jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018 - 89 -
[_iy khjk; jkpo; kf;f
Sf;F vjpuhd gaq;fu
khd td;Kiwia ,yq;if
muRk; mjDila Fz;lH gilAk;
fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;l NghJ mk;gythzH
rpthde;jd; nfhOk;gp ,Uf;ftpiy.
yz;ldp ,Ue;jhH. vdpDk; me;j
[_iyg; gLnfhiyfs; mtiu> mt
ykhd> Jd;gpaYk; NrhfKk; Nfhg
Kk; NkNyhq;fpa kNdhepiyf;F kPs
Tk; js;sptpl;ld. 1958 jkpo;g; gL
nfhiyfsp jg;gpg; gpioj;jtH mtH.
mjdh jhd; yz;ldp Gfyplk; ngw;
wtH. ,yq;ifapd; ,lJrhup mikg;
GfNshLk; khHf;rpar; rpe;jidfNsh
Lk; CwpapUe;j rpthde;jDf;F ,q;
fpyhe;jp gutyhf ,Ue;j ,dntwp
Ak;> $ypj;njhopyhsHfSf;F vjpuhd
murpd; epiyg;ghLk; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
Gjpa fjTfisj; jpwe;Jtpl;ld. ,q;fp
yhe;jpd; njhopyhsHfs; mikg;G>
Nghuhl;lq;fs;> fWg;gpd kf;fSf;F
vjpuhd epwntwp> ,dthjk; vd;gtw;
Wf; nfjpuhf mikg;G rhHe;j Nghuhl;
lq;fspYk; ftpg;Gyk; rhHe;j Nghuhl;
lq;fspYk; Kd;dzpap ,Ue;jtH
rpthde;jd;. ,q;fpyhe;jp epwntwpf;
nfjp uhd Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; fWg;gpd
kf;fSld; czHTj; NjhoikAld;
,ize;J gq;Nfw;w gy jsq;fspyhd
eltbf;iffspYk; m. rpthde;jd; jkpo;r;
r%fj;Jf;F Kd;Djhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH.
‘vjpHf;fpNwd;mjdh,Uf;fpNwd;’ vd;gJ
mtuJ murpa tho;tpd; ,aigr;
rpj;jpupf;Fk; $w;whFk;. ,yq;ifapyp
Ue;J ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fg; Gyk; ngaHe;j
gpw;ghL rpthde;jDf;F Vw;gl;l mDgt
nkhd;Wk;> mjid mtH vjpHnfhz;l
tpjKk; ,g;NghJk; gyuh epidT
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
nts;isj; jpkpH gpbj;j Mq;fpNyaH
xUtH rpthde;ijg; ghHj;J> ‘why areyou here’ (eP Vd; ,q;Nf te;jha;?) vd;W
NfhgKld; Nfl;lhH. ‘Because you werethere’ (Vndd;wh ePq;fs; mq;Nf te;j
jhˇ vd;W Nfypr;rpupg;Gld; gjp nrhd;
dhH rpthde;jd;. fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; cg
tpisTfSs; xd;Wjhd; nts;isauyh
jtHfspd; Gyk; ngaHTk; Gyg;ngaHg;
Gk; vd;gJ gyUf;Fj; njuptjpiy.
mjid ehd;Nf ehd;F nrhw;fsp rpth-
de;jdh czHj;j Kbe;jJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpd; kpfg; Gfo;ngw;w Ma;T
epWtdkhd Institute of Race Relationsrpthde;jDila topfhl;lypYk; epHth
fj;jpYk; ngU tsHr;rp fz;lJ. me;j
epWtdj;jpduh ntspaplg;gLk; Raceand Class vd;w Ma;tpjo; cyfpd; rpwe;j
gfiyf;fofq;fs; vyhtw;wpYNk
fw;wYf;Fk; fw;gpj;jYf;FKupa Ma;T+
lfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
rpthde;jDila ‘When Memom Dies’vd;w eht kpFe;j tuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ
vd;gJ Gjpa nra;jp my. <o murpay;
tho;tpd; rpwg;ghd ehtfspnyhd;whf
mjidf; fUjKbAk; (kfhypq;fj;jpd;
fl;Liu> gf;fk;: 94, ,Jgw;wp tpupth
fg; NgRfpwJ).
Race and u;unger (1982) vDk; mtUila
E} ,q;fpyhe;jp fWg;gpd kf;fspd;
vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fisg; gw;wpg; NgR
fpwJ. Race and Resistance (1975) ,dthj>
,dntwp vjpHg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wp
Ak; rpthde;jd; jiyikNaw;wpUe;j
epWtdkhd Institute of Race Relations(IRR) gw;wpAk; tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ.
Nrh\yprj;Jf;fhd fWg;gpd kf;fspd;
Nghuhl;lq;fis Ma;T nra;Ak; mtU
ila E} Communities of Resistance.NghupLk; r%fq;fs;> mtw;wpilNa kyu
Ntz;ba czHTj;Njhoik> Nghd;wit
gw;wpa GyikAk; nraw;ghLk; kpf;f
vOj;Jf;fs; mtUilait. cyfka
khf;fk;> gz;ghL> ‘,dk;’ gw;wpaJ mt
Uila E} Catching History on the WingmtUila rpWfijfspd; njhFjpnahd;W
Where the Dance is vDk; ngaup 2000k;
Mz;L ntspahdJ.
,yq;if ,dg;gpur;rpid njhlHghf
1983 ,Ue;Nj rpthde;jd; typAWj;jp
te;j Kf;fpakhd tplak; vd;dntdp>
,yq;if muNr ,dthj muRjhd;
(Sri Lanka is a Racist State) me;j muir
eLepiyahdjhfNth> jPHTf;Fk; rkhjh
dj;Jf;Fk; tpUk;gpf; ifNfhHf;f tUk;
xd;whfNth ghHf;f KbahJ vd;gJjhd;.
rpy Kw;Nghf;fhsHfs; cl;glg; gyH
rpq;fs ,dthj muir tpl;Ltpl;Lg;
gpur;rpidapd; ikaq;fisAk; fhuzq;f
isAk; Ntwplq;fsp NjLfpwhHfs; vdj;
njhlHe;Jk; thjpl;L te;jtH rpthde;jd;.
