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Maham Masood Sadiq
Ahmed Waqas Zubairi
Kumail Abbas
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Sabieh Anwar
EXPERIMENT-1 (INTENSITY OF SUN RAYS)
Apparatus:
1. Balloon
2. Black Marker
3. Torch
Procedure:
1. Blow up a balloon
2. Mark a line with the help of a black marker along the
center of the balloon. The balloon represents the Earth
while the line represents the Equator
3. Hold a torch perpendicular to the balloon’s equator
4. Move the torch vertically upwards without changing its
horizontal distance from the balloon
5. Notice how the bright spot spreads out as the torch
moves upwards
Conclusion:
The spreading of the light shows how the light intensity decreases as we move away from the
equator. The Sun acts in a similar manner on the Earth. The Equator receives the highest
intensity of its rays all year round while the North and the South poles receive very less sunlight
and are hence, the coldest regions on the planet.
EXPERIMENT-2 CLOUDS AND FOG
Apparatus:
1 Glass Jar
Warm water
Black Chart paper
Scotch Tape
Small Shopping bag
Match Stick
Procedure:
1. Take glass jar and tape black chart paper on to its one side.
2. Fill 1/3rd of the jar with warm water
3. Light a match stick, blow it off and throw it into the water once smoke starts coming
from it.
4. Immediately place a shopping bag full of ice on the mouth of the jar to seal it.
5. The condensation of the rising water vapors on to the smoke near the ice bag forms a
cloud on the upper half of the jar. The smoke enables us to see the condensing water
vapors.
Conclusion:
Clouds are formed in the atmosphere when the water vapor condenses at high altitudes on
microscopic particles such as dust or smoke. If a similar condensation takes place on the ground
level in winters then fog is formed.
EXPERIMENT-3
WEATHER FRONTS
Apparatus:
1 Large Glass Jar
Jug
Hot Water
Cold Water
Food Coloring
Thermometer
Procedure:
1. Take a glass jar and fill 3/4th of it with cold water.
2. Now fill a jug with hot water and add food
coloring to it
3. Slightly tilt the glass jar and slowly pour the
colored hot water into it. Make sure the colored
water stays near the surface.
4. Straighten the glass jar, you will observe that the
colored warm water will lie above the cold water
as lighter layer
5. Use a thermometer to measure the difference between the cold and the hot water.
Conclusion:
The experiment shows that the boundary between the cold and the warm colored water in the
jar shows a weather front. In weather patterns, when warm air meets with cold air, the warm
air rises above the cold air, condenses and forms clouds which lead to rain.
EXPERIMENT -4 CREATING A BREEZE
Apparatus:
2 heat proof trays
Sand
Ice
Incense Stick (ارگ یّتب)
Match Stick
Heat Proof Mat
Procedure:
1. Take two heat proof trays, fill one with sand and
place it in the oven to heat it up
2. Fill the second tray with ice and place both the
trays next to each other on a heatproof mat.
3. Take a wooden chip and light it with a
matchstick.
4. Place the chip in between the two trays and
blow it away.
5. The smoke from the wood will move towards the hot sand plate as air above the ice is
dense.
Conclusion:
The experiment shows how warm air moves away from a high-pressure zone such as the dense
air above the ice to a low-pressure zone like the air above the hot sand. This phenomenon gives
rise to the land and sea breeze on coastal areas.
EXPERIMENT-5 INVISIBLE WATER
Apparatus:
Large Glass jar
Cold Water
Bowl with a curved base
Warm metal plate
Procedure:
1. Take a glass and fill it with cold water up till 2
inches.
2. Place a jar on a slightly warm place like a mildly hot
metal tray.
3. Place a bowl in a fridge until it is cold. Then place it
on the mouth of the jar ensuring it is fully sealed.
4. After some time you will observe droplets of water
on the base of the bowl. These are caused by the
condensation of evaporating water from the hot
water in the jar.
Conclusion:
The experiment shows that when water gets hot and starts to evaporate, it is not visible to us.
