-
韓國放射線照相檢驗韓國放射線照相檢驗輻射防護管制輻射防護管制
行政院原子能委員會行政院原子能委員會輻射防護處98年4月
1
-
簡報大綱
輻射防護管制制度
輻射源衛星定位追蹤系統
NDT輻射防護經驗交流NDT輻射防護經驗交流輻射源製作與檢修訓練輻射源製作與檢修訓練
2
-
原子能法規架構
Atomic
▪ The Act provides the bases and fundamentalmatters concerning the development and utilization of atomic energy and safety
原子能法:母法
Energy Act
EnforcementDecree of the Act
(P id ti l D )
of atomic energy and safety regulations
▪ The Decree provides the technical standards and particulars entrusted by the
施行細則:技術標準與實行規定
(Presidential Decree)
EnforcementRegulation of the Act
(Prime Ministerial Ordinance)
p yAct and necessary for the enforcement of the Act
▪ The Regulation provides the particulars entrusted by the Act and the Decree such as detailed
施行細則:細部程序及書表
(Prime Ministerial Ordinance)
Notice of the Minister
of Science and Technology
and the Decree such as detailed procedures and format of documents
▪ The Notice provides detailed ti l f th t h i l
MOST辦法:技術標準與指引
Industrial Codes and Standards
particulars for the technical standards and guidelines
▪ Codes and Standards for materials, design, test, and i ti f t d
( ASME,ANSI etc.)inspection of components and equipment
3
-
輻射防護管制單位組織圖
Ministry of Science and st y o Sc e ce a d
Technology (MOST)
韓國科技部:法令制定
President
Prime Minister
Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC)
核安委員會由九位部會首長委員
組成
Ministry of Science & Technology
組成
重大核安議題決定
Korea Institute of Nuclear
Nuclear Energy Bureau
ResidentI t
Nuclear SafetyCommission
Nuclear Safety
Safety(KINS)核能安全管制院
成立於1990年,為行政法人組 織,
主要為支援MOST執行核安
InspectorsOffice
KINS
Nuclear Safety Office
主要為支援MOST執行核安
管制工作
KINS
4
-
KINS
依據1990國會賦予之任務:發展並執行核能安全管制以保護環境與公眾健康制以保護環境與公眾健康
任務除作為核管單位MOST的技術諮詢外並支援:
Missions
任務除作為核管單位MOST的技術諮詢外並支援:safety reviews and inspections(輻射防護安全審核及檢查)development of regulatory standards (研訂法令標準)monitor the environmental radiations across the Korean
peninsula (環境輻射劑量監測)
A d i d
Degree Ph. D Masters Bachelor Others TotalStaffs 147 143 74 11 375
Academic degrees
Staffs 147 143 74 11 375
5
-
RI/RG證照數量As of Oct. 2007
year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
No ofNo. of Licensees 44 174 698 1,692 1,822 1,998 2,127 2,336 2,723 3,073 3,425
* 一公司一證照,採總活度或總能量管制
*每年約增加10%*每年約增加10%.
6
-
各用途別執照數量 2006年底 Licensing Status of Users of Radioactive Materials and Radiation Generators
Categories OrganizationsObjects of Regulation
No. of licenseesRadio-isotopes Radiation generator Total
End users 851 1 083 1 934 1 753
Industry
End users 851 1,083 1,934 1,753
Industrial radiographers 41 40 81 41
Vendors & suppliers 71 137 208 167
Manufacturers 9 18 27 27
Sub · total 972 1,278 2,250 1,988
Medical Institutions
End users 148 63 211 142
Vendors & suppliers 5 1 6 0
Manufacturers 8 1 9 8Manufacturers 8 1 9 8
Sub · total 161 65 226 150
Laboratories
End users 192 126 318 273
Non · destructive test 1 1 2 1Laboratories
Vendors & suppliers 2 0 2 2
Sub · total 195 127 322 276
Educational Institutes
End users 154 142 296 218
Manufacturers 2 0 2 2Educational Institutes Manufacturers 2 0 2 2
Sub · total 156 142 298 220
Public Organizations
End users 252 171 423 385
Non · destructive test 0 1 1 1
7
Sub · total 252 172 424 386
Military 16 45 61 53
Total 1,752 1,829 3,581 3,073
-
許可執照範例
8
-
KINS管制流程
Users MOSTKINS
Review of Licensing ReviewIssue License
Application for License• Safety Analysis Report• Safety Control Regulation
Report of licensing review
result
Application
Request for correction
Safety Review• Facility and handling • Equipment and Manpower
License
Construction of a facility
Conduct facility inspectionApplication of facility inspection
Application
Notification of the result
Notification of the start of in-service
• Safety Management on source, facility, waste, Supervision
Inventory management (source, waste)
Report Report the result, y, ,
workers• Quarterly reporting
SupervisionConduct periodic
inspection(1/3/5 yr), etcNotification of
the result
9
-
執照種類
License (or Permission)(許可類)Th l l h ld lik t l d t l d• The legal person who would like to sale, product, use any sealed or
unsealed sources and radiation generating devices exceeding the radiation level of notification shall apply to MOST
• The applicant shall be reviewed on Safety of Practices by the Authority (KINS)
Notification(登記備查類)• notification alone is sufficient provided that the activities of radiation substances or capacity of radiation generating devices do not exceed the level of license requirementslevel of license requirements
Exemption(豁免)
10
-
游離輻射設備豁免
Radiation Generating Devices(Exemption)(Exemption)Maximum energy from accelerated charged particles and all
other accompanied radiations is not greater than 5 keVX-ray generating devices for medical diagnosisFull Enclosure Type
• Maximum electric volt of accelating tube shall not exceed 50kV• Maximum electric volt of accelating tube shall not exceed 50kV• Surface of radiation at all of contact points shall not exceed 1μSv/hr.
