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[LGUKXRGMOMK O[]LJDO MK CGRHJO
MKYOX]ODKL]J MK YRGBJCJ@GO K RJBGJCJ@GO
DKR]XOMJ KD YRGBJCJ@GO BCLGBO K MJ OBJLRKCFODKL]J
Kstgcjs porkltogs k j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor
]kcdo Yoz
JXGKL]OMJXO1 Yrjekssjro Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrks
[lgvkrsgmomk Outljdo mk Cgshjo
Cgshjo, Jutuhrj mk 89?=
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GG
Mgsskrtoj mk Dkstromj rkocgzomo sjh o jrgkltoj mo Yrjekssjro Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrksoprkskltomo lo [OC poro jhtklj mk `rou mk Dkstrk lo kspkbgocgmomk mk Ysgbjcj`go
Bclgbo bjlejrdk j mkspobfj mo M@KR l ?7502/8995 puhcgbomj kd Mgrgj mo Xkphcgbo 8srgk mk 85 mk Rktkdhrj mk 8995.
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GGG
O`romkbgdkltjs
Yrgdkgrodkltk, o`romkj o Mkus quk dk pkrdgtgu bfk`or ot oqug. Rkd Kck, skg
quk lj tkrgo sgmj pjssvkc, tumj oqugcj quk eug uctropossolmj k bjlqugstolmj muroltkkstks ctgdjs bglbj oljs mk kstumj.
O`romkj todhd oj dku qukrgmj dorgmj quk skdprk dk opjgju k ejg tj
pobgkltk bjdg`j, ossgd bjdj j dku egcfjtk. Kcks, quk toltos vkzks tgvkrod mk trotor mk
tumj j quk kro lkbkssrgj sjzglfjs skd o dglfo bjcohjrojskd os suos oaumos k
opjgj lj tglfo sgmj pjssvkc bfk`or ot oqug.
Lj pjssj ksqukbkr mk rkekrgr js dkus Yogstjrks, Agd k Fkckl Xkgdkr, skdprkbjd udo pocovro mk klbjroaodkltj k djtgvoj quolmj dk vgod bolsomo k
mksolgdomo.
Os dglfos qukrgmos dolos k s odg`os skdprk otkltos k gltkrkssomos, jhrg`omo
pkcos vjssos jroks k odgzomk.
O tjmos os bjck`os mj GRYO bjd qukd portgcfkg trs oljs mkstk mksoegj k quk
dugtos rkbjrmoks o`romvkgs dk mkgxorodkd kspkbgoc o Molgkco, bjdpolfkgro mk
cuto kd tjmjs js trohocfjs mk `rupj (k lj ejrod pjubjs) oj cjl`j mjs trs oljs. K ojs
dogs rkbkltks bjck`os, js mo [OC bjd qukd tklfj kstomj js ctgdjs mjgs oljs,
Jhrg`omo!
O`romkj todhd dglfo Yrjekssjro k Jrgkltomjro, Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrks, quk
sk mgspjlghgcgzju o trohocfor lkstk prjaktj bjdg`j k dk tkd oaumomj bjd tjmj j sku
bjlfkbgdkltj k kxpkrglbgo.
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GU
Xksudj
Rohkdjs quk o eodcgo kxkrbk ejrtk gdpobtj lo vgmo mjs skus kckdkltjs. Yogs k
egcfjs, rkbkhkd k mj bjltrghutj poro quk sk bjlstruo udo mgldgbo k cgl`uo`kd
prprgo k glmgvgmuoc mo eodcgo. Js kstgcjs porkltogs sj js bjdpjrtodkltjs, otgtumks mjs
pogs eobk o tumj j quk klvjcvk js skus egcfjs. O ejrdo bjdj cgmod bjd js egcfjs, os
kstrot`gos quk utgcgzod lo kmuboj, obohod pjr bjlstrugr ud odhgkltk kdjbgjloc, quk
pjmk skr dogs pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtrgj ju outjrgtotgvj.
Kstk kstumj prktklmk olocgsor sk kxgstk gleculbgo mjs kstgcjs porkltogs lj
mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mjs egcfjs, muroltk o omjcksblbgo. O odjstro ejg rkbjcfgmo ludo
ksbjco phcgbo mo `rolmk Cgshjo, aultj mk oculjs mj ; oj 7 olj ksbjcor aultodkltk
bjd o portgbgpoj mjs pogs (klborrk`omjs mk kmuboj). J dtjmj mk rkbjcfo mjs
momjs kckgtj ejg j quoltgtotgvj, rkbjrrklmj ojs _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc
(vkrsj pogs k egcfjs) k oj _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj.
Eulmodkltomj lo cgtkroturo kxgstkltk, pkrbkhkdjs quk j kekgtj mjs kstgcjs
porkltogs vorgo kd eulj mj bjltkxtj bucturoc. Aultodkltk bjd o jpjrtulgmomk mk eozkr
ksto olcgsk bjd hosk loqugcj quk sj os pkrbkks mjs pogs k mjs egcfjs lud dksdj
kstumj, bjlsgmkrju-sk pkrtglkltk kstumor k jhskrvor j sku gdpobtj lj mkskdpklfj
ksbjcor mjs omjcksbkltks.
Js rksuctomjs mkstk kstumj mkdjlstrorod quk j kstgcj porkltoc outjrgtotgvj
oqukck quk sk ossjbgo pjsgtgvodkltk o dkcfjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks. Kstolmj j kstgcj
porkltoc pkrdgssgvj k outjrgtrgj dogs ossjbgomj o rksuctomjs dmgjs ksbjcorks dogs
hogxjs. Ukrgegbdjs quk lj kxgstk `rou mk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk o pkrbkj mk kstgcj
porkltoc kltrk os momks pogs- egcfjs k /dks-egcfjs, toc pjmk glmgbor eocfos lo
bjdulgboj eodgcgor, gstj , oqugcj quk js pogs tkltod trolsdgtgr ojs egcfjs kst o skrpkrbkhgmj pjr kcks mk jutro ejrdo ju oglmo quk lj kxgstk bjdulgboj kltrk js
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U
kckdkltjs mo eodcgo, egbolmj o mksbjmgegboj mos otgtumks k bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs pogs
poro js egcfjs skd quk kxgsto quocqukr kxpcgboj ju bjlvkrso. Kstks rksuctomjs pjmkd
todhd skr kxpcgbomjs pkco mkskaohgcgmomk sjbgoc. _uoltj oj `lkrj mjs pogs, lj sk
jhskrvorod mgekrklos lj kstgcj porkltoc. Os vorgvkgs sjbgjmkdj`regbos gmomk,
ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj kxkrbkd ud kekgtj sg`lgegbotgvj lo pkrbkj mk
kstgcjs porkltogs mjs pogs. _uoltj dogs hogxo o ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj mjs pogs, dogs
pkrdgssgvjs ju outjrgtrgjs kcks sk bjlsgmkrod. _uoltj dogjr j rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj,
dogs js pogs sk pkrbkpbgjlod bjdj outjrgtotgvjs. O gmomk mjs pogs todhd kxkrbk ud
kekgtj sg`lgegbotgvj. _uoltj dogs gmomk td js pogs dkljs kcks sk bjlsgmkrod
outjrgtrgjs.
Yocovro-bfovk1 Yorkltocgmomk, Kstgcjs Yorkltogs> Momks pogs-egcfjs, Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor
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UG
OHR]XOB]
Pk nljw tfot o eodgcy fos o strjl` gdpobt gl tfk cgvks je gts dkdhkrs. Yorklts olm
bfgcmrkl ocgnk rkbkgvk olm `gvk tfkgr bjltrghutgjl tjworms tfk bjlstrubtgjl je tfk
eodgcys jwl portgbucor col`uo`k olm jvkrocc mylodgbs.
]fk porkltgl` stycks ork tfk hkfovgjrs olm tfk ottgtumks je tfk porklts wfkl eobgl`
kvkrytfgl` tfot glvjcvks tfkgr bfgcmrkl. ]fk dollkr gl wfgbf tfky mkoc wgtf tfkgr
bfgcmrkl, tfk strotk`gks tfky usk gl tfkgr uphrgl`gl` klm up ejrdgl` ol kdjtgjloc
klvgrjldklt tfot bol hk pkrdgssgvk, outfjrgtorgol jr outfjrgtotgvk.
]fgs stumy ogds tj olocyzk ge tfkrk gs oly glecuklbk je tfk porkltgl` stycks gl tfk sbfjjc
pkrejrdolbk je tfkgr bfgcmrkl tfrju`fjut tfk omjcksbklbk pkrgjm.
]fk sodpck wos rktrgkvkm erjd o puhcgb sbfjjc erjd Cgshjls urhol orko (glbcumgl` tfk
jutsngrts) odjl`st stumklts hktwkkl tfk ;tfolm 7tfsbfjcor ykors, wgtf tfk bjccohjrotgjl
je tfkgr porklts olm tutjrs.
Pk uskm tfk _uoltgegbotgjl dktfjm ejr tfk moto sodpck, rkburrgl` tj tfk Yorkltoc
Outfjrgty Rurvky (porklts olm bfgcmrkl vkrsgjl) os wkcc os tj tfk Rjbgj-mkdj`ropfgb
survky.
@rjulmkm jl tfk burrklt cgtkroturk wk rkocgzkm tfot tfk keekbt je tfk porkltgl` stycks
vorgks obbjrmgl` tj tfk bucturoc bjltkxt. Ocjl` wgtf tfk jppjrtulgty je pkrejrdgl` tfgs
olocysgs hoskm jl porklts olm bfgcmrkls pkrbkptgjls, wk fovk ejulm opprjprgotk tj
glbcumk gl tfk sodk stumy eurtfkr olocysgs olm jhskrvolbk je gts gdpobt jl tfk tkklo`krs
sbfjjcgl` pkrejrdolbk.
]fk rksucts je tfgs stumy fovk mkdjlstrotkm tfot tfk outfjrgtotgvk porkltgl` styck gs tfk
jlk tfot mkcgvkrs hkttkr obomkdgb rksucts, olm tfk pkrdgssgvk olm outfjrgtorgol stycks
rksuct gl cjwkr sbfjjc sbjrks gl ovkro`k.
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LMGBK
O`romkbgdkltjs.............................................................................................................. GGG
Xksudj........................................................................................................................... GUOhstrobt.......................................................................................................................... UG
Gltrjmuj ...................................................................................................................... ?9
? Yortk - Klquomrodkltj tkrgbj
?.?. Eodcgo ................................................................................................................... ?=
?.8. Yorkltocgmomk .......................................................................................................... ?6
?.2. Yrtgbos Yorkltogs ... 82
?.=. Kstgcjs Yorkltogs ..................................................................................................... 8;
?.;. Xklmgdkltj Ksbjcor 25
8 Yortk Yrjhckdo, Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj, Jhaktgvj k Fgptksks
8.? Yrjhckdo k Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj .... =9
8.8 Jhaktgvjs... =8
2 Yortk Dktjmjcj`go
2.? Mkcglkodkltj mj kstumj .. =;
2.8 Fgptksks . =5
2.2.Mkeglgj mk vorgvkgs ......... =0
2.= Yortgbgpoltks . =6
2.; Glstrudkltjs ;8
2.;.? _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj ... ;8
2.;.8 Y.O._ ;2
2.;.2 Y.O._ - Y .. ;;
2.5 Yrjbkmgdkltjs . ;6
2.5.? Yrjbkmgdkltjs kstotstgbjs .... ;7
= Yortk Xksuctomjs
=.? Xksuctomjs .. 58
=.?.? KYs pogs k egcfj Bjrrkcoks k kstotstgbo mksbrgtgvo .... 58
=.8 Xksuctomjs mjs pogs
=.8.?. KYs pogs - Bjrrkcoks k vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj .... 52
=.8.?. KYs pogs Bjdporoks mk `lkrj .... 55
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=.8.?. KYs pogs Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor ...... 50
=.2 Momks pogs/dks-egcfjs .. 09
=.= Xksuctomjs mjs egcfjs
=.=.?. KYs egcfjs - Bjrrkcoks k vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj ...... 02
=.=.8. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks mk `lkrj ..... 05
=.=.2. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks bjd/skd opjgj ksbjcor .... 00
=.=.=. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks bjd/skd opjgj rktklks ........ 00
=.=.;. KYs egcfjs Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor .... 06
; Yortk Mgsbussj
;.? Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs . 62
;.8 Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mjs pogs ... 6=
;.2 Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mos momks .... 60
;.= Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mjs egcfjs . 66
Bjlbcusj..... 72
Xkekrlbgos 75
Olkxjs
Olkxj O Bjlskltgdkltj glejrdomj ... ?9;
Olkxj H _ukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj.... ?95
Olkxj B YO_ . ?90
Olkxj M YO_-Y . ??9
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?9
Gltrjmuj
J prkskltk trohocfj tkd bjdj jhaktgvj prglbgpoc jcfor poro j eulbgjlodkltj
eodgcgor oj lvkc mo kmuboj mjs egcfjs k ovocgor o gleculbgo mj kstgcj porkltoc (KY)
omjtomj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks jhtgmjs.
O eodcgo tkd sgmj ocvj mk bjlstoltks trolsejrdoks ljs ctgdjs tkdpjs k kstos
dumolos `krod vorgoks lo mgldgbo eodgcgor. Kltklmk-sk pjr eodcgo, o ulgj mk
pkssjos otrovs mjs cojs mk sol`uk ju cojs oekbtgvjs (Ocorbj, 8999). Js popgs mk
bomo dkdhrj sj dogs eckxvkgs k dkljs kstolquks ju pomrjlgzomjs Kd rk`ro, os dks
mgspkd mk dkljs tkdpj poro mkmgbor ojs egcfjs, pjrquk trohocfod ejro mk boso j mgo
gltkgrj. Js pogs, pjr suo vkz, bjcohjrod dogs los torkeos mjdstgbos k ljs bugmomjs
prkstomjs ojs egcfjs. Os dogjrks kxg`lbgos mk eckxghgcgmomk rkcotgvodkltk ojs skus
popgs k mkvkrks `oroltkd, mkstk djmj, j kqugchrgj eodgcgor mo mgldgbo mgrgo
(Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Bostrj, & Jcgvkgro, 8995> Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Roltjs, &
Uou`fl, 8996> Djltkgrj, kt oc., 89?9).
Bjlsgmkrolmj o gleculbgo mo eodcgo lo bjlstruj moqugcj quk sjdjs, j kstumj
mj gdpobtj mjs KYs lj mksklvjcvgdkltj mos brgolos (Hjwchy, ?76=) ossudk-sk bjdj
udo prgjrgmomk, ljdkomodkltk lj quk sk rkekrk oj sku mkskdpklfj ksbjcor.
Js KYs sj js pomrks kmubotgvjs utgcgzomjs pkcjs pogs (ju bugmomjrks), toltj oj
lvkc mo rkcoj quk doltd bjd js egcfjs, ossgd bjdj os ljrdos kmubotgvos omjtomos(Ygrks, 89?9). Houdrglm, f quosk mk bglquklto oljs, mkhruju-sk sjhrk o tkdtgbo mjs
kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc ju KYs. O mgekrklbgoj kltrk js kstgcjs tkvk bjdj hosk
mgvkrsjs eotjrks jhskrvomjs kd bomo mgldgbo eodgcgor, mksg`lomodkltk o
rkspjlsgvgmomk, o sklsghgcgmomk, j oektj, o mgspjlghgcgmomk, j bjltrjcj k o prjtkj.