83> ‘fWg;G[_iy’ epfo;e;J Xuhz;L epiw
Ak; NghJ 1984> [_iy khjk; Race andClass Ma;Ntl;bd; ,yq;ifr; rpwg;gpjio
ntspapl;lhH. mJ jkpo; kf;fSf;F
vjpuhd njhlHr;rpahd gLnfhiyfs;
gw;wpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. me;j ,jopd;
Mrpupaj; jiyaq;fj;jp rpthde;jd;
gpd;tUkhW vOjpdhH:
//fle;j fhy mopTfSf;fhd ,og;gPl;
ilAk; gpuhar;rpj;jj;ijAk; vjpHfhyj;
jp jkJ cupikfisAk; jkpo; kf;fs;
rpq;fs murplk; vjpHghHg;gJ klikAk;
kyl;Lj;jdkhdJkhFk;.//
,dthjk; / epwthjk; gw;wpa mtuJ tpup
thd fl;Liufs; gytw;wp ,tw;wpd;
Gjpa tbtk; xd;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRfp-
whH. Gyk; ngaHT> FbNawpfspd; ngUf;
fk; vd;gd gy klq;Ffshf mjpfupj;J
tUfpw ,d;iwa R+oyp mtw;Wf;nf
jpuhf INuhg;ghtpYk; cyfpd; NtW
gyghfq;fspYk; gaq;fukhfTk;> F&
ukhfTk; ,d/epw ntwp NkNyOtij
ehk; ghHf;fpNwhk;. me;epaHfSf;F vjpHg;
ghf vOr;rp ngWk; ,e;j ,dthjj;ij
Xeno - Racism vdr; rpthde;jd; Nfhl;
ghl;L uPjpahf mioj;jhH. me;epaH
ntWg;Gk; (Xenophobia), Racism (,dth
jKk;) ,ize;J vOfpw xU rpf;fyhd
Mgj;jhd xU Nghf;F ,J vd;W mtu;
thjpl;lhH.
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; njhopw;fl;rpj; jiytH>
N[upkp NfhHgpd;> rpthde;jd; Mrpupa
uhf ,Ue;J elj;jp te;j Race and Class,jopd; MrpupaH FOtp gjpide;J
Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhH. njhopw;fl;rp
apd; jiytuhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
gpw;ghNl mtH me;jg; gzpapypUe;J
tpyfpdhH. rpthde;jd; gw;wp NfhHgpd;
ntspapl;Ls;s ,uq;f mwpf;ifap
mtH gpd;tUkhW $WfpwhH:
//‘aho;g;ghzj;jp gpwe;J gpupj;jhdpah
tpNy jdJ tho;it Kbj;Jf;nfhz;l
tH rpth. ,e;j ,ilf;fhyj;jp rpth
mile;j khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;
wq;fSk; ngupJ. 1970fsp ntWkNd
,dk; (Race) vd;W Ngrg;gl;lij ,dKk;
tHf;fKk; vd;W fUj;jpa uPjpahfTk;
nraw;ghl;L uPjpahfTk; khw;wpdhH.
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; thupf; (Warwick) gf
iyf; fofj;jp Nrfupj;J itf;fg;gl;
bUf;Fk; mtuJ vyh Mf;fq;fSk;
fhydpj;Jt tuyhw;iw ,Jtiu vOjpa
Kiwikia khw;wpaikj;jd. xLf;fg;g
Lk; kf;fSldhd czHTj; Njhoik
gw;wpa mtuJ ,ilawhj nraghL
fSk;> ekJ gioa fijahlfis
khw;wp tpl;ld.
ftpijAk; ,yf;fpaKk; ,irAk; vg;gb
vq;fisAk; r%fj;ijAk; khw;w cjt
KbAk; vd;gij ehq;fs; rpthtplk;
,Ue;J jhd; fw;Nwhk;.//
r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfsp gh> ghypdk;>
tHf;fk;> ,dk;/,dj;Jtk; vd;gd njhlH
ghd xLf;FKiwfisj; jdpj;jdpNa
gpupj;Jg;ghHf;f KbahJ. mit jkf;Fs;
xd;wpj;Jk;> ClhbAk; ,aq;Ftij ehk;
ftdj;jp vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mZ
FKiw,g;NghJ kpf tYthf cs;sJ.
,jid Intersectionality vd;W miog;
ghHfs;. ,e;j mZFKiwia 1970
fspNyNa typAWj;jpatH rpthde;jd;.
,e;j mZFKiwapd; Kd;Ndhb mtH.
n[upkp NfhHgpdpd; mQ;ryp mwpf;if
,jidj;jhd; Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ.
%d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ehDk;
ez;gH rptFkhUk; (rupepfH) rpthde;jd;
tPl;b xU gf nghOijf; fopj;Njhk;.
rpthde;jDila tho;f;ifj;Njhop n[d;-
dpAk; cldpUe;jhH. Mq;fpyj;jp ntsp
ahfpapUe;j vdJ In a Time of Burningvd;w ftpij E}Yf;F mtnuhU gpd;
dl;ilf; Fwpg;ig vOjpapUe;jhH. ,dg;
gLnfhiy vOg;gpa mQUk; gbkq;
fSk; mtiuj; njhlHe;Jk; ghjpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. mtH njhlHe;Jk; vOjpf;
nfhz;bUe;jhH. mtuplkpUe;J gpupah
tpil ngWfpwNghJ tPl;bd; ntsptpwhe;
ijapmtH rha;e;jkUk; fjpiu xd;iwf;
fhl;bdhH. mjp mkur;nrhd;dhH. mjp
ypUe;J ghHj;jh ntsp tsTf;Fs;
jdpj;J epw;fpw mg;gps; kuk; xd;Wjhd;
njupAk;.
‘vt;tsT Mz;Lfshf ,e;j mg;gps;
kuj;ijg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
MdhYk; mJ xt;nthU Kiw ghHf;fpw
NghJk; GjpjhfTk; khw;wk; ngw;wjhf
Tk; njupfpwJ. ,aq;fpaYf;F ,ijtpl
NtW vd;d gbkk; Njit?’
Nghuhsp> ftpijg; gpupaH> ,ilawhj
vOj;jhsH> czHTj;Njhoikapd;md;gH>
,dpa ez;gH> topfhl;ba mwpQd; rpth.
mtUila topj;jlk; cyf topj;jlk;.
khDlj;jpd; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;Wf;Fk;
khDl ehfupfj;Jf;Fk; jkpo; toq;fpa
nfhil rpthde;jd;.
› › ›
1983
vjpHf;fpNwd;>mjdh
,Uf;fpNwd;!m. rpthde;jd;
(1923 - 2018)
Nrud;
- 90 - jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018
2009 etk;gH-brk;gH khj epA+ ny/g;l;
wptpA+ (New Left Review) ,jop (60)
ntspte;j m.rpthde;jd; mtHfSl
dhd ePz;l NeHfhzypypUe;J rpy
gFjpfs;:
fhydpaMl;rpf;fhyk; KbTf;FtUfpd;w fhyg;gFjpap ePq;fs;,isQuhf tsHe;jpUe;jpUg;gPHfs;?