11
-
執照分類彙整表
Safety Regulation Criteria of Radioisotopes
Category Source Exemption from Regulation Subject to Declaration Subject to Licensing
- Less then concentration or quantity recommended by the BSS- Byproduct material designated by Notice of the MOST (i e emitters military equipment etc )
- All · in · one devices which generate 10,000 times or less of regulation exemption quantity,
When exceeding the criteria for declaration
RI
Sealed sourceMOST (i.e., emitters, military equipment, etc.) g p q y,
with 10 μSv/h or less surface dose rate - Calibration source of 40 MBq or less,500 μSv/h or less surface dose during use, 1 μSv/h or less during storage
Less then concentration or quantity recommended by When exceeding theOpen source
- Less then concentration or quantity recommended by the BSS -
When exceeding the regulation exemption criteria
Production, sales and mobile use
- Less then concentration or quantity recommended by the BSS
-
R
Use
- Less then 5 keV - Full protective type devices (radiation device design approval) - Maximum tube voltage 170 kV or less and 10 μSv/h or less surface dose rate
When exceeding the criteria for declaration
RG
Production, sales and mobile use
- Maximum energy 5 keV or less
-
When exceeding the regulation exemption criteria
12
BSS : International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources
-
檢查流程
Facility Inspection(安裝檢查)
Before operation of the facilities installed, the Licensee shall be inspectedby the Authority that the facilities are meet to the licensed condition.
Periodical Inspection(定期檢查)
• The Licensee shall be inspected by the Authority periodically for safety of the sale, use, storage and other radiation protection activities. (使用、銷售、生產、貯存)(使用、銷售、生產、貯存)
• Period : 1 yr (NDT, permitted–seller/producer, Medical Inst., etc), 3yr/5yr (permitted seller Industrial factory etc)3yr/5yr (permitted–seller, Industrial factory, etc)
13
-
執照及檢查收費
The KINS is partly supported by the MOST. Also the rest of finance is from the licensing & inspectionAlso the rest of finance is from the licensing & inspection fee of the licensee including the nuclear power plants & radiation. In case of radiation (主要收入來自證照及檢查費)( )
(For Example) ( p )• Fee payable for permit(RI/RG)- Sale: 1,260 ~ 1,820USD - Production: 5,600 ~ 70,000USD - Use: 1,120 ~ 140,000 USD (High capacity)