Ossgd, o outjro bcossgegbju trs KY bjd mgekrkltks borobtkrstgbos1 (?) js outjrgtrgjs,
bjd octjs lvkgs mk kxg`lbgo dos skd rkbursj bjdulgboj bjd js egcfjs> (8) js
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??
outjrgtotgvjs*, bjd prkmjdlgj mo bjdulgboj bjd js egcfjs dos doltklmj cgdgtks k
kxg`lbgo> k (2) js pkrdgssgvjs, quk lj bjcjbod rk`ros lkd cgdgtks s brgolos,
pkrdgtglmj-cfks mkbgmgr j quk qukrkd k bjdj qukrkd, skd quocqukr jrgkltoj ju
bjltrjcj (Houdrglm, ?750). Kstks mgekrkltks pomrks kmubotgvjs mjs pogs `krod pjr suo
vkz ud bcgdo kdjbgjloc quk ejg opjltolmj pjr Houdrglm, (?708) bjdj glecuklbgomjr
lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Mkskdpklfj obomdgbj lkstk trohocfj, rkekrk-sk ojs rksuctomjs
quoltgtotgvjs jhtgmjs pkcjs oculjs, dmgo ksbjcor k ldkrj mk rktklks ksbjcorks.
O prtgbo mj mgcj`j quk js pogs td bjd js egcfjs, ossgd bjdj o gdpjrtlbgo otrghumo
qugcj quk mgtj k skltgmj pkcjs egcfjs, tkd sgmj olocgsomo kd oc`uls kstumjs
(Houdrglm, ?755> Kcmkr, ?752> Fouskr, ?76=, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996). O
bjlbcusj mkstks outjrks mk quk o bjdulgboj ud kckdkltj kssklbgoc k mkvk skr
opcgbomo los prtgbos utgcgzomos pkcjs pogs lo kmuboj mjs egcfjs. Jutros gleculbgos,
bjdj o bucturo kd quk kstj glskrgmjs, pjmkd octkror bjdpcktodkltk o ckgturo quk js
egcfjs eozkd mo ejrdo bjdj js pogs js kmubod (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf, Xgttkr,
Ckgmrdol, Xjhkrts & Erockg`f, ?760> L`uykl, 8996).
Ossgd, bjlsgmkro-sk pkrtglkltk bjdporor os pkrbkks quk pogs k egcfjs td mj
KY, lo dkmgmo kd quk j ldkrj mk kstumjs sjhrk j tkdo oglmo rkmuzgmj. Yoro ocd
mgssj, todhd sk prjpk udo olcgsk mo pjtklbgoc gleculbgo mjs KYs lj mkskdpklfj
obomdgbj mjs egcfjs. Mkstk djmj, prktklmk-sk pkrbkhkr sk js pogs k js egcfjs
pkrbkbgjlod js KYs mo dksdo dolkgro, a quk o eocto mk bjl`rulbgo mksto pkrbkj
pjmkr su`krgr eocfos oj lvkc mo bjdulgboj eodgcgor (pogs-egcfjs) k glecuklbgor j
rklmgdkltj obomdgbj mjs egcfjs (Hurg, ?77?).
O prgdkgro portk, glgbgo bjd j klquomrodkltj tkrgbj mgvgmgmj kd bglbj
boptucjs. J prgdkgrj sjhrk o eodcgo oprkskltomj j bjlbkgtj k o suo kvjcuj los
ctgdos mbomos. J sk`ulmj boptucj sjhrk o porkltocgmomk, rkv j bjlbkgtj k
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?8
borotkrstgbos glkrkltks porkltocgmomk. J tkrbkgrj boptucj ohjrmo os prtgbos porkltogs o
suo bjlbktuocgzoj k mgekrklos. J quortj boptucj troto mjs KYs, o mgstglj kltrk js
vrgjs KYs, j klquomrodkltj fgstrgbj k pjsgj mk vrgjs outjrks sjhrk o tkdtgbo k
pjr uctgdj, j qugltj bopgtucj ohjrmo j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj k j sku bruzodkltj bjd
js KYs.
Rk`uk-sk sk`ulmo portk jlmk bjlsto j prjhckdo, pkrtgllbgo mj kstumj k
jhaktgvj. Lo tkrbkgro portk oprkskltomj j dtjmj, j mkcglkodkltj mj kstumj, mkeglgj
mk vorgvkgs k rkspktgvo jpkrobgjlocgzoj, os fgptksks mk kstumj, o borobtkrgzoj mo
odjstro, js trs glstrudkltjs utgcgzomjs k pjr egd js prjbkmgdkltjs dktjmjc`gbjs k
kstotstgbjs. Yjr egd, oprkskltodjs js js rksuctomjs k rkspkbtgvo mgsbussj, bjltrghutjs k
cgdgtoks klbjltromos.
Kstk trohocfj rkocgzomj sk`ulmj j objrmj jrtj`regbj.
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?2
YXGDKGXO YOX]K
KL_[OMXODKL]J ]KXGBJ
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?=
?.? Eodcgo
Kstumomo pjr vrgjs outjrks oj cjl`j mjs ctgdjs oljs, o eodcgo bjlsgmkromo
udo pko eulmodkltoc lo bjlstruj mo pkrsjlocgmomk mos brgolos. Eotjrks bjdj osrk`ros, js cgdgtks ju j oektj pjtklbgod j kqugchrgj kdjbgjloc, glghglmj j oporkbgdkltj
mk oc`udos ero`gcgmomks kdjbgjlogs quk mksklbomkgod jutros prjhckdtgbos mj ejrj
psqugbj (Hjwchy, ?76=> Dobbjhy & Dortgl, ?762).
J bjlbkgtj mk eodcgo tkd sjergmj vrgos trolseg`uroks k rkoaustks oj cjl`j mjs
oljs, erutj mk octkroks bucturogs, pjctgbos, kbjldgbos k sjbgogs (Rodpogj, 89??).
Durmjbn (?708) mkeklmk quk eodcgo ud `rupj sjbgoc bjdpjstj pjr mjgs omuctjs quk
doltklfod udo cg`oj skxuoc ck`ocdkltk oprjvomo, prkssupjlmj o vgvlbgo kd
bjdud, o bjcohjroj kbjldgbo k o rkprjmuj ju omjj. Rk`ulmj Ocorbj (8999, p.
77), o eodcgo ud bjlaultj mk pkssjos ulgmos pjr cojs sol`ulkjs k/ju oektgvjs, kd
gltkroj bjltluo. udo tjtocgmomk lj skgj mo quoc sk kstohkckbkd ljrdos prprgos k
kspkbegbos mk eulbgjlodkltj. Rk`ockl (?777), pjr suo vkz, mkeklmk o suprkssj mo
gmkgo mk eodcgo lj sgl`ucor, oegrdolmj quk dogs bjrrktj eocor mk eodcgos (pcuroc) poro
quk sk pjsso glbcugr os mgvkrsgmomks kxgstkltks lo otuoc sjbgkmomk. O suo ksslbgo, toc
bjdj mkeglgmo pkco Jr`olgzoj Dulmgoc mk Romk (JDR), mkvkr tkr bjdj hosk o
bjlegolo, j supjrtk k j mkstglj bjdud (Ocorbj, 8999). Oglmo ossgd, j djmkcj
eodgcgor lubckor quk prkmjdglo (Dksqugto, 89?2).
Lj jhstoltk, vkrgegbo-sk ud brksbgdkltj mk eodcgos djljporkltogs kd
Yjrtu`oc, kd kspkbgoc ekdglglos, k j oudkltj mo toxo mk mgvrbgjs, j quk `kro udo
odpcgegboj mos eodcgos djljporkltogs k rkbjdpjstos. Eodcgos rkbjdpjstos sj
oqukcos jlmk pkcj dkljs ud mjs kckdkltjs mj bosoc tkd ud ju vrgjs egcfjs mk udo
rkcoj oltkrgjr (@gmmkls, 8997). Kstos octkroks oektod o kstruturo eodgcgor, pjrd, js
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?;
kstumjs rkocgzomjs glmgbod quk lo quocgmomk mos rkcoks eodgcgorks quk kst j ejbj k
o rkoc gdpjrtlbgo poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj mjs skus dkdhrjs (Rodpogj, 89??).
Bjltumj, o rkspjlsohgcgmomk pkcjs prjhckdos quk sk vklfod o dolgekstor los
brgolos ju ljs omjcksbkltks lj pjmk skr otrghumo kxbcusgvodkltk oj bjltkxtj
eodgcgor. Opksor mk os vgvlbgos gleoltgs kxpkrgklbgomos kd bjltkxtj mk eodcgo skrkd
bjlsgmkromos ud ocgbkrbk eulmodkltoc k mk glbjdporvkc gleculbgo lj
mksklvjcvgdkltj mo pkrsjlocgmomk mo brgolo (Hjwchy, ?76=), os borobtkrstgbos
sjbgjodhgkltogs todhd sj gdpjrtoltks lksto olcgsk (@ukrrkgrj, 8990). Ossgd,
suhsgstkd quotrj o`kltks prglbgpogs mk sjbgocgzoj1 o eodcgo, o ksbjco, j `rupj mk porks
k js dkgjs mk bjdulgboj sjbgoc. Kstks o`kd lo bjlstruj mo sjbgocgzoj k mj
ejrdo ojs omuctjs mj odolf (Dus`rovk, ?707, bgtomj pjr Rgcvo, 899=).
Ludo pkrspktgvo sgstdgbo, o eodcgo vgsto bjdj ud sgstkdo, gstj , tkd kd sg
pjtklbgocgmomks quk cfk pkrdgtkd outj-jr`olgzor k outjrk`ucor dksdj kd sgtuoks mk
brgsk, sklmj prkbgsj opklos quk sk brgk ud odhgkltk quk pkrdgto o otuocgzoj mkstos
pjtklbgocgmomks (Fgpcgtj, 89?9). Kstk sgstkdo bjlstgtumj pjr vrgjs suhsgstkdos (kx.
`rou mk porkltksbj, `lkrj) quk kstj kd bjlstoltk gltkroj, glecuklbgolmj tjmo o
mgldgbo eodgcgor. Mkvgmj gleculbgo bjlstoltk k gltkroj kltrk js suhsgstkdos, j
quk objltkbk o ud kckdkltj oboho pjr tkr kekgtj sjhrk js rkstoltks (Ygltj, ?770).
O kssk rkspkgtj, Hrjeklhrklkr (?707) rkekrk quk j mksklvjcvgdkltj mj glmgvmuj
ekgtj otrovs mk vrgjs sgstkdos kbjc`gbjs quk sk klbogxod uls ljs jutrjs1 j
dgbrjssgstkdo, j dksjssgstkdo, j kxjssgstkdo k j dobrjssgstkdo. J dgbrjssgstkdo
rkpjrto-sk o tumj oqugcj quk kst rkcobgjlomj bjd j mgo-o-mgo mo brgolo. O rkcoj mo
brgolo bjd j pog, o dk, js grdjs k o eodcgo prxgdo, o ksbjco ju gleoltrgj k o
rkcoj bjd js omuctjs k bjck`os bjdpkd j dgbrjssgstkdo. Rj opjltomos bjdj
hsgbos lkstk sgstkdo os gltkroks pkssjo-odhgkltk k pkssjo-pkssjo. ]ogs gltkroks
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?5
glecuklbgod o outjgdo`kd mo pkssjo k pjtklbgod j sku klvjcvgdkltj bjd j dulmj quk
o rjmkgo. J dksjssgstkdo rkekrk-sk s gltkroks kltrk mjgs ju dogs bjltkxtjs mj
dgbrjssgstkdo, dos bjd portgbgpoj otgvo mo brgolo. J kxjssgstkdo, opksor mk lj
klvjcvkr o portgbgpoj mo brgolo, kxkrbk gleculbgo sjhrk o dksdo, bjdj j bosj mj
trohocfj mjs pogs. Yjr ctgdj, j dobrjssgstkdo bjrrkspjlmk ojs vocjrks, brklos k
gmkjcj`gos quk oektod j bjdpjrtodkltj mo sjbgkmomk k bucturo kd `kroc.
O kstruturo eodgcgor, ludo obkj tromgbgjloc, ejg ocvj mk mgvkrsos dumolos oj
cjl`j mos ctgdos mbomos. O gmkgo mj quk mkvkd skr js bjdpjrtodkltjs k torkeos mj
pog k mo dk lj lbckj eodgcgor possorod pjr ud prjbkssj mk rkmkeglgj (Bohrkro,
]odgs Ck-Djlmo, Codh & Hjcckr, ?777, bgtomjs pjr Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Bostrj &
Jcgvkgro, 8995). Oglmo lj f dugtj tkdpj, os borobtkrstgbos k otrghutjs kspkbegbjs quk
mkeglkd j bjlbkgtj mk pog k dk krod mgekrkltks moqukcos quk kxgstkd lo otuocgmomk. O
dk, bjd hosk lj bjlbkgtj tromgbgjloc mos sjbgkmomks mj Jbgmkltk, krod vgstos bjdj
dogs oektgvos k rkspjlsvkgs pkco kmuboj mjs egcfjs. Yjr jutrj comj, j pog kro oqukck
quk ossudgo o rkspjlsohgcgmomk mk sustkltj mo eodcgo, oqukck quk pulgo k o eg`uro mk
outjrgmomk mo eodcgo. (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8995). Lksto bjlbkpj, js popgs kstovod
mgvgmgmjs k bjdportgdkltomjs.
Otuocdkltk, f udo tkltotgvo mk kcgdglor o bjdportgdkltoj kltrk js popgs
otrghumjs oj pog k dk k prjburo-sk mor cu`or oj sur`gdkltj mk ud ljvj gmkoc mk
portgcfo porkltoc. Kstk bjlbkgtj borobtkrgzo-sk prkbgsodkltk pkco portgcfo mos torkeos k
rkspjlsohgcgmomks o lvkc eglolbkgrj k mjdstgbj k js bugmomjs mos brgolos sj
rkportgmjs mk ud djmj dogs g`uocgtrgj, rkerkolmj-sk o mgvgsj bjd hosk lj `lkrj
(Bohrkro kt oc., ?777> Bohrkro, ]odgs-CkDjlmo, Hromcky, Fjeekrtf, & Codh, 8999>
Mkutsbf, 899?, bgtomjs pjr Djltkgrj kt oc., 8995).
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?0
J kckvomj ldkrj mk ducfkrks quk gltk`ro j otuoc dkrbomj mk trohocfj ejg, skd
mvgmo, pkrbursjr mkstk prjbkssj mk dumolo quk sk tkd vglmj o rk`gstor (Djltkgrj kt
oc., 8995, 8996, 89?9). Kstks ldkrjs td vglmj o oudkltor mksmk js oljs 09, octuro kd
quk tkvk glbgj j brksbgdkltj mj ldkrj mk ducfkrks bjd trohocfj rkdulkromj ejro mk
boso (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8996). Hubfkr (?777) mkeklmk quk ksto kvjcuj ocbolomo pkco
ducfkr pjsgtgvo lj quk sk rkekrk quocgmomk mk vgmo bjlsk`ugmo, dos pjmk tkr gdpobtj
lk`otgvj lj hkd-kstor kdjbgjloc k oektgvj mjs egcfjs.
O gdo`kd mj pog todhd tkd sgmj ocvj mk trolsejrdoj. Fjak, o eg`uro potkrlo
ossjbgomo o borobtkrstgbos dogs oektujsos k j pog tkd ud popkc dogs portgbgpotgvj lj
mgo-o-mgo mjs egcfjs (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8996). Lud kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Hocolbfj (899=),
pjssvkc pkrbkhkr kstos mgekrklos sjhrk o gdo`kd mj pog kd muos `kroks, pogs k
ovs. J kstumj glmgbo quk kxgstk udo gltklj, pjr portk mo sk`ulmo `kroj mk pogs, mk
mksklvjcvkr ud popkc dogs otgvj lo kmuboj mjs skus egcfjs. Os mgekrklos kltrk js
vocjrks k os prtgbos porkltogs los muos `kroks sj kvgmkltks. O potkrlgmomk vgvgmo
pkco `kroj mjs ovs ejg kxpkrgklbgomo bjd hosk ludo eg`uro mk outjrgmomk k
mgsbgpcglomjro, kdjbgjlocdkltk mgstoltk k ouskltk. Lo `kroj oltkrgjr, lj sk bjlbkhgo
o gmkgo mk quk j pog pjmgo todhd ossudgr ud popkc portgbgpotgvj k oektujsj lo vgmo
mjs skus egcfjs, bjdj sk udo k jutro bjgso sk olucosskd dutuodkltk k lj pumksskd
bjkxgstgr kd kqugchrgj. O rkprkskltoj mo otuoc `kroj obkrbo mo potkrlgmomk ,
pjrd, hostoltk mgekrkltk mo `kroj possomo, mkstobolmj-sk borobtkrstgbos bjdj o
bopobgmomk mk skr sklsvkc, bjdprkklsgvj, mgocj`oltk k mk kstor prkskltk lo vgmo mjs
egcfjs.