Mk;. ehd; 1942 ghlrhiyg; gbg;ig
Kbj;Jtpl;L nfhOk;G gfiyf;foff;
fY}upap NrHe;jpUe;Njd;. me;jtUlk;
mJ ,yq;ifg; gfiyf;fofkhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1931k; Mz;L nfhz;L
tug;gl;l nlhd%H murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,ytrf; ftp mwpK
fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; ,yq;ifap rHt[d thf;Fupik
mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld;> mJ jdJ
nrhe;j murhq;fj;ij njupTnra;Ak;
mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mg;NghJ
njupT nra;ag;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; ftp
aikr;ruhf ,Ue;j kpfr;rpwe;j jpwik
Ak; Mw;wYk; nfhz;bUe;j C.W.W.fd;dq;fuh> 1939 ,e;j ,ytr ftpia
nfhz;Lte;jhH. Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd;gh
fNt [dehafk;> caH ftpawpT tPjk;>
kw;Wk; ,ytr kUj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw
ehk; nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. rpyNtisfsp
,yq;ifap ,Ue;j fhydpa vjpHg;Gg;
Nghf;Ffisg; gytPdg;gLj;Jtjw;F
,itAk; xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
yhk;. 1948 ,yq;if Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ vd;gJ> ,e;jpa Njr
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dpUe;j
jh fpilj;j xd;Nw myhk> jdf;
nfd elj;jg;gl;l xU Rakhd Ra
uh[;[pa ,af;fj;jh ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
gl;l xd;wy. gpupj;jhdpaHfs; ,yq;
ifia xU Rakhf murhq;fj;ij
nfhz;bUf;Fk; jFjpngw;w> Mq;fpyk;
gbj;j> KOikahf jk;Kld; ,ize;J
NghFk; ,aGila Nkl;Lf; Fbf-
isf; nfhz;l xU khjpupf; fhydpah
fNt Nehf;fpdH.
ve;jf;fl;lj;jpePq;fs; jPtputhjepiyg;ghLilatH MdPHfs;?
gfiyf;fofj;jp> mg;NghJ rkr
kh[f; fl;rpapypUe;j Kf;fpakhd Gj;jp
[Ptpfs; rpyH mq;F vdf;F MrpupaH
fshf ,Ue;jdH. Fwpg;ghf> vd;.vk;
ngNuuh> mtH vkf;F Nrhtpaj; murp
ayikg;igf; fw;gpj;jhH. mLj;jtH
nlhupf; b nrha;rh. ,tH Mq;fpy ,yf;
fpak; fw;gpj;jhH. yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp
1935 Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; jiy
tHfsp gyH itj;jpaHfshf ,Ue;
jhHfs;. 1934-35 gutpa kNyupah
njhw;WNeha; gutypd; NghJ> twpa
kf;fs; kj;jpap ele;j rpfpr;ir el
tbf;iffsp Kd;dzpap epd;W mtH
fs; cioj;jhHfs;. fpuhkg;Gwq;fsp
gy,ytr itj;jparhiyfis mtH
fs; Mq;fpy kUe;JfSld; MAHNtj
kUe;JfisAk; fye;J rpfpr;ir toq;
fpdhHfs;. VidatHfs; yz;ld; ];$
x/g; vf;fzkpf;]; , Kg;gJfsp
`Nuhl; yf;rp mtHfsJ khztHf
shf ,Ue;jJld; ,e;jpa NjrtpLjiy
,af;fj;jpd; nrthf;Ff;F cl;gl;l
tHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH. mg;NghJ y.r.r.
fl;rpapd; jpl;lk; njhopyhsHfs; vd;w
czHepiyia Vw;gLj;Jtijtpl> twpa
kf;fSf;F cjTtJ vd;w kl;lj;jp-
NyNa ,Ue;jJ. Mdh> 1930fspYk;
40fspYk; ,J gbg;gbahf tptrha
tFg;gpdH kj;jpap nraw;gLtjhf
khwpaJ. ,e;j tptrhap tHf;fj;jpd;
xUgFjpapdH xU fhiy epyj;jp itj;
jpUe;j NghJk;> mtHfsp ,d;ndhU
gFjpapdH jk;ik efHg;Gw ghl;lhsp
tHf;fkhf vz;zj; njhlq;fpapUe;jhH
fs;. mtHfsplk; epytpa xg;gPl;lstp
caHe;j vOj;jwpT kl;lk; fhuzkhf>
y.r.r. fl;rpf;F> ngUksT MjuT
,Ue;jJ. ,d;ndhU tplaj;ij ,q;F
Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd;W
epidf;fpNwd;. ,yq;ifap kl;Lk;jhd;
KO cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa ,lJ
rhupf; fl;rpahf xU l;nuh];fpathjf;
fl;rp ,Ue;jJ. ,q;Nf kw;w ehLfsp
ele;jjw;F khwhf> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp
jhd; ,jpypUe;J gpupe;Jnrd;wJ.
gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;Jf;nfhz;lJk; ehd;
kiyafj; Njhl;lg; gFjpap Mrpupa
uhf flikahw;wpNdd;. khztHfs; rpq;
fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; r%fq;fisr; NrHe;
jtHfshf ,Ue;jdH. ngw;NwhHfspd;
tPLfSf;Fg; Nghtjd; %ykhf ehd;
Njhl;l kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; tho;f;if
Kiw gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhz;Nld;. tupir
tupirahf fl;lg;gl;l ‘$yp yad;’fs;
vd;W nrhyg;gLk; xU mtruf; Nfhyj;
jpmikf;fg;gl;l Fbirfsp mtH
fs; tho;e;J te;jhHfs;. ghlrhiyapd;
jiyikMrpupaH FbirfSf;F ehd;
,g;gbr; nrd;W tUtij> mtHfSld;
msTf;F kPwp rpNdfG+Htkhf goFtjhf
epidj;Jf;nfhz;lhH. tpisT> vd;id
mq;fpUe;J tpiutpNyNa mDg;gptpl;
lhHfs;. mjd; gpd; fz;b jHkuh[
fY}up vd;w ngsj;j ghlrhiyap
ehd; gbg;gpj;Njd;. jpUk;gTk;> 6k; gbtj;
jp ,Ue;j khztHfs; Gifgpbg;gij
mDkjpj;jjw;fhfTk;> mtHfSf;F khf;
rprk; gw;wpf; fw;gpj;jjw;fhfTk; ehd;
gpur;rpidfSf;F cs;shNdd;. 1950
mstp vdJ jfg;gdhupd; neUf;fb
fhuzkhf> ,yq;if tq;fpap Ntiyf;
Fr; NrHe;Njd;.
Rje;jpuj;ijj; njhlHe;j Muk;gfhyg;gFjpfspepytpa murpa khw;wq;fisAk;> mijj;njhlHe;j fhyq;fsp mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jAk; gw;wpvd;d nrhfpwPHfs;.?
