Download - Elementary particles
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 1
Spring 2005, Physics 123
Elementary particles
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 2
Concepts
• antimatter• leptons• quarks • fundamental interactions
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 3
Mass and energy
• Mass and energy are interchangeable• Energy can be used to create mass (matter)• Mass can be destroyed and energy released
2mcE
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 4
Energy, mass and momentum • Mass is energy:
2mcE
420
222 cmcpE
• Energy –momentum - mass
• Units for mass2/ ceV
• Units for momentum
ceV /
• vc:
22
0
/1 cv
mm
• v=c if and only if m0=0• M=0
hcE
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 5
Particle acceleration
• Electric field is used to accelerate the elementary particles and thus increase their energy
• Energy is conserved, because particles receive their energy from the electric field
• Energy of accelerated particles can be used to produce new particles (matters)
eVEnergy 5000
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 6
Particle acceleration
RF cavities
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 7
Particle accelerators• Fermilab • 40 miles west of
Chicago • Tevatron – at the
moment world’s highest energy collider – 1 TeV proton beam
collides with 1 TeV antiproton beam
– 6.28 km circumference • Top quark discovery
- 1996
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 8
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
• Next collider – LHC - is built in Europe, operational 2008
• 27 km;• 14 Tev - LHC will discover Higgs if
it exists.• Two high PT experiments _CMS and
Atlas
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 9
Magnetic fields are used to separate positive from negativeAnd measure particle velocity“Mustache” = matter – antimatter pairs
Bubble chamber picture
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 10
Detecting particles
• Tracking charged particle in magnetic field - p
• Calorimeter – collect all energy, energy loss light
• The only particle that can survive calorimeter material – muon
• Calorimeter is followed by another set of tracking devices – muon chambers
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Tracking: connecting the dots
40 cm
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Nature’s scales
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Matter = fermions (s=1/2)
For each fermion there exists an antiparticle with opposite electric charge
ee
ee
Leptons Chargee -1ee 0
-1e 0
-1e 0
Quarks Chargeu +2/3ed -1/3ec +2/3es -1/3et +2/3eb -1/3e
etcdduu ,....;
All fermions interact gravitationally and weakly.
All charged particles interact electromagnetically.
Only quarks interact strongly
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 14
Periodic table of forces
4 fundamental forces – others combinations of these.
Interaction Field particle CommentElectromagnetic Photon Holds electron in
orbitStrong Gluon g Holds nucleus Weak W+, W-, Z0-bosons Reactions in the Sun
Gravity Graviton G (??) Holds planets in orbit
S=1
S=2
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 15
Fundamental interactions and Feynman diagrams
• Gauge bosons (photon, W, Z, gluon, graviton) mediate fundamental interactions
• Example: photon – quantum of EM field– Electron knows about the presence of another electron through
EM field. In quantum language – through exchange of photons:
e-
e-e-
e-
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 16
Periodic table of matter and forces
• 1st generation – enough to build the Universe
• Why 3 generation?• Mass hierarchy? • Why top is so heavy?
Matter:Matter: ForcesForces
Gravity
W,Z
EM and weak unified– Why M()=0
M(W)=80GeV, M(Z)=90 GeV? – Electro Weak Symmetry Breaking
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 17
Higgs boson – generator of mass• Theoretical hypothesis:
– Space is saturated with bosonic field (Higgs, s=0) with nonzero vev;
– W, Z bosons absorb a component of this field and gain mass, while photon does not and remains massless
– fermions acquire mass through interaction with Higgs boson.
• Analogy – popular person in a party (massive particle) attracts a lot of people (Higgs boson) thus effectively gaining mass.
• To test the hypothesis – find Higgs
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 18
Higher generations – heavier replicas of the first generation
• Muon discovered in 1930’s• Mass =105 MeV/c2
• Was a big surprise – first hint of extra generations
• Particles of higher generations decay into particles of lower generation
I.I. Rabi
ee
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 19
Top production • Statistics up to now :• 600 pb-1 3x1013collisions• 4200 top pairs produced
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 20
Top ID in “lepton+jets” channel
• Fingerprint of top pair production:• 2 b-jets • Lepton: electron or muon• Neutrino (from energy imbalance)• 2 q’s – transform to jets of particles
lWorqqWbWt
ttpp
'
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 21
Top event
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 22
Hadrons = composite quark states
• Meson = combination of quark and antiquark:
• Spin s=0 • Spin s=1
• Baryons = combination of 3 quarks
• Spin s=1/2• Spin s=3/2
0)31(
31;
1)32(
31;
1)32(
31;
0
QdbB
QubB
QubB
131
32
32;
031
31
32;
131
32
32;
Qduup
Quddn
Quudp
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 23
Conservation laws• Electric charge• Energy and momentum• Number of leptons and baryons (antilepton = -1,
antibaryon = -1)
23
2
0
/1091)(
/5.0)()(
cMeVZm
cMeVemem
Zee
2
20
0
/0)(
/135)(
)(
cMeVm
cMeVm
uu
Energymass Mass energy
04/22/23 Lecture XXV 24
Decays
• Z-boson• e+e- 3.36% 3.36% 3.36%• uubar 10.1%• ccbar 10.1%• ddbar 16.6%• ssbar 16.6%• bbbar 16.6%• All neutrinos 20%
Z