• Fee payable for inspectionFee payable for inspection - Periodic(use, sale): 672 ~ 5,600USD - Facility : 672 ~ 5,600USD
14
-
輻射源進出口流程Korea
RadioisotopeAssociation
(KRIA)
Ministry of Science and Technology
(MOST)(KRIA)
RI/RG
PermissionR f h N ti f th I t
Permission
(Product, Uses, Sales)
COMPANY(N ifi i
Request of the
Notification Permission
Notice of the Import
and Export Requirement
Confirm of the Import and(Notification, Permission)
(RI/RG)
Permission Confirm of the Import and
Export Requirement
Customs Clearance
KoreaCustomsService
Confirmation of Import and
Export Requirement
R
15
Report
-
輻射源衛星定位追蹤系統緣起
韓國核能安全管制院(Korea Institute of nuclear safety,KINS)發展nuclear safety,KINS)發展
2004~2005年由政府支持投資2百萬美元(約6,500萬元新台幣)進行GPS裝置於I 192照射器定位追萬元新台幣)進行GPS裝置於Ir-192照射器定位追蹤研究試驗
2006年3月開始對其國內1000餘部工業照相輻射源(Ir-192照射器)設置GPS車機(START-1)
即時應變以防範遭竊遺失事件發生,以增進一般民眾對輻射防護安全之信心
16
-
輻射源衛星定位追蹤系統示意圖
17
-
START-1示意圖
START-1包含
‧整合GPS功能之手機晶片
‧RF射頻產生晶片
棒型天線‧棒型天線
‧高電容電池
‧經冷熱、掉落、震動、防
水測試水測試
18
-
電池示意圖及規格
19
-
中央控制系統
網路伺服器1組
資料庫伺服器1組
通訊伺服器1組通訊伺服器 組
控制軟體:INTRAMAP-2D(GIS地理資訊系統) 1:5000電子地圖
功能
‧START-1即時位置資訊取得
‧運送歷史資訊查詢
‧可要求START-1回報其資訊
‧可命令START-1產生RF訊號
20
-
操作示範圖
21
-
系統技術
由KINS全額負擔系統開發及維護費用由KINS全額負擔系統開發及維護費用
‧協助NDT業者掌握其輻射源流向,增進運送安全性與派遣便利性
‧增進輻射安全信心、防範遺失
‧非作為監控稽查工具非作為監控稽查工具
系統涵蓋三項追蹤技術
‧GPS(室外,精確其誤差約數公尺)‧GPS(室外,精確其誤差約數公尺)
‧手機通訊系統(CDMA ,手機訊號可接收處,誤差約數百公尺)數百公尺)
‧RF(可由中央控制系統或偵檢車輛下達發出RF訊號,收發距離約數百公尺)
22
)
-
輻射源GPS定位追蹤系統技術
23
-
輻射源GPS定位追蹤系統考量
每年約有10% START-1塑膠外殼因破損需更新
GPS車機START-1對若干形式之Ir-192照射器(880型)因體積太大而無法安裝
市場規模小成本高,每年KINS約需負擔75萬元美金(約新台幣2,300萬元)運轉預算,其中通信費用佔其40% (即30萬元美金)其40% (即30萬元美金)
若於室內手機訊號無法接收處,即定位於最後訊號(GPS或手機訊號)接收點(GPS或手機訊號)接收點
系統具自動偵測START-1電量並可通知(e-mail)業者需即時充電需即時充電
若START-1故障或與Ir-192照射器分離即無法反應輻射源真實位置
24
射源真實位置
-
NDT輻射防護經驗交流
SITCO簡介
1991.04設立,員工人數290人(從事RT人數約150人)
年營業額15億韓元(約5億元新台幣),屬中大型非破壞檢驗公司,具有I 192照射器59部 C 60照射器3部 X光機14部 RT具有Ir-192照射器59部、 Co-60照射器3部、X光機14部,RT ASNT LEVELⅢ有11位,約為國內最大非破壞檢驗公司之6倍。
韓國NDT業者背景規模韓國NDT業者背景規模
共41家, 一般而言工作人員約有2、3百人,RT工作人員約佔半
數以上,最大之非破壞檢驗公司有500多人,最小之非破壞檢驗數以上 最大之非破壞檢驗公司有500多人 最小之非破壞檢驗公司有8人,大部分工作人員皆畢業自本科系所之大專院校,Ir-192照射器約2000餘,660型約佔1300部、880型400多部、餘為其他型式。為其他型式。
RT工作每張相片平均約為8元美金,最高約25元美金
25
-
公司設立基準
設備
‧X光機至少5部
‧γ照射器至少10部
‧個人警報器至少10部
偵檢儀器至少10部‧偵檢儀器至少10部
‧束射器至少10個
‧警示燈至少10組警示燈至少10組
‧運送車輛至少4輛
人員
‧具證書之輻防人員至少2人(每增加10部設備增加1人)
‧具證書之RT輻安人員至少2‧具證書之RT輻安人員至少2人(每增加1部設備增加1人)
‧具證書之NDT工作人員至少4
26人
-
輻射防護要求
訓練
新進RT工作人員於工作前接受20小時輻射防護訓練,在職員工每年6小時輻射防護訓練(由KRIA委託專責訓練機構辦理)