KjyhtJ,dr;Rj;jpfupg;G ele;jJ 1949>
b.v];. Nrdehaf;f fhyj;jp. mtH
gpujk ke;jpupahf te;jJk; vLj;j Kj
eltbf;if Njhl;lg;Gwjp tho;e;j
jkpo; kf;fspd; thf;Fupikia ,yh
k nra;a Kad;wNj. mtHfsp gyH
%d;W ehd;F jiyKiwfshf tho;e;
jtHfs;. mJtiuap FbAupikiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;shjtHfs;> ,dpNk Fb
Aupikia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ
vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJld; mtHfSf;F
thf;fspf;Fk; cupikAk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j xU KbT> ehl;bd; rdj;njhif
apd; gj;jp xUgq;F gq;fhd kf;fis
murpaYupikmw;wtHfshf khw;wpaJ
ld; kiyafj;ij xU rpq;fs ngUk;
ghd;ik nfhz;l gpuNjrkhf khw;wpaJ.
,ijaLj;J> mtH ,Nj Ntiyia>
jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf
tho;e;j gpuNjrq;fsp> rpq;fs tptrh
apfisf; FbNaw;Wk; FbNaw;w eltbf;
iffis vLg;gjd; %yk; njhlHe;jhH.
rpthde;jd;:
,ilawhj Nghuhsp
jkpohf;fk;v];. Nf. tpf;Nd];tud;
njhlu;jy; 91k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018 - 91 -
,J tlf;Ff; fpof;fp ,Ue;j Fbrd
tpfpjhrhuj;jp khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;
Lte;jJ. rpq;fs gpuGj;Jt Nkl;Lf;
FbapdH ,e;j eltbf;iffspd; fl;Lg;
ghl;il jk; ifap itj;jpUe;jdH.
ehl;il xU FLk;g Ml;rpKiwap
Ml;rpnra;jdH. Nrddhaf;fhtpd; ke;jpup
rigap mtuJ kfd; l;l;yp> mtuJ
xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjud; N[.MH. n[atu;-
jd> kw;Wk; mtuJ ,U kUkf;fs;
NrH N[hd; nfhj;jyhty kw;Wk; MH.[p.
Nrdehaf;f MfpNahUk; ,Ue;jdH.
,tHfsp ll;ypAk;> N[.MUk; gpd;
dhsp gpujkuhf te;jhHfs;. ,jdh
mg;Nghnjyhk; If;fpaNjrpaf; fl;rp
khkh kUkf;fs; fl;rp vd;W gutyhfg;
Ngrg;gl;lJ (Uncle - Nephew - Party).
1953 ,d;ndhU Kf;fpakhd tbtj;
Jf;F mbj;jsk; Nghlg;gl;lJ.. Vio
kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l muprpf;fhd
khdpaj;ij ll;yp murhq;fk; epWj;jpa
NghJ y.r.r. fl;rpAk; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk;
ehlshtpa NtiyepWj;jk; / `Hj;jh
Yf;F miog;G tpLj;jd. ,e;j elt
bf;if KO ehl;bidAk; ];jk;gpj
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,J mt;t
sT ntw;wpfukhd xd;nwd;wh> ke;jp
uprig jkJ capUf;Fg; gae;J flyp
epWj;jg;gl;l xU fg;gYf;Fs; Xbg;Ngha;
,Ue;J nfhz;L Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F
miof;f Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ
vd;gJjhd;. ,Jjhd; xU Nghuhl;lj;jp
KO ehLNk ,ize;Jnfhz;l> KO
kf;fsJ vjpHg;Gk; mjd; kpf cr;rj;
jpw;F te;j xU re;jHg;gk;. Mdh> ,lJ
rhupfs; jiyfPohf tpOe;jhHfs;. mu
rhq;fj;Jld; Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F ,zq;
fpdhHfs;. murhq;fj;ij kPz;Lk; mjp
fhuj;Jf;F tu> jhq;fs; vijANk ngw;Wf;
nfhs;shkNy> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jhHfs;.
y.r.r. fl;rpAk; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk;
,e;jf; fhyj;jp KOf;f KOf;f eLj;ju
tHf;fj;jpdupd; jiyikapNyNa ,Ue;
jd. mtHfs; ,e;j ntw;wpia jkJ
eyd;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;j vz;zpajh
fj; njupe;jJ. ,lJrhupfspd; ,jw;Fg;
gpd;dhd fhyq;fsp Vw;gl;l rPHFiy
Tfis ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapypUe;J Nehf;
fyhnkd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;.
Mdh> ele;jJ KOf;f KOf;f vjpH
kiwahd xd;whfpg; NghdJ. 1956
S.W.R.D gz;lhuehaf;fh If;fpa Njrp
af;fl;rpapd; FLk;g Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij
cilf;f ,dthjj;ij ifapnyLj;
Jf;nfhz;lNghJ,J ele;jJ. gz;lh
uehaf;fTk; xU rpq;fs Nkl;Lf; Fbia
NrHe;jtHjhd;.MdhMl;rpap ,izj;
Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtij ek;g Kbahj
msTf;F xU J}uj;J cwtpdH. mtH
fpwp];jtg; gpd;dzpap tsHe;jtH.
xf;];NghHl; gfiyf;fofj;jp gbj;
jtH. Mdh 1950 fspd; Muk;gj;jp
‘rpq;fsk; rpq;fstHf;Nf’ vd;W fj;jpa
gb jd;id xU ngsj;j Njrpathjp
ahf khw;wpf;nfhz;ltH. ehl;bd; rpq;fs
kf;fspd; rdj;njhif 70% vd;gjh
nkhopiaAk; kjj;ijAk; itj;J ,aq;
Ftjd; %yk; jd;dh NjHjyp epr;r
akhd ntw;wpiag; ngw KbAk; vd;W
Gupe;Jnfhz;lhH. mtH 1951 rpwpyq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rpia Muk;gpj;J rpq;fsk;
cj;jpNahf G+Ht nkhop> ngsj;jk; mur
kjk; vd;w ,ul;ilf; nfhs;iffSld;
nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdhH.
,itjhd; gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; 1956
ntw;wpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jit.