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?6
?.8 Yorkltocgmomk
O porkltocgmomk pjmk skr mkeglgmo bjdj ud bjlaultj mk oks klbktomos pkcos
eg`uros porkltogs (pogs ju suhstgtutjs) aultj mjs egcfjs lj skltgmj mk prjdjvkr j sku
mksklvjcvgdkltj mo ejrdo dogs pcklo pjssvkc, utgcgzolmj poro toc js rkbursjs mk quk
mgspk mkltrj mo eodcgo k, ejro mkco, lo bjdulgmomk. Bruz (89?2, p. ?2)
Ksto , glbcusgvk, opjltomo bjdj o torkeo dogs mksoegoltk k bjdpckxo mo gmomk
omucto(Qg`ckr, ?77;, bgtomj pjr Bruz, 89?2, p.?=).
Yorkltocgmomk oprklmkr o eozkr brksbkr, mksklvjcvkr, kstgducor, bugmor,
opjgolmj k djlgtjrgzolmj (bjltrjcolmj) (Ygrks, 89?9). O porkltocgmomk rkdktk poro o
sgductolkgmomk mo dotkrlgmomk k mo potkrlgmomk, tklmj bjdj mkeglgj lj mgbgjlrgj mk
cl`uo pjrtu`ukso, quocgmomk mk skr dk k pog, rkspkbtgvodkltk (Mgbgjlrgjs Yrghkrod,
89?=). J bjlbkgtj mgvgmk-sk kd muos kxtklsks prglbgpogs, j klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc k o
rkcoj bjporkltoc (Dksqugto, 89?2).
J klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc rkekrk-sk mkmgboj mkdjlstromo pkcj pog ju pkco
dk lj mkskdpklfj mjs popgs porkltogs. Ksto mgdklsj rkcotgvo oj ju
portgbgpoj otgvo quk js pogs td lo vgmo mjs skus egcfjs (Dksqugto, 89?2). J
klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc bjdpjstj pjr trs borotkrstgbos, bjdprjdgssj (kl`o`kdklt),
mgspjlghgcgmomk (obkssghgcgty) k rkspjlsohgcgmomk (rkspjlsghgcgty). J bjdprjdgssj mgz
rkspkgtj oj tkdpj quk js pogs sk mgspjlghgcgzod o kstor bjd js skus egcfjs kd torkeos
quk js glbcuod ju quk skaod kspkbegbos poro js egcfjs (kx. hrglbor). O mgspjlghgcgmomk,
opksor mk tkr skdkcfolos bjd j bjlbkgtj oltkrgjr, lj bjcjbo j ejbj lj tkdpj
mkspklmgmj pkcjs pogs, rkekrglmj-sk oltks prksklo k mgspjlghgcgmomk mj pog k mo dk
poro j egcfj. Yjr ctgdj, o rkspjlsohgcgmomk rkpjrto-sk lkbkssgmomk quk js pogs td mk
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?7
zkcor pkcj bugmomj k hkd-kstor mjs egcfjs, `oroltglmj quk lj cfks eocto oqugcj quk
kssklbgoc oj sku brksbgdkltj k mksklvjcvgdkltj (Olmrkws, Cubnky, Hjcmkl, Pfgtgl`-
Ecgbncgl`, & Cglm 899=).
O rkcoj porkltoc (bjporkltoc) lkd skdprk tkd cu`or bjdj mgdklsj mo
porkltocgmomk, pjrquk kd oc`udos sgtuoks lj kxgstk quocqukr rkcoj kltrk pog k dk.
Ksto mgdklsj opjlto poro o ejrdo bjdj pog k dk bjcohjrod dutuodkltk poro j
mkskdpklfj mjs skus popgs porkltogs. Bjporkltocgmomk , kltj, o gltkroj kltrk pog k
dk bjd j jhaktgvj mj kxkrbbgj mo porkltocgmomk (Dksqugto, 89?2).
Bruz (89?2) brgju udo cgsto mk eulks glkrkltks porkltocgmomk bjd hosk ljs
kstumjs mk Hjrlstkgl (8998), Yocobgjs k Xjmrg`js (?776) k Yornk k Hurgkc (?776),
mjdgloltks lo rko. Kstos eulks sj bjlsgmkromos os dogs pkrtglkltks ju omkquomos s
lkbkssgmomks mo brgolo.
Yoro glgbgor, js pogs mkvkd bjlsk`ugr ossk`uror o sotgseoj mos lkbkssgmomks
dogs hsgbos mk sjhrkvgvlbgo. Kxgstkd sgtuoks quk lj rkprkskltod o ljrdo, dos
jlmk js omuctjs bugmomjrks lj bjlsk`ukd `oroltgr ksto eulj (bjdj j bosj mk dk
ju pog omgbtj). ]jrlo-sk lkbkssrgj mgspjlghgcgzor brgolo ud dulmj esgbj jr`olgzomj
k prkvgsvkc, jlmk sk bjlsg`o brgor rjtglos quk bjcohjrkd poro o jr`olgzoj mo prprgo
brgolo. Lkd skdprk os eodcgos bjlsk`ukd `oroltgr j budprgdkltj mksto sk`ulmo
eulj. Mk sk`ugmo, rkekrgmo o rkspjsto s lkbkssgmomks mk bjdprkklsj bj`lgtgvo mos
rkocgmomks kxtroeodgcgorks. Bjlsgmkrolmj quk o eg`uro porkltoc tkd j popkc mk dkmgomjr
kltrk o brgolo k j ulgvkrsj sjbgoc quk o klvjcvk, o ejrdo bjdj gltkro`k k oqugcj o quk
kxpk o brgolo mktkrdglor js cgdgtks mk gltkroj mo brgolo bjd j dulmj. O quorto
eulj porkltoc o mk sotgseozkr os lkbkssgmomks mk oektj, bjlegolo k sk`urolo. Ksto
ocbolomo otrovs mk rkcoks mk vglbucoj, jlmk js vocjrks mk vglbucoj sk`uro
prkmgzkd dkcfjrks rksuctomjs oj lvkc mj mksklvjcvgdkltj mo brgolo k udo dkcfjr
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89
omoptoj s sgtuoks o quk vog sklmj kxpjsto oj cjl`j mo vgmo. j dksdj quk mgzkr
quk, quoltj dogs o brgolo sk skltk odomo k sk`uro, dogs kco brksbk bjlegoltk k sk`uro
mk sg. Yjr egd, mkvkd skr suprgmos os lkbkssgmomks mk gltkroj sjbgoc mo brgolo k o suo
glbcusj lo bjdulgmomk kd `kroc. aultj mo eodcgo quk o brgolo mkvk oprkklmkr j
bjlaultj mk ljrdos k vocjrks glkrkltks bjdulgmomk o quk pkrtklbk, j quk, pjr suo vkz,
gr bopobgt-co poro o gltk`roj pjstkrgjr ljs bjltkxtjs jlmk vgkr o kstor glskrgmo (Bruz,
89?2).
O porkltocgmomk ejg ocvj mk trolsejrdoj ljs ctgdjs oljs, mkvgmj o mgekrkltks
octkroks sjbgjbucturogs k glbcusj mos ducfkrks lj dkrbomj mk trohocfj k pkcos
ljvos k bjlskqukltks gdpjsgks lj dkrbomj cohjroc poro odhjs js pogs. Jutro
mgekrklo rk`gstomo ljs ctgdjs oljs k quk tkd pjtklbgomj octkroks lo ejrdo bjdj sk
jhskrvo o porkltocgmomk (dogs prkbgsodkltk j klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc) j djmj bjdj sk
jcfo poro brgolo, a quk cfk ejg otrghumj ud ljvj cu`or lo eodcgo (Dksqugto, 89?2).
Yjmk-sk mgzkr quk, mksmk js eglogs mj sbucj VV, js popgs porkltogs sj dogs
kxg`kltks, os rkcoks kltrk pogs k dks sj dkljs kstvkgs (oudkltj mjs mgvrbgjs k ju
skporoks) k js pogs td dkljs tkdpj poro sk mkmgborkd kmuboj k bugmomj mjs
egcfjs (Dksqugto, 89?2).
J mksklvjcvgdkltj mos bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs, oektgvos k bj`lgtgvos los brgolos
jbjrrk lj dkgj eodgcgor. Yjr kssk djtgvj, bjlsgmkro-sk mk `rolmk pkrtgllbgo pkrbkhkr
mk quk ejrdo js pogs glecuklbgod kstk mksklvjcvgdkltj (Bruz, 89?2).
Dobbjhy k Dortgl (?762) opjltod o rkspjlsgvgmomk k j bjltrjcj porkltoc bjdj
borobtkrstgbos hsgbos poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgoc mo brgolo. Codh (?778)
obrksbklto quk js egcfjs mk pogs bjdprjdktgmjs bjd j sku mksklvjcvgdkltj td dogjr
bjdpktlbgo bj`lgtgvo k cjbusbjltrjcj gltkrlj.
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8?
Brksbkr gdpcgbo toltj o oprklmgzo`kd bjdj o outjljdgo quk sk rkvkco
lkbkssrgo lj s oj lvkc mo mkpklmlbgo mjs pogs bjdj mjs omuctjs sg`lgegbotgvjs.
Ossgd, mkvk skr vocjrgzomo o kxgstlbgo mk ud kspoj quk pkrdgto oj omjcksbkltk o
dolutklj mo suo gltgdgmomk, pklsodkltjs k skltgdkltjs kd prjc mj sku prprgj
brksbgdkltj (Eorgos & Rgcvorks, 8992).
Oltkrgjr eosk mo omjcksblbgo, o gdo`kd quk js egcfjs prkskrvod mjs pogs o
mk bjlejrtj k sk`urolo. ]oc gdo`kd rk`gsto udo dumolo o quolmj mo omjcksblbgo,
jlmk o eg`uro mjs pogs posso o skr bjlsgmkromo bjdj oqukco quk cgdgto k gltkrrjdpk js
skus mkskajs k sjlfjs j quk pjmk jrg`glor oc`udo tklsj lj skgj eodgcgor, glbcusgvk lj
mgcj`j kltrk pogs k egcfjs. Ksto tklsj pjmk tkr muos eulks ojs jcfjs mj omjcksbkltk,
pjr ud comj udo pkrspktgvo pjsgtgvo ojs jcfjs mjs egcfjs, dos quk lkd skdprk
bjlsbgkltk pjr portk mj omjcksbkltk, quk pkrbkhk kstk rmuj mgcj`j bjdj ud bjlerjltj
bjd js pogs quk pkrdgtk outj-oegrdor-sk. O sk`ulmo eulj, pjmk skr vgsto bjdj udo
bfodomo mk otklj ojs pogs, hoskomj lud mgcj`j mgebgc k glbjdprkklmgmj
(Hrobjllgkr & Dorbkccg, 8999).
Omjcksbkltk udo pocovro quk mkrgvo mj cotgd k j sku sg`lgegbomj brksbkr.
Opjltolmj ossgd poro udo eosk mk trolsgj k dumolo kltrk o glelbgo k o gmomk
omucto. Kstk bjlbkgtj rkbkltk, tklmj sur`gmj opklos lj egloc mj sbucj VGV mkvgmj s
prjeulmos octkroks eodgcgorks quk jbjrrkrod lo octuro (Rodpogj, 8995). [do mos
borotkrstgbos mo omjcksblbgo o bjlstruj mo gmkltgmomk, o gltkroj bjd j dkgj jlmk
o brgolo brksbk k o suo eodcgo bjltrghukd poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj mo suo gmkltgmomk. O
omjcksblbgo udo eosk kd quk js glmgvmujs bjdkod o oegrdor js skus jhaktgvjs k
gmkgos k opjltomo bjdj udo mos torkeos dogs gdpjrtoltks mksto eosk mj
mksklvjcvgdkltj (Eorgos & Rgcvorks, 8992).
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88
J objdpolfodkltj mo eodcgo lksto gmomk gdprksbglmvkc, dos ksto mkvk
ossudgr ud popkc jrgkltomjr k lj mgtomjr. Opksor mo lkbkssgmomk mk kstohkckbkr oc`uls
cgdgtks k bodglfjs, ksto torkeo mkvk hoskor-sk lo glstruj k kvgtor o gdpjsgj. Mk
objrmj bjd R (8992), dugtjs pogs k prjekssjrks brgod lkvjkgrjs los brgolos k ljs
omjcksbkltks, k lj js kqugpod, dugtos vkzks, sklj bjd js dlgdjs poro quk sk
gcudglkd pkco vgmo. J outjr oegrdo oglmo quk j kssklbgoc lj brksbgdkltj lj
prkvklgr js rgsbjs1 dos prkvklg-cjs poro o fudgcmomk mk js bjrrg`gr (p. 67).
O kstohgcgmomk k o fordjlgo eodgcgor sj eotjrks mktkrdgloltks lj pkrbursj
ksbjcor. Rk js pogs ouxgcgorkd js skus egcfjs o ocbolor jhaktgvjs ksbjcorks k o rkecktgr
sjhrk j euturj, glbutkd lkcks j mkskaj mk sk`ugr ud pkrbursj ulgvkrsgtrgj. Kstk
kstducj k objdpolfodkltj opjltomj bjdj dogs erkqukltk kd eodcgos kd quk j
lvkc sjbgjkbjldgbj k bucturoc dogs kckvomj. , pjr gssj, ck`tgdj bjlakturor quk
egcfjs mk pogs bjd ud lvkc sjbgjkbjldgbj dogs hogxj, jrgulmjs mk eodcgos
prjhckdtgbos k ductg-prjhckdtgbos ju mk eodcgos quk lj kstgducod k glbkltgvod o
bjltglugmomk mjs kstumjs (skao pjrquk lkbkssgtod mk dogs ud dkdhrj o trohocfor poro
oaumor los mkspksos eodgcgorks, ju pjr jutros rozks) oprkskltod ud dogjr lmgbk mk
oholmjlj ksbjcor. Lkstk bjltkxtj, todhd sk pjmk eozkr rkekrlbgo ojs eotjrks bucturogs
k tlgbjs, quk dugtos vkzks sj mktkrdgloltks poro j oholmjlj ksbjcor (Yopocgo &
Ekcmdol, 899?).
Yoro eglocgzor, rkegro-sk quk Kxgstkd toltos omjcksblbgos bjdj omjcksbkltks k o
`klkrocgzoj pjmk bjlmuzgr o udo glmkskaomo k pkrg`jso kstolmormgzoj (Bjrmkgrj,
?770, l.m., bgtomj pjr Rgcvo, 899=, p. 80). Bjltumj, oc`udos borobtkrstgbos sj
trolsvkrsogs, mgekrglmj lj djmj bjdj sk bjlbrktgzod, o ejrdo bjdj bomo pog k dk
`krk j qujtgmgolj, glvkstk lo rkcoj bjd js egcfjs, js kstgcjs k prtgbos porkltogs
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prkmjdgloltks poro kmubor, bugmor k kstgducor js egcfjs rkecktk ud rksuctomj mgekrkltk
los vrgos rkos mk mksklvjcvgdkltj k outjljdgo mjs omjcksbkltks (Rgcvo, 899=).