健檢
每年辦理乙次
劑量
個人年劑量限度同我國,每月劑量佩章交由KRIA評定
27
-
工作人員年劑量分布
28
-
貯存場所規定
以Ir-192為例
貯存容量:50Ci*10部‧貯存容量:50Ci*10部
‧需設置警報(目前大都已設置保全監視設備)
制式貯存箱體(每一貯存場所最多36個箱體)‧制式貯存箱體(每一貯存場所最多36個箱體)
‧貯存室外周圍輻射劑量需低於0.5μSv/hr
29
-
貯存室(箱)圖
30
-
貯存場所設置規範
31
-
作業現場輻防要求
工作人員
每3人一組,至少有1人具輻安證書
需佩戴劑量佩章、個人警報器、攜帶偵檢儀器需佩戴劑量佩章 個人警報器 攜帶偵檢儀器
管制區設置
於20 μSv/hr處,使用警示燈、警示繩、警示標誌於20 μSv/hr處 使用警示燈 警示繩 警示標誌等器具設置作業管制區
輻射源:
工作前檢查照射器標誌、照射器及控制絞盤功能完整性
32
-
Ir-192輻射源示意圖
Components Materials Dimensions, mm
Source capsule STS316L OD 5.00; ID 2.70; L 8.00
O t S STS316L OD 6 35 ID 5 21 L 13 50
Components Materials Dimensions, mm
Source capsule STS316L OD 5.00; ID 2.70; L 8.00
O t S STS316L OD 6 35 ID 5 21 L 13 50Outer Source cap STS316L OD 6.35; ID 5.21; L 13.50
Cap connector STS316L OD 6.35; ID 4.80; L 10.88
Pig tail cable Carbon steel Center line OD 5.00
Outer Source cap STS316L OD 6.35; ID 5.21; L 13.50
Cap connector STS316L OD 6.35; ID 4.80; L 10.88
Pig tail cable Carbon steel Center line OD 5.00
Spiral OD 2.70; L 151.44
Locking ball STS316L L 5.80
Total length L 182.00
Spiral OD 2.70; L 151.44
Locking ball STS316L L 5.80
Total length L 182.00
Active source A stack of 3.0 × 0.25 mm or 2.7 × 0.25 mm of 192Ir discs
Capsule appearance Double encapsulated with stainless steel 316L
Half life 74.04 days
Active source A stack of 3.0 × 0.25 mm or 2.7 × 0.25 mm of 192Ir discs
Capsule appearance Double encapsulated with stainless steel 316L
Half life 74.04 daysy
Delivery 3 ~ 4 days, delivered in type B(U) transfer containers
Source activities 30 ~ 110 Ci
y
Delivery 3 ~ 4 days, delivered in type B(U) transfer containers
Source activities 30 ~ 110 Ci
33
-
Ir-192輻射源外觀及圖
Connector
Pigtail
Capsule
34
-
放射線照相檢驗業輻射防護
35
-
Ir-192照相檢驗設備
36
-
Ir-192照相檢驗設備檢修要點
照射器每日檢點項目‧ 檢查照射器外表是否有損壞
‧ 使用偵檢儀器偵檢照射器表面,確認表面劑量低於2mSv/hr
‧ 檢查輻射警示標誌是否污損
‧ 檢查照射器鎖頭之鎖閉開啟是否平順
‧ 檢查安全栓是否正常‧ 檢查安全栓是否正常
‧ 檢查前導栓蓋是否鎖緊
‧ 檢查射源連接器是否有髒污磨損。
‧ 取下照射器之安全塞並連接驅動鋼索,檢查射源出口是否平滑無損。
每年進行至少一次擦拭報告表面污染劑量需低於‧ 每年進行至少一次擦拭報告表面污染劑量需低於0.005μCi(185Bq)
37
-
Ir-192照相檢驗設備檢修要點
前導管每日檢點項目• 檢查照射器與前導管之連接螺紋是否有無髒污或遭泥垢堵
住,是否連接平順
以手觸摸前導管是否平順有無凹陷• 以手觸摸前導管是否平順有無凹陷
搖把每日檢點項目搖把每日檢點項目• 檢查搖把方向指示標籤是否貼緊• 檢查公接頭狀況及與母接頭連接情形• 檢查搖把搖動情況是否平順• 檢查導管之公接頭是否有無髒污或遭泥垢堵住• 以手觸摸導管是否平順有無凹陷
38
-
結 語
韓國輻射防護管制架構大致與我國相似,皆採用電腦系統管理與網路平台進行管制腦系統管理與網路平台進行管制
韓國發展之輻射源衛星定位追蹤系統具全天候追蹤特性且可即時顯示輻射源位置,若遺失時可掌握輻射源位置以縮短找尋時間,進而增進民眾對輻射安全的信心;然相對開發運作成本、定位準確度、定位死角(衛星或手機訊號無法接收處),皆為開發時須評估考量之重點
39