$lNt rp.y.R.f Nghl;bapLk; ,lq;f
sp>mJ xU Nrhryprf; fl;rp myh
tpl;lhYk; xU I.Nj.f my vd;gjh
jhk; Nghl;bapLtjpiy vd;w ,lJ
rhupapdupd; re;jHg;gthj KbTk; ,jw;F
cjtpanjdyhk;. ,e;j Neuj;jp I.Nj.f
Tk; ,e;j ,dthjNghl;bap ,wq;fp
aJ. mJ rpq;fsNk xNunahU cj;jp-
Nahf G+Ht nkhopahf Ie;J ehl;f
Sf;Fs; jhk; nfhz;LtUtjhf mwp
tpj;jJ. Mdh gz;lhuehaf;fhNth
,ij Kwpabf;f jhd; 24 kzp Neuj;
jpDs; ,jid nra;Ntd; vd;W mwp
tpj;jhH!. vyh mur cj;jpNahfj;jH
fSk; rpq;fs nkhopap jkJ Ntiy-
fis xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf; nfLtpw;Fs;
(nkhopia gbj;Jtpl;L) nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
myJ Ntiyia ,of;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; rpq;fsNk ghlrhiyfsp
ftp nkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J ntspg;
gilahfNt jkpoHfspd; tho;tpd; mbg;
gilkPjhd xU jhf;FjyhFk;. Vndd;
wh tlf;fp mt;tsT tha;g;Gf;fs;
,yhjjhYk;> gpupj;jhdpaupd; gpupj;
jhSk; je;jpuj;jpd; fhuzj;jhYk; jkp
oHfs; njhopw;JiwfspYk;> epHthfj;
jpYk; rdj;njhif tpfpjhrhuj;Jf;F
mjpfkhfNt ,Ue;jdH. ,ijtplTk;>
,e;j cj;jpNahf G+Ht nkhopr; rl;lk;
ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapd; Ie;jpnyhU
gq;fsthd kf;fspd; nkhopAupikia
Ak; kWj;jJld; rk];fpUjk;> ghsp Mfpa
nkhopfistpl fhyj;jh Ke;jpa> jiy
rpwe;j tskhd ,yf;fpa ghuk;gupaj;
ijf; nfhz;bUe;j jkpo; nkhopia
fPo;ikg;gLj;jTk; nra;jJ. 1956 A+d;
khj Muk;gj;jp> ,e;jr; rl;lj;Jf;F
vjpuhf fhypKfj; jplyp $ba jkpoHfs;
rpq;fsf; Fz;lHfsh jhf;fg;gl;lJld;
gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; MjuthsHfspd;
Kl;il tPr;Rf;Fk; cs;shdhHfs;. ,e;j
td;Kiw ehl;bd; ,ju gFjpfSf;Fk;
gutyile;jJ> fpof;F khfhzj;jp
fNyhah FbNaw;wg; gFjpap Fb
Naw;wg;gl;ltHfsh fpl;lj;jl;l 150
jkpoHfs; nfhyg;gl;ldH. ,g;NghJ>
jkpoHfsJ thf;Ff;fNsh myJ
nkhopNah kl;Lky ,g;NghJ neUf;
fbf;Fs;shfpapUg;gJ mtHfsJ capH
fs;. ,Jjhd; ,dr;Rj;jpfupg;gpid Nehf;
fpa cj;jpNahfG+Ht> cj;jpNahfG+Ht
kw;w> ghuhSkd;w> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F
ntspahd vd;W ,uz;Lk; xd;iw-
nahd;W fle;Jk; ,ze;Jk; njhlUk;
,ul;ilg; ghijfs; Muk;gkhd ,lk;.
1958 ,df;fytuj;jpd; NghJvq;F ,Ue;jPHfs;? ,J njhlu;ghd cq;fs; mDgtk; vd;d?
mg;NghJ ehd; nfhOk;gp> ,yq;if
tq;fpapd; ntspehl;Lg; gpuptpd; Kfhik
ahsuhf Ntiy ghHj;Jf; nfhz;L>
vdJ kidtpAk; %d;W Foe;ijfS
khf efuj;jpd; kpf trjpahd xU ,lj;
jp trpj;J te;Njd;. fpope;J njhq;fpa
jdJ NrHl;Lld; vdJ rNfhjud; vd;id
Nehf;fp te;jNghJ mUfpYs;s vdJ
ez;gnuhUtupd; tPl;b ,Ue;Njd;. vq;
fsJ mg;ghtpd; tPL jhf;fg;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUg;gjhfTk;> fpl;lj;jl;l 150 NgH
nfhz;l xU Fk;gyplkpUe;J jhd; xU
thW jg;gp te;jjhfTk; mtH $wpdhH.
rNfhjuDk; ehDkhf vkJ fhup mq;F
nrd;Nwhk;. NghFk; NghJ> ehd; khz
tdhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jp xU nghyp];
fhudplkpUe;JjpUbitj;jpUe;j nghyp];
Fz;lhe;jbia (gw;wd; Ngh) Ak;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> xU fhf;fp NrHl;il
Ak; miuf;fhw;rl;iliaAk; mzpe;J
nfhz;bUe;Njd;. vd;id xU nghyp];
fhudhf fhl;bf;nfhs;tjh vd;dh
mq;F ,yFthf fle;J Ngha;tplKb
Ak; vd;W epidj;Njd;. vdf;F rpq;fs
Kk; ruskhfg; NgrtUk;. vdJ kidtp
$l xU rpq;fs fj;Njhypf;fNu. ehd;
vNyhiuAk; Xukhf efUk;gb fj;jpf;
nfhz;Nl tPl;il Nehf;fp xUkhjpup mq;
Fyk; mq;Fykhf $l;lj;jpD}L efHe;J
nrd;Nwd;. tPl;Lf;Fs; nrd;wJk;> mq;Fs;
stHfsplk; cldbahf Gwg;glj; jahuh
Fk;gb $wpNdd;. vdJ cwtpdH xUtH>
Mq;fpyf; ftp mikg;gpd; jahupg;G
fspd; tifkhjpupahd xUtiug;Ngh’
xU Mq;fpNyaDf;F tPLjhd; mtdJ
Nfhl;ilahf ,Uf;f KbAk;’ vd;W
$wp Nghfj; Njitapiy vd;W typ
AWj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhH. Mdh ehq;fs;
rpWtHfisf; fhup Vw;wpf; nfhz;L
vdJ tPl;Lf;F nrd;Nwhk;. vyhkhf
fpl;lj;jl;l ,UgJ Kg;gJ Ngustp
mq;F jq;fpNdhk;. jkJ nrhe;j efuj;jp
NyNa mfjpfshfpapUe;jhHfs; mtHfs;.
,d;ndhU rpd;dr; rk;gtk; me;j Neuk;
vd;id cz;ikap mjpHr;rpf;Fs;shf;
fpaJ. mg;NghJ ehd; tPl;b ,Ue;
Njd; mg;NghJjhd; ghlrhiyf;Fg;
Nghfj; njhlq;fp,Ue;j> vdJ %j;j
kfSk; vd;Dld; ,Ue;jhs;. vdf;Ff;
nfhQ;rKk; gupr;rakw;w xU kdpjH
vdJ kidtpapd; jhahuJ tPl;bypUe;J
ntspNa tUtijf; fz;Nld;. mtiuf;
fhl;b> ahH ,e;j ‘mq;fps;’. vd;W kfsp
lk; Nfl;Nld;. mNdfkhf vNyhiuAk;
,g;gb ‘mq;fps;’ vd;W miog;gJjhd;
tof;fk;. mtSf;F mg;NghJ ehY
myJ Ie;J tajpUf;fyhk;. mts;
vdf;F rpq;fsj;jp gjpyspj;jhs;: ‘mtH
‘mq;fps;’ ,iy. mtH xU jkpoH’. ehd;
epidj;Njd;> ‘ehd; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;>
,dp xUNghJk; ,e;j ,lj;jp ,Uf;
ff; $lhJ’ vd;W. mq;fpUe;J gpupj;jh
dpahit Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gl;L Neubahf
‘nehl;bq; `p’ fytuj;jpDs; te;J
NrHe;Njd;. ,e;j ,uz;L jPTfspYk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l> tpj;jpahrkhd Mdh
xd;Wf;nfhd;W xj;Jg; Nghff;$ba>
ghugl;rk; njhlHghd vdJ mDgtq;fs;
jhd;> vd;id ,dk;> tHf;fk; kw;Wk;
rhjpa kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd mbg;gilf;
fhuzj;ijmwptjw;fhd fw;wiy Nehf;fp
ce;jpj; js;spd. Institute of Race andrelations njhlq;fpa fhyk; Kj mjpYk;>
vkJ ,johd Race and Class ,Ykhd
vdJ nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; ,itNa fhu
zkhf ,Ue;jd.