?.2 Yrtgbos porkltogs
Bkbbjlkccj, Oltjlg k Njcckr (8992) prjburorod mkdjlstror os mgekrklos kltrk
js bjlstrutjs prtgbos porkltogs k ojs KYs mksbrkvklmj os borotkrstgbos glkrkltks o bomo
ud mkcks. Os prtgbos porkltogs rkekrkd-sk s kstrot`gos quk js pogs utgcgzod poro jhtkr
rksuctomjs kspkbegbjs los rkos obomdgbo, sjbgoc k oektgvo (Fort, Lkcsjl, Xjhglsjl,
Jcskl, & DbLkgccy-Bfjquk, ?776, bgtomjs pjr Bkbbjlkccj & Njcckr, 8992). Kstos
kstrot`gos sj tjmjs js bjdpjrtodkltjs omjtomjs pkcjs pogs, poro quk j jhaktgvj
mkskaomj skao ocbolomj. Oqug, kstj glbcumos os rkbjdpklsos, os pulgks ju dksdj j
usj mo bjdulgboj poro kxpcgbgtor os mkbgsks ju sgtuoks. Lj quk sk rkekrk oj KY,
kstk kl`cjho udo jhskrvoj dogs `cjhoc mj gmkoc mk kmuboj mjs pogs k glmgbo j bcgdo
kdjbgjloc mo rkcoj pog-egcfj, quk pjmk kxghgr oektgvgmomk, rkspjlsgvgmomk k j bjltrjcj
(djljtjrgzoj/objdpolfodkltj mj bjdpjrtodkltj mjs egcfjs) (Bkbbjlkccj & Njcckr,
8992).
Os prtgbos kmubotgvos rkpjrtod-sk ojs bjdpjrtodkltjs omjtomjs pkcjs
kmubomjrks quk rkejrod ju glghkd mktkrdglomjs bjdpjrtodkltjs mos brgolos ju
omjcksbkltks (Ocvorkl`o, 899?).
Fjeedol (?70;) mkeglgu quk os prtgbos kmubotgvos kstovod mgvgmgmos kd
tblgbos bjkrbgvos k tblgbos glmutgvos. Os prgdkgros, mkljdglomos mk tblgbo bjkrbgvos,
rkcobgjlod-sk bjd js bjdpjrtodkltjs quk prjburod ejror o brgolo/omjcksbkltk o
eozkr oqugcj quk mktkrdglomj pkcj omuctj, utgcgzolmj kstrot`gos mk odkoo, pulgj
esgbo, prgvoj mk hkls ju mk oektj k bostg`js. O prkssj kxkrbgmo bjd j jhaktgvj mk
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ejror o brgolo/omjcksbkltk o eozkr oqugcj quk mkskaomj pkcj pog ju pkco dk. Kxgstk j
rgsbj mk kstos kstrot`gos `krorkd lo brgolo ejrtks skltgdkltjs mk dkmj, fjstgcgmomk k
olsgkmomk, j quk lj bjltrghug poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj bj`lgtgvj mo brgolo.
_uolmj js pogs bjcjbod rtucjs ju mksvocjrgzod js egcfjs, kstks pjmkd skltgr
ud mksodporj bjlmubkltk o kstomjs mk mkprkssj. ]ogs bjdpjrtodkltjs todhd sj
pjtklbgomjrks mk skltgdkltjs mk rogvo, erobossj, dkmj k mgdglugj mo outjkstgdo
(Rkvkrk, 8999). O ouslbgo mk oektj los rkcoks porkltogs, kd bjlaultj bjd o pulgj
vkrhoc, pjmk prkmgzkr oc`uls prjhckdos bjdj o fgpkrotgvgmomk k o o`rkssgvgmomk
(Rtjrdsfobn, 8999). O pulgj esgbo pjmk todhd skr pkrbkhgmo bjdj prjdjtjro mk
ud pomrj bjdpjrtodkltoc quk bjlmuz js egcfjs o rkbjrrkr dksdo kstrot`go poro o
rksjcuj mjs skus prjhckdos ju mksoegjs mj mgo-o-mgo (Rocvomjr & Pkhkr, 899;).
J bjdpjrtodkltj porkltoc bjd hosk lo o`rkssgvgmomk tklmk o `kror euturjs
kmubomjrks bjd j dksdj bjdpjrtodkltj o`rkssgvj k, pjr suo vkz, pjtklbgo ljs egcfjs
kstk tgpj mk bjlmuto. Hjxkr, Muhjw k Fuksdoll (8992, bgtomjs pjr Ekrrkgro, 899;)
mkeklmkd o kxgstlbgo mk udo trols`krobgjlocgmomk mkstk tgpj mk prtgbo kmubotgvo.
O tblgbo glmutgvo, pjr jutj comj, rkekrk-sk s sgtuoks kd quk js pogs utgcgzod
j mgcj`j bjdj dkgj mk kxpcgboj. Yortk-sk mo prkdgsso mk quk o kxpjsgj mos rk`ros
k mos bjlskqulbgos eobgcgto o jhtklj mj bjdpjrtodkltj mkskaomj pjr portk mj egcfj, j
quk vog pkrdgtgr brgolo omqugrgr ud sgstkdo mk vocjrks k outjrrk`ucor j sku
bjdpjrtodkltj (Fjeedol, ?70;).
Js pogs quk opklos glvkstkd j sku tkdpj bjd js egcfjs quolmj kxgstkd
prjhckdos kstj o rkejror kstks bjdpjrtodkltjs. O bjdulgboj jhrg`o o quk toltj
pogs bjdj egcfjs skaod kdgssjrks k rkbktjrks. Js egcfjs mkvkd juvgr ospktjs bjdj os
rk`ros, os jrgkltoks, k os oprklmgzo`kls, dos js pogs todhd mkvkd obkgtor o
gdpjrtlbgo mk juvgr os jpglgks, kxpjsgks k kxpcgboks mjs egcfjs. Kstk
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bjdpjrtodkltj mk ksbuto otgvo pjr portk mjs kmubomjrks todhd vog skrvgr mk pomrj
mk bjdpjrtodkltj poro js egcfjs. Egcfjs dogs sk`urjs k bjdpktkltks kstj ossjbgomjs o
pogs quk glbkltgvod j mgcj`j (Rgmdol, 8999).
Kxgstkd jutrjs kckdkltjs quk sj otrghumjs s prtgbos porkltogs k td `rolmk
rkckvlbgo, bjdj j bosj mo prksklo mk oektj k o bjlsgstlbgo ljs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs
pogs. Rk, ludo mktkrdglomo sgtuoj, o rkspjsto mjs pogs mgekrkltk bjlejrdk j mgo ju o
mgspjsgj quk td, o brgolo pkrmk j pomrj mk rkspjsto k egbo skd sohkr quk rkoj vog
jhtkr bosj rkpgto j bjdpjrtodkltj glmkskaomj. Jutro glbjlsgstlbgo pjmk kstor
rkcobgjlomo bjd os mgekrkltks pjsgks mk bomo prj`klgtjr. Rgtuoks mkstos eozkd bjd
quk o brgolo ju j omjcksbkltk lj soghod j quk eozkr, pjrquk lj kxgstk ud pomrj
bjkrkltk (Futz, 8998).
J oektj ju o oektgvgmomk, bjdj rkekrk Fjeedol (?70;), kssklbgoc lo rkcoj
kltrk pogs k egcfjs, pjrquk brgo ud odhgkltk mk sk`urolo kdjbgjloc k pjtklbgo j
mksklvjcvgdkltj mk ljrdos sjbgogs. Ykcj bjltrrgj, o ouslbgo mkstk odhgkltk mk oektj
`kro ljs egcfjs skltgdkltjs mk rkakgj porkltoc quk mj jrg`kd o glomkquoks sjbgogs
quk, dugtos vkzks, bucdglod kd bjdpjrtodkltjs mk o`rkssgvgmomk k ot mkcglqulbgo.
_uolmj kxgstk ud odhgkltk mk odjr, os rk`ros ju o mgsbgpcglo sj dogs hkd obkgtks
pkcjs egcfjs. O outjkstgdo k o supkroj mk prjhckdos k dkmjs sj eobgcgtomos quolmj
js egcfjs brksbkd bjd rkejrjs pjsgtgvjs k kcj`gjs, tjrlolmj-js dogs bjlegoltks k
djtgvomjs (Rkvkrk, 8999).
?.=. Kstgcjs Yorkltogs
J hjd eulbgjlodkltj eodgcgor k j prprgj hkd-kstor mjs omjcksbkltks klbjltrod-sk
gltgdodkltk cg`omjs ojs KYs (DbEorcolk, Hkccgssgdj, & Ljrdol, ?77;, bgtomjs pjr
Rjorks, 89?8).
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O kstrkgto gleculbgo quk j bjltkxtj eodgcgor tkd lo vgmo mjs egcfjs mkvk skr ocvj mk
kstumj, poro quk bomo vkz dogs sk bjlsg`o jhtkr rksuctomjs ju rkspjstos quk ljs
pkrdgtod sohkr bjdj otuor. Js KYs pjmkd skr prkmgtjrks mjs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs
egcfjs (Rjorks, 89?8).
Js KYs sj j bjlaultj mk otgtumks quk sj trolsdgtgmos brgolo k quk, tjmos
aultos, brgod ud bcgdo kdjbgjloc, lj quoc js pogs otuod mk mktkrdglomo ejrdo
(Morcgl` & Rtkglhkr`, ?772, p.=66).
Js kstumjs sjhrk js KYs ejrod kxpolmgmjs glgbgocdkltk pjr outjrks bjdj Rkors,
Dobbjhy k Fjeedol o portgr mjs oljs ;9 (Dobbjhy & Dortgl, ?762). Lksto octuro, j
ejbj mjs kstumjs kro sk js kstgcjs kstovod jrgkltomjs poro j odjr ju jrgkltomjs poro
j jhakbtj. J prgdkgrj mgz rkspkgtj oj oektj kdjbgjloc k kcj`gj (ju suo ouslbgo) k j
sk`ulmj hoskgo-sk kd otgvgmomks k rkbursj o hrglqukmjs ju suo rktgromo, opjltolmj
poro udo ohjrmo`kd dogs kxtkrlocgzomo, bjd hosk kd rkejrjs k suo ouslbgo (Rkors
kt oc., ?7;0, bgtomj pjr Rpkro, 899;).
Houdrglm (?755, ?70?, ?77?), oj cjl`j mk vrgos mbomos, rkocgzju vrgjs kstumjs k
kstkvk erkltk mk oc`udos glvkstg`oks lo rko mjs KYs, quk glspgromj lo tkjrgo mj
bodpj k `rupjs mk cgmkrolo mk Nurt Ckwgl (?7=6). O outjro mkeglgu quk pjmodjs
gmkltgegbor trs KYs (djmkcj trgportgmj), mksg`lolmj-js mk outjrgtrgj, pkrdgssgvj k
outjrgtotgvj. O mkvgmo mkljdgloj otrghumo kd eulj mk oc`udos borobtkrstgbos
mjs pogs lo rkcoj bjd js egcfjs, ljdkomodkltk j kqugchrgj/mkskqugchrgj kltrk
rkspjlsgvgmomk/oektj k bjltrjcj. Dogs tormk jutrjs outjrks mksklvjcvkrod kstk djmkcj
gltk`rolmj jutros muos mgdklsks o kxg`lbgo k o sklsghgcgmomk tjrlolmj-sk lud djmkcj
quomrgportgmj (Dobbjhy, & Dortgl, ?762).
O outjro mksbrkvk j KY pkrdgssgvj bjdj oqukck kd quk js pogs obkgtod js
bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs skus egcfjs skd quocqukr tgpj bfodomo mk otklj/pulgj. Lj
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sj mkeglgmos rk`ros lkd cgdgtks poro js bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs. Yjmk kxgstgr o
dolgpucoj k o kxpcgboj poro cgmor bjd oc`udo sgtuoj, dos lulbo j pjmkr. o
prprgo brgolo quk mkeglk j quk qukr k bjdj qukr, lj sklmj glmgbomjs pomrks
kxtkrljs poro quk o brgolo jhkmko (Houdrglm, ?755).
Lj kxtrkdj jpjstj, lj kstgcj outjrgtrgj js pogs mkdjlstrod `rolmk kxg`lbgo lj
quk bjlbkrlk ojs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs. ]kd ud pomrj mk bjlmuto ohsjcuto k
kxg`k quk skao budprgmj skd mgcj`j. Js pogs bjlsgmkrod quk o jhkmglbgo ojs
prglbpgjs k rk`ros kstohkckbgmjs pjr kcks td mk skr kxkbutomjs skd quocqukr
qukstgjlodkltj pjr portk mjs egcfjs. Uocjrgzod o gltkrgjrgzoj mjs skus pomrks
otrovs mj bjltrjcj, mksklbjroaolmj quocqukr jpglgj mjs skus kmubolmjs. ]oc bjlmuto
pjr portk mjs pogs pjmk cgdgtor o outjljdgo mjs egcfjs, ossgd bjdj rkstrgl`gr o
bjdulgboj lj dkgj eodgcgor (Houdrglm, ?755).
J KY outjrgtotgvj prjburo kstruturor os otgvgmomks mo brgolo mk ejrdo robgjloc k
mkspkrtor o suo outjljdgo k glmgvgmuocgmomk, ejdkltolmj o bjdulgboj k kxpjlmj ojs
egcfjs os rozks poro os mkbgsks tjdomos. _uolmj kxgstkd mgvkr`lbgos, uso-sk j
bjltrjcj bjlsgstkltk, kdhjro toc skao `krgmj bjd djmkroj k skd o omjj mk pulgks
kxo`kromos lkd cgdgtks kxbkssgvjs. otrovs mo kxpcgboj, mj pjmkr k mj rkejrj quk
sk prjburo kstohkckbkr js cgdgtks k os ljrdos, o`glmj-sk sk`ulmj os prprgos
glmgvgmuocgmomks k `rou mk mksklvjcvgdkltj mjs egcfjs prjdjvklmj j rkspkgtj
(Houdrglm, ?755).
Dogs tormk, Dobbjhy k Dortgl (?762), oprjeulmorod j bjlbkgtj, bjlsgmkrorod o
kxgstlbgo mk quotrj KYs bjd hosk kd quotrj mgdklsks rkspjlsgvgmomk/bjltrjcj k
sklsghgcgmomk/kxg`lbgo. Os mgdklsks rkspjlsgvgmomk/oektj k kxg`lbgo porkltoc,
bjdpckdkltod j djmkcj glgbgoc, ljdkomodkltk lo mgvgsj mj kstgcj pkrdgssgvj bjdj
lk`cg`kltk ju glmuc`kltk, O rkspjlsgvgmomk rkekrk os brtgbos, kcj`gjs k rkporjs ekgtjs
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ojs egcfjs, qukr ljs djdkltjs kd quk j bjdpjrtodkltj bjrrkspjlmk oj mkskaomj qukr
quolmj sk vkrgegbo j glvkrsj. Ju skao, gdpcgbo o bopobgmomk mk mor rkspjsto
glmgvgmuocgmomk mj egcfj k s kspkbgegbgmomks mjs bjltkxtj los quogs js bjdpjrtodkltjs
jbjrrkd. O kxg`lbgo mgz rkspkgtj qugcj quk mktkrdglomj ju gdpjstj pkcj bugmomjr k
quk kxpkbtvkc skr budprgmj pkcj egcfj. Bjdj toc, j bjltrjcj tkd bjdj jhaktgvj
`oroltgr j budprgdkltj. Mkstk djmkcj kdkr`kd ossgd quotrj KYs dogs ohrol`kltks.
