïûª éπ©-´ôç, ïçôí¬ †öÀç-îªúøç– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬hero, heroine.

a) They are teaming up again in the nextmovie®√†’†o *vûªç™ ´’Sx ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω’ éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

b) They have teamed up again´’Sx ¢√∞Ïx éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Team up: äéπ movie N≠æ-ßª’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈,à °æE îËßª’-ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ éÌçûª-´’çC éπLÊÆh, They

team up.

The three boys teamed up to decorate the

room

Ç í∫CE Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω’ äéπ ïô’dí¬à®Ωp-ú≈f®Ω’.

8) Cast opposite: äéπ †öÀ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ heroine)

äéπ †ô’úÕ (hero) Ææ®Ω-Ææ† †öÀÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ they are

cast opposite each other Åçö«ç.a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast

opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are

cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu

Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-úÕ™ Vikram, Ææü∆ Ææ®Ω-Ææ†/ Ææü∆,Nvéπ¢’ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† / Nvéπ¢’, Ææü∆ äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’†öÀç-î√®Ω’.

b) Surya and Asin arecast opposite eachother¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’†öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

9) Debut: ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ´·çü¿’Ø√ôuç îËßª’úøç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ *vû√™x †öÀç-îªôç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç (¨»Æ‘Yßª’ †%ûªuÆæçv°æü∆-ßª’ç™ DEo Ç®Ωç-Íívôç Åçö«ç)Debut- pronunciation - úÁß’•÷u – úÁ ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îËßª’ôçMake a debut/ Have a debut.

a) She made her debut in this movie.

-É-C Ç¢Á’ ûÌL-*vûªç. Ñ *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ †öÀç-*çC.

b) His debut wasn't very successful

ÅûªúÕ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †ô† Åçûª Nï-ßª’-´çûªç é¬™‰ü¿’. Debut ´·êuçí¬ Ø√ôuç, Ø√ôéπç ™«çöÀ éπ∞¡©

N≠æ-ßª’ç™ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ N’í∫û√®Ωçí¬-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

He made his debut in politics in 1999

1999™ Çßª’† ®√ï-éÃ-ßª’-®Ωçí∫ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç îË¨»®Ω’.Now Practise the following in English:

a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth, F favourite hero,

heroine © ïçô Ñ≤ƒJ Åçûª Nï-ßª’-´çûªç é¬™‰üËç?

Srikanth: Ç éπü∑¿™ °æô’d-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ØË†öÀç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?

Yasvanth: †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷-EN éπü∆. Åçûª-éπçõ‰à´’ç-ö«´¤?

Srikanth: †’¢Ëy--¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æ¤p, ¢√-R-ü¿l®Ω’ éπ-LÆœ†öÀç-î√®Ω’ é¬•öÀd Ç ´÷vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ÖçC Ç*vûªç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ üÁ•s-A-ØËüË.

Yasvanth: ¢√∞¡x †ô† ´™‰x *vûªç üÁ•s-Aç-ü¿-E-Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.

Srikanth: ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. ¢√-∞¡x-C Nï-ßª’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†ïçô. ¢√∞¡x í∫ûª *vûªç Å†÷-£æ«u-¢Á’i†Nïßª’ç ≤ƒCµç-*çCéπü∆? Ç hero ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* flop ÅØËC ™‰ü¿’éπü∆?

Yasvanth: ÉC Çßª’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ flop à¢Á÷? Åûª-úÕ-éÀ--É*a† §ƒvûªèπ◊ Åûªúø’ suit Å´-úøE Ø√ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.

Srikanth: Çßª’† à §ƒvûª-ÈéjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, à§ƒvûª®·Ø√ Ææ’Ø√-ßª÷-Ææçí¬ îËßª’-í∫-©úø’.

b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, E†o ØË†’ TV™ 'àN’öÃN*vûªç— îª÷¨»†’. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ!

Sunitha: ØË†C á°æ¤púÓ îª÷¨»†’. §Ú®·† ØÁ©Å†’-èπ◊çö«, ¢Ájñ«-í˚™.

Vinitha: î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆. Åçü¿’™ hero,heroine © Ê°Í®xçöÀ? ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÃ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ*vûªç Å†’-èπ◊çö«.

Sunitha: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™ØË ´’ç*v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-®Ω-î√®Ω’.

Vinitha: É°æ¤púø’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ *vû√™x´·êu ïçôí¬ -†-öÀÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

Sunitha: ´·êuçí¬ Ç heroine ´’ç* †öÀí¬í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ûÁîª’a-èπ◊çC.

Answers:a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not

been very successful this time,

has it?

Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.

They have acted well.

Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you

say?

Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is

atleast that good because they have

acted in it. Otherwise it would have

been an utter flop.

(utter = °æ‹Jh)Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their

action. That's what people say.

Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.

Their last movie was a runaway suc-

cess. The hero hasn't had a failure

since his debut.

Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that

he doesn't suit the role/ the charac-

ter.

Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any

role with ease.

b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the

movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.

What a movie it is! / How good it is!

Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last

month, in Vizag.

Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of

the lead pair, I think they made their

debut in the movie.

Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they dis-

played their talent.

(Display = v°æü¿-Jzç-îªôç)Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two

or three movies.

Sunitha: The heroine especially has won

recognition as a good actor/actress.

He made his debut in..-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 106-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What waswrong?àçöÀ E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ†°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀN≠æßª’ç?

Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. Weenjoyed the festival the day beforeYesterday. We were so tired yester-day. We were resting almost thewhole of yesterday.Fortunately yes-terday was a Sunday.Éü¿çû√ D§ƒ- R v°æ¶µ«´ç. ¢Á·†oçû√°æç-úøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ E†oçû√ ÅL-Æœ-§Úßª÷ç. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ E†oçû√ °æúø’-èπ◊ØËÖØ√oç. Åü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª÷h E†o ÇC-¢√®Ωç.

Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusi-asm. We did too, but we were off thefireworks by about 10. We were inbed by 10.30pmÅçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-´÷ô.¢Ë’´‚ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. é¬F ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’é¬©aúøç 10 í∫çô-©Íé ÇÊ°¨»ç. 10.30 éπ-™«x°æúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

Enthusiasm - ÉØ˛ü∑¿÷uÆœ-ßª÷ï¢’. ü∑¿÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

*´®Ω 'ï— size ™ z™«í¬, = Öû√q£æ«ç. fireworks = ¶«-ùÆæçî√/ ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’

Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks tillalmost eleven. Dad was liberal thistime. We let off Rs. 800/-work ofcrackers sparklers this time.11 ´®Ωèπÿ é¬©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç. ´÷ Ø√†oÑ≤ƒJ úø•’s©’ ¶«í¬ØË Éî√a®Ω’. 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’© ¶«ù-Ææçî√ é¬™«aç

worth - ´û˝ (bird ™«í¬)= -N-©’´ Ö†o.crackers = vé¬éπñ¸ = Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’, sparklers = ≤ƒpéπxñ¸ =¢ÁL-ÍíN (´’û√-•’©’, é¬éπ®Ω °æ¤¢Ìy-ûª’h©’ etc) letoff = ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’ é¬©aôç = Let off fireworks)

Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all.Some how I feel spending so muchon fire works is a waste¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.affair, ÅÂ°∂–Â°∂ ØÌèπ◊\û√ç = N≠æßª’ç.

Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundredrupees shouldn't matter much.Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ éπü∆. ã È®çúø’´‚úÌç-ü¿©’ Åçûª Ææ´’Ææu èπÿú≈ é¬üË)

Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about the other things?á´J ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ßª÷©’ ¢√∞¡xN. N’í∫û√ N≠æ-ßª÷© Ææçí∫A àçöÃ?

Opinion- ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç. differ - ¶µ‰C-≤ƒh®·.

Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Toldyou, dad was quite liberal this time.He was in a mood to celebrate. He letus buy whatever clothes we liked,and sister had the greatest luck. Shehad a pair of ear rings.Åçü¿®Ωç éÌûªh •ôd©’ éÌ†’-èπ◊\Ø√oç. îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬ ´÷Ø√†o î√™« Öü∆-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. -¢Ë’ç --É-≠æd°æ-úÕ-† -•-ôd-©-Fo -BÆæ’éÌ-î√a®Ω’. °æçúøí∫mood ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ´÷ îÁLxÅü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª’-®√©’. éπ´’t© ïûª ´*açCûª†èπ◊.

Hemanth: We had new clothes too and ofcourse the feast too. Mom preparedwonderful dishes and delicioussweets.¢Ë’´‚ éÌûªh •ôd©’ ûÁîª’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. °æçúøí∫¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ´÷ Å´’t ´’ç* ´çô-é¬©’,®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Æ‘y-ö¸q èπÿú≈ îËÆœçC. Feast °æçúøí∫ ¶µï†ç/ Nçü¿’. dishes = úÕ≠œñ¸ (ñ¸–size ™- z ™«)

Vasanth: That's good.Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù °æçúøí∫ í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. °æç-úø-í∫© Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ¢√úË expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆çÑ≤ƒJ.Festival = °æçúøí∫, °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = celebratea festival.

We celebrate Deepavali every year in themonth of Kartheekam. -

v°æ-A Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç é¬-K-héπ-´÷Ææç-™ -D-§ƒ-´--S -ï®Ω’°æ¤èπ◊ç-ö«ç.Festival†’ enjoy èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç – We enjoy a fes-

tival.Charlie (over phone from the US): HelloSampath, this is Charlie from the states. Howare you?(£æ«-™ Ææç-°æ-û˝ , ØË†’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* îµ√M ´÷-ö«x-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤?)

Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how areyou?

(-¶«í∫’-Ø√o-†’ -îµ√--M.- -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. -F-´¤ -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤? )Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a

chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30minutes(Éç-ô®˝-ØÁ-ö¸™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?20, 30 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æôd-´îª’a.)

Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here youknow. I am very busy celebrating SriRamanavami.(≤ƒ-K..X®√-´’-†-Ń’ ÂÆ-©-v¶‰-ö¸ -

îËÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ ØË†’ î√™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√oÉ°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öü¿ßª’ç.)

Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy?What's its significance?(-X®√-´’-†-´-N’ -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -ü∆-E -v§ƒ--´·-

êuç -à-N’-öÀ?)Sampath: It's an important festival for us in

India. We celebrate the birth of lordSriRama on the occasion.(ÉçúÕ-ßª÷™ ÉC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†°æçúøí∫. X®√-´·úÕ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV†’°æçúøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊çö«ç)

Occasion = ÅÍé-ß’-ïØ˛–Íé ØÌéÀ\-°æ--©é¬-L. -ï, vision ™ ïØ˛-™«í∫ = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç.

Charlie: How do you celebrate it?á™« ï®Ω’-°æ¤--û√®Ω’?

Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Ramaby performing Pooja. We do it athome and in temples too. We do itspecial pandals put up at street cor-ners as well.Then we eat a goodfeast too with special dishes.Greengram soaked in water andjaggery water are the offerings to

Lord Rama.°æ‹ï îËÆœ X®√-´·úÕo éÌ©’≤ƒhç. É∞¡x™x,í∫’∞¡x™x, Oüµ¿’-©-èπÿ-úø-∞¡x™x èπÿú≈. --v°æ--ûËuéπ -´ç-ôé¬-©-ûÓ -¶µ-ï-†ç -îË≤ƒhç.´-úø°æ°æ¤p, -§ƒ-†éπç-X®√-´·-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç Â°--úø-û√ç.

