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EUROCODE 2 Hulpmiddelen, ervaring en evoluties naar 2020
ir. B. ParmentierHead Div. Structures
FEBELCEM - ONTWERP EN BEREKENING VAN BETONCONSTRUCTIES VOLGENS EUROCODE 2 - Seminarie op 18 september 2017 - Technopolis
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MENU
1
2
3
Experience with EC2-3
Evolutions EC2-1-1, focus on FRC
Toolbox EC’s
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
SILOS & TANKS
Experience with EC2-3
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Permeability Cracking Joints
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Not only a « cracking » story
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
7.3 Cracking
Tightness class Requirements for leakage
0 Some degree of leakage acceptable, or leakage of liquids irrelevant
1 Leakage to be limited to a small amount. Some surface staining or damp patches acceptable
2 Leakage to be minimal. Appearance not to be impaired by staining
3 No leakage permitted
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SECTION 7 – SLS
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
7.3 Cracking
Tightness class Requirements for crack control
0 Cfr. EC2-1-1 (§7.3.1)
1 Cracks ≤ wk1
2 Full thickness not cracked
3 Special measures
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SECTION 7 – SLS
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Cracks vs. leakage
W ÷ 2
Q ÷ 8
7/65
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
CLASSE
1
h
hD
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
wk1
[m
m]
hD/h [-]8/65
Watertightness Class 1
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Calculated cracks vs. observed- Non deterministic- Influence factors- Shrinkage not taken into account…
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Observed vs. Calculated
10/65
wcal[mm]
wexp[mm]
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Simplified method & Imposed deformations Watertightness class 1 & hD/h=10 => Wmax = 0,18mm
Act , fctm
kc & k
Assumption on ∅ => ∅*
σs based on tables (∅* vs. σs)
As,min
Summary design method
s
cteffctcs
AfkkA
σ... ,
min, =
11/65
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Ex. : Wall 40cm – C30/37 - ∅10 ? – End restrained
σs
∅*
0,05 0,1
10
20
200 300
σs = ~230 N/mm²
12/65
0,2 0,3
c=35 mm=> ∅* = 10.0 mm
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Wall – Example results
2301000.400.9,2.93,0.1
...
,
,min,
=
=figuress
cteffctcs
AfkkA
σ
= 4690 mm²/m’ (ρ = 1,17%)
Not possible with ∅10 !5 options :
A. Calculate max stress and limit to fctk,0.05B. Iterations on ∅ >> σs but As C. Joints, injections ?D. Adapt Act => As will decreaseE. Reduce fct
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Summary by figures
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0 20 40 60 80 1000
1
2
Thickness [cm]
ρ min
[%
]
PURE TENSION fck = 30 MPa
0 20 40 60 80 1000
5000
10000
15000
Thickness [cm]
As m
in [
mm
²/m']
σs = 150 MPa
σs = 500 MPa
σs = 500 MPa
σs = 150 MPa
(Act = full section)
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Importance of classes prescription (=> wlim)
Oberved vs. calculated cracks
Dominant sollicitation ?
Large reinforcement needed ! <> Practice
RECAP’
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Towards 2020…
EC2 Evolution
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 19/65
Evolutions – EC2 towards 2020
Standards # pages # NDPs # NDPs / # pagesEN 1990 120 54 0.45EN 1991 770 292 0.38EN 1992 450 176 0.39EN 1993 1250 236 0.19EN 1994 330 42 0.13EN 1995 225 21 0.09EN 1996 300 31 0.10EN 1997 340 42 0.12EN 1998 600 103 0.17EN 1999 500 58 0.12
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 20/65
Objectives
EC2 update : Publication around 2021
2 phases (SC2.PT1 base | SC2.PT2 Fire | SC2.PT3 Innovations)
GOAL : Reduce # NDP’s
Regrouping parts (bridges, silos/tanks)
Discourage use of informative annexes
Update acording to State of the Art
Improve Ease of use
Alignment with « product » standards
Taking national regulations/practice into account
Process with the « systematic review »
Develop a background doc
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Reduce #NDPs
NDP’s are not always legitimate !
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Process with the systematic reviewBelgium was very concerned…
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Comments from systematic review
# Comments
EC Part
ShearCracking Anchorage / laps
Punching
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Update according to SoA
Stainless steel Assessment
FRP FRC
E
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 25/65
Regrouping parts
EC2
Design concrete
1-1
General
1-2
Fire
2
Bridges
3
Silos & Réservoirs
3Silos & Tanks
Only 5p. Specific for bridges !
[WG1/TG9]
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Input from Model Code 2010
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(still in discussion !)Some evolutions
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Section 2 – Basis of design
No big shot
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 29/65
Section 3 - Materials
Resistance C100
LC80
RAC
Steel grades (B400-B700)
C30/37
28j/91j
<> EN 206
Materials (new) RAC (Recycled Aggregates Concrete)
Stainless steel
FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer)
FRC (Fibre Ceinforced Concrete)
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 30/65
Section 3 - Materials
Resistance @91d vs. 28d ?
2 7 28 91
Age [days]
fc,x/fc,28 [/]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 20 40 60 80 100
CEM I 52,5 RCEM II/B-M 42,5CEM III/B 32,5
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 31/65
Section 3 - Materials
Sustainability etc. We should make sure that all efforts in improving the sustainability of concrete by reduction of CO2 and other greenhouse gas
emissions are appreciated and honored
Economy We should utilize the full strength potential of our concrete, not “give away” 35-50% strength increase
Technical Use correct strength when calculating minimum reinforcement not one that is 20-30% too low Use correct strength when assessing robustness and risk of brittle failure Use correct strength and stiffness in non-linear analyses where also overstrength is a concern Less early heat development is helpful to avoid early thermal cracking Simpler definition of in situ design strength that solves αcc question Better reference point for scientific observations in research Use only one system common for all. Allowing on an individual basis taking account of additional gain of strength is a potential
safety hazard for misunderstanding in communication between designer/user/producer and will only give a marginal effect in reduction of CO2-footprint.