Lj eulmj, tkvk cu`or udo rkstruturoj mj KY pkrdgssgvj, quk sk suhmgvgmgu, kd
pkrdgssgvj k lk`cg`kltk. J prgdkgrj bjrrkspjlmk o pjubo rkspjlsgvgmomk, sklsghgcgmomk,
bjltrjcj k kxg`lbgo, ju skao,ju skao,js pogs mkdgtkd-sk mjs skus popgs bfk`olmj pjr
vkzks oj cgdgtk mk rkcoj dkrodkltk eulbgjloc. J sk`ulmj, borobtkrgzo-sk pjr kckvomo
rkspjlsgvgmomk, sklsghgcgmomk k pjubo kxg`lbgo k bjltrjcj. Js pogs glmuc`kltks tklmkd
o odor js skus egcfjs dos o mkcgdgtorkd pjubos rk`ros k cgdgtks, mkgxolmj o
djljtjrgzoj mj bjdpjrtodkltj rkspjlsohgcgmomk mjs egcfjs. Kstk KY pjmk skr
ossjbgomj o vocjrks mk cghkrmomk k outjljdgo, klquoltj omjptomjs pkcjs pogs lo
kmuboj mjs egcfjs (Ygrks, 89??).
Lj quk sk rkekrk oj kstgcj outjrgtotgvj, quk dogs kqugcghromj k eckxvkc, socgkltod-
sk js lvkgs mk kxg`lbgo, bjltrjcj rkspjlsgvgmomk k sklsghgcgmomk kckvomjs, omkquolmj
js pogs o suo bjlmuto s borobtkrstgbos mjs skus egcfjs k mos sgtuoks. J outjrgtrgj, pjr
suo vkz, borobtkrgzo-sk pjr kckvomj bjltrjcj, kxg`lbgo dos pjubj oekbtj/sklsghgcgmomk k
rkspjlsgvgmomk (Bjsto, ]kgxkgro, & @jdks, 8999, Ygrks, 89??).
Yoro Houdrglm (?755), lj kxgstkd dtjmjs ohsjcutjs poro o kmuboj mjs egcfjs,
pjrquk kxgstkd dugtos vorgvkgs quk pjmkd glecuklbgor js rksuctomjs k j tkdpkrodkltj
mos brgolos, sklmj lkbkssrgj bjlsgmkror bjdj bomo udo mos vorgvkgs pjmk mktkrdglor
mgekrkltks rksuctomjs. Lo suo jpglgj, pjssvkc klbjltror rksuctomjs pjsgtgvjs ljs
vrgjs KYs, oj bjltrrgj mj quk oc`uls kstumjs oegrdod. Js pogs pjmkd oprkskltor
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bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs vrgjs KYs, kdhjro kxgstk o mjdgllbgo mk ud mjs KYs klquoltj
pomrj ju jrgkltomjr mos suos prtgbos k bjdpjrtodkltj porkltogs, bjltrghuglmj poro j
bcgdo eodgcgor (Houdrglm, ?708). Lo eodcgo, pog k dk pjmkd omjtor ud KY
mgekrkltk, jpjstj k/ju glbjlsgstkltks j quk pjmkr tkr jutbjdksdogs lk`otgvjs mj quk o
bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk pogs pkrdgssgvjs ju outjrgtrgjs. O glbjlsgstlbgo k mgekrklos lo
bjlbkj mk kmubor lo suo eulj porkltoc pjmkr susbgtor mgegbucmomks obrksbgmos, lj
opklos poro o brgolo dos todhd poro o momk dorgtoc . (Ygrks, 89?9).
O dogjr mgvkr`lbgo kltrk js pogs bjd j KY mjdgloltk outjrgtotgvj k js outjrgtrgj
kst lo ejrdo bjdj kxkrbgod o outjrgmomk (Kcmkr, ?752, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc &
Bjccgls, 8996, p. 299). Js prgdkgrjs kxkrbkd o suo outjrgmomk bjd hosk lj mgcj`j k
pogs k egcfjs kxpkd jpglgks. Kstks ejdkltod ljs egcfjs j rkspkgtj pjr oqugcj quk
mgzkd k otrghukd gdpjrtlbgo oj quk mgtj pkcjs egcfjs. Ludo olcgsk egloc, tjdomo
udo mkbgsj pkcjs pogs quk pjmkr klvjcvkr ju lj oqugcj quk ejg or`udkltomj pkcjs
egcfjs. Oqug, j klsglj objdpolfomj pkcj rkspkgtj sjhrk j quk egcfjs pklsod k skltkd
los mgvkrsos sgtuoks. Ljs outjrgtrgjs, js omjcksbkltks lj sj juvgmjs, lj kxgstglmj
j fhgtj mk egcfjs k pogs eocorkd sjhrk bjdpjrtodkltjs ju mkbgsks. O outjro rkekrk o
kxgstlbgo mk udo mkprkbgoj mjs skltgdkltjs k jpglgks mjs egcfjs. Kstks mgekrkltks
djmjs mk kstor ju kmubor kxkrbkd gleculbgo sjhrk js omjcksbkltks. Js rksuctomjs mj
kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Kcmkr (?752, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996) pkrdgtgrod
bjlbcugr quk los eodcgos outjrgtotgvos js omjcksbkltks krod dogs outjbjlegoltks k
glmkpklmkltks kd bjdporoj bjd js omjcksbkltks mk eodcgos outjrgtrgos.
Bruz (89?2) bjlsgmkro quk kxgstkd dkcfjrks rksuctomjs, ljdkomodkltk lj quk sk
rkekrk s bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs mos brgolos jlmk sk pkrbkhk ud KY outjrgtotgvj. Lj
`rupj mos eodcgos outjrgtrgos, o outjro glmgbo quk os dklglos sk dolgekstod
sjbgocdkltk dogs mkpklmkltks k js dklgljs dogs fjstgs.
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Yoro Houdrglm (?755), eulmodkltoc quk o mgsbgpcglo/bjrrkj, quolmj opcgbomo
pkcjs pogs, skao djmkromo pkcj bugmomj k pkco kxpcgboj mos rozks quk ckvorod
tjdomo mksto mkbgsj. Gstj mkvk jbjrrkr pjrquk o bjrrkj, quolmj usomo mk ejrdo
skvkro k skd djmkroj ju kqugchrgj, pjmk `kror skltgdkltjs mk rkvjcto. Yoro o outjro,
j prjhckdo lj skr j bostg`j dos bjdj sk bostg`o. O pkrdgssgvgmomk mj omuctj pkroltk
ud glbgmkltk mk o`rkssgvgmomk pjr portk mo brgolo rkejro j bjdpjrtodkltj. Yjr gssj,
tjrlo-sk dogs kegboz klsglor ojs pogs bjdj pulgr js egcfjs mj quk sustkltor o gmkgo mk
quk lj mkvk fovkr cu`or o bjlskqulbgos poro js bjdpjrtodkltjs glbjrrktjs. Lj
kstumj mk Dgmmcktjl k Rlkcc, ?752 (bgtomj pjr Houdrglm, ?755), o obkgtoj ju lj mo
mgsbgpcglo/bjrrkj kst ossjbgomo rkcoj quk o brgolo tkd bjd js pogs, mkpklmklmj
mo kxgstlbgo ju lj mk prjxgdgmomk lo rkcoj pogs-egcfjs.
O bjdulgboj kltrk pogs k egcfjs, bjd rkbursj oj ekkmhobnpjsgtgvj k oj rkspkgtj,
pjtklbgo bjdpjrtodkltjs rkspjlsvkgs pjr portk mjs egcfjs k glbkltgvo o outjljdgo poro
o tjdomo mk mkbgsj. Kstos borotkrstgbos sj bjduls los eodcgos outjrgtotgvos, rozj
pkco quoc bjduddkltk sk bjlsgmkro kstk KY bjdj oqukck quk jhtd dkcfjrks
rksuctomjs lj kxkrbbgj mk kmubor (Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996).
Fouskr (?76=) kxpcgbo todhd o gdpjrtlbgo mo bjdulgboj soumvkc lo eodcgo.
Lj kstumj quk mksklvjcvku bjd omjcksbkltks k pogs, bjlbcugu quk j mksklvjcvgdkltj
mj k`j kst bjrrkcobgjlomj mk ejrdo pjsgtgvo bjd j glbkltgvj kxprkssj mjs
skltgdkltjs k jpglgks mjs omjcksbkltks. J outjr rkejrju, ossgd, o gdpjrtlbgo mj
mgcj`j bjd rkbursj austgegboj ju kxpcgboj, kd vkz mk sgdpcksdkltk mor jrmkls
ju glmgbor j quk j omjcksbkltk tkd mk eozkr. _uolmj o bjdulgboj hoskomo lo brtgbo
k lo mksvocjrgzoj mos jpglgks mjs egcfjs, j rksuctomj opjlto poro ud hogxj lvkc mk
mksklvjcvgdkltj mj k`j.
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Ykgxjtj k Xkgs (89?2) glmgbod quk o brtgbo k o kxbkssgvo kxg`lbgo mjs pogs poro
bjd js egcfjs mksklbomkgod ljs mksbklmkltks ud kvgtodkltj mos torkeos. Js
omjcksbkltks rkvkcorod-sk dogs jrgkltomjs poro bjdpjrtodkltjs mk outjmkekso,
prjvovkcdkltk poro bjcdotor o prkssj kxpkrgklbgomo pkco gdpjsgj mjs pogs.
Lj kstumj mk Houdrglm (?70;), js rksuctomjs glmgborod quk os brgolos
kcj`gomos k klbjroaomos, dksdj pkroltk prkssj bjlsgstkltk, rkvkcod kckvomjs lvkgs mk
bjdpktlbgo glstrudkltoc. Js pogs quk sj bjlsgstkltks k quk opcgbod bjd xgtj os suos
ljrdos prjdjvkd lo brgolo o kstruturo lkbkssrgo poro eobgcgtor j eulbgjlodkltj
kegboz k j pklsodkltj jr`olgzomj. J odhgkltk jlmk o brgolo brksbk pjmk pjtklbgor ju
prjtk`-co mk prjhckdos psgbjc`gbjs. O outjro glmgbo quk ljs skus kstumjs lj
bjlsk`ugu vkrgegbor rgsbj mk ksqugzjerklgo kd eodcgos jlmk j odhgkltk eodgcgor mk
bjltrjcj k bugmomj. Kd bjltroportgmo, brgolos lk`cg`klbgomos todhd lj sj
sgllgdj mk bjdpjrtodkltj psgbtgbj ju mkcglqukltk.
_uolmj o rkcoj pogs-egcfjs fordjlgjso, bjlsgstkltk k oektgvo, js
bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs trolsporkbkd kssk kqugchrgj. J mksklvjcvgdkltj
gltkckbtuoc, sjbgoc k ot kdjbgjloc supkrgjr quolmj bjdporomj o brgolos jlmk o
rkcoj bjd js pogs dkljs bjlsgstkltk k oektgvo. Yoro quk o oprklmgzo`kd k j
bjdpjrtodkltj mo brgolo skaod osskrtgvjs, js pogs mkvkd kstgducor, djtgvor k
oborglfor o brgolo. Rk o brgolo lj tgvkr js gl`rkmgkltks obgdo rkekrgmjs, f tklmlbgo
poro dkljs outjbjltrjcj k osskrtgvgmomk, j quk sk rkecktgr mk ejrdo lk`otgvo los suos
bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs k obomdgbos (Bustmgj & Bruz, 8996).
[d eotjr mk kstohgcgmomk, quk ossk`uro ud kspoj poro os oprklmgzo`kls k poro o
oqugsgj mo doturgmomk bj`lgtgvo k kdjbgjloc, kst rkcobgjlomj bjd o bjlegolo quk js
omjcksbkltks skltkd lo ulgj mo eodcgo. Os eodcgos outjrgtotgvos pjtklbgod kstk
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odhgkltk eobgcgtomjr oj mksklvjcvgdkltj, bjd hosk lo rkcoj mk bjlegolo bjlqugstomo
kltrk pogs k egcfjs (Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996).
Houdrglm (899;) bjlbcugu quk, lj bosj mk pogs quk mgrkbgjlod js egcfjs dos
lj sj outjrgtrgjs, os brgolos sj dogs bjdpktkltks k omkquomos sjbgocdkltk mj quk
oqukcos quk td pogs mgrktgvjs k outjrgtrgjs. Dos, sk o `rolmk kxg`lbgo k
rkspjlsgvgmomk pjr portk mjs pogs bjkxgstgr bjd ud hjd rkcobgjlodkltj gltkrpkssjoc
kltrk pogs k egcfjs, js rksuctomjs rkvkcod-sk dogs pjsgtgvjs.
Bjlsjoltk j bjltkxtj bucturoc pjmkdjs vkrgegbor quk kxgstk mgekrklo lo ejrdo
bjdj sk kxprkssod js rksuctomjs mjs kstumjs, gstj , bomo bucturo oprksklto ud KY
bjdj sklmj j dogs bjdud ju mjdgloltk k j quk sk vkrgegbo sj mgekrkltks rkoks ju
rksuctomjs ojs vrgjs KYs.
Lud jcfor tlgbj sjhrk js KYs, js kstumjs odkrgboljs glmgbod quk js oerj-
odkrgboljs, fgsplgbjs k osgtgbjs sj dogs outjrgtrgjs mj quk js boubosgoljs. Js oerj-
odkrgboljs todhd sk rkvkcod dkljs pkrdgssgvjs mj quk js fgsplgbjs k osgtgbjs
(Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760). Js mgekrkltks KYs bjlstrjkd-sk bjd hosk loqugcj quk sj js
vocjrks k o bucturo. O prprgo ejrdo bjdj bomo glmgvmuj gltkrgjrgzo oqugcj quk cfk
trolsdgtgmj otrovs mj KY omjtomj pkcjs pogs tkd udo ckgturo quk vorgo kd eulj mos
ljrdos k vocjrks mk bomo bucturo. Mksto ejrdo, bjlsk`ugdjs pkrbkhkr js mgekrkltks
rksuctomjs mjs KYs sk jcfordjs poro odjstros osgtgbos jlmk f udo prkvoclbgo mj
KY outjrgtrgj, kd bucturos ol`cj-soxlgbos j prkmjdlgj j KY outjrgtotgvj k js ghkrj-
odkrgboljs dogs pkrdgssgvjs (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760> L`uykl, 8996).
Houdrglm (?708), lud kstumj bjd brgolos oerj-odkrgbolos, opksor mk os
brgolos skrkd brgomos dogjrgtorgodkltk bjd j kstgcj outjrgtrgj, vkrgegbju ud hjd
mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgoc. O o`rkssgvgmomk mos dks oerj-odkrgbolos gltkrprktomo pkcos
egcfos bjdj udo ejrdo mk bugmomj, oj possj quk os egcfos boubosgolos o gltkrprktod
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bjdj rkakgj. Js rksuctomjs glmgbod quk os egcfos mk dks outjrgtrgos, quolmj
brksbkrod, tjrlorod-sk kcos prprgos outjrgtrgos.
[d kstumj rkocgzomj bjd ;=6 omjcksbkltks lo sgo (Xkhkbbo, 8995) djstrju
quk egcfjs mk pogs bjd kstgcj mk outjrgmomk porkltoc outjrgtotgvj tglfod dkcfjrks
rksuctomjs oj lvkc obomdgbj quolmj bjdporomjs bjd pogs bjd KYs pkrdgssgvjs ju
outjrgtrgjs.
A lud kstumj bjd omjcksbkltks vgktlodgtos rksgmkltks ljs K[O (L`uykl,
8996), ejg pjssvkc bjlbcugr quk js pogs sj dogjrgtorgodkltk outjrgtrgjs quoltj oj KY
omjtomj. J outjr glmgbo oglmo quk kstks omjcksbkltks td udo outjkstgdo dogs hogxo k
lvkgs mk mkprkssj dogs kckvomjs bjdporotgvodkltk ojs omjcksbkltks buajs pogs jptod
pjr jutrj KY.