The air around us contains this invisible water as water vapors that play an important role in
the formation of clouds and are the cause of humidity in our environment.
EXPERIMENT-6 EXPANDING AIR
Apparatus:
1 small 250ml Plastic bottle
Pebbles
Cold and boiling water
Food Coloring
Children’s play dough or flour dough
Drinking Straw
Safety Pin
Large Jug
Procedure:
1. Take a small plastic bottle and fill 1/3rd of it with pebbles
2. Now half fill it with cold water and add food coloring to it
3. Place a straw inside the bottle and make sure it is fully immersed into the water
4. Seal the opening of the bottle and the straw with play dough to make bottle airtight
5. Make a tiny whole with the help of a pin in the opening of the straw
6. Fill a jug with boiling water and place the bottle inside it. Ensure that the water comes
up till the neck of the bottle.
7. The hot water will cause the pin on the straw to fly away and colored water will come
out.
Conclusion:
The heat from the boiling water in the jug made the air inside the bottle to expand and push
the colored water out of the straw. The heat from the Sun similarly causes the air on the Earth
to expand and rise. This movement of air forms clouds and thus causes various weather
changes around us.
EXPERIMENT-7
RISING WARM AIR
Apparatus:
Cold and Hot water
Food Coloring
Small tea cup
Glass Jar
Cling film
Rubber band
Knife
Procedure:
1. Take a teacup and fill it with hot water.
2. Add food coloring to the water and cover the cup with
cling film. Wrap it with a rubber band to ensure it is
sealed.
3. Take a clear glass jar and place the cup inside it
4. Now fill the jug with cold water
5. Cut the cling film from the center with a knife to form a
hole
6. You will observe that a thin line of colored water will
rise up in the jar and spread out at the top
7. The colored water will then gradually cool and spread
in the bottle.
Conclusion:
This experiment once again proved that warm air rises and
generates air currents on our planet.
EXPERIMENT-8 THUNDERSTORMS
Apparatus:
1. Rubber Glove
2. Artificial fiber cloth
3. Metal Plate/Tray
4. Scissors with plastic handle
5. Stopwatch
Procedure:
1. Put on the rubber glove on your hand and
lay a cloth on the table.
2. Rub the metal plate on the cloth for 6
minutes until the static charge is gathered
on it.
3. Switch off the lights of your room and
slowly lower the tip of your scissors on the
plate.
4. The moment the scissors touch the plate, a
spark will produce between the plate and
the tips of scissor and you may hear a faint
sound of thunder.
Conclusion:
The experiment simulates the lightning formed during thunderstorms due to a difference in
voltage between the ground and the clouds. The charged plate acts as the highly charged up
clouds and when an uncharged conducting scissors approaches the plate, a spark is produced to
meet up the voltage gap. This is exactly what happens during a real time thunderstorm.
EXPERIMENT-9 MEASURING RAINFALL
Apparatus:
1. 2.5 liter Clear Plastic Bottle
2. Colored Scotch Tape
3. Pebbles
4. Scissors
5. Ruler
6. Water
Procedure:
1. Make a straight cut through the bottle from the point the curved part ends
2. Add some pebbles to the bottle
3. Stick the colored tape above the point from where the pebbles end
4. Add water to the bottle until it reaches top of the tape
5. Turn the top section of the bottle up-side down and fit it inside the bottle
6. Put the bottle outside when it is raining. Measure the water level with the help of a
ruler above the tape in centimeters once it stops raining
7. The measured height is the amount of rainfall received by the area
Conclusion:
What you just made out of the bottle is called a rain gauge and is used to measure the amount
of the rainfall received by a city or a town. The standard units for measuring rainfall are
centimeters.
EXPERIMENT-10 WINTER FROST
Apparatus:
1 Glass
Crushed Ice
Salt
Procedure:
1. Fill a glass with crushed ice and add salt to it. The salt aids in the melting of the ice.
2. Leave the glass at room temperature for a while and you will observe ice crystals on the
outside of the glass. They have been caused by the chilling of the water vapors in the
surrounding air of the glass.