rpq;fs ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfspd;rpijT ele;j Ntfk; tpag;G+l;LfpwJ. y.r.r. fl;rpf;F vd;dele;jJ?
y.r.r. fl;rp 1953 Ntiy epWj;jj;ij
jkJ cWjpapd;ikahNyh myJ gak;
fhuzkhfNth jiyfPohf;fpanjd;wh>
mjd;gpwF mtHfs; mg;gb elf;f
tpiy. mtHfs; rpq;fs ciof;Fk;
kf;fis,dthjkag;gLj;Jtjp kpfTk;
jPtpukhfg; gq;fhw;wpdhHfs;. mtHfs;
ngUe;Njhl;lq;fis Njrpakakhf;FtJ
vd;w thf;FWjpf;Fk;> mtHfsJ ngha;
ahd fhydpa vjpHg;G tha;r;rtlhYf;
Fk; gpujpAgfhukhf nrhykd; gz;lh
uehaf;fh> rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f
,UtuJk; jkpo; vjpHg;G eltbf;iff
Sf;F> Mjuthf ,Ue;jdH.
1964 y.r.r. fl;rp rpwpkhNth gz;lhu
ehaf;ftpd; jkpo; vjpHg;G eltbf;if
fs; njhlHghd thf;nfLg;gp> murhq;
fj;Jldhd jkJ $l;il ghJfhg;gjw;
fhf> fye;J nfhs;shk ,Ue;jJ.
,jdh ,tHfs; ehd;fhk; mfpyj;jp
ypUe;J cldbahf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l
dH. Mdh mjpYk; mtHfs; kz;ft;tp
dhHfs;. 1970 jpUk;gTk; rpwpkhNth
gz;lhuehaf;f njupTnra;ag;gl;l NghJ>
y.r.r. fl;rpap Muk;gfHj;jhf;fsp
xUtuhd nfhtpd; MH.b rpth Fwpg;
ghf> ,yq;ifapd; ngaiu ‘Gdpj yq;fh’
vd;W khw;wpa> rpq;fs Ngupdthjj;ij
caHj;jpg;gpbj;j Gjpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jhH. ,tH. ngUe;
Njhl;lj;Jiw mikr;ruhfTk; epakpf;fg;
gl;lhH. vdJ tpupTiuahsUk; l;nuh];
fpa jj;JthHj;jpAkhd vd;.vk;. ngNuuh
epjpaikr;ruhfpaJld; murhq;fj;ij
kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhf rHtNjr ehza epjp
aj;jpd; flidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fh
ff; ifNae;Jk; jufuhfr; nraw;gl;lhH.
,e;j Ntisap> ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd
Vw;Wkjpg; nghUl;fshd Njapiy> wg;gH>
Njq;fha; vd;gtw;wpd; tpiyap ngUk;
tPo;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,J tzpfj;jp ngUk;
tPo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;Lte;jJ ,wf;Fkjpj;
jPHit ngUkstp mjpfupj;jJld; me;
epaf; fld;njhif ghupa msTf;Fr;
nrd;wJ. ehl;b Vw;gl;L te;j ,e;j
ngUk; nghUshjhu neUf;fb> rpq;fs
,isQHfs; jPtputhj eltbf;ifap
,wq;ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 60k;
fspd; ,Wjpap NtiyapyhNjhH
njhif 14 tPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,is
QHfis kpf Nkhrkhfg; ghjpj;jJ.
1965 [djh tpKf;jpg; nguKd rPdf;
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapypUe;J gpupe;j rpq;fs
khf;rp];l; ,isQHfsh Muk;gpf;fg;
gl;lJ. ,J mLj;j Ie;J Mz;Lfsp
,ufrpakhf njd;dpyq;ifapd; rpq;fs
ngsj;j gpuNjrq;fsp ,aq;fpaJ. 1970
NjHj fhyj;jpd; NghJ mJ gfpuq;
fkhf ntspg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; gfpuq;f
khf ntspg;gl;lNghJ mtHfSf;F
tptrhapfspd; fzprkhd MjuT ,Ue;
jJ. Mdh mtHfs; njw;fpd; fPo;g;
gpuNjrq;fspNyh tlf;Ff; fpof;fpNyh
jkJ Mjuit jpul;bf;nfhz;bUf;f
tpiy. cz;ikap mtHfs; jkpo;
gpur;rpidgw;wp vJTk; Ngrtpiy. ,e;jpa
tp];jupg;Gthjk; gw;wp kl;Lk; NgrpapUe;
jdH. mJTk;> jkpo; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsH
fs; kPjhd vjpHg;GzHit tYg;gLj;j
cjTk; xd;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. mtHfs;
1971 MAjNke;jpa fpsHr;rpia Nkw;
nfhz;l NghJ> kpf %Hf;fkhf mlf;fp
xLf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. gpupj;jhdpah> mnk-
upf;fh> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad;> rPdh> ,e;jpah>
ghfp];jhd; kw;Wk; Af;Nfhyh];ythfpah
vd;W midj;J ehLfSk; ,yq;if
muRf;F Mjutspj;jd. Mapuf;fzf;
fhd rpq;fs ,isQHfs; mopj;njhopf;
fg;gl;lhHfs;. MWfsp ,isQHfspd;
rlyq;fs; kpje;J te;jd. nwdp ^nkhz;l;
mg;NghJ,yq;ifap ,Ue;jhH> mtuJ
fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb 8>000 NgHfs; nfh
yg;gl;ljhfTk; 14>000 NgH flj;jg;gl;
ljhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gioa
,lJrhup mikg;Gf;fs; vyhk; murpd;
,e;j mlf;fpnahLf;Fk; eltbf;iff;F
cWJizahf epd;wdH> y.r.r.fl;rp>
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp ,uz;Lk; gz;lhueh
af;fTk; $l;lhf N[.tP.gp.ia xLf;F
tjp xd;Wgl;bUe;jdH. cq;fsJ
gj;jpupif ,J gw;wp mg;NghJ vOjp
aJ. ,e;j tifahd mlf;FKiw>
Ml;rpap ,Uf;Fk; Nkl;Lf; Fb xU
NghJk; ve;jtpjkhd vjpHg;igAk;
rfpf;fg; Nghtjpiy vdgij ntspg;
gLj;jpaJ. ,J> vjpH fhyj;jpNyjh
tJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;ff;
$ba xU jkpo; FOTf;Fk; ,JNt
elf;Fk; vd;gjw;F xU njspthd mil
ahskhf ,J njupe;jJ. gpd;dhsp
mtHfs; njhlq;fpa NghJk; mJNt
ele;jJ!
mts; vdf;F rpq;fsj;jp gjpyspj;jhs;:‘mtH ‘mq;fps;’ ,iy. mtH xU jkpoH’.
ehd; epidj;Njd;> ‘ehd; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;. ,dp xUNghJk;,e;j ,lj;jp ,Uf;ff; $lhJ’ vd;W.