Bjltrorgodkltk, kd Kspolfo lud kstumj rkocgzomj bjd omjcksbkltks js
rksuctomjs glmgborod quk egcfjs quk bjlsgmkrod js pogs bjdj pjssuglmj ud KY
pkrdgssgvj glmuc`kltk, jhtd hjls rksuctomjs kd tkrdjs mk outjbjlbkgtj k sjbgocgzoj
(Dusgtj & @orbo, 899;).
O pkrtgllbgo mo jhskrvoj mj gdpobtj mo bucturo ljs kstumjs obgdo rkekrgmjs,
ckvorod oc`uls outjrks o rkpcgbor glvkstg`oj sjhrk js KY lo pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso.
Ygrks (89??) k Ygrks, Fgpcgtj k Aksus (89?9, 89??), kd mjgs kstumjs bjd pogs k
rkspkbtgvjs egcfjs mjs bglbj ojs jgtj oljs mo rk`gj mk Cgshjo, vkrgegborod quk j kstgcj
porkltoc prkmjdgloltk j outjrgtotgvj poro pogs k dks, lj sk vkrgegborod mgekrklos
mk gmomk, `lkrj, ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj Ygrks (89??). J dksdj kstumj
rkvkcju quk j kstgcj pkrdgssgvj mjs pogs tkd ud gdpobtj ljs sgltjdos psgbjegsgjc`gbjs
mk strkssk kxpkrgklbgomjs pkco brgolo. Yjr sku comj, os brgolos vgvklbgod
lk`otgvodkltk prtgbos porkltogs mk bjkrj, pulgj, kxoctoj k kxprkssj kdjbgjloc
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lk`otgvos k pjsgtgvodkltk os prtgbos porkltogs dogs glmutgvos, bjd hosk lj mgcj`j k
rk`ros k kxpkbtotgvos kxpcgbgtos, borobtkrstgbos mj KY outjrgtotgvj (Ygrks, 89??). .
Lud jutrj kstumj bjd o pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso, ejg pjssvkc vkrgegbor g`uocdkltk
quk j KY dogs utgcgzomj j outjrgtotgvj k j dkljs bjdud j pkrdgssgvj. Js pogs bjd
ksbjcorgmomk supkrgjr, ljrdocdkltk, kxkrbkd udo porkltocgmomk outjrgtotgvo. Lj `kroc,
js omjcksbkltks bjlsgmkrod quk js pogs sj dogs outjrgtrgjs mj quk pkrdgssgvjs,
obkltuolmj oglmo dogs mgekrklo lj `lkrj ekdglglj (Djr`omj, Dorjbj, Dg`ukc,
Dobfomj & Mgos, 8995).
s vorgvkgs quk prkmgzkd o omjj mk ud KY prkmjdgloltk pkcjs pogs k j
kekgtj quk js KYs kd mgekrkltks rkos mj mksklvjcvgdkltj k sjbgocgzoj mos brgolos/
omjcksbkltks rkecktgmj kd oc`uls kstumjs quk los ctgdos mbomos td prjburomj
rkspjstos.
Lj quk mgz rkspkgtj oj `lkrj mjs pogs k oj KY omjtomj, Mjrlhusbf, kt oc.,
(?760) mkdjlstrod o glkxgstlbgo mk mgekrklos sg`lgegbotgvos, glmgbolmj, ossgd, quk j
`lkrj lj glmgbomjr mk mgekrklos lj quk mgz rkspkgtj oj KY.
J lvkc mo kmuboj mjs pogs todhd ud eotjr gdpjrtoltk k bjlsgmkromj pkcjs
mgekrkltks outjrks. Js momjs glmgbod quk pogs bjd dogs kstumjs sj dogs outjrgtotgvjs
k, pjr bjlskqulbgo, dkljs outjrgtrgjs k pkrdgssgvjs. Rk o vorgvkc olocgsomo ejr j
kstotutj mo eodcgo, pkrbkhkdjs quk js pogs k dks sjctkgrjs, quolmj bjdporomjs bjd
eodcgos tromgbgjlogs (pog k dk), sj dogs pkrdgssgvjs (Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760).
Lud kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Bustmgj k Bruz (8996), js outjrks bjlbcurod quk o
ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs tkd gdpobtj lo ejrdo bjdj os brgolos gltk`rod kdjks k
oks1 pogs bjd ksbjcorgmomk dogs hogxo rkvkcod-sk dkljs kdptgbjs bjd js
skltgdkltjs mjs egcfjs k, pjr ljrdo, lj ck`gtgdod os mkbgsks mk rkprjvoj. Oj lvkc
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mos glstruks poro os torkeos mgrgos, todhd lj ksbcorkbkd toltj js egcfjs bjdj js
pogs bjd ksbjcorgmomk supkrgjr.
Lo eodcgo js vrgjs kckdkltjs quk o bjlstgtukd td mgekrkltks djmjs mk
pkrbkbgjlor o mgldgbo quk kxgstk kltrk sg. Lj kstumj rkocgzomj bjd momks dks-pogs k
egcfjs(os) outjro Ygrks (89??), vkrgegbju udo mgvkr`lbgo los pkrbkks quk js
kckdkltjs mo eodcgo td. ]ocvkz glecuklbgomjs pkco mkskaohgcgmomk sjbgoc js pogs sk
bjlsgmkrod dogs outjrgtotgvjs mj quk oqugcj quk opjltomj pkcjs egcfjs. Kstks
rksuctomjs pkrdgtkd-ljs kltklmkr o gdpjrtlbgo kd jhtkr pkrbkks mjs vrgjs
dkdhrjs mo eodcgo. O jpjrtulgmomk mk tkr o gltkrvklj mos prprgos
brgolos/omjcksbkltks o kdgtgr udo jpglgj sjhrk os rkos quk sk bjlsgmkrk kstumor, trs
udo `rolmk rgqukzo bjdulgmomk bgkltegbo k ud jcfor dogs kxotj mo rkocgmomk. (Ygrks,
89??).
Lud kstumj rkocgzomj lj Hrosgc (Pkhkr, Yromj, Ugkzzkr & Hrolmklhur`, 899=)
bjd brgolos kltrk js ljvk k js mjzk oljs, lj quoc sk bjdporju o pkrbkj mk pogs k
egcfjs sjhrk j KY mkskdpklfomj, js rksuctomjs rkvkcorod mgvkr`lbgo los rkspjstos1 js
pogs vkkd-sk dogs rkspjlsgvjs k kxg`kltks mj quk js egcfjs js vkkd. Yoro js outjrks, toc
pjmk skr glmgbomjr mk quk kxgstk ud prjhckdo mk bjdulgboj, jlmk js pogs ossudkd
quk js egcfjs mkvkrj kltklmkr os suos mkbgsks k otgtumks bjdj omuctjs. Ejrod todhd
klbjltromos mgekrklos lo pkrbkj mj KY kd eulj mj `lkrj.
Ygrks (89??) klbjltrju rksuctomjs skdkcfoltks, vkrgegbolmj quk, oglmo quk
fjuvkssk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js pogs (dk k pog), o pkrbkj mjs egcfjs kro mgvkr`kltk.
Js egcfjs bjd gmomks bjdprkklmgmos kltrk js bglbj k js jgtj oljs tklmgod o pkrbkbgjlor
js pogs bjdj dogs outjrgtrgjs k pkrdgssgvjs, klquoltj js pogs sk bjlsgmkrovod
dogjrgtorgodkltk outjrgtotgvjs.
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Rjorks (89?8), lud kstumj rkocgzomj lj mgstrgtj mk Cgshjo bjd brgolos kltrk js
ljvk k js jlzk oljs, todhd prjburju olocgsor o pkrbkj mk pogs k egcfjs quoltj oj
KY, jhskrvolmj quk kxgstkd mgvkr`lbgos kltrk j quk pkrbkhgmj pkcjs egcfjs k js pogs
ljs kstgcjs outjrgtotgvj k outjrgtrgj. ]ogs rksuctomjs opjltod poro udo mgsbrkplbgo
kltrk o kmuboj quk mj ojs skus egcfjs k j djmj bjdj o pkrbkbgjlod.
Kxgstglmj mgekrklos kltrk oqugcj quk pogs k egcfjs bjlsgmkrod quoltj oj KY
pjmkdjs bjlakturor quk o ejrdo bjdj sk bjdulgbo ju o rkbkj mo glejrdoj
vkgbucomo lj kst o bgrbucor bjd o bcorkzo ju prkbgsj mkskaomo. Rk oqugcj quk
glecuklbgo js bjdpjrtodkltjs o pkrbkj glmgvgmuoc ludo mgldgbo bgrbucor tjrlo-sk
brubgoc bjlfkbkr o pkrbkj mk bomo kckdkltj o egd mk bjdprkklmkr dkcfjr o mgldgbo
eodgcgor k bjlbkgtjs glkrkltks dksdo (Ygrks, 89??).
Los eodcgos jlmk kst prkskltk j bjltrjck mos otgvgmomks mjs egcfjs dos oj
dksdj tkdpj brgod kspoj poro quk foao o ohkrturo oj mgcj`j k portgcfo mk jpglgks
kltrk js vrgjs kckdkltjs mo eodcgo, k o rkcoj kltrk pogs k egcfjs hoskomo lj oektj,
kstks pjtklbgod ud dkcfjr mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgjkdjbgjloc, doturgmomk psgbjssjbgoc,
dogjr outjkstgdo k dkcfjrks rksuctomjs obomdgbjs (Ykgxjtj, 8992).
?.; Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor
J rklmgdkltj ksbjcor udo tkdtgbo mk kxtrkdo rkckvlbgo otklmklmj oj eotj
mk glecuklbgor dugtos jutros rkos mo vgmo mo brgolo k omjcksbkltk. Oglmo quk j dksdj
pjsso trolsporkbkr oc`udo glmgekrklo o vkrmomk quk vgvgmj k skltgmj mk ejrdo
lk`otgvo, bucdglolmj kd skltgdkltjs mk `rolmk glbjdpktlbgo (Ovolzglg, ?750 bgtomj
pjr Xjso, 89?2). ]roto-sk mk udo ovocgoj bjlbrkto mjs bjlfkbgdkltjs jhtgmjs pkcjs
oculjs. Lo prtgbo rkdktk poro js rksuctomjs mo ovocgoj sudotgvo quk js prjekssjrks
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opcgbod kd bjltkxtj ksbjcor. O ovocgoj sudotgvo kltj udo bcossgegboj quk sk
otrghug ojs trohocfjs k tkstks rkocgzomjs poro j bjltkxtj ksbjcor k quk glejrdo js oculjs,
js pogs, prjekssjrks k bjdulgmomk kd `kroc mo oprklmgzo`kd omqugrgmos pkcj oculj
(Ekrroz, kt oc, ?77=). O eulj sudotgvo o mk oekrgr, bkrtgegbor k vkrgegbor j `rou mk
budprgdkltj (Dotjs, 89??).
J rklmgdkltj ksbjcor kltj j rksuctomj ovocgomj kxtkrgjrdkltk ocbolomj pkcj
oculj. Mgvkrsos vorgvkgs td sgmj ossjbgomos ojs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks, ju skao oj
rklmgdkltj obomdgbj, togs bjdj1 o outjkstgdo k j outjbjlbkgtj, o ksbjcorgmomk mjs
pogs ossgd bjdj j sku klvjcvgdkltj lo vgmo mjs egcfjs, k j bjltkxtj sjbgjbucturoc jlmk
o brgolo ju j omjcksbkltk sk glskrk (Ykgxjtj, 8992> Pkhkr & Rocvomjr, 899;). Lkstk
skltgmj, todhd js kstgcjs kmubotgvjs porkltogs (KYs) td sgmj opjltomjs bjdj udo
vorgvkc gdpjrtoltk.
Ykgxjtj (8992), bjlsgmkro quk j bjltkxtj rkcobgjloc quk kxgstk lj skgj mo eodcgo
bcorodkltk eulmodkltoc poro o bjlstruj mj outjbjlbkgtj (brklos sjhrk j prprgj
ludo pkrspktgvo bj`lgtgvo) k outjkstgdo (rkprkskltoj mk sg sjh udo bjdpjlkltk
oektgvo) mjs egcfjs k pjr suo vkz, os suos gltkroks kstohkckbkd o ejrdo bjdj js
omjcksbkltks bjlstrjkd o gdo`kd quk tkd mk sg, quoltj s bjdpktlbgos k bopobgmomks.
Lud kstumj bjd 77; omjcksbkltks kd Yjrtu`oc j outjr vkrgegbju udo kstrkgto cg`oj
kltrk os rkcoks k mgldgbos eodgcgorks k j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj. ]odhd jhskrvju
quk j lvkc ksbjcor mjs pogs tkd gdpobtj lj outjbjlbkgtj obomdgbj k quk oculjs skd
rktklks krod js quk sk jhskrvovod dogjr glvkstgdkltj oektgvj los rkcoks
eodgcgorks.
Houdrglm (?708) ludo mos suos glvkstg`oks sjhrk js KYs vkrgegbju mgekrklos
kltrk j KY outjrgtrgj k j outjrgtotgvj, quk sk rkpjrto oj eobtj mk js egcfjs mk pogs
outjrgtotgvjs sk rkvkcorkd dogs hkd-subkmgmjs lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mj quk js egcfjs
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mk pogs outjrgtrgjs. Js trohocfjs mk Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., (?760) k Xkhkbbo (8995) glmgbod
rksuctomjs sgdgcorks, ud dkcfjr mkskdpklfj obomdgbj kd egcfjs mk pogs quk omjtod
KY outjrgtotgvjs. Mjrlhusbf, kt oc.,(?760) ludo jhskrvoj mj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mjs
omjcksbkltks, js egcfjs mjs outjrgtrgjs tklmkd o jhtkr ud mkskdpklfj ksbjcor dogs
erobj bjd j oudkltj mo gmomk. J kekgtj bjltrrgj sur`k ljs egcfjs mk pogs pkrdgssgvjs,
quk tklmkd o ocbolor dkcfjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks bjd dogs gmomk. Yjr egd, poro js
egcfjs mk pogs outjrgtotgvjs, j mkskdpklfj ksbjcor lj sjerk quocqukr octkroj bjd j
oudkltj mo gmomk.
Lud kstumj bjd ?89 omjcksbkltks Rtkglhkr`, Kcdkl k Djults (?767),
bjrrjhjrorod o fgptksk mk quk j KY outjrgtotgvj sk ossjbgo pjsgtgvodkltk lj
mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Lj rkekrgmj kstumj, pr-omjcksbkltks k omjcksbkltks (?9-?5 oljs),
buajs pogs krod, bjlsgmkromjs outjrgtotgvjs, jhtglfod rksuctomjs ksbjcorks dogs
kckvomjs mj quk js mkdogs.
Ossgd, bjlsgmkro-sk otuoc k pkrtglkltk o rkocgzoj mk ud kstumj bjd
omjcksbkltks pjrtu`uksks, quk ljs pkrdgto pkrbkhkr sk kxgstk oc`udo gleculbgo mjs
KYs sjhrk j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor, otkltolmj poro oqugcj quk pogs k egcfjs pkrbkbgjlod.
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GG YOX]K
YXJHCKDO, YKX]GLKLBGO MJ KR][MJ
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8.? Yrjhckdo k Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj
[d mjs `rolmks mksoegjs kd Yjrtu`oc tkd sgmj j bjdhotk oj glsubkssj ksbjcor.
Lj tkrrgtrgj lobgjloc, o pkrbklto`kd mk oculjs bjd rktklks kckvomo quolmj
bjdporomo bjd js ldkrjs kurjpkus. Rk`ulmj j ctgdj rkcotrgj mo [lgj Kurjpkgo
(89??) mgvuc`omj, 88,=9% oculjs mj ?. k 8. bgbcj kd Yjrtu`oc tgvkrod pkcj dkljs udo
rkpktlbgo ksbjcor. Kstk vocjr portgcfomj sjdkltk pjr ud jutrj pos (Fjcolmo), bjd j
quoc Yjrtu`oc mgvgmk j prgdkgrj cu`or mo tohkco rkekrkltk ojs posks bjd dogs rktklks
lj klsglj hsgbj (?. k 8. bgbcj). Ljs rksuctomjs rkcotgvjs oj 2. bgbcj mj klsglj hsgbj,
Yjrtu`oc rk`gsto 89,79% mk rktklks jhtklmj oqug j quortj cu`or mo tohkco, quk
cgmkromo pkco Kspolfo, Erolo k Hc`gbo.