Technical /Economical Slow strength development can reduce production rate on site Late confirmation of conformity on strength, note however that EN 206 already allow confirmation first after 3 respectively 6
months (§8.2.1.3.2(4)), but that early confirmation is possible for example by use of control charts which is allowed by EN 206 and will give confirmation within 7 days,
Loss of “history”, much research work becomes more difficult to refer to (this is however a problem inherent in getting new concretes anyhow)
Resistance @91d vs. 28d ?
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 32/65
Section 3 - Materials
RAC : max C30 Max C30
« deemed to satisfy » philosophy (EN 206)
Link with exposure classes
More applications if tested
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 33/65
Section 3 - Materials
Design New formulae for fcd
Discussion on αcc
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Section 3 - Materials
Design New formulae for fcd
Discussion on αcc
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Section 4 - Durability
New exposure classes (cfr. CEN TC104 : EN 206)
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Section 4 - Durability
Impact on cover :
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Section 5 – Structural analysis
Adaptations
Use of non linear FE for conception or verification
Effect of dimensions on plastic rotational capacity
Second order effects
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Section 6 – Ultimate limit states (ULS)
Not yet available …
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Section 7 – Serviceability limit states (SLS)
Simplified methods
Shrinkage in crack width calculation
Effect of over-reinforcement
Damping
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Section 7 – Serviceability limit states (SLS)
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Section 7 – Serviceability limit states (SLS)
Influence of boundary conditions
along one edge
at the ends
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Section 7 – Serviceability limit states (SLS)
∅max vs. steel stress Shrinkage taken into account
0,3
∅16
245185
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 44/65
Section 8 – Detailing rebars
Prestressing (+harmon.) Transmission length p
Cover (special cases)
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Section 9 – Detailing elements
As,min
As,max
Robustness
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Section 10 - Precast
Not yet available …
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Section 11- Lightweight concrete
Not yet available…
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 48/65
Section 12 – Not reinforced concrete
Stress-strain relationship
Simplified method with creepexcentricity eliminated
Strip footings deleted
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Evolutions – FRC (future Section 13/Annexe L ?)
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX
Is this
reliable ?
50/65
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 51/65
FRC cross-section analysis
Traditional + fibres
+
_
Compression
Tension
Deformations Stresses
Fs
Fc
MRFf
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 52/65
Assumptions MC’10
FRC with/without traditional rebars
Behaviour in compression not influenced by fibres(Vf < 1%)
All fibre types but…
Experience based on steel fibres
« Fibre materials with a Young's modulus which is significantly affected by time and/or thermo-hygrometrical phenomena are not covered by this Model Code. »
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 53/65
Min. ductility (structure)
Ductility provided by traditional rebars
Ductility provided by FRC (no traditional rebars)
P
PU
UPEAKSLS
Displacement
SLSP
Load
MAX
P
crack formationPCR
𝜹𝜹𝒖𝒖 ≥ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝜹𝜹𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝜹𝜹𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ≥ 𝟓𝟓 𝜹𝜹𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺OF
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 54/65
From material to structure
1Characterization
2Performance classes
3Constitutive laws
4Design calculations
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 55/65
Performance classes
Class 2a
a : 0.5 < fR3,k/fR1,k < 0.7
b : 0.7 ≤ fR3,k/fR1,k < 0.9
c : 0.9 ≤ fR3,k/fR1,k < 1.1
d : 1.1 ≤ fR3,k/fR1,k < 1.3
e : 1.3 ≤ fR3,k/fR1,k
2.0 ≤ fR1,k ≤ 2.5
1.01.52.02.53.04.05.06.07.08.0…
fR1,k [MPa]
EN 14651
Proposal MC 2010
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Constitutive law in uni-axial tension
Simplified « normative » approach
𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒖𝒖 =𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒖𝒖 = 𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔 −𝒘𝒘𝒖𝒖
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑹𝑹𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔 − 𝟐𝟐.𝟓𝟓𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 + 𝟐𝟐.𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐.𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
OU
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 57/65
Constitutive law in uni-axial tension
Approach fib MC 2010 : 1) Rigid-plastic Model
𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒖𝒖
𝒇𝒇𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒖𝒖 =𝒇𝒇𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹
𝝈𝝈 − 𝒘𝒘
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 58/65
Drafting EC2 for FRC
KO is for taking orientation of fibres into account
KG is for volume effects
αtx is for conversion based on (real) stress distribution assumption (~0,37 for fFtu)
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 59/65
Towards stress-strain relationship 𝝈𝝈 − 𝜺𝜺
𝜺𝜺 =𝒘𝒘𝒍𝒍𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒔
Characteristic structural length (cs)
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Exp. EC2-3 EVOLUTIONS EC2 TOOLBOX 61/65
ULS – Bending and/or axial compression
Simplified stress-strain relationship MC’10
Max deformation in compression (εcu2)
Max deformation in rebar (εud)
Max deformation FRC (εFu)
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www.normes.be/eurocodes
Toolbox « Eurocodes »
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RECAP TABLES & SHEETS
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DIDACTIC CALCULATION MODULES
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SOCIAL NETWORKS
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myNBN.be