Conclusion:
The crystals outside the glass depict the frost seen in winters on cars, plants, roads and
windows. The low temperatures cause the water vapors to solidify into ice.
Experiment 11
Measuring Air Pressure
Apparatus:
Bowl/Beaker
Large Balloon
Scissors
Scotch Tape
2 Drinking Straws
A4 Colored Card
Black Marker
Ruler
Procedure:
1. Cut the neck of a balloon and place it over bowl. Fix it over the bowl with the help of
a scotch tape.
2. Join the 2 straws together with a tape and stick it on the center of the bowl, above
the balloon.
3. Fold the colored card and horizontal lines on it, 6mm apart to make an air pressure
scale.
4. Place the bowl on a table and put the card next to the ending of the straw.
5. If the room pressure goes up, the pointer straw would move up the scale and vice
versa.
Conclusion:
The device that you just made is called a barometer and is used to measure air pressure. If the
room pressure increases, the balloon is pushed down which causes the straw to move up and
an increase in the scale reading where as if the pressure decreases, the balloon inflates and
causes the straw to move down the scale. Barometers play an important role in weather
forecasting since low pressure causes the rising warm air to carry moisture and form clouds
which leads to cloudy weather.
Experiment 12
Measuring Wind Speed
Apparatus:
1 Paper Plate
4 Paper Cups
Eraser tipped pencil
Colored Scotch Tape
Soft board pin
Double sided tape
Stopwatch
Procedure:
1. Stick a colored scotch tape around one of the cups to
mark it.
2. Mark a cross on the plate with the help of a ruler to
find its center.
3. Stick the 4 cups at equal distance at the edges of the
paper plate.
4. Pass the pin through the center of the plate and
attach it to the rubber end of the pencil.
5. Place the apparatus outside and calculate with the
help of a stopwatch, how many times the marked cup
passes in 30 seconds.
6. Record the values for different times of the day and
make a chart.
Conclusion:
The instrument that you just built is called an anemometer
and is used to calculate the wind speed in an area. Wind is
produced due to air pressure difference between two areas
and leads to various weather forms.
Experiment 13 Making a Wind Vane
Apparatus:
A4 sized chart paper
Pencil
Scissors
Scotch tape
2 Kitchen skewers
4 clips
Pen cap
Compass
Procedure:
1. Find the top center of the chart paper, mark 2 diagonal
lines from it to opposite ends and cut out a triangle.
2. Neatly fold the triangle and stick 2 coins with the help of
a scotch tape inside the thinner side of the triangle.
3. Balance the folded triangle on a pencil and mark is center
of gravity. Stick a pen cap with the help of a scotch tape
on this center.
4. Stick the 2 kitchen skewers together and place the 4 clips
in opposite directions at the center of the skewers.
5. Insert the top of the skewer into the pen cap attached to
the card triangle.
6. The pointed vane of the triangle points in the direction
from which the wind is coming. Use a compass to
determine the direction of the wind.
Conclusion:
What you just made is called a wind vane and is used to
determine the direction of the wind.
Experiment 14 Snowflake
Apparatus:
Beaker/Transparent Jug
White Thread
Sugar/Salt
Metal wire
Ruler
Scissors
Food Coloring
Procedure:
1. Take a metal wire and shape it in the form of a snowflake. Wrap it around with white
thread.
2. Take boiling water in a beaker and mix sugar in it until the water saturates.
3. Add food color to the water in order to make the snowflake visible
4. Tie the snowflake to a ruler and suspend it in saturated water
5. Leave the beaker for 24 hours and then take out the snowflake.
6. It should have crystals of sugar deposited on it, which make it look like a real winter
snowflake.
Conclusion:
The accumulation of sugar that you see on the snowflake is due to a process called
crystallization. Ice crystals are a common sight in winters in the northern areas of Pakistan
where rainwater freezes due to low temperatures while water droplets are drawn together in
the clouds due to electrostatic forces in the clouds to form a variety of shapes of crystals.