Pandal = °æçCJ putup = à®√pô’ îËßª’-ôç/-E-Jtç-îªôç as well = èπÿú≈

(Green gram = Â°Ææ©’/Â°Ææ-®Ω-°æ°æ¤p (´úø-°æ°æ¤p)jaggery = ¶„©xç offering = ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç feast = Nçü¿’ / °æç-úøí∫ ¶µï†çCharlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you

later.(Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’°æ¤.´’Sx --§∂Ú-Ø˛ îË≤ƒh.)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ùçû√ °æçúøí∫© í∫’-Jç-îË -éπü∆. DEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† éÌEo expressions í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.°æçúøí∫ = festival

Deepavali, VinayakaChavithi, Ramzon,Christmas -É´Fo festi-vals.°æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = cele-brate a festival.We enjoy a festival=´’†ç°æç-úø-í∫†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊çö«ç.¶«-ù-Ææçî√=fireworks.Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’ = crackers; ¢ÁLÍí ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’= sparklers In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood=¢Ëúø’-éπí¬ --ï-JÊ° ´’†-ÆœnA.Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate =Pakistan was in a celebration mood§ƒéÀ-≤ƒhØ˛ ¢Ëúø’-éπ (¢√∞¡x Nï-ßª÷Eo) ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊ØËmood™ ÖçC. Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration

mood-Å-ûª-úø’ Ææç•-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕE Ç§Òü¿’l.

Sparklers, crackers Ê°©aôç = Let off fireworks-ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’© Áh = fuse ( Light the fuse = Áh ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç)

Ê°©ôç = explode / blow/ go of = (with a loud sound/noise)

Explode Â°ü¿l-Â°ü¿l Ê°©’-∞¡xèπ◊ ¢√-úøû√ç. blow = Ê°©’∞¡x ´©x ÅßË’u üµ¿yçÆæç. 'go off' = ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.Feast = Nçü¿’ (≤ƒ´‚-£œ«-éπçí¬) °æç-úøí∫ Nçü¿’Dishes = ´çô-é¬©’/ §ƒvûª©’Chat over the net = ØÁ--ö¸ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù v§ƒ´·êuç = significance = ÆœTo-°∂œ-ÈéØ˛qSignificance of a festival = °æç-úøí∫ v§ƒ´·êuç.°æçúøí∫ Ææç•-®√©’ = festivities

a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 daysü¿Ææ®√ Ææç•-®√©’ 9 ®ÓV©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·.

b) The Festivities are keeping us busy°æçúøí∫ ¢Ëúø’-éπ--©’ -´’-†-Lo -G-@í¬ -Öç-îª’-û√®·.°æçúøí∫ Öû√q£æ«ç = The enthusiasm for a fes-tival

We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm¢Ë’ç D§ƒ-´R Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç.

°æçúøí∫ äéπ ®ÓV-®√-´úøç The festival is / falls on a day.

a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is ona Sunday.

Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æç-úøí∫ ÇC¢√ç Å´¤-ûª’çC/ÇC-¢√®Ωç®ÓV†.

b) Last year it fell on a Wednesdayí∫ûª àú≈C ÅC •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç ´*açC.

Now Practise the following:a)Sunil: áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤, ÅE™¸?Anil: X®√-´’-†-Ń’ °æçCJ †’ç*. Åéπ\úø üË´¤úÕ

Å©éπ®Ω-ù î√© ¶«í∫’çC.Sunil: Å®·ûË ØË†’ èπÿú≈ ¢ÁR îª÷úøØ√?Anil: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?Sunil: Éçöx °æ‹ï É°æ¤úË Å®·çC. é¬Ææh ´úø-°æ°æ¤p,

§ƒ†éπç BÆæ’\ç-ü¿’´¤ ®√. Anil: ÆæÍ®. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´¤y °æçCJ †’ç* ÉçöÀ-

Èé∞Ïx°æ¤úø’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ®√. Sunil: -ãÍé.b)

Prem: àçöÀ? F îÁ®·u-Íé-´’-®·çC? Syam: E†o ô§ƒ-é¬-ßª’©’ Ê°™‰a-ô-°æ¤úø’ äéπöÀ Ø√ îËA-

™ØË Ê°LçC. ü∆E Áh î√© §ÒöÀdí¬ ÖçC.Prem: îË®· ¶«í¬ é¬Lçü∆?Syam: Å®Ω-îË®·, È®çúø’ ¢Ë∞¡Ÿx -¶«í¬ é¬-™«®·. -ú≈éπd®˝

ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé∞Ïh éπô’d éπö«dúø’.Prem: ¶«í¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ Öçü∆?Syam: Åç-ûªí¬ ™‰ü¿’.Prem: èπ◊úÕ îË®· éπü∆. °æçúøí∫ Nçü¿’ à™« AØ√o´¤?Syam: Ç ¶«üµ¿™ Å´-Fo ´’Ja-§Úßª÷.ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-ÆæJéÀ

®√vA 12 Å®·çC.Answers:

a)Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The

decorations are really beautiful.Sunil: Shall I go and see too.Anil: What have you been doing so far?Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,

come in and have some vadapappu andpanakam.

Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandalcome to my home.

Sunil: Okb)Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your

hand?Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,

one of them went off in my hand. It hada short fuse.

Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns = é¬L†í¬ßª÷©’)

Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctorbandaged / dressed the injuries.

Prem: Is it paining a lot?Syam: Not so bad now.Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I

came back home it was 12 midnight.

Have a happy time...-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 107-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ßª’ç-úÕ.- URL:

http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are startingfor the picnic spot tomorrow?

(Í®°æ¤ ´’† Picnic îÓô’-Èé-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™à´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?)

Spot = îÓô’Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell

us. She is making the arrangements.

(ûÁL-ßª’ü¿’. Cú ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©ü¿’. ûªØËà®√pô’x îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆)

Navya: I called her home. Her mom told meshe was out. Must be busy witharrangements.

(¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ Phone îË¨»†’. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rxç-ü¿E¢√∞¡x´’t îÁ°œpçC. ¶«í¬ busyí¬ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L´’J)

Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is takingkavya's help. So Kavya should beknowing about Divya. She should beable to tell us where Divya is. (´’†çé¬úèπ◊ Phone îËü∆lç. Cú, é¬ú Ææ£æ…ßª’çBÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. é¬•öÀd Cú í∫’Jç* é¬úèπ◊ûÁLÆæ’ç-úÌîª’a. Cú í∫’Jç* é¬-¢Ëu îÁ°æp-í∫-©-í¬L.)

Navya: Kavya should know at least the time ofstarting.

(Start ÅßË’u time Å®·Ø√ é¬úèπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-ú≈L)

Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.

(éπÈ®Íéd Phone îËü∆lç Öçúø’)Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us.

We must be there for the picnic afterall.

(é¬Ææh Çí∫’ü∆ç. ¢√∞Ïx ´’†èπ◊ Phone îËÆœîÁ§ƒh®Ω’. picnic ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç Öçú≈Léπü∆.)

Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye.

(ØË ¢Á∞«xL ´’J. Bye)

Navya: Bye

í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™ must, should Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. ¢√öÀE ã≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ í∫´’-Eü∆lç.Must, have to/ has to, should-

1) Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-éπ™ î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Öçö«®·.

2) ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ commands (Çïc©’), duty

(NCµ), necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç), Obligation †’ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. warnings (Â£«îªa-Jéπ)©†’ èπÿú≈ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.

3) Must, should ´’†ç éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o,Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷-©†’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.

Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving forKashmir?

(F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®Ω’èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)Sravan: The coming Friday.

(´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç)Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be

busy making arrangements becauseyou are going to be there for a fewweeks. Kashmir must be quite coldnow. Carry enough warm clothing.Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?

(Éçéπ È®çúø’-®Ó-V™‰. à®√pôxûÓ î√™« busyí¬ Öçúø’ç-ö«´¤ éπ*a-ûªçí¬; éÌEo ¢√®√-©’ç-úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. é¬Qt®Ω’ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈-L-°æ¤púø’. Pavan èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’éπü∆?)(Carry enough warm clothing = î√L-†Eo ¢ÁîªaöÀ •ôd©’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx.)

Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way becausehe has to be here this evening.

(Å´¤†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√Eéπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈Lé¬•öÀd Åûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L.)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Must be, should be ûÓExpressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.1) You must be busy = †’´¤y busyí¬ Öçú≈L.

(Bhavan éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æßª’ç)

2) Kashmir must be quite cold now

É°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt®˝ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈L. (ÉC èπÿú≈Bhavan éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æßª’ç)

3) He should be on the way

-Å--ûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçú≈L. (ÉC éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØËN≠æßª’ç.)

É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x must, should ¢√úøû√ç. ÑÆæçü¿-®√s¥™x have to/ has to ¢√úøç.É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™E ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ dialogue

´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ must ûÓ, should ûÓÖ†o expressions.

1) Divya must be able to tell us.

2) Must be busy with arrangements.

3) Should be knowing.

4) Should be able to tell us.

OöÀ™x (1), (2) ´’†ç éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷-©†’ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·.(3), (4) äéπ®Ω’çúË °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x ¢√∞¡x †’ç* ´’†çÇPçîË N≠æ-ßª÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉDmust èπ◊,should èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.

a) Bharat: Why did India lose the match?

(India áçü¿’èπ◊ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC?)Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the cap-

tain. He must know.

(Ç N≠æßª’ç vü∆N-ú˛†’ Åúø’í∫’. Çßª’†captain éπü∆. Çßª’-†Íé ûÁL-ßª÷L.)

Åçõ‰ Dravid, captain é¬•öÀd, ãôN’éÀ é¬®Ωù«©’Çßª’--†’oç* ÇPç-îªúøç

Kumar: How is the financial position of India?

(¶µ«®Ωû˝ financial position = ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnAá™« Öçü¿ç-ö«´¤?)

Saradhi: How do I know? The finance ministershould be able to tell you.

(Ø√Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’. -Fèπ◊ Ç N≠æßª’ç FinanceMinister îÁ°æp-í∫--©-úø’)

É™«çöÀ uses have to/ has to èπ◊ ™‰´¤.Maithri: Hi Meghana, what brings you here?

(àçöÀ-™«-´-î√a´¤?)Meghana: I need your help. (F ≤ƒßª’ç é¬¢√L.)Maithri: Regarding? (üËE N≠æßª’ç)Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer

yesterday. I am sure my words hurthim

(E†o ´’† lecturer °æôx ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ v°æ´-Jhç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ´÷ô©’ Çßª’Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ í¬ßª’-°æ-J-î√-ßª’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

hurt = í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.Maithri: Meghana, not the first time for you

to be rude to elders.

(Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x -°æôx Å´’-®√u-ü¿í¬ ÖçúøôçFéÀüËç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.)You ought to know manners. (Fèπ◊manners ûÁL-ßª÷L/ †’´¤y mannersûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.)

Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talkto elders. I ought to respect elders.

(Å´¤†’. Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ØË†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î√L.)

Maithri: We ought to remember who we talkto when we talk to elders. So whatdo you want me to do now?

(Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á´-JûÓ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓ-¢√L.Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ †ØËoç-îË-ßª’-´’ç-ö«´¤?)

Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't youcome with me?

(ØËØ√-ßª’-†èπ◊ éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√¢√?

Apologize = Å§Ò-©-ñ„jñ¸– §Ò ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.*´®Ω 'ñ¸— size ™ Z ™«í∫ – Å®Ωnç– éπ~´÷-°æùéÓ®Ωôç Apology = Å§Ú-©> = éπ~´÷-°æù)

Maithri: Let's hurry then. I ought to be backsoon. None to attend on my sickmother.

(ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿. ØË†’ ´’Sx ¢ÁçôØË¢Á†éÀ\ ®√¢√L, ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊– Ç¢Á’ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ ought to¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. Ought toÅØ√o èπÿú≈, must,should ™«í¬ØË, Öçú≈L,îËßª÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçCéπü∆. Å®·ûË éÌçûª ûËú≈–î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ÖçC. ´·çü¿’ Å®Ωnçîª÷ü∆lç–a) ought to be ('be' form) = Öçú≈Lb) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to

know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word=¢Á∞«xL, íı®Ω-Nç-î√L, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, etc.

Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ must, should, have to/ has to ©èπ◊ought to Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ought to Å†o-°æ¤púø’Çïc©’, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Nüµ¿’©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-©-´©x é¬èπ◊çú≈´’†ç FA v°æé¬®Ωç Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ÆœnA, îËßª’-´-©-Æœ†°æ†’©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ ØÁjAéπ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’ (Moralobligations).

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ ought to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* îª÷úøçúÕ:1) You ought to know manners

†’´¤y manners ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.(ûÁL-ßª’-éπ-§ÚûË ´’†-™„o-´®Ω÷ PéÀ~ç-îª®Ω’– é¬F ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ´’† ØÁjAéπ ¶«üµ¿uûª.)

2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders

Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ØË†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬Öçú≈L. (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª)

3) We ought to remember who we are talking to

á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓ-¢√L.(v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª)

4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick

mother

ï•’sûÓ Ö†o ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬AJT ®√¢√L. (Ø√ ØÁjAéπ NCµ/ ¶«üµ¿uûª)ÉC ought to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æßª’ç, ´’Sxîª÷úøçúÕ.

a) Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î√LYou ought to respect elders.

b) Å´÷-ßª’-èπ◊-©†’ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ îª÷ú≈L.You ought to sympathize with innocent peo-

ple.)

(Sympathy = Æœç°æA. 'Æœç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A. Sympathize with = Æœç°æ-ûÁjñ¸– ñ¸size ™ Z ™«í∫. ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A îª÷°æôç. innocent

= É†-Ææçö¸– É ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Å´÷-ßª’-èπ◊-™„j†).c) You ought not to talk to your father like that

O’ Ø√†oûÓ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ †’´¤y (ÆæÈ®j†v°æ´-®Ωh† é¬ü¿’)

NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING INENGLISH:

Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10 áéπ\-úø’çC?Subha: ¨Ïê-®Ωo-úø’í∫’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ßª÷L. E†o

≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÅC Çßª’† table O’ü¿ ÖçC.Prabha: ¨Ïê®˝ áéπ\úø?Subha: 5 EN’-≥ƒ© véÀûªç Manager í∫C-™éÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.

Åéπ\úË Öçú≈L ´’J.

Prabha: ü∆ØÓx §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç Å´’t-é¬© N´-®√©’Ø√o®·éπü∆?

Subha: Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ßª÷L ÅC. Å´’t-é¬© N≠æ-ßª÷©’îª÷ÊÆC †’¢Ëy éπü∆?

Prabha: àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?Subha: Office °æF, ÉçöÀ °æF ¶«í¬ Å©-Ææô éπL-T-Ææ’h-

Ø√o®·.Prabha: î√™« Weak í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ¢ÁçôØË

doctor E îª÷ú≈L †’´¤y. F Ç®Óí∫uçN≠æßª’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆? O’Çßª’† ÉçöÀ °æE™ éÌçûª ≤ƒßª’ç îËßª÷Léπü∆?

Subha: Çßª’-†èπ◊ office °æØË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.Prabha: Doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éπ-®·Ø√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xL éπü∆?Subha: É¢√∞¡ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h-†-Ø√o®Ω’.ANSWER:

Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10

is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/

Where is file no 10?

Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know /

must know. The file was on his table

last evening.

Prabha: Where is Sekhar?

Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 min-

utes ago. He must be there now.

Prabha: Why are you so weak?

Subha: The work at office and at home is very

tiring/ is tiring me.

Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You

ought to see a doctor immediately. You

ought to take care of your health. Your

husband ought to help you in the work

at home.

Subha: His office work takes his whole time.

Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the

doctor.

Subha: He said he would take me today.

We ought to respect eld-ers

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 108-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ----≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -°∂œ--v•-´-J 2006

Dinakar: Where did you buy those fruits yes-

terday? They were quite fresh and

sweet.

(E†o Ç °æçúø’x áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? î√™«û√ñ«í¬ Bßª’í¬ ÖØ√o®· ÅN)

Fresh - û√ñ«. (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. E©yÖ†o (´·êuçí¬ ´çúÕ-†N); rotten - ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†, èπ◊Rx-§Ú-®·†. stale - ÂÆdß’™¸, rotten -

®√-ô-Ø˛ – Aô’d-°æü¿ç èπÿú≈. These rotten movies

(îÁûªh movies)/ rotten fellow ´’E-≠œE Aôdúøç,NENE NÆœ-T-§Ú-®·† jokes - stale jokes.

Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need

fruits now?

(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É°æ¤púË´’Ø√o°æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ Fèπ◊?)

Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my

uncle. You bought them at Sarvam

Super Market, didn't you?

(Å´¤†’. ´÷ uncle èπ◊ °æçúø’x present

îËü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÅN †’´¤y 'Ææ®Ωyç—Super Market ™ éÌØ√o´¤ éπü∆?

Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need

not go that far. If fruits are what you

need, there's a good fruit shop

nearby. I bought them there.

Dinakar: How costly are they? Perhaps you

bought them at Rs.70 a dozen.

(¢√öÀ êKüÁçûª? dozen 70 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©v°æé¬®Ωç éÌØ√o¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?)

Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much.

They are quite cheap there.

(Åçûª Â°ôd-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN î√™«îª´éπ Ç shop ™)

Dinakar: Will you show me the shop?

(Ç shop îª÷°œ-≤ƒh¢√?)Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy.

Walk along this way and turn right.

You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it.

(Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Éô’---¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁRèπ◊úÕ°æéπ\èπ◊ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç shop éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC)

Dinakar: OK, bye

Madhukar: OK.

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù™ Åçû√ need ûÓ Ö†o expres-

sions áèπ◊\´ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Need Å®√n©÷,¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™.

1. Do you need fruits now?

2. I need some

3. You need not go that far.

4. You need not spend so much

5. You don't need my help

´’†çü¿JéÃ ûÁ©’Ææ’. need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å-E,é¬¢√L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE.

1. Do you need fruits now?

FéÀ°æ¤púø’ °æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? (é¬¢√™«?)2. I need some

Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ é¬¢√L3. You don't need my help

Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Féπ-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’/ Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’Â°j Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ é¬¢√L,Åçõ‰ 'Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’—èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬

a) I need your help

F ≤ƒßª’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç (é¬¢√L)

b) She doesn't need any body's help

Ç¢Á’Èé´J ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’X She needs every body's help

Ç¢Á’-éπç-ü¿J (v°æA-¢√J) ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (é¬¢√L)c) Animals need oxygen

ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊ oxyzen Å´-Ææ®Ωç.d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money

Åûª-E-éπç-ûª-éπçõ‰ úø•’s Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.e) Ç¢Á’Íéç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (àç é¬¢√L?)

What does she need?

f) ¢√úÕéÀ Rs.100/- éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/-

Oô-Eo-öÀ™ verb, need/ needs éπü∆?Ñ sentences ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ, Â°j con-

versation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences (3) and (4) ™need ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.

3) You need not go that far

Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\Í®xü¿’.4) You need not spend so much

Åçûª ê®Ω’a Â°ôd-éπ\-Í®xü¿’.

3) ™ verb need go -

need + 1st regular

doing word

4) ™ verb need spend -

need + 1st regular

doing word

Need + 1st regular DW

(´÷´‚©’í¬ not ûÓØË´Ææ’hçC) verb Å®·ûË, I RDW †’ •öÀd Å®ΩnçÖçô’çC. (Need not go = ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’)Need not spend = ê®Ω’a Â°ôd-éπ\-Í®xü¿’You need not be here

(Ééπ\úø verb - need be - ÉC be form -

Öçúø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ (not ûÓ)ÉC need èπ◊ È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC – need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÌîª’a. È®çúÓC– need + 1st RDW (´÷´‚©’í¬ not ûÓ).

[ You need not go =

You don't need to go Å†-´îª’a.[ She need not sing =

She does not need to sing Å†-´îª’a.ÉçéÓ N≠æßª’ç:Karuna: Must you go now?

(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«™«? É°æ¤púø’?)Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call

(ØË†’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Phone îËÊÆh î√©’.Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least

(éπFÆæç Í®Â°jØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y)Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either

(Í®°æ¤ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)Karuna: She has to be there at least the day

after (tomorrow)

Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there

on any day.

(á°æ¤púø÷ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’)Ñ conversation ™ must/ should/ has to Ñ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ îËßª÷L/ Öçú≈L Å-E.Need not be -Å-†o°æ¤p-úø’ opposite meaning

´≤ÚhçCéπü∆ îËßª’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. ÉC ´·êuç.

a) She has to be there X She need not be there

b) I must know it X You need not know it

(ØË†C ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) X †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’c) Have I to go? X You need not go

(¢Á∞«x™« X Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’)[a) You must go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞«xL.b) You must not go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’c) You need not go - ¢Á-∞¡-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’b) éÀ, c) éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ should èπÿ,have to/ has to èπÿ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.]Need í∫’Jç* ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o points.

1) Need †’ independent í¬ äéπ\-öÀí¬ ¢√úÕûË é¬¢√LÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC.

2) Need + 1 st RDW (´÷´‚-©’í¬ not ûÓ)–Ç I RDW ûÓ îÁÊ°p-°æE îËßª’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç.

3) She need not go ™«çöÀ sentences ™ need

not go •ü¿’©’ – don't/ doesn't need to go

¢√úø-´îª’a.4) Need + 1 st RDW (not ûÓ) must/ should/

have to/ has to èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçNeed + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW) èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.a) You don't need to go now

É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç -™‰-ü¿’.b) She needs to be there at least for an hour

éπFÆæç ã í∫çõ„jØ√ Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø Öçúøôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.c) I need to go home now

ØË-†’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN

ENGLISH:

a) Padma: Hi Kamala, é¬Ææh Karuna Phone

Number É≤ƒh¢√? ûª†ûÓ urgent í¬´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.

Kamala: üËE í∫’Jç*?Padma: †’´¤y ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰Kamala: FÈéç-ü¿’éπ´-Ææ®Ωç ûª† number?

Padma: ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®ΩçÅ´-Ææ®Ωç (é¬¢√L) Ø√èπ◊. îÁ°æ¤p, ûª†èπ◊ ØË†’Phone îËßª÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.

Kamala: †’´¤y worry é¬†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ûª† Phone

number èπÿú≈ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ °æéπ\í∫C-™ØË ÖçC. ¢ÁRx ´÷ö«xúø’.

b) Krupakar: ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ´’J.Dayakar: ¢√úø-Ææ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’Krupakar: áçü¿’-éπE?Dayakar: ØË†’ ¢√úÕo éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬©’ ûÁ´’t-Ø√o†’. Ç

°æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø ÖØ√oß’. ÅN èπÿú≈É°æ¤púøçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.

Krupakar: ÅN Ø√èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. îª÷°œçîª’. ¢√öÀ-EØË†’ îª÷ú≈L.

Dayakar: †’¢Ëyç îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-C°æ¤púø’. Í®°æ¤ îª÷úø’.ANSWERS:

a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's

phone number. I must/ I need to

talk to her urgently.

Kamala: What about?

Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need

to know it.

Kamala: Why do you need her number?

Padma: I need some important information

from her. Tell me (her number). I need

to phone to her.

Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her

phone number either, she is in the

next room. Go talk to her.

b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he?

Dayakar: He need not go.

Krupakar: Why?

Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They

are (available) here. I don't need

them even now either.

Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them.

I must see them.

Dayakar: You need not see them now. See

them tomorrow.

You need not spend so much-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 109-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o:Rama could have done that workRama could haven't done that workÑ È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ áEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ûÁ©°æçúÕ. Would, could Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ÅFo ®√ßª’çúÕ.He might have done the work – Åçõ‰àO’ îÁßª’u-™‰-ü¿Ø√? îËÆœ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØ√?He may have done éÀ might / would éÀmay ≤ƒn†ç™ à Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ-©°æçúÕ.