J rkpktgmj glsubkssj obomdgbj jrg`glo ud megbk ljs rkejrjs pjsgtgvjs ju
kcj`gjs lo rko mj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Ksto sgtuoj mk kxtrkdo sklsghgcgmomk, pjrquk
`kro lj oculj ud skltgdkltj mk erobossj mgebgc mk uctropossor. J mkskaj mk kvgtodkltj
mj kspoj quk `kro kstk doc-kstor oudklto, j quk jrg`glo bjdpjrtodkltjs glomkquomjs
k j mksgltkrkssk tjtoc pkcj pkrbursj ksbjcor. Yjr gssj, tjrlo-sk gdprksbglmvkc glvkstgr kd
kstrot`gos quk pkrdgtod o gltk`roj k djtgvoj mkstks oculjs lo bjdulgmomk ksbjcor.
Js oculjs lkbkssgtod mk kckvor o outjkstgdo kd rkcoj s suos bjdpktlbgos mk
oprklmgzo`kd. J skltgdkltj mk bjdpktlbgo kxpkrgklbgomj pkcj oculj vog bjlstrugr os
hosks lkbkssrgos poro ud glvkstgdkltj djtgvomj k kdpklfomj lo bjltglugmomk moksbjcorgzoj (DbKvjy & Pkcnkr, 8999).
Otrovs mo rkvgsj mo cgtkroturo, ejg pjssvkc pkrbkhkr quk oc`uls kstumjs
rkocgzomjs sjhrk js KYs k j sku gdpobtj lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor glmgbod quk js oculjs
bjd dkcfjr rklmgdkltj ksbjcor sj oqukcks kd quk j KY j outjrgtotgvj, qukr skao
pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs pogs qukr pkcjs egcfjs. Glvkrsodkltk, j kstgcj outjrgtrgj k j
pkrdgssgvj opjltod, pjr kxkdpcj, poro pgjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks k udo outjkstgdo
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dogs hogxo. O oekrgj mkstks kstumjs tkd sgmj ekgto pjr vrgjs outjrks oj cjl`j mos
ctgdos mbomos k otrghukd ojs KYs omjtomjs ud `rou mk rkspjlsohgcgmomk lj
mkskdpklfj ksbjcor (Houdrglm, ?70?, ?77?> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Codhjrl,
Djults, Rtkglhkr`, & Mjrlhusf, ?77?> Xkhkbbo, 8995> Rtkglhkr`, kt oc., ?767).
Los bucturos ol`cj-soxlgbo j KY outjrgtotgvj j quk sk rkvkco dogs omkquomj,
dos kd Kspolfo j KY pkrdgssgvj-glmuc`kltk kst rkcobgjlomj bjd jutbjdks pjsgtgvjs.
Js ghkrj-odkrgboljs, oerj-odkrgboljs k kd bucturos osgtgbos j KY prkmjdgloltk j
outjrgtrgj. Ljs kstumjs ot o`jro rkocgzomjs kd Yjrtu`oc o prkmjdgllbgo otrghumo oj
KY outjrgtotgvj. Ossgd, j gdpobtj mj bjltkxtj bucturoc rkvkco-sk dugtj gdpjrtoltk
quolmj kstks momjs sj olocgsomjs. Bjd hosk loqugcj quk oc`uls outjrks jhskrvorod,
kxgstkd mgekrklos lj kekgtj mjs KY los vorgvkgs mjs egcfjs (jutbjdks) sk`ulmj bomo
bjltkxtj bucturoc (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Dusgtj & @orbo, 899;>
L`uykl, 8996> Ygrks, 89?9> 89??> Ygrks kt oc., 89??> Pkhkr kt oc., 899=), tjrlo-sk pjr
gssj pkrtglkltk kltklmkr j kekgtj quk js KY tkd lj rklmgdkltj obomdgbj tklmj kd
bjlsgmkroj j bjltkxtj bucturoc pjrtu`us.
Jutrj kckdkltj gdpjrtoltk bjlsgmkror o gltkrvklj mk pogs k egcfjs ljs
kstumjs. O bjltrghugj rkbkhgmo pjr dogs kckdkltjs mo eodcgo klrgqukbkd js
rksuctomjs k pkrdgtkd udo pkrbkj dogs ohrol`kltk pjrquk lj sk bkltro
kxbcusgvodkltk ludo pkrspktgvo. Obrksbk o gstj, j eotj mk oc`uls outjrks bjlbcurkd
quk pogs k egcfjs mgvkr`kd lo pkrbkj quk tkd quoltj oj KY kxkrbgmj (Ygrks, 89?9>
89??> Rjorks, 89?8> Pkhkr, 899=) j quk kckvo o gdpjrtlbgo kd kstumor js KY bjd o
bjcohjroj qukr mk pogs bjdj mjs egcfjs.
O pkrtgllbgo mkstk kstumj tkd pjr hosk j eotj mjs kstumjs rkocgzomjs kd
Yjrtu`oc sjhrk j kekgtj mj KY lj rklmgdkltj ksbjcor td-sk ejbomj kd gmomks dogs
prkbjbks, oltkrgjrks omjcksblbgo k lj jhskrvorod o pkrbkj mjs pogs k egcfjs
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quoltj ojs KYs. Lj kxgstkd dugtjs kstumjs jlmk skaod bjlsgmkromos os rkspjstos mk
momks pogs-egcfjs. G`uocdkltk, o mgsbjrmlbgo klbjltromo pjr vrgjs outjrks los
pkrbkks mjs pogs k egcfjs austgegbod o pkrtgllbgo mkstk kstumj. Obrksbk oglmo
bjlsgmkror rkckvoltk, otklmklmj oj bjltkxtj bucturoc quk, bjdj obgdo rkekrgmj tkd sgmj
opjltomj bjdj eotjr glecuklbgomjr mjs kstumjs sjhrk js KYs. Yjr kssk djtgvj,
bjlsgmkrju-sk sg`lgegbotgvj olocgsor lud kstumj vorgvkgs quk bjlbgcgosskd j
rklmgdkltj obomdgbj k j jcfor sjhrk os momks pogs/dks k egcfjs quoltj oj KY ludo
odjstro pjrtu`ukso.
Mksto ejrdo, js prglbgpogs jhaktgvjs mkstk kstumj sj ovocgor o pkrbkj mk
kstgcjs porkltogs eodgcgorks kd momks pogs/dks-egcfjs k vkrgegbor sk js KYs
pkrbkpbgjlomjs pjr pogs k egcfjs kxkrbkd ud kekgtj lj rklmgdkltj ksbjcor mjs egcfjs
quk erkqukltod j 8. k 2.bgbcjs mj klsglj hsgbj.
Ossgd sklmj, bjcjbodjs j sk`ugltk prjhckdo mk glvkstg`oj1 Rkr quk js
Kstgcjs Yorkltogs pkrbkbgjlomjs pjr pogs k egcfjs td ud kekgtj lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor:
8.8 Jhaktgvjs
Bjlsgmkrolmj o pkrtgllbgo mj kstumj rkekrgmo oltkrgjrdkltk, j prkskltk kstumj
pjssug bjdj jhakbtgvjs `krogs1 bjlfkbkr o pkrbkj mk kstgcjs porkltogs pkrbkpbgjlomjs
pjr pogs k rkspkbtgvjs egcfjs o egd mk oprjeulmor o bjdprkklsj mo mgldgbo eodgcgor mk
ejrdo dogs bjdpckto> oprjeulmor o rkcoj kltrk js KYs k j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor>
bjltrghugr poro j kstumj mj bjlbkgtj lj bjltkxtj bucturoc pjrtu`us> k bjltrghugr poro o
mgsbussj tkrgbo mj bjlbkgtj mk kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc kd tjrlj mj rkcotgvgsdj
bucturoc.
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Kd tkrdjs dogs kspkbegbjs, mkcgdgtodjs js jhakbtgvjs quk ossjbgod js KYs s
vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj kd kstumj k rkcoj kltrk js KYs k o j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj ljs
mgekrkltks kckdkltjs eodcgo.
Jhaktgvjs kspkbegbjs1
?. Bjdprkklmkr j kekgtj quk j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pjr pogs k egcfjs kxkrbk lj
rklmgdkltj ksbjcor kd oculjs mj 8. k 2. bgbcj mj klsglj hsgbj>
8. Olocgsor o bjlbjrmlbgo mj KYs kd momks eodgcgorks pogs/dks-egcfjs
2.
Ukrgegbor sk j KY vorgo kd eulj mo ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs>=. Ykrbkhkr sk o gmomk mjs pogs k egcfjs kxkrbk gleculbgo lj KY omjtomj>
;. Jhskrvor o kxgstlbgo mk mgekrklos lj KY bjd hosk lj rklmgdkltj dmgj
dklsoc eodgcgor>
5. Ukrgegbor sk j KY mgekrk bjlsjoltk j `lkrj mjs pogs.
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GGG YOX]K
DK]JMJCJ@GO
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2.? Mkcglkodkltj mj Kstumj
Yjr glvkstg`oj kxpkrgdkltoc kltklmk-sk o rkcoj bousoc quk sk kstohkckbk
kltrk os vorgvkgs glmkpklmkltks sjhrk os mkpklmkltks. Kstk bjlsgmkromj j djmkcj
gmkoc poro glvkstg`oj. Dolgpuco-sk o vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk k vkrgegbo-sk j kekgtj mksto
lo vorgvkc mkpklmkltk. Mkstobo-sk ossgd mjs rkstoltks mkcglkodkltjs prkbgsodkltk pjr
kstk doluskodkltj. J rkqugsgtj mkstk mkcglkodkltj o ockotjrgkmomk mo odjstro k j
`rupj mk bjltrjcj. Mgekrkltk lj mkcglkodkltj quosk-kxpkrgdkltoc, quk `oroltk o
vocgmomk gltkrlo k kxtkrlo dos lj dolgpuco o vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk, bjd o quoc skbjlsk`uk o `klkrocgzoj pjpucoj. Lj mkcglkodkltj quosk-kxpkrgdkltoc lj f j
rkqugsgtj mo ockotjrgkmomk mo odjstro, pjmklmj ossgd skr udo odjstro pjr
bjlvklglbgo, lkd o jhrg`otjrgkmomk mj `rupj mk bjltrjcj, j quk sk gltrjmuz bjdj
dogs-vocgo pjr pjssghgcgtor o kxkbuj mk dogs kstumjs k pkco oprjxgdoj ojs bjltkxtjs
rkogs (Bordj & Ekrrkgro, 8996).
Bjlsgmkrolmj quk kstk kstumj mk borobtkr quoltgtotgvj mk bjrtk trolsvkrsoc
(momjs rkbjcfgmjs lud s djdkltj) k skd dolgpucoj mo vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk,
bjlsgmkromj ud mkcglkodkltj pr-kxpkrgdkltoc. jhskrvobgjloc pjrquk lj f
lklfudo gltkrvklj pjr portk mj glvkstg`omjr. Js momjs sj rkbjcfgmjs bjd hosk kd
qukstgjlrgjs k ksbocos quoltgtotgvjs lud lgbj djdkltj. Os volto`kls mkstk
mkcglkodkltj prklmkd-sk bjd o pjssghgcgmomk mk obkmkr rkocgmomk skd dolgpucor
bjdj bjlstrugr bklrgjs, k o obkssghgcgmomk mo odjstro. Bjdj mksvolto`kd mkstk
mkcglkodkltj, rkekrgdjs o mgegbucmomk quk pjmk kxgstgr kd `oroltgr o vocgmomk kxtkrlo k
gltkrlo, bjdj pjr kxkdpcj kd sgtuoks mk mgcj`j kltrk js portgbgpoltks (Bordj &
Ekrrkgro, 8996) k, pkco lj ockotjrgzoj mo odjstro, j lj bjltrjcj mk vorgvkgs
kxtkrlos gltkrvklgkltks k/ju porosgtos, oudkltolmj j klvgksodkltj mj kstumj. Kstos
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cgdgtoks gdpkmkd o `klkrocgzoj mj rksuctomjs pjpucoj kd `kroc, pjmklmj
opklos os glekrlbgos skr bjlsgmkromos pjpucoj rkstrgto (kstohkckbgdkltj mk klsglj).
Eg`uro ?.
Jpkrobgjlocgzoj mos vorgvkgs
Eg`uro ?. Uorgvkgs mk brgtrgjs (U.B.), vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk (U.G.) sj js KYs k o vorgvkcmkpklmkltk (U.M.) j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj.
8.2 Fgptksks
Yogs1
F?1 J KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs pogs tkd ud kekgtj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks mjs egcfjs.F81 Lj kxgstkd mgekrklos kltrk pogs k dks lj KY quk pkrbkbgjlod.
F21 O gmomk mj(o) pog/dk k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
F=1 Os fohgcgtoks cgtkrrgos mjs pogs k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
F;1 J rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc eodgcgor k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
Momks1
Eulj porkltoc
Gmomk mjs pogs
Xklmgdkltjkbjldgbj
Fohgcgtoksobomdgbos
Kstomj bgvgc
L mk egcfjs
Gmomk mjs egcfjs
@lkrj mjs egcfjs
Opjgj kmubotgvj
Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor
(dmgo ksbjcor> l lk`otgvos k rktklks)
Kstgcj mk OutjrgmomkYorkltoc
U.B
U.G..
U.M
U.B
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F51 Lj kxgstk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc los momks dk-
egcfj(o).
F01 Lj kxgstk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc los momks pog-
egcfj(o).
Egcfjs1
F61 Kxgstk ud kekgtj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks kd eulj mj KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs
egcfjs.
F71 Lj kxgstkd mgekrklos lj KY pkrbkbgjlomj kd eulj mj `lkrj mj egcfj(o):
F?91 O gmomk mj(o) egcfj (o) k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
F??1 Os fohgcgtoks cgtkrrgos mjs pogs k j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs
bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
F?81 J rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc eodgcgor k j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs
bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.
F?21 Kxgstkd mgekrklos lj KY pkrbkbgjlomj kltrk oculjs bjd k skd lkbkssgmomks mk
opjgj kmubotgvj.
F?=1 Rk js oculjs td dogs rktklks mk olj kltj kcks tklmkd o pkrbkbgjlor dogs j
KY pkrdgssgvj.
2.?.8 Uorgvkgs
O rkbjcfo mos vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj, ju skao, borotkrstgbos pr kxgstkltks lo
pjpucoj, ejg kektuomo dkmgoltk j qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj.
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glmgbod quk os mgekrklos klbjltromos prjvd mk rkogs mgekrklos (Dorbzyn kt oc.,
899;). Yjr jutrj comj, udo odjstro mkdosgomj fjdj`lko pjmkr bjlstgtugr udo
gdpjrtoltk cgdgtoj pkco pjssvkc mgdglugj kd tkrdjs mk vorgohgcgmomk.