90k; gf;fj; njhlHr;rp...
- 92 - jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018
rpthde;jdpd; kuzk; xLf;FKiwf;Fk;
Ruz;lYf;Fk; vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fS
ld; jd;id milahsg;gLj;jpa xU
NguwpQupd; kiwntd mtiu ed;fwpe;
NjhH rHtNjr Clfq;fsp gjpTnra;
Js;sdH.
‘ehk; ve;j kf;fSf;fhfg; NghuhLfp
NwhNkh me;j kf;fSf;fhfNt vOJ
fpNwhk;’ vDk; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gp
bj;j rpth [dtup %d;whk; jpfjp njhz;
Z}w;WehY tajp mtH Vwf;Fiwa
MW jrhg;jq;fshf tho;e;J te;j yz;
ldp kiwe;jNghJ tpl;Lr;nrd;w ntw;
wplj;ij epug;GtJ Rygky.
me;j MSikf;Fs; Mw;wkpf;f xd;
Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jd
vd mtiug; gw;wp ez;gHfs; tpae;J
iug;gjp Mr;rHakpiy.
nfhOk;gp ,yq;if tq;fpap gjtp
tfpj;J trjpAld; FLk;gj;Jld; tho;e;j
rpthde;jd; 1958 ,lk;ngw;w ,df;f
ytuj;jpd; tpisthf yz;lDf;Fg;
Gyk;ngaHe;jhH. mtH mq;F nrd;w
ile;jNghJ nehl;bq;`p vDk; gF
jpap tho;e;J te;j fuPgpa fWg;G ,dj;
jtHfSf;F vjpuhff; fl;ltpo;j;Jtplg;
gl;l ,df; fytuj;jpd; Neubr; rhl;rp
ahdhH. xU ,df;fytuj;jpypUe;J jg;gp
,d;ndhd;Wf;Fs; nrd;wile;j jdJ
mEgtj;ij ‘,ul;il Qhd]; ehdk;’
(´double baptism´)vd mtH tHzpj;Js;
shH. ,e;j mEgtKk; mtH GFe;j
ehl;b thog;NghFk; tho;f;ifKiw
iaj; NjHe;njLf;f xU ce;Jjyhapw;
Wg; NghYk;.
Mq;fpynkhop Mw;w> gfiyf;fofg;
gl;lk;> tq;fpahsH njhop mEgtk;
Nghd;w jifikfisf; nfhz;bUe;j
mtH Nghd;w xUtuh gpupj;jhdpahtp
- ekJ fhydpj;Jtf;fhyj; ‘jha; ehl;
b’ - xU ‘ey’ Ntiyiag; ngWtJ
Rygk; Ngh gl;bUf;fyhk;. Mdh
Ntiy NjLjNy mtUf;F xU murpa
mEgtkhapw;W. Kd;gpUe;Nj ,lJrhupg;
Nghf;Filatuha; ,Ue;j jdJ KO
ikahd Gul;rpfu khw;wk; yz;lDf;Fg;
Gyk;ngaHe;j gpd;dNu Vw;gl;lnjd
mtH gyjlit $wpaij ehd; Nfl;
Ls;Nsd;. xU E}yfuhfg; gapw;rp ngw;w
gpd; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iftFg;Gf;F
cjTk; mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l epW
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KOikahf mwpa cjtpaJ.
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bd; epwthjk; gw;wpa Ma;tpid cy
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tpypUe;Nj Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk;
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mtUila murpaYld; neUq;fpa
njhlHGilaJ. gy rpWfijfis vO
jpa mtH 1997 gpuRupf;fg;gl;l ´WhenMemory Dies´ vDk; xU ehtiy kl;
LNk vOjpdhH. rHtNjrg; gupR ngw;w
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kpf;f ciueilap vOjg;gl;lJ. mt
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mtupd; gilg;gpd; %ytsq;fshapd.
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njhopyhsH Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa jf
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bypg;ghap tho;e;j cwtpdHfisg;
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jr; re;jpg;Gf;F Kd;dH nfhOk;gp
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jdJ gazq;fs; vd;whH. 1977 kPz;
Lk; ,yq;if te;jhH. me;jj; jlit
ehDk; ez;gH Rrp rpwptHj;jdhTk;
mtUld; aho; nrd;Nwhk;. ehl;Lf;F
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nraw;ghl;lhsHfisAk; re;jpg;gjp
kpfTk; MHtkhapUe;jhH. ,e;j tifap
1977 [_iy khjk; aho; nrd;wNghJ
Vw;gl;l mEgtq;fs; kwf;fKbahjit.
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jpUk;gpagpd; ele;j rk;gtq;fs; me;j
mf;fiwia NkYk; Mokhf;fpaJ vd
Tk; ek;GfpNwd;. 1977 Mtzpap eil
ngw;w ghuhSkd;wj; NjHjyp N[.
MH. [atHj;jdtpd; If;fpa Njrpaf;
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jdH. mg;nghJ rpth nts;stj;ij
ap ,uFehjd; tPl;b jq;fpapUe;jhH.
murpaYk; jdpg;gl;l tho;Tk; xd;Nw vDk; jdJ thf;fpw;fika Kbe;jtiu tho;e;j
rpthde;jd; vDNkhH MSikapd; kiwTrKj;jpud; (N. Shanmugaratnam) Norwegian University of Life Sciencesd;>rHtNjr R+o kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; fw;iffs; epWtdj;jprHtNjr mgptpUj;jpf; fw;iffs; Jiwap Xa;Tepiyg;NguhrpupaH. ,tuJ jkpo; ,izaj;jsk;: samuthran.net
njhlu;jy; 93k; gf;fk;
jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018 - 93 -
K`k;kJ egpapd; Nfypr;rpj;-jpuj;ijr; R+o;e;j rHr;riag;gw;wp cq;fs; mtjhdk; vd;d?,r;rHr;irfspd; ikakhfePq;fs; vijf; fUJfpwPHfs;?