– áÆˇ. ®√´·, ûÁØ√Lï-¢√-•’:

1. Rama could have done that work

Rama -Ç °æEE îËÆœÖçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F îËßª’™‰ü¿’.2. Rama could haven't done that work

DEéÀ correct form, Rama couldn't have

done that work. DE Å®Ωnç, Rama Ç °æEEîËÆœ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. é¬E îË¨»úø’ ÅE.

É¢Ë OöÀéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-©Fo.1) ®√´·úø’ Ç °æEE îËÆœ Öçúø-´îª’a

Rama might have done that work.

§ ®√´·úø’ Ç °æE îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬EîËßª’-™‰ü¿’) Rama should have done that work.

§ ®√´·úø’ Ç °æE îË¨»úø’ Rama has done that work.

2) îËÆœ Öçúøúø’, (é¬F îË¨»úø’) - Rama wouldn't have done it.

§ îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F îË¨»úø’ He shouldn't have done it.

§ îËßª’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷úø’ - Rama could not do it.

§ He may have/ might have done

îËÆœ Öçúø-´îª’a.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful.

(´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.)Sanjai: What about?

(üËE í∫’Jç*?)Ranjit: About the way we are spending money.

(´’†ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a îËÆæ’h†o N≠æßª’ç.)We have to manage with this money tillthe month end.

(Ñ úø•’sûÓ ØÁ™«-ê®Ω’ ´®Ωèπÿ í∫úø-§ƒL.)We need an extra Rs. 500/- for thebook I need.

(Ø√ éπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬ Rs. 500Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. Icalled Dad yesterday and told him tosend us Rs. 1000. He is sending it.We'll get it in a day or two.

(Eï¢Ë’, é¬E †’´¤y worry Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.E†oØË Ø√†oèπ◊ phone îËÆœ ã ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©’ °æç°æ-´’Ø√o. äéπ-öÀ È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V-™x(-úø-•’s) ´Ææ’hçC.)

Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking.

(ØË†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o tuition èπ◊ èπÿú≈ feeséπö«dL éπü∆?)

Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition?

(Tuition continue îËßª’ôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?)Ranjit: I need not continue.

(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’)Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand

that if you continue to attend tuitions,you don't have the time to study.

(Å®·ûË ÇÂ°®·u. É™« tuitions èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄hÖçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îªü¿-´-ö«-EéÀ time Öçúø-ü¿E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L (îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq-† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC).

You don't need it any more.

(FéπCçéπ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù need í∫’JçîË éπü∆? ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀlessons ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úøû√ç; Éûª®Ω verbs

ûÓ éπL°‘ ¢√úøû√ç.-I. Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÕûË, Å´-Ææ®ΩçÖç-úø-ôç, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?1) We need an extra Rs. 500/-

´’†èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´¤--û√®· (é¬¢√L)

2) You do not need it any more.

Fèπ◊ -ÅCçéπ Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.

II. Need †’ ´’†ç Éûª®Ωverbs ûÓ éπL°œ èπÿú≈¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Çverbs ûÁLÊ° °æE-îË-ßª’-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç. Ñ useáèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC,™‰-ü∆ question form ™Öçô’çC.a) I need not be there now

Åéπ\úø -É°æ¤p-úø’ ØË†’ç-úø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.(verb - need + be)

b) She need not come

Ç¢Á’ ®√†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.(verb - need come)

c) Need I go there now?

ØË†-éπ\úÕéÀ -É°æ¤p-úø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?look at the following sentences:

a) I need your help

F Ææ£æ…ßª’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωçb) She needs some dresses.

Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌEo dresses Å´-Ææ®Ωç

c) They will need it when they are there.

¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-éπC Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC.d) Kumar needed some money yesterday.

Kumar èπ◊ -E-†o éÌç-ûª -úø-•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC.Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ need †’ Éûª®Ω verbscombination ™‰èπ◊çú≈ independent í¬ ¢√ú≈ç.

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentences †’ îª÷úøçúÕ:a) You need not go now.

(verb: need go; = †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)b) She need not send any money now.

(verb: need send; Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púËç úø•’s °æç-§ƒ-Lq-† -Å-´Ææ-®Ωç -™‰ü¿’.)

c) I need not take advice from him

(verb: need take- ØË†’ Åûª-úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’)

Ñ sentences ™ need Éûª®Ω verbs ûÓ com-

bination ûÓ ´≤ÚhçC, ´·êuçí¬ not ûÓ.Questions èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·.a) Need I go there now?

(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?verb -

need go.)

b) Need you take so much trouble?

†’´yçûª trouble BÆæ’éÓ¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?– verb- need take.)

III. Need not Å†ôç, must, should, have to/ has

to èπ◊ opposite ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†í¬, Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç, NCµí¬, îËßª’ôç´’ç*C ÅE îËßª÷Lq -´ÊÆh/ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, must/should, have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ îËßª’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’/ Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ Å†o-°æ¤púø’,need not ¢√úøû√ç.a) You must do it

(†’´¤y ÅC îËßª÷L)You need not do it.

(†’´¤y ÅC îËßª’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’)b) She has to be here at 10.

(10éÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L)She need not be here

(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\®Ω™‰ü¿’.)ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.a) You must make Coffee for us

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËßª÷L.b) You must not make Coffee for us

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.c) You need not make Coffee for us.

†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËßª’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.b) éÀ c) éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) èπÿú≈, a) ™«í¬Command. c) Command èπ◊ opposite éπü∆. ÉüËshould èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.

a) He should do it

b) He should not do it

c) He need not do it

ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆, (a), (b) Commands. (c) oppo-site of (a). Å®·ûË have to/ has to N≠æ-ßª’ç™é¬Ææh ûËú≈. Have to/ has to èπ◊ not îËJÊÆh neednot meaning ´Ææ’hçC.She has to be here

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L.She doesn't have to be here

She need not be here

Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.

Need I go there now?


M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

(1) Tarun: Varun, àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?Varun: ØË†’ ´’Lx-é˙†’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.Tarun: áçü¿’èπ◊?Varun: Åûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* éÌçûª information Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊.Tarun: üËE í∫’Jç*?Varun: ¢Ë’ç ´îËa¢√®Ωç A®Ω’-°æA ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Åéπ\úø ü¿®Ωz†ç N≠æßª’ç™

Åûª-úÕ help é¬¢√L.Tarun: ü∆E-Èéj-ûË †’´¤y ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Åéπ\úø

°æE-îË-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ØË†’ -Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËßª’-í∫-©†’.Varun: Çßª’†’o á™« éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-L ØË†’?Tarun: †’¢Ëyç worry é¬-†éπ\®Ω-™‰-ü¿’. Åéπ\úø Çßª’† Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i†

Ææ£æ…ßª’ç Åçû√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.Varun: Å®·ûË ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ØËØËç Introduction letter

BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?Tarun: Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-Rxç-ûª-®√yûª Çßª’† E†’o áéπ\-úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’

®Ω´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. Çßª’† éÌClí¬ éÓ°œ≠œd.Varun: ÅüËç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Å™«Íí.(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F Ææ©£æ… Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. FéÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-

ûª’Ø√o. †’-¢Ëy éπE-°œç-î√´¤.Sudheer: üËE í∫’Jç*? Ø√ Ææ©£æ… Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈

É≤ƒh.Sumanth: ØË†’ bike éÌ†’-éÓ\-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Bike Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Å´-

Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’. second hand éÌ†’-éÓ\Ø√, éÌûªhC éÌ†’-éÓ\Ø√?Sudheer: ÅC F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s†’•öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆? †’´¤y -¶µº-Jç-îªí∫-

L-TûË, éÌûªhüË better éπü∆.Sumanth: Ø√èπ◊ bank loan Å´-Ææ®Ωç, éÌûªhC éÌØ√-©çõ‰. Loan ûÁîª’a-

éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ F ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

Sudheer: Worry Å´--†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰. ØË-†’ éπ†’-éÌ\E Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’îÁ§ƒh. ØË†’ Phone îË≤ƒh™‰.

Sumanth: F´¤ îËßª’-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’™‰. ØËØË îË≤ƒh.ANSWERS:

1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?

Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.

(immediately = ¢ÁçôØË)Tarun: Why?

Varun: I need some information from him.

Tarun: What about?

Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help

in the matter of darsanam.

Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works

there. I can help you.

Varun: How do I meet him?

Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you

need.

Varun: So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik.

Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you

should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He

is a bit short tempered.

(Short tempered = ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ°æpúË Ææy¶µ«´ç)Varun: Don't you worry. OK.

2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been lookingfor you, I see you here now.

Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, youhave it/ I will give it.

Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now.

(need badly = î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one?

Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it,have a new one.

(afford = Å°∂æú˛ = Â°ô’d-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç/- ≤Úh-´’ûª)Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan.

I need your help for that too.

Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and callyou this evening.

Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕ:He gave me advice -

Ñ sentence †´‚-Ø√í¬ îËÆæ’èπ◊E áEo sentences, differentsubjects ûÓ, different verbs ûÓ, not ûÓ, question form ™, dia-logue form ™ áEo frame îËßª’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo îËßª’çúÕ.eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain.

b) Sunil did not give me the book

c) Why did they offer him the job?

d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now?

Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try.

Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH

Harihar: Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy?

(Fèπ◊ ´‚Jh ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school

together. We were the same class.We used to sit on the same benchtoo. We were together for threeyears at school.

(ûÁ-L--ßª’-éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? ¢Ë’ç äÍé school™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. Classmates. äÍébench O’ü¿ èπÿîª’-ØË-¢√∞¡xç èπÿú≈)

Harihar: I happened to meet him on train.He told me about you.

(ØË†-ûª-úÕE train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Fí∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpúø’.)

Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other.He joined a college in Hyderabad,and I stayed on here.

(É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’ç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç touch™ ÖØ√oç. ¢√úË¢Á÷ Hyderabad col-lege ™ îË®√úø’, ØËE-éπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Úßª÷)

Harihar: Quite a nice fellow, isn't he?

(î√™« ´’ç* ¢√úø’, éπü∆?)Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He

used to help me in studies, espe-cially in maths. He used to be verygood at studies

(Eï¢Ë’. ¢Ë’ç î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡xç. Ø√èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤™ ´·êuçí¬ maths™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’. ¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’)

Harihar: He told me you used to play cricketvery well. It seems you used to bethe opener for your school team

(†’´¤y cricket î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúË-¢√-úÕ-´EîÁ§ƒpúø’. O’ school team èπ◊ †’´¤yopener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕ-´ô éπü∆?)

Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as wellas Murthy has told you.

(Eï¢Ë’, ØËØ√-úË-¢√úËo, Å®·ûË ´‚JhîÁ°œp-†çûª ¶«í¬ é¬ü¿’)

Harihar: Why aren't you playing now?

(É°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’é¬-úøôç ™‰ü¿’?)Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at

school. Now my concentration ison EAMCET. No time for gamesnow.

(school ™ î√™« time ÖçúË-C Ø√èπ◊.É°æ¤púø’ ØË†’ EAMCET O’ü¿ concen-trate îËÆæ’hØ√o. Games èπ◊ timeüÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’)

Harihar: I used to play shuttle regularly, but Igave it up after I joined college.Dad wont' let me play any gamenow.

(ØË†’ shuttle ÇúË-¢√-úÕE. é¬F ´÷ØË¨»,college ™ îËJ† ûª®√yûª ´÷ Ø√†oä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’)

Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two

things at the same time. We have to

choose between the two.

(ÅD Eï¢Ë’. äÍé-≤ƒJ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’îËßª’™‰ç éπü∆. àüÓ äéπöÀ á†’o-éÓ-¢√L.)

Harihar: Bye then. Time for me to go for my

Physics tuition class.

(Physics tuition ¢Á∞«xL ØË†’, ´≤ƒh.Subhakar: Bye

Ñ dialogue ™ Ñ expressions

îª÷úøçúÕ.1) We used to sit on the same

bench.

2) We used to be close

3) He used to help me

4) He used to be very good at stud-

ies.