O odjstro ossgd bjlstgtumo pjr 886 omjcksbkltks k lj quk sk rkekrk ojs pogs
(klborrk`omjs mk kmuboj), o odjstro bjdpjsto pjr ?6= pogs k dks quk
rkspjlmkrod oj YO_-Y (vkrsj poro pogs) k oj qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj. Mj tjtoc
mk oculjs quk jhtgvkrod outjrgzoj poro portgbgpor lj kstumj, lkd tjmjs js
mkvjcvkrod j qukstgjlrgj mkvgmodkltk prkklbfgmj, j quk rksuctju lo djrtocgmomk
kxpkrgdkltoc mk == (?7%) qukstgjlrgjs. Lj quk sk rkekrk ojs pogs k dks, a lj ejg
pjssvkc jhtkr udo kqugvoclbgo lj `lkrj, sklmj o portgbgpoj mos dks mk ?;=
(62.09%) k o portgbgpoj mjs pogs ejg mk 29 (?5.29%). Lj quk mgz rkspkgtj dmgo mk
gmomks mos dks k pogs mk =?.=; oljs (MY4 ;.7;), sklmj quk vorgod kltrk js 82 k js
;6 oljs.
_uoltj oj kstomj bgvgc, os pkssjos bosomos ju kd ulgj mk eotj sj os dogs
rkprkskltomos, tjtocgzolmj ?80 pogs k dks (57%), kstolmj js rkstoltks mgstrghumjs kltrk
js pogs k dks sjctkgrjs ?7 (?9.29%) k mgvjrbgomjs/skporomjs k vgvjs 20 (89.?9%). J
ldkrj mk egcfjs kd bomo udo mkstos eodcgos vorgo kltrk ? k 6, sklmj quk o dkmgolo sk
sgtuo ljs 8 egcfjs pjr o`rk`omj eodgcgor.
Lj quk sk rkekrk ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs, 87 (?;.69%) mo odjstro tkd ud `rou
mk klsglj supkrgjr, 09 (26%) tkd j ?8. olj, (=0) 8;.;9% tkd j 7. olj, 82 (?8.;9%)
tkd j 5. olj k ?= (0.?9%) tkd j = olj mk ksbjcorgmomk.
_uoltj ojs rklmgdkltjs, o dogjrgo mjs o`rk`omjs eodgcgorks kst lj 8. ksbocj
mj GXR bjd 77 pkssjos (;2.69%), bjd vocjrks dklsogs kltrk js ;99 k js ?.=89. Mksto
odjstro =9 pogs k dks (8?.09%), jhtd dkljs mk ;99 dklsogs k ud ldkrj glekrgjr
26 (89.59%) rkbkhk obgdo mjs ?.=29 pjr ds.
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]ohkco 8.
Kstomj bgvgc, ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs k dks k rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc
L %
Kstomj bgvgc Rjctkgrj(o) ?7 ?9.2
Bosomj(o) k
[lgj mk eobtj?80 57.9
Mgvjrbgomj(o)>
Rkporomj(o) k
Ugvj(o)
20 89.?
Dgssgl` ? 9.;
]jtoc ?6= ?99Ksbjcorgmomk Ot oj 5 olj 25 ?7.5
7 olj =0 8;.;
?8 olj 09 26.9
Dgssgl` ? 9.;
]jtoc ?6= ?99Xklmgdkltj dmgj Ot ;99/ds =9 8?.0Eodgcgor Kltrk ;99 -
?.=89/ds77 ;2.6
Kltrk ?.=29 -
8.6;9/ds2; ?7.9
Dogs mk8.6;9/ds
2 ?.5
Dgssgl` 0 2.6
]jtoc ?6= ?99
Ljto. Uocjrks ohsjcutjs k pkrbkltuogs mos borobtkrstgbos sjbgjmkdj`regbos mo odjstro - pogs
Lo odjstro mjs omjcksbkltks ??6 (;?.69%) sj mj `lkrj ekdglglj k ??9 sj mj
`lkrj dosbucglj (=6.89%). Os gmomks mjs oculjs kstj bjdprkklmgmos kltrk js mkz k
js mkzjgtj oljs (D4 ?8.59%>MY4 ?.68).
O mgstrghugj mjs oculjs pkcjs oljs mk ksbjcorgmomk o sk`ugltk1 ;5 (8=.59%)
mj ;. olj, ;9 (8?.79%) mj 5. olj, 22 (?=.;9%) mj 0. olj, =9 (?0.;9%) mj 6. olj k =7
(8?.;9%) mj 7. olj. O pkrbklto`kd dogs hogxo vkrgegbju-sk lo rkprkskltotgvgmomk mjs
oculjs mj 0. olj. O dmgo ksbjcor mkstks oculjs pjsgtgvo (D 4 2.;2> MY 4 9.59)
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(ludo ksboco mk ? o ;). O dmgo dogs hogxo rk`gstomo lksto odjstro mk 8.22 k o dmgo
dogs kckvomo mk ; vocjrks.
O portgbgpoj mk oculjs bjd rktklks mk olj ejg mk ;? (88.=9%), sklmj quk
?00 (00.59%) mjs quk portgbgporod lj td, ot oj prkskltk olj cktgvj, quocqukr
rkprjvoj mk olj cktgvj. Mo pkrbklto`kd mk oculjs quk a tkd rktklks, 80 (;;%)
egborod rktgmjs udo vkz, ?6 (2;%) muos vkzks k ; (?9%) rk`gstod 2 ju dogs rktklks.
_uoltj oj opjgj ksbjcor, 5? oculjs (29.89%) mksto odjstro glmgbo usuerugr mk oc`ud
opjgj, kdhjro j tgpj mk opjgj skao vorgomj (mksmk kxpcgboks kd bkltrj mk kstumjs ot
turdos YBO (pkrbursj burrgbucor octkrlotgvj).
]ohkco 2.
Borobtkrgzoj mo odjstro kroc mjs omjcksbkltks
L %
Ksbjcorgmomk ; olj ;5 8=.5Egcfjs 5 olj ;9 8?.7
0 olj 22 ?=.;6 olj =9 ?0.;
7 olj =7 8?.;]jtoc 886 ?99
Dmgo Ot 8,7 2; ?;.2;Ljtos Mksmk 2.9 o 2.; 62 25.=9
Mksmk 2.5 o =.= 62 25.=9
Mksmk =.; o ; 80 ??.6;
]jtoc 886 ?99
Xktklks Rgd ;? 88.=
Lj ?00 00.5
]jtoc 886 ?99Opjgj Rgd 5? 22.8Ksbjcor Lj ?82 55.6
]jtoc ?6= ?99Ljto. Uocjrks ohsjcutjs k pkrbkltuogs mos borobtkrstgbos sjbgjmkdj`regbos rkcotgvos oj rklmgdkltj
ksbjcor mjs omjcksbkltks mo odjstro
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2.2 Glstrudkltjs
Ejg bjlstrumj ud qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj quk pkrdgtk o borobtkrgzoj
mo odjstro k o rkbjcfo mos vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj ovocgomos bjdj pkrtglkltks poro j
prkskltk kstumj, sk`ulmj o rkvgsj mk cgtkroturo kektuomo. ]odhd ejg opcgbomj j
_ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_) mk Hurg (?77?) (Djr`omj, kt oc, 8995) k j
YO_-Y (omkquoj mj YO_ poro rkspjstos mjs pogs) poro obkmkr pkrbkj mk kstgcj mk
outjrgmomk porkltoc, prglbgpoc vorgvkc kd kstumj (Ygrks, 89?9> Ygrks, kt oc., 89??).
Js glstrudkltjs utgcgzomjs lj prkskltk kstumj klbjltrod-sk vocgmomjs poro o
pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso, rozj pkco quoc sk jptju pkco suo utgcgzoj. Rj glstrudkltjs
kqugvockltks quk pkrdgtkd obkmkr pkrbkj mk KYs mk pogs k egcfjs, ospktj
eulmodkltoc poro vkrgegbor o bjlbjrmlbgo mjs KY pkrbkbgjlomjs pkcjs mgekrkltks
kckdkltjs mj sgstkdo eodgcgor. J YO_ ud glstrudkltj bjd hjos bopobgmomks
psgbjdtrgbos, tklmj, pjr gssj, sgmj usomj kd mgekrkltks posks k kstumjs gltkrlobgjlogs.
2.2.?. _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj
J qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj ejg kcohjromj bjd j jhaktgvj mk rkbjcfkr os
vorgvkgs mkdj`regbos, mk brgtrgj, ju skao, lj dolgpucvkgs k pr-kxgstkltks lo
pjpucoj, kltklmgmos bjdj lkbkssrgos poro j prkskltk kstumj (Ygrks, 89?9).
Mksg`lomodkltk j `lkrj mjs pogs k egcfjs, gmomk, kstomj bgvgc, ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs k
mjs egcfjs, rklmgdkltj dmgj eodgcgor dklsoc, ldkrj mk egcfjs, ldkrj mk rktklks
ksbjcorks mj egcfj quk portgbgpo lj kstumj k sk tkd oc`ud opjgj kmubotgvj. Kstos
vorgvkgs ejrod rkekrgmos kd kstumjs oltkrgjrks bjdj kstolmj ossjbgomos ojs KYs
(Houdrglm, ?708, ?77?> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Ygrks, 89??> Xkhkbbo, 8995> Rtkglhkr`,
kt oc., ?767).
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2.2.8. _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_)
J _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_) ejg mksklvjcvgmj pjr Hurg (?77?),
bjd hosk ljs trs KYs quk Houdrglm (?70?) mkeglgu (pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtotgvj k
outjrgtrgj). Os qukstks sj rkekrkltks oj KY omjtomj pkcj pog k dk, k rkspjlmgmos
pkcjs egcfjs (omjcksbkltks). Os vkrsks poro j pog k dk sj g`uogs, s octkrolmj o
mksg`loj quk gmkltgegbo o dk ju j pog. Kstk glstrudkltj jrg`glocdkltk tglfo =6 gtkls,
tklmj sgmj rkmuzgmj o 25 ludo prgdkgro ovocgoj rkocgzomo pjr 8? prjegssgjlogs k, dogs
tormk, possju o 29 gtkls. Ksto ksboco bjlstgtumo pjr trs suhksbocos (?9 gtkls bomo) quk
bjrrkspjlmkd ojs trs kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc1 pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtotgvj k
outjrgtrgj. Os rkspjstos mjs portgbgpoltks sj ossglocomos ludo ksboco mk ; pjltjs, tgpj
Cgnkrt, mk objrmj bjd o sk`ugltk bcossgegboj1 Mgsbjrmj tjtocdkltk (?), Mgsbjrmj (8),
Lj bjlbjrmj lkd mgsbjrmj(2), Bjlbjrmj (=) k Bjlbjrmj tjtocdkltk(;). J sbjrkmo
ksboco sgtuo-sk kltrk j ?9 (vocjr dlgdj) k j ;9 (vocjr dxgdj), sklmj quk j rksuctomj
dogs kckvomj los suhksbocos glmgbo o prkmjdgllbgo mj KY.
J ocpfo mk Brjlhobf eulbgjlo, lo prtgbo, bjdj ud glmgbomjr mo
ulgmgdklsgjlocgmomk mk ud bjlaultj mk gtkls, pkrdgtglmj pkrbkhkr sk tjmjs js gtkls quk
pkrtklbkd o kssk bjlaultj sk jr`olgzod kd tjrlj mk udo dksdo mgdklsj. O vkrsj
jrg`gloc mksto ksboco jhtkvk rksuctomjs quoltj rjhustkz kstotstgbo bjlsjoltk j `lkrj
mj prj`klgtjr, tklmj o sk`ugltk mgstrghugj1 dks lj KY pkrdgssgvj (
4 .0;),
outjrgtrgj (4 .6;) k outjrgtotgvj (4 .68)> pogs lj KY pkrdgssgvj (4 .0=), outjrgtrgj
(4 .60) k outjrgtotgvj (4 .6;). Oprksklto, ossgd, hjls rksuctomjs quoltj egohgcgmomk
(Hurg, ?77?). Js vocjrks glmgbod o kstohgcgmomk mo dkmgmo toltj lo vkrsj mkstglomo ojs
pogs bjdj s dks.
J YO_ ejg omoptomj k vocgmomj poro o pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso (Djr`omj, kt oc,
89?8) ludo odjstro bjd ;20 omjcksbkltks. J glstrudkltj doltd js dksdjs 29 gtkls,
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quk pkrdgtkd ovocgor o pkrbkj mjs egcfjs sjhrk j kstgcj mk outjrgmomk porkltoc. _uoltj
rjhustkz kstotstgbo mo vkrsj pjrtu`ukso, opksor mksto oprkskltor vocjrks cg`kgrodkltk
glekrgjrks ksboco jrg`gloc, js dksdjs sj obkgtvkgs o hjls. Ukrgegbju-sk quk los
suhksbocos kstgcj outjrgtotgvj ( 4 .06) k outjrgtrgj ( 4 .00) kxgstk udo hjo
bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo. Lo suhksboco kstgcj pkrdgssgvj (4 .55), o bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo
rozjvkc.
Otrovs mj prj`rodo kstotstgbj GHD RYRR (Rtotgstgboc Yobno`k ejr Rjbgoc
Rbgklbks vkrsj 88), ejg pjssvkc olocgsor o egohgcgmomk mos suhksbocos poro o odjstro
mj prkskltk kstumj. _uoltj oj vocjr mo ossgdktrgo, tjmjs js gtkls sk sgtuod mkltrj mk
(2), ju skao, lj f lklfud vocjr ohogxj mk 2 ju obgdo mk 2. Xkcotgvodkltk oj
obfotodkltj, tjmjs js gtkls kstj kl`cjhomjs kd (0), lj kxgstglmj lklfud vocjr
glekrgjr o -0 lkd lklfud vocjr supkrgjr o 0. Mkstk djmj, pjmkdjs oegrdor quk lklfud
mjs gtkls bjrrjdpk j prkssupjstj mk ljrdocgmomk (Dorjbj, 89?9).
Yoro sk bjlsgmkror quk o odjstro tkd udo mgdklsj oprjprgomo, j vocjr mkNDJ mkvkr skr supkrgjr o .09. J vocjr jhtgmj lkstk kstumj ejg mk .0;, pkcj quk
pjmkdjs glekrgr quk o mgdklsj mo odjstro omkquomo (Dorjbj, 89?9).
Ejg opcgbomj j dtjmj jrtj`jloc mk rjtoj mk eotjr vorgdox poro pkrbkhkrdjs
sk o mgstrghugj mjs gtkls mk sk jrmklorgo pkcjs trs eotjrks, toc bjdj ejg vkrgegbomj
pkcjs outjrks mj glstrudkltj vocgmomj poro o pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso. Js gtkls
mgstrghurod-sk mk objrmj bjd j quk kro kspkrolmj (?9 gtkls pjr eotjr), tklmj pjr
prkssupjstj js rksuctomjs mo ksboco jrg`gloc1 j eotjr ? bjrrkspjlmk oj KY outjrgtotgvj
(?8.29% mo vorglbgo)> j eotjr 8 rkekrk-sk oj KY outjrgtrgj (??.=8% mo vorglbgo)> j
eotjr 2, rkcotgvj oj KY pkrdgssgvj (?9.29% mo vorglbgo).
J vocjr mj ocpfomk Brjlhobf mkstk glstrudkltj rkvkcju-sk g`uoc poro os trs
suhksbocos ( 4 .02), djstrolmj o kxgstlbgo mk udo hjo bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo. Kstks
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;;
vocjrks vj oj klbjltrj mjs rksuctomjs jhtgmjs pkcjs outjrks mo vocgmoj mo ksboco poro
o pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso, kxbktj lo suhksboco mj KY pkrdgssgvj, a quk j vocjr mj ocpfo
mk Brjlhobf dogs kckvomj lkstk kstumj. Js vocjrks klbjltromjs otkstod o rjhustkz
psgbjdtrgbo mj glstrudkltj poro ovocgor js KYs, glmgbolmj o suo omkquoj odjstro
kd kstumj.
]ohkco =.
Uocjrks mk egmkcgmomk mj YO_ mo odjstro
OcpfoBrjlhobf Gtkls
KY Outjrgtotgvj .02 ?9KY Outjrgtrgj .02 ?9
KY Ykrdgssgvj .02 ?9
]jtoc 29
2.2.8. _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc omoptomj ojs pogs (YO_