5) You used to be the opener

6) I used to play

7) I used to find a lot of time.

Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ used to

èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ used to

Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.used to èπ◊ be form used to be;

Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doingword

e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,

Used to í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’í¬, véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈Ö†o ÆœnAE é¬F, îª®Ωu (action)†’ é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.Ñ used to èπ◊, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË useèπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.Subhakar ´÷ô we used to sit on the samebench

äÍé bench O’ü¿ èπÿîª’ØË ¢√∞¡xç (A regular actionof the past)

ûÁ©’-í∫’™: Å°æ¤-úø™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úËC(It used to be so);

¢√úø’ ®ÓW ÇúË-¢√úø’(He used to play every day);

Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ §ƒúËC(she used to sing well);

They used to quarrel with each other.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx -äéπ-J-ûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)–

É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ – used to ¢√úøû√ç.Â°j dialogue ™ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀÍé used to¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.

1) He used to help me

Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’2) We used to be close

¢Ë’ç ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡xç3) He used to be good at studies

îªü¿’-´¤™ ¶«í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ (¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’ – ÉüËÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ – He used to study well )

4) You used to be the opener

†’´¤y opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN.5) I used to play

ØË†’ ÇúË-¢√-úÕE

6) I used to find a lot oftime

Ø√èπ◊ î√™« time üÌJ-ÍéCé¬•öÀd 'used to' express-es a habitual state ofbeing or action.

Pramod: Your teacher atschool was atour place thisafternoon. She's dad's cousin

( O’ School teacher ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*açC´’üµ∆u£æ«oç. ÇNúø ´÷ Ø√†o cousin.

Cousin éπ>Ø˛ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, > size ™z ™«í¬.Å®Ωnç = ®Ωéπh Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E ü¿í∫_®Ω îª’ö«d-©ç-ü¿®Ω’English™ cousins. Children of your parentsbrothers and sisters are all your cousins.

Åçõ‰ O’ ´÷´’ßª’u éÌúø’-èπ◊©÷, èπÿûª’--∞¡Ÿx -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷O’ cousins - cousin sister, cousin brotherÅØË ´÷ô©’ English ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN ¢√úøç)

Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was avery good teacher.

(ØË†çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úËC/ ÅGµ-´÷†çÇNúø î√™« ´’ç* teacher)

Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I usedto go to her for tuition.

(ØËØ√¢Á’ student Å´éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ tuition -¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-úÕE.)

Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?'at the end of her every sentence?

(v°æA sentence *´®√ (Ç¢Á’ teachîËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'understand?' ÅØË-C-éπü∆?)

Pramod: That she used to. I observed too.Most teachers, I think say that.

(Å´¤†’ Å™« Åçô’ç-úËC. ØË†÷ í∫´’-Eçî√†’. Teachers î√™«-´’çC Å™«Åçö«-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.)

Prasanth: I never used to find our Mathsteacher say that. He used to say,'Isn't it?' quite often.

(´÷ Maths teacher Å™« Å†ôç ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ NØË-¢√-úÕE é¬†’. Çßª’† á°æ¤púø÷,'Isn't it?' ÅØË-¢√úø’.

Used to Â°j conversation ™ ques-tion ™ not ûÓ, never ûÓ ¢√úøôçîª÷úøçúÕ. É™« èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ used to¢√úø-´îª’a. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) Å-ûªúÁ-°æ¤púø÷ punctual í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’He never used to be punctual?

b) ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕ¢√?Did you use to take his help often?

(N’í∫û√ verbs èπ◊ ™«í¬ØË used to question -ûÓé¬F not ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕûË did use Å´¤-ûª’çC.-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Â°ü¿l ≤ƒßª’ç àO’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’He didn't use to help me much.

[Used to present/ future actions èπÿ states

of being èπÿ ®√ü¿’]

NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING INENGLISH

Ananth: Hi Sumanth, É¢√-∞ÏçöÀ Éçûª ûªy®Ωí¬Evü¿-™‰-î√´¤?

Sumanth: Ñ ´’üµ¿u ØË†’ ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ™‰Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.´‚úø’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ late í¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE – college hours áE-N’C †’ç*äçöÀí∫çô ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷Í®a´®Ωèπ◊

Ananth: áçü¿’-éπçûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕN?Sumanth: ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªC¢Ë ¢√úÕE. Ç©-Ææuçí¬

°æúø’-èπ◊ØË ¢√úÕE. Åçü¿’-éπE Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE.

Ananth: ´’ü¿u ™‰îË-ô-°æp-öÀ-éÀ-Èéçûª time ÅßË’uCSumanth: ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω 8 ÅßË’uC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬

ÖçúËüÓAnanth: ØË†’ -´÷vûªç Ç®Ω’Íé ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’

âCç-öÀÍé ™‰Ææ’hØ√o.Sumanth: àüÁjØ√ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠ædç.ANSWER:

Ananth: Hi Sumanth, why are you up soearly?

How is it you are up so early?

How is it you got up so early?

How is it = àçöÀ? get up = Evü¿-™‰-´ôç= be up. 'be up' ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ simple,natural)

Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early.I used to get up late till 3 monthsago- till the college hours werechanged from 8 AM to 1 PM

Ananth: Why did you use to get up so late?

Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night.So I used to get up/to be up late.

Ananth: what used to be the time when yougot up/when you were up?

Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy Iwas!/ How I enjoyed it!

Ananth: I used to get up at 6. Now I get upat 5 itself.

Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like get-ting up late.

She used to sing well-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 111-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ®Ó-V Office èπ◊¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’ -Å--†-ú≈-Eo'He is going to office

for the first time'- Å-E-îª-C-¢√-†’. -Å-C correct Å-´¤-ûª’ç-ü∆? -D-Eo- ´’®Ó -N-üµ¿çí¬ -á-™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’?

2 ) ''Phonetics'' ØË®Ω’aèπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -äéπ -´’ç-* °æ¤ÆæhéπçÆæ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -

– á. -¢Ë---ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸, -Å-Mx°æ‹®˝ï-¢√-•’: 1) He is going to office for the first

time = ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ (®ÓV é¬ü¿’)office èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x,This is the first time he is going to

office Å†-´îª’a.2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries î√©’.

- v°æ--¨¡o: --Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù °æ‹-Jhí¬ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’-´÷®Ω’275 -¢√éπu -†--´‚-Ø√-©’ (patterns or struc-

tures) --î√-©-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -¢√uéπ®Ω--ù °æç-úÕ-ûª’-©-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ßª’ç. -Ç 275 -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -vö«-Ø˛q-™‰-≠æ-Ø˛- Ææ£æ… -ûÁ-L-ßª’-ñ‰-ßª’í∫-©®Ω’.

– Èé.®√-´÷®√--´¤, --N-ï-ßª’-¢√-úøï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω-†oC correct. Å®·ûË ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ fun-

damentals ¶«í¬ ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’îÁ°œp† ¢√éπu †´‚-Ø√©’ (sentence pat-

terns) practice îËßª’-´îª’a. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûªT†vocabulary èπÿú≈ Â°çîª’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆,slots fill îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Thanks for the sug-

gestion.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh

what a surprise! When did you

come?

(àß’, á´®Ω÷? C†-éπ®√? Ç¨¡a®Ωuçí¬- -Öç-C!á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?)

Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I

would do was see you and here I am

(E†o, ®√í¬ØË ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô E†’oîª÷ú≈©†’èπ◊Ø√o. ´îËa¨»)

Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's

Bangalore?

(E†’o îª÷úøôç Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.Bangalore á™« ÖçC?)

Dinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the win-

ter. I used to find the cold difficult to

bear, but now I am used to it.

(Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç. ØË†-éπ\-úÕéÀ îªL-é¬-©ç™¢Á∞«x. Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠ædçí¬ ÖçúËC.é¬-F É°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úßª÷)

Himakar: What about the food?

(-Ç£æ…®Ωç -´÷-õ‰ç-öÀ?)Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I

used to eat out in the beginning but I

could not get used to the food. I start-

ed cooking, and I am happy now.

(É°æ¤púËç É•sçC ™‰ü¿’. ØËØË ´çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. ¢Á·ü¿öx £æ«Ùô™x AØË-¢√-úÕE. é¬-F-Å-©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷. ´çúø’-éÓôç¢Á·ü¿-©’-Â°ö«d. É°æ¤púË É•sçD ™‰ü¿’.(Eat out = Restaurants ™ A†ôç)

Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't

you? He works in a Call Centre there.

(Fèπ◊ ¶µ«Ææ \®˝ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. ¢√úø-éπ\úø Call

Centre ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active

here

(á™« ÖØ√oúø’? Ééπ\úø Åûª†’ î√™« îª’®Ω’í¬_ÖçúË-¢√úø’)

Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of

duty. He has to work late night shifts.

It's troubling him a bit.

(-Ç--úø÷u-öÃ -¢Ë-∞¡-©’ ûª°æp ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’.®√-vA -¢Ë--∞¡-™x °æ-E-îË-ßª’-úøç -Å-ûª-Eo -É-•sç-CÂ°-úø’-ûÓç-C)

Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at

night here. He used to get up quite

late here. what's the problem?

(Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø÷ ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™\-´ôç Å©-¢√õ‰ éπü∆ Åûª-EéÀ. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØËEvü¿™‰îË¢√úø’ éπü∆?)

Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too

late, after 12 mid night, and so he

can get up only after 9 or 10 in the

morning. This is his problem. He

hopes he will be used to it in a course

of time

(é¬F -Åéπ\úø ´’K Ç©Ææuç.®√vA 12 ûª®√yûËduty Å®· Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, Åçü¿’-´©x Öü¿ßª’ç9, 10 ûª®√yûË Evü¿ ™‰´ôç, ÉD ÅûªEÆæ´’Ææu. é¬©-véπ-¢Ë’ù« Å©¢√ô’ °æúø-û√-†EÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)

Dinakar: Best of luck for him

Ñ conversation ™ éÀçC expressions

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.1. I used to find ...

2. I used to eat out

3. He used to be quite active here.

4. He used to get up quite late

5. I am used to it.

6. I could not get used to the food

7. He was used to keeping awake late

8. He will be used to it.

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç used to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøfÆœnûª’-©èπÿ, îª®Ωu-©èπÿ (Habitual status of being/habit-

ual actions in the past) ¢√-úø-û√ç -Å-E Â°j† expres-

sions from 1 to 4 ü∆EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ éπü∆.1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear

Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓôç éπ≠ædçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îËC.2. I used to eat out

•ßª’ô AØË-¢√úÕo.

3. He used to be quite active here

Ééπ\úø î√™« îª’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.4. He used to get up quite late

¶«í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√úø’.Used to

1) Past ™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, ïJ-T†°æ†’-©èπÿ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Present, futureèπ◊á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç.

2) Used to ûª®√yûª 'be' é¬F, Ist Regular Doing

Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) é¬F´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.

1) ´÷éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV™‰ ÖçúË--CWe used to have school only for 5 days a

week.

2) ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´Ææ’hç-úË-¢√úø’.He used to visit me frequently

3) Ç¢Á’ Åûª-ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’She never used to like him

4) EØÁo-°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ É•sçC Â°õ‰d¢√úÕØ√ ØË†’?Did I ever used to trouble you?

5) ¢√úø’ °æí∫©çû√ Ééπ\úË í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√úø’He used to spend the whole of day being

here.

6) ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ßª’-çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’He used to be very helpful to me

6) Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúËC She used to be beautiful

used to ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆?É°æ¤púø’ Â°jconversation -†’ç* BÆœ† expressions...

No. 5 to 8 îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô 5, 7 and 8 îª÷úøçúÕ5. I am used to it

7. He was used to keeping awake late

8. He will be used to it

5, 7 and 8 expressions ™ used to ´·çü¿’ be

forms (am, was, will be) Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, used to ûª®√yûª 'be' form é¬F,Regular doing word é¬F ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.Used to, ûª®√yûª, It é¬F, ing form é¬F ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·éπü∆. Åçõ‰ 5, 7 and 8™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕçC.

'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form

(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4™ ¢√úÕçC. (Used to + be

/ Ist Regular Doing Word)

Used to + be/1st RDW

í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o ÆœnA/ ïJ-T† °æE. -É-D É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC.

É°æ¤úø’ 'be' form + used +

it/ ...ing form (expressions,

5, 7 and 8 ™ ÖçC) – ÉC äéπ N≠æ-ßª÷-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’

°æúøôç –any time – past,

present or future †’ ûÁ-L-ßª’-ñ‰Ææ’hç-C.

(í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆, used to +

be/ 1st RDW - past Íé°æJ-N’ûªç)

a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?

(¢ËÆæN™ Delhi á™« ÖçC?)Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to

the heat for past three years.

(áçúøí¬ØË Öçô’çC. é¬F í∫ûª ´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ØËØ√ áçúøéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈f. É°æ¤púø’ ÅCÆæ´’Ææu é¬ü¿’).

(have been (be form) + used + to the heat

(noun)

(üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’ noun. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ it /

that / this etc. ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a)b) Åûª-úÕéÀ night shifts (®√vA-¢Ë-∞¡©’ – duties) Å©-¢√õ‰

– He is used to night shifts.

c) É™«çöÀ v¨¡´’ Åûª--úÕéÀ éÌûªh. éÌçûª é¬-™«-EéÀÅ©-¢√ô’ °æúøû√úø’This kind of hard work is new to him, but

he will be used to the work in course of

time.

d) ¢√úÕ boss Å´-´÷-Ø√©’ Åûª--úÕéÀ Å©-¢√õ‰He is used to the insults from his boss.

e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a

load?

(Åçûª •®Ω’¢Á™« ¢Á÷ßª’-í∫©’_ûª’Ø√o´¤?)Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we

(were we not) used to carrying

heavier loads of books at school?

(àç -v°æ--¨¡o -Å-C? School™ ´’†èπ◊ Éçûª-éπØ√o •®Ω’-´¤†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬©’ ¢Á÷ßª’ôçÅ©--¢√-õ‰ éπü∆?)

é¬•öÀd be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’ Öçúøôç, éÌûªhé¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç. be used to ûª®√yûª noun form (this

food, the heat, the insults etc) é¬F, '... ing' form

é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. be used to Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo- •öÀd, present,

future, past™ üËE-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.a) I am used to coffee in the morning

(Coffee - noun)

(Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’l† coffee Å©-¢√ô’) I am used to taking coffee in the morning

Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’lØË coffee B≤Ú\-´ôç Å©-¢√ô’. (Ééπ\úø am used to ûª®√yûª, taking, ... ing form

®√´ôç í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ)b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks

in the morning

(†úøéπ, †úø-´ôç Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√ô’.)c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.

(O’ boss éÓ°œ-≠œd™« éπ-EpÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?) Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his

anger.

(ØËØËç ™„éπ\-îË-ßª’†’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úßª÷

Çßª’† éÓ§ƒ-EéÀ.)(am used to - his anger)

d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the -

nagging type.

(†Ææ-Â°õ‰d ®Ωéπç-™« ÖçC ¢√úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu .)Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that with-

out it he feels he misses something.

(Ç †Ææ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË àüÓ ¢Á-L-Aí¬ Ö†oô’d ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√úø’ ¢√úø’. Ç †Ææ-éπçûª Å©-¢√ô’°æú≈fúø’)(is used to -nagging)

Now practise the following:-

Sekhar: †’´¤y *†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ °æJ-Èí-ûËh-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?É°æ¤p-úËçöÀ ÅÆæ©’ éÌçûª ü¿÷®Ωç èπÿú≈ †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

Pramod: Ñ office™ join Å®·-†-ûª-®√yûª Ø√èπ◊¢√£æ«†ç ÖçC éπü∆. *†o *†o ü¿÷®√-©èπ◊èπÿú≈ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å©-¢√--õ„i-§Ú-´-úøç´©x, †úøéπ ûªT_çC.

Sekhar: Å°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ slim í¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕN èπÿú≈.Pramod: Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† @N-û√Eéπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç ´©x

weight èπÿú≈ Â°J-TçC. Eï¢Ë’.Sekhar: Bike ¢√úøôç ´÷ØËÆœ urgent é¬E °æ†’-©èπ◊

†úø’.Pramod: †úø-¢√-©-E°œçîªü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. é¬F v°æßª’-Aoç-î√L.

à´·ç-C™‰, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ †úÕÊÆh Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√†’. Å´¤†÷, †’´¤y Delhi ™Öçô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?Åéπ\úø AçúÕ Fèπ◊ °æúø’-ûÓçü∆?

Sekhar: Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, àçöÀ ´’K Sundays

èπÿú≈ busy í¬ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤?Bharat: àç îËßª’-´’ç-ö«´¤? Busy life éπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-

ú≈f†’. É°æ¤púø’ °æE-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË àç ûÓîªü¿’.Dishyant: Í®°æ¤ promotion ´ÊÆh ¶«í¬ BJéπ

Öçô’çC éπü∆? Å°æ¤púËç îË≤ƒh´¤?Bharat: Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√†’. àüÁjØ√

´÷®Ω’p éÌEo ®ÓV™‰ Ææ´’Ææu. Ç ûª®√yûª ü∆EéÀÅ©¢√-ô’-°æ-úøû√ç.

Dushyant: Å´¤†’. Correct ´÷ Å†o†’ ´÷ Å´÷t,Ø√†o î√™« Ææ’êçí¬ Â°çî√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’îª÷úø’. business™ ®ÓW 8 í∫çô-©-éπçõ‰áèπ◊\´ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.

She used to be beautiful-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 112-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C °æ-ü∆-© π◊ ÆæÈ®j-† Pronunciation -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj),tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career

–-öÀ. -P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’.-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Bear=¶„-Å; 2) Owl=ñ˜™¸ -(Å--Ö™¸), 3) yacht=ßª÷ö¸ 4) Menace=¢Á’†Æˇ

('¢Á’—ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 5) Cheer=*µßª’; Cheers=*µßª’ñ¸.('ñ¸— size™ z™«)6) Cop=é¬°ˇ (é¬–Â°-ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ ´çéπ-®Ω-Â°-ôdçúÕ)8) Cheerful='-*µßª’-°∂ˇ™¸ – '*µ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 9) tyrant=õ„j®Ω-Ø˛ö¸ ('õ„j ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 1) 10) martyr=´÷ô ('´÷— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)11) Chaos=Èéßª’Æˇ('Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12) Career=éπJßª’ ('JØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike?

(F éÌûªh bike á™« ÖçC?)Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I

feel it is heavy for a man my size. So

I find it a bit difficult to handle it.

(éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’-í¬ØË éπü∆ ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oü∆Eo. Ø√ Size éπC éÌçîÁç •®Ω’¢Ë ÅEp-≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆Eo handle îÁßª’uôçé¬Ææh éπ≠ædçí¬ ÖçC)

Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice?

(F áç°œéπ (-selection) Åç-ûª ÆæÈ®jçCé¬üË¢Á÷ Å†’èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)

Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think Iwill get used to it as days pass.(É°æ¤púËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ®ÓV©’ í∫úÕîËéÌDlÅ©-¢√ô’°æúø-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Balaram: I think so too.(ØË†÷ Å™«Íí Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)

Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel verycomfortable riding it. Only when Ihave to stand it do I feel the weight(éπü¿-©ôç ¢Á·ü¿-™„jûË î√™« £æ…®·í¬Öçô’çC. ü∆Eo Stand ¢Ëßª÷Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púË •®Ω’-´-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC).But I enjoy the ride.(Å®·ûË ü∆EO’ü¿ Ææ--¢√-K î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬Öçô’çC)

Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to han-dling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorterthan you and his bike heavier thanyours. I See him handling it withease. He has got used to holding itsweight.(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ü∆E •®Ω’-´¤èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√´¤. Å®Ω’b-Ø˛†’ îª÷úø’¢√úø’ F éπçõ‰ §ÒöÀd, ¢√úÕ bike F ü∆E-éπçõ‰ •®Ω’´¤. é¬E ü∆Eo ¢√úø’ î√™«Ææ’©’´¤í¬ handle îË≤ƒhúø’. ¢√úø’Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’)

Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of mycycle too, when I had my First Cycle,I Was just 7 or 8 years old and thecycle felt heavy , but I got used to it.(Å´¤†’ Ø√ Cycle ûÓ Å†’-¶µº´ç èπÿú≈ÅüË. ØË†’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ Cycle éÌ†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ àúË∞x áE-N’-üË∞x Å°æ¤púø’Ø√èπ◊ Cycle •®Ω’-´-E°œç-îËC. é¬F Å©-¢√ô’°æú≈f ü∆E •®Ω’-´¤éÀ.

Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to getused to the traffic of Hyderabad. Ithink it will be a few more weeksbefore I can drive comfortably insuch traffic.(Ø√éÀçé¬ Ñ Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Traffic™ driveîËßª’ôç Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÌEo ¢√®√-©-èπ◊-í¬E Ææ’êçí¬ drive îËßª’-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊çö«)OK. I must be going. Bye(Oh, ØËEéπ ¢Á∞«xL Bye)

Damodar: ByeÑ Conversations ™ Get used to ûÓ Ö†oexpressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’Lessons ™ Åçû√ be used to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†N -®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Getused to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

1) I will get used to

2) You will get used to handling it

3) He has got used to holding its weight

4) I got used to it

Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ be used to ¢√ú≈çéπü∆. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’°æúøôç ÅE, be used to ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ noun

é¬F, '...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E.1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-in-

law.Ç¢Á’ Åûªh-í¬J ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-®·çC.(Ééπ\úø rudeness, noun)

2) They are used to working for low wages.ûªèπ◊\´ @û√-©èπ◊ °æE-îË-ßª’ôç ¢√∞¡x-éπ-©-¢√õ‰.(Åçõ‰ éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿’™ éÌûªhí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈-Lqç-üËO’ ™‰ü¿’)

3) This street boy is used

to the cold of the win-

ter.

Ñ OCµ-¶«-©’úø’ Qû√-é¬-©°æ¤îªL-éπ-©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøf-¢√úË.äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, noun •ü¿’©’,is èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.Â°j conversation ™get used to èπÿ, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† be

used to èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ áçûÓ ûËú≈™‰ü¿’. 'be used to' èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀdÆæÈ®j† tense form ûÓ get used to ¢√úÌîª’a:

a) In the beginning I could not adjust to the

hostel food, but I got used to it as time went

on/but I am now used to it

¢Á·ü¿ô hostel food °æúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ®ÓV©’í∫úÕ-îË-éÌCl Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC; É°æ¤úø’ ØË†’ ü∆EéÀÅ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.

b) How long did it take for you to get used to

the climate of Kashmir?

é¬Qt®˝ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-ö«-E-Èéçûª time

°æöÀdçC Fèπ◊?c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for

long hours here unlike in his previous job

Ééπ\úø áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æE-îË-ßª’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úÕçé¬Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«, ¢√úÕç-ûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o job

™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈.d) People in government jobs find it difficult to

get used to working in private organisations.v°æ¶µº’ûªy é¬®√u-©-ßª÷™x °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ privateÆæçÆæn™x °æEîËßª’ú≈-EéÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬Öçô’çC.

Â°j (b), (c), (d) ™x `be used to' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.b) How long did it take for you to get used to...?

= How long did take for you to be used to....?c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working

= I think he hasn't been used to workingd) People in government jobs find it difficult to

get used to working- People in governmentjobs find it difficult to be used to working in...

´ be used to, get used to ¢√úË îÓôx becomeused to èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌîª’a.

a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've beenused to this kind of treatment from the BossBoss †Eo™« îª÷úøôç (treatment= ¢Ájü¿uç,´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\-úø Å®Ωnç äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπJoîª÷úøôç, Åçõ‰ íı®Ω-Nç-îªôç, îª’©-éπ-†í¬ îª÷úøôç,üËy≠æç Öçúøôç, ™„éπ\-îË-ßª’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀN: ÑNüµ¿çí¬ boss ††’o îª÷úøôç (treat îËßª’ôç) Ø√èπ◊éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’.

b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be

used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used

to, the comforts of rich life

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Hü¿-¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x, üµ¿Eéπ @NûªÆæ’ë«-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’/ ÅN Åûª-EéÀçé¬éÌûªh/ -Å-ûª-EéÀ ÅN É•sç-Cí¬ ÖØ√o®·.

ÉO be used to, got used to, became used to

Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’Sx Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬...1) be (get/ become) used to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F,

...ing form é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Ist RDW ®√ü¿’. Å®Ωnç –Å©-¢√-ô-´ôç, éÌûªh-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´ôç, É•sçC éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.

2) be (get/ become) used to à tense ™ØÁjØ√¢√úø-´îª’a, Öçúøôç, îª®Ωu ïJÍí é¬™«-Eo-•öÀd.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:

Sneha: Hi ¢Á’ivB, á™« ÖçC Ééπ\úÕ éÌûªh @Nûªç?Maithri: Ø√Íéç éÌûªh ÅE°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-

®·çC. îª’ô÷d F™«çöÀ friends Öçúø-ôç-´©xSneha: ´’J O’ Çßª’† Ææçí∫A?Maithri: Çßª’-†Íé é¬Ææh Ææ´’-Ææuí¬ ÖçC. Çßª’-†C

marketing job éπü∆? Ééπ\úÕ market B®Ω’-ûÁ-†’o-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü∆-ßª’†. Ééπ\úÕmarket Çßª’-†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh.

Sneha: Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«≠æ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ éπü∆? é¬Ææh time°æôd-´îª’a Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-ö«-EéÀ.

Maithri: ÉçTx≠ˇ ûÁL-Æœ†îÓôx Çßª’-†-ÍéO’ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.Çßª’-†èπ◊ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù Å©-¢√õ‰.≤ƒnEéπ ¶µ«≠æ Å®·-ûËØË Ææ ’Ææu.

Sneha: ´’£æ… Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ ØÁ© °æôd-´-îª’a™‰. Çûª®√yûª Å©-¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC.

ANSWER:Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri?Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more;

especially with friends like you around.Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has

some trouble. Hence a marketing job,isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ Hehas yet to get used to the trends of themarket here. The market here isentirely/ completely/ totally new to him.

Sneha: Moreover the language here is differ-ent, so he may take (some) time to getused to it.

Maithri: Where English is known/ Where peo-ple know English, he hasn't any prob-lem. He is used to communicating inEnglish. The problem is with the locallanguage.

Sneha: At the most he may take a month toget used to the circumstances/ situa-tion here. That's all.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç-Ø√-öÀ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-© Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’:a) Sekhar: You used to be good at

running/used to run well/used to bea good runner when you wereyoung. Why aren't you able to walkeven a short distance?

Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehi-cle. I am used to going on the bikeeven for short distances. So I walkless now.

Sekhar: You used to be very slim.Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind

of life and my weight has increasedtoo/ has gone up too/ I have put onweight.

Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for thingsnot urgent.

Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That'snothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3days, I will be used to walking you arein Delhi now. Are you used to the foodthere?

Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I havegot used to it.

b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy onSundays too/ even on Sundays,what's the matter?

Bharat: What can I do. I am used to thisbusy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if Idon't have enough work.

Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have alot of leisure. What will you do then?

Bharat: I will be used to it then change aproblem for only a few days. Afterthat we are used to it.

Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents broughtup my brother in all comfort. Butlook now. In his business, he nowworks for more than eight hours.

I got used to it-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 113-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

-v°æ--¨¡o: 1. Leave letter ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, (Head mas-ter †’ address îËÆæ÷hTeachers) Kindly grant me,ÅE ®√ßª’úøç ûª§ƒp, may Irequest you ÅE ®√ßª’úøç cor-rect Å´¤-ûª’çü∆, ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.2.Respected Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a,Yours sincerely / Yoursfaithfully -à-C -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L?

– -G--.-vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, éÌ-´‹y®Ω’-ï-¢√-•’: 1. È®çúø÷ correct. May I request you ÅØËC

é¬Ææh formal.2. Respected Sir, Å†ôç correct é¬ü¿’. Sir, ÅE

Ææç¶-CµÊÆh î√©’. Respected sir ÆæÈ®j† Englishé¬ü¿’. Leave letter ´’†-éπçõ‰ Â°j ÅCµ-é¬-JéÀaddress îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ yours faithfully, ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.Yours sincerely ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

-v°æ--¨¡o: Am, is, are + V3 = ï®Ω-í∫-•úÕ Öçúøôç ™‰ü∆ï®Ω-í∫-•-úøúøç (™‰ü∆) È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥-†’-≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? -á-™« ¢√ú≈-L?

– -áÆˇ.-ü¿’®√_®√-´¤, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø-ï-¢√-•’: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle) Ñ

combination ™ Ö†o verb passive voice™ Öçô’çC. Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

1) The poem is written by John = John îËûª Çpoem ®√ßª’-•-úÕçC Å-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L. The poem has been written/ was written byJohn ÅØËC Éçûª-éπçõ‰ better form.

am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - ÉC habit-ual action èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈L. Å®·-§Ú-®·† actionÅ®·ûË, has been + pp/ was/ were + pp ¢√úøôç¢Á’®Ω’í∫’, time state îË-¨»-´÷, ™‰ü∆ Å-ØËü∆Eo •öÀd.2) He is gone ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC– He has gone ÅØË

Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. -É-ç-ü¿’™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.

Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar?

(èπ◊´÷®˝†’ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤, *´-®Ωí¬?)Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home

from office.

(E†oØË. ¢√úø’ office †’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o°æ¤púø’)

Jagan: Do you meet frequently?

(O’®Ω’ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?)Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we

haven’t been seeing each other that

frequently. His writing stories for the

magazine keeps him busy.

(í∫ûªç™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç. Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åçûªûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ©-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. °ævA-éπèπ◊ éπü∑¿©’ ®√ßª’-ôç™ Åûªúø’ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’)

Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u = recently.

of late/ lately éÀ, late èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ –late = Ç©Ææuç

Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They

are quite good.

(ØË†’ ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿©’éÌEo îªC¢√. ¶«í¬ØËÖØ√o®·)

Mohan: He writes well. He

has written about

40 stories and

short stories so far.

(Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√≤ƒhúø’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤40 éπü∑¿©÷, éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’ ®√¨»úø’)

Jagan: Has he been writing for long?

(Åûª†’ î√™«é¬©çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?)Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18

itself. He had written for the school and

college magazines before he took to

serious writing

(18 à∞¡xÍé ®√ßª’ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-úø-ûª†’.®√ßª’ôç serious í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’school, college magazines èπ◊ ®√¨»úø’)

Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all

his stories?

(ÅEo éπü∑¿©’ äéπ Ææç°æ¤-öÀí¬ -ûÁ-îËa Ç™-îª-ØË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?)

Bringing out = v°æîª’-Jç-îªôç, collection = (®Ωîª†N≠æ-ßª’ç™) Ææç°æ¤öÀ

Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish

it. It will be out this June, I think.

(ã v°æîª’-®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ç ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç Ææç°æ¤öÀEv°æîª’-J-Ææ’hçC. Ñ June ™ v°æîª’-J-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«)

Jagan: I see him the other day when he was

talking to someone.

(-¢Á·-ØÁo°æ¤p-úÓ Åûªúø’ á´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çõ‰ ØË†ûªEo îª÷¨»)

Mohan: He has a number of admirers.

(Åûª-úÕE ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«´’çCÖØ√o®Ω’.)

admirers = ÅGµ- ÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx = fans.

Admire = äéπJ v°æA-¶µº†’ ¢Á’îª’a-éÓ- ôçJagan: He deserves

(Åûªúø’ ü∆EéÀ Å®Ω’|úË) deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç

Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel

next year

ûª† 50-´ †´©†’ Çßª’† ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç°æ‹Jh îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.

Jagan: My best wishes to him.

(î√™«´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ tenses í∫’Jç* ´’Sx ´’SxÅúø’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ Ñ lesson ™ tenses revise

îËÆæ’hØ√ç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)Do you meet him frequently? -

Ééπ\úø verb - do meet. do meet ÅØ√o äéπõ‰,meet ÅØ√o äéπ\õ‰.meet, meets,

sing sings

write writes

come comes

watch watches

É™«çöÀ verb forms †’ present simple/ present

indefinite tense Åçö«®Ω’.- Ñ verbs ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀcolumn ™ Ö†o verbs †’ I, we, you and they

ûÓ, È®çúÓ column ™E verbs- sings, writes, etc

-†’ he, she, it ûÓ -¢√-úø-û√ç. Question ™, not ûÓ1st column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ ‘do’ ´Ææ’hçC. II

column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ does ´Ææ’hçC.

Ñ verbs véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊–including habits, facts of science, universal

truths èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 1st column ™ verbs †’ I

RDW, II column ™ verbs †’ II Regular Doing

Words Åçö«ç.1) ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®ÓW ´≤ƒhúø’

He comes here everyday.

2) ¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’ ®ÓW Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?When do they come here everyday?

3) Åûªúø’ smoke îË≤ƒhúø’.He smokes (Habit)

4) The sun rises in the

east - universal truth.

É™« á™«çöÀ Regular

actions ÈéjØ√ Regular

Doing Words ¢√úøû√ç.É-C present simple

Tense. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.

II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for

actions taking place now. This tense is pres-

ent continuous tense.

É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ Ñ tense ¢√úøû√ç.a) I am reading the paper - É°æ¤púø’b) She is singing - É°æ¤púø’c) They are walking - É°æ¤púø’III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past par-

ticiple/ has (for, he, she, it) - ÉC present

perfect tense. DE-E–1) for past actions, time not stated

(í∫ûªç™ ïJT, time ûÁL-ßª’E °æ†’-©èπ◊)2) for action going on from then till now,

(Å°æpöÀ†’ç* – É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊)

3) for actions just completed.(É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊, just, just now Å-ØË-´÷-ô-©-†’ ¢√úøû√ç)

a) I have read some of his novels,(îªC-¢√†’ – Time îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’)

b) He has studied here for the past one year(äéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Çßª’† Ééπ\úø îªC-¢√úø’)

c) They have just gone out - -¢√--∞¡Ÿx -É°æ¤p-úË •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’.

IV He has been writing forlong.

have been + ing / hasbeen + ing. -D-E-E presentperfect continuous tenseÅçö«ç– í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç¶µº-¢Á’iÉçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊¢√úøû√ç.

Congress has been ruling AP for the past

year and a half

-à-ú≈-C-†o®Ωí¬ AP E é¬çvÈíÆˇ §ƒL-≤ÚhçC.

PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:

Prabha: Ææ’ï† ††’o ûª®Ωîª’ disturb îËÆæ’hçC.Subha: †ØÁo-°æ¤púø’ disturb îËßª’ü¿’.Prabha: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ -Ø√--©’í∫’≤ƒ®Ω’x phone

îËÆœçC.Subha: Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îËßª’-™‰ü¿’.Prabha: Ç¢Ë’üÓ é¬®Ω’-éÌ-Eç-ü¿ô. Ç N≠æßª’ç É°æp-öÀéÀ

Ø√èπ◊ °æ-C≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœçC.

ANSWER:

Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often.

Subha: She never disturbs me.

Prabha: She has phoned four times so far

today.

Subha: She hasn’t called me so far.

Prabha: She has bought a car. She has

phoned about it to me 10 times.

Do you meet him frequently?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 114-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Being, Been °æü∆©’ passive voice ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√ßÁ÷ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Öü∆: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-™-x¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ØË†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† Been, Being °æü∆©v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJí¬_ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them.

2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the

situation.

3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is

known to every customer/ consumer.

4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decid-

ed not to talk Ravi from now on.

5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to

class today.

6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us

as she has became a famous TV anchor today.

7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months,

now she has improved.

8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the

meeting yesterday.

– v¨»´ùÀ, †çü∆u©

ï¢√•’: i) a) Being ÅØ√o having been ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç– Öçúøôç,Öçúøôç ´©x, ÖçúÕ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (í∫ûªç™, ´·êuçí¬ having

been Å†o-°æ¤púø’). Öûªh been ®√ü¿’.b) being/ having been ûª®√yûª verb ûÓ Ö†o group of words ®√´¤.

i) Being : We don’t like his being here

Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçúøôç ´÷éÀ-≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. (being = Öçúøôç)ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us.

(Åûªúø’ collector í¬ Öçúøôç ´÷èπ◊ ¢Ë’©-®·uçC– í∫ûªç™) ÑÈ®çúø’ sentences ™ being Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç, Having been

Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆?Being / Having been = Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x / Å®·†çü¿’´©xa) Being weak, he is unable to walk

•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x, †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk

•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷úø’ (í∫ûªç).

Ééπ O’ sentences- -¢√-öÀéÀ corrections.

1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them - ÉC ûª°æ¤p. Å®Ωnç™‰ü¿’. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-èπ◊-úø-´ôç ´©x ¢Á÷Ææç îË¨»úø’– ÉC ûª°æ¤p éπü∆.†´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† servant í¬ Öçô÷ØË – Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’, Inspite of being

their faithful servant.... Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j-† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. 2) Being she is very intelligent - ÉC Wrong construction. Being

ûÓ verb ÖçúË group of words ®√-´¤. (Ñ group ™ is ÅØË verb

ÖçC éπü∆) – Ééπ\úø correction-

Being very intelligent, she succeeded....

3) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, Â°j sentence ™ ™«í¬ØË, Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today....

4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk

to him.

5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class

today. -Ééπ\-úø action past é¬-•-öÀd, having been -´Ææ’hç-C. Being

beaten ®√-ü¿’.6) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, though / inspite of ¢√ú≈L.

Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she ....

today. (Öûªh ‘been’ ®√ü¿’) 7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...

8) It being a hot / sunny day.....

Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your

class?

(O’ class èπ◊ †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√´¤?)Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10 éÀ. É¢√∞¡ é¬Ææh Ç©ÆæuçÅßª÷u)

Sravan: And when does the class begin?

(Class ´÷´‚-©’í¬ á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’çC?)

Bhavan: Usually at 10.30.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10.30 éÀ)Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on

Sundays.

(Sunday classes ™‰¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?)Bhavan: That’s true. The teacher does not hold

classes on Saturday either.

(Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ teacher ¨¡E-¢√-®√©’ èπÿú≈classes Â°ôd®Ω’)

Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a

week?

(Åçõ‰ Çßª’†¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV-™‰Ø√ class

îÁÊ°pC?)Bhavan: Yes, we like it

that way too.

(´÷èπÿ ÅüË É≠ædç)Look at the following

sentences from the dialogue above.1) When do you start for college?2) When does the class begin?3) You do not have classes on Sundays.4) The teacher does not hold classes.5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week?

éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç– I Regular DoingWords (come, go, sing ™«çöÀN, I, we, you andthey ûÓ ¢√úËN), II Regular Doing Words(comes, goes, sings ™«çöÀN, he, she, it ûÓ¢√úËN) í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. OöÀE regularactions- véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.Éçé¬ OöÀEnot ûÓ, question ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ IRegular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDWÅ´¤-ûª’çC, II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) -does + Ist RDW Å´¤-ûª’çC.É¢Ë Â°j conversation ™ pick up îËÆœ† sen-tences ™ ÖØ√o®· îª÷úøçúÕ:

1) When do you start? - verb - do start(Question é¬•öÀd) = start (in a statement)

2) When does the class begin? - verb - doesbegin (in a question) = begins (statement ™)

3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb -do have (not ûÓ) = have (not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË)

4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb -does hold (not ûÓ) = holds (not ™‰èπ◊çú≈)

5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - doesteach (question é¬•öÀd) = teaches (statement ™)II Compare the following pairs of sentences:(compare = §Ú©açúÕ, pairs = ïûª©’)

I (a) I go to college at 10b) I am going to college

II (a) The boys come here in the eveningsb) The boys are coming.

III (a) Hemanth plays cricketb) Hemanth is playing

Â°j sentences ™ (I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, IRDW and II RDW éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅN regularactions †’ îÁ§ƒh®·.I (b)™ verb - am going - am + ...ing - ÉC col-lege èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’, ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†oaction †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

II (b) ™ èπÿú≈ The boys (they) are coming ™verb - are + coming - are + ...ing. D†®Ωnç ¢√∞¡ŸxÉ°æ¤úø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action

†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.Å™«Íí Hemanth is playing cricket - DØÓx verb

is playing - is + ...ing É°æ¤púø’ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ÅEÉ°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.é¬•öÀd am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk

about actions going on now.

Ñ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb

- present continuous tense.

Are you coming? - verb, are coming - †’´¤y´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ (É°æ¤púø’)?

Who is singing? - verb, is singing - á´®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’)?Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am

+ ing - áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√ (É°æ¤púø’)?u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future (´·çü¿’

ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’) actions èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç, time

í∫†éπ îÁÊ°h.Åçõ‰ Past action, time known (í∫ûªç™ ïJT àtime™ – °∂æ™«Ø√ ®ÓW, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, Ææ´’ßª’çûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Å™«çöÀ actionsèπ◊) Past

doing word ¢√úøû√ça) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; •ßª’-öÀ-

Èé-∞«xúø’– No time mentioned)

b) He went out an hour ago (í∫çô éÀçü¿ô ÅEtime îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç é¬•öÀd - went - past doing word.

a) I have bought the book

b) I bought it yesterday

[ (a) ™ time ™‰ü¿’ – é¬•öÀd have bought - have

+ PP. (b) ™ yesterday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç,é¬•öÀd - bought - past doing word]

Past doing word - came, went, walked,

cooked, liked, loved ™«çöÀN not ûÓ é¬F, ques-

tion ™ é¬E did + 1st Regular Doing Word

Å´¤-û√®· éπü∆?a) He came yesterday X He did not come yes-

terday (Not ÖçC é¬•öÀd did come)

Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-

did come)

a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow

ØË†’ Í®°æ¤ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. (Tomorrow, future (´·çü¿’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E)ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?)

b) My sister is coming here next week

Ééπ\úø next week ÅE time îÁ°æpôç ´©x, is com-

ing èπÿú≈ future action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomor-

row

Tomorrow ÅE time îÁ°æpôç, are coming èπÿú≈future action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.u éÌEo verbs †’ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing

form ™ ¢√úøç éπü∆: ÅN a) ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† love, hate, like, dislike, feel ™«çöÀN b) ´’†mind èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† know, understand,

remember, forget, think ™«çöÀN; c) appear,

belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need,

seem ™«çöÀN. OöÀ™x ¢ËöÀéÀ èπÿú≈ am + ing/ is

+ ing/ are + ing forms ™‰´¤.u have + past participle/ has + participle

form- DEo present perfect Åçö«ç.DEéÀ äéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç, past action, time not stat-

edéπü∆?a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen

- have + pp ¢√∞¡Ÿx movie îª÷¨»®Ω’– á°æ¤p-úø-ØËCûÁLßª’ôç ™‰ü¿’)They saw the movie yesterday

(¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o îª÷¨»®Ω’– verb saw - ÉC past

doing word. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo simple past tense

Åçö«ç)b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last

night (not ÖçC é¬•öÀd did see)

c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not

buy a car a year ago. (not ÖçC é¬•öÀd did

buy)

Questions ™ èπÿú≈ did + 1st RDW:

Did you see him last night?

Did they buy a car a year ago?

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWINGPavan: †’Oy ´’üµ¿u ¨¡çûª-Ø˛-ØË-´’Ø√o éπL-¨»¢√?Suman: á°æ¤púÓ ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ éπE-°œç-î√úø’.Pavan: ¢√úø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞Ïx N≠æßª’ç FûÓ à´’Ø√o

îÁ§ƒpú≈ Ç®ÓV?Suman: ¢√úø’ next monday •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.Pavan: ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î√aúø’. ¢√öÀE AJ-

TîËaßª÷©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úø’ ††’o ¢√®Ωçí¬éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’.

Suman: Åûª†’ EFo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.Pavan: FÈé™« ûÁ©’Ææ’?Suman: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ éπL-¨»†’ éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ûÓ

ÅØ√oúø’.

ANSWERPavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of

late?

Suman: I saw him about a week ago

Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day

about his going to the US

Suman: He is leaving next monday.

Pavan: He has given me some books. I want

to return them. He hasn’t (has not) met

me for a week.

Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see

you today.

Pavan: How do you know?

Suman: I met him a week ago, didn’t I? He told

me then.

Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕSuneetha gave the book to me.

(Ææ’Fûª Ø√ π◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç É*açC)É™«çöÀ sentences ¢ËÍ® subjects, ¢ËÍ® verbs ûÓquestion ™, not ûÓ, dialogue form ™ áEo

®√ßª’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.eg: a) They distribute sweets to children

b) Harish did not show his book to me

c) Does he tell his secrets to you?

Raghu: Has he written any letter to you?

Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday.

Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He

gave his address to me. Do you want

it?

Ramana: Give it to me.

When does the class begin?


M. SURESAN


II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

-v°æ-¨¡o: Where we have to use ‘to’

1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to

Ramana. Which is correct ?

2. I) After the meeting, please come to me.

II) After the meeting, please come me.

3. I) If you have two pens please give me.

II) If you have two pens please give to me.

Which is correct?

Please tell me proper usage of ‘to’. General-

ly we use ‘off’ as switch off, Turn off, power

off like that in order to stop some thing. In

your article you had told that ‘how did the

marriage go off’. Tell me the usage of ‘off’

also. – ®Ω-´’-ù, -ßª÷--Ø√ç-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. ‘Tell’

is not followed by to.

2) Please come to me - is correct, come is

followed by to before a place/ person.

3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct

sentence is:

If you have two pens, please give me one/

please give one to me.

The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We

use ‘to’ before a place, a person, after a num-

ber of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons

of spoken English on prepositions, for the cor-

rect uses of to, off, etc.

‘How did the marriage go off?’ In this sentence

‘go off’ is a phrasal verb, and ‘off’ is a part of it.

‘Go off’- the set of words here, as a whole

means, ‘take place’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ØË†’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕßª’ç Nü∆u-JnE-E. é¬™¸ ÂÆçô®˝ÖüÓuí∫ç îËßª÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬English spell îËßª’-ö«-EéÀ PronunciationAudio Casettes , Foreign Accent èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË cassettes í∫’Jç* ûÁ-L-ßª’--ñ‰-ßª’çúÕ. •’é˙q à¢Á’iØ√ ´÷È®\öx -Öç-ö«ßª÷?

– Èé.---´’-ßª‚-J, é¬--@Ê°-ô-ï-¢√-•’:

1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL(Central Institute of English and ForeignLanguages) ¢√∞¡x Casettes O’èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø--û√®·. Â°ü¿l book shops ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.BBC, ´·êuçí¬ CNN TV ChannelsNewscasts N†çúÕ.

2) Books N≠æ-ßª÷-E-éÌÊÆh Oxford/ Langman’sDictionary pronunciation follow Å´çúÕ–¢√öÀ™x British/ American- È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬©Pronunciation É≤ƒh®Ω’.

Download - eenadu pratibha 101-115

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