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gpd; ,izg;G:
rpthde;jd; vOjpa E}fs;
Race and Resistance: The IRR Story, LondonRace Today Publications, 1975A Different Hunger: Writings on Black Resistance, London, Pluto Press, 1982Communities of Resistance: Writings onBlack Struggles for Socialism, London,VersoCatching History on the Wing – Race, Cultureand Globalisation, Pluto Press, 2008When Memory Dies, Arcadia Books,1997; Penguin 1998 (Novel)Where the Dance Is, Arcadia Books, 2000(Short stories)
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- 94 - jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018
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jha;tPL • ngg;gputup February 2018 - 95 -
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fpd;wd. Mdh ,lJrhupfs; gyuplk;
,Ue;j tHf;f murpa kiwe;J Ngha;
Njrpathjk;> kjthjk;> ,dthjk; gu
Tfpd;wd.
yhyp aho;g;ghzk; nrYfpd;whs;. guh
Tld; ciuahLfpd;whs;. guh gy tpr
aq;fis yhypf;F njspT gLj;Jfpd;
whH. mjdh ,e;jg; gFjp kpf
Kf;fp akhd murpa mwpitg;
ngWtjw;F MrpupaH vLj;Jf; nfhz;l
ciuahl gFjpahf mikfpwJ.
mtw;wp rpy tw;iwr; nrhyyhk;:
gpupl;b\;fhuDf;F tlf;fp
Ruz;Ltjw;F xd;WkpUf;f tpiy>
mjdh kp\dupfisAk; Mrp
upaHfisAk; mDg;gp mtHfspd; kdij
fhydpakag;gLj;jpdhd;. jq;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nrit mbikfis cU
thf;fpdhd;. mtHfis rpq;fg;G+H> kyhah
Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;Fk; nfhz;L nrd;
whd;. Mdh jkpoHfs; nfl;bf;fhuHfs;.
mtHfs; gpupl;b\;fhuHfsplk; cj;jp-
Nahfq;fisAk; ftpiaAk; ngw;whH
fs;> Mdh jq;fs; nkhopiaAk; fyh
rhuj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;wp itj;Jf;nfhz;
lhHfs;. gpupl;b\hH ,e;jpaj; jkpoH
fis ngUe;Njhl;lq;fsp $ypfshf
Ntiy nra;a ,wf;Fkjp nra;jhHfs;.
jkpoHfis caHkl;lf; $ypfshf mu
rhq;fj;jp Ntiy nra;a vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhHfs;. rpq;fstHfis gpNahd;
fshf itj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;> ,g;ngh
OJ rpq;fstHfs; gpNahd;fshf ,Ue;J
fpshf;fHfshf MFtjw;F jkpoHfisf;
fiyf;fpwhHfs;. murpa ahg;G> [d
ehafk; vd;w ngaup xUtUf;F xU
thf;F vd;w mbg;gilap epue;jukh
fNt rpq;fstHfSf;F muRupikiaf;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ> mJ ,dq;fSf;fp
ilNa Nghiuj; jhNd nfhz;L tUk;
vd;fpwhH guh.
jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk; epiwNtwpa gpd;
Kw;Nghf;fhd gy rpq;fstHfSf;F
gz;lh-nrth xg;ge;jk; epiwNtWk;
vd;w ek;gpf;if Vw;gLfpwJ. Mdh
mJ gpf;Ffspd; vjpHg;gh iftplg;g
LfpwJ. jkpo;j; jiytHfs; tTdpah
tp khehL xd;iwf; $l;Lfpd;whHfs;.
mjw;F uh[d; Nghf Kaw;rpf;fpwhd;.
Nghftpiy.
gpd; uh[Dk;> yhypAk; Foe;ij tpN[
Tld; nghfhtiy NghfpwhHfs;. top
ap kpd;Ndupah thtpap jq;fp ,isg;
ghWfpwhHfs;. mq;Nf fhilaHfs;
uh[id mbj;J %Hr;irahf;fp tpl;L>
yhypia ghypa td;Kiwf;F Mshf;
FfpwhHfs;. yhyp ,wf;fpwhs;. yh>
uh[dplk; jd; ,dj;jp rhHgp kd;
dpg;Gf; NfhUfpwhd;. uh[d; tpN[apd;
ghl;ld; ghl;bia tpl;L yz;lDf;Fg;
Ngha; tpLfpwhd;. mj;Jld; ,uz;lhtJ
ghfk; Kw;Wg; ngWfpwJ.
4%d;whk; gFjp uh[dpd; kfdhd tpN[
gfiyf;fofj;jp gbg;gJld; Muk;
gpf;fpwJ. mtd; rfhNjtdpd; %d;whk;
guk;giuiar; NrHe;jtd;.
xt;nthU Ie;J Mz;Lk; Njrgf;jHf
Sk; Nrhryp];LfSk; XH muirf;
nfhz;L tUfpwhHfs;. mtHfis mfw;wp
cz;ikahd Nrhrypr muirf; nfhz;L
tuNtz;Lk; vd;gNj tpN[apd; nfhs;if.
mjw;fhf mbkl;lj;jp kf;fSf;fhf
r%f Nrit nra;tjp Muk;gpf;fpwhd;.
xU ,lJrhup gj;jpupifap Ntiy
nra;fpwhd;. mq;fpUe;J ePf;fg;gLfp-
whd;. khkh yhYld; `l;ldp Ngha;j;
jq;Ffpwhd;. mq;Nf kiyehl;Lg; ngz;
zhd kPdhitr; re;jpf;fpwhd;. mtis
tpUk;Gfpwhd;. gpd; nghfhtiyap
xU ghlrhiyap XH Mrpupauhfg;
gzpahw;Wfpwhd;. mq;Nf khnd vd;w
XH Mrpupia kzk; Kbf;fpwhd;. mts;
,td; fUj;Jf;fSld; xj;Jg; Nghfh
jts;. Nk jl;L tho;f;ifia tpUk;
Gts;. mjdh mtHfspilNa NtW
ghLfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. xj;j fUj;
Js;s rpy ez;gHfSld; NrHe;J Nrhr
ypr rKjhak; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;
fhf ciof;fpwhd;. mtHfs; epahakhd>
ePjpahd rKjhak; xd;iwf; fdT
fhz;fpwhHfs;.
,dthjk; ,yq;if KOtJk; gutp
tpl;lJ. mij murhq;fj;jp cs;s
ke;jpupfNs nra;fpwhHfs;. tuyhW ,d
thjkhfj; jpupf;fg;gl;L ghlrhiy
tFg;Gtiu nrd;W tpl;lJ. mij tpN[
xU tFg;Gf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ mwpfpwhd;.
Gjpa murpa ahg;igf; nfhz;L te;J
mjpfhuq;fs; KOtijAk; ifafg;g
Lj;j N[.MH. epidj;jNghJ mjw;F
vjpuhf tpN[Ak; mtd; ez;gHfSk;
kf;fis thf;fspf;f Ntiy nra;fpwhH
fs;. mf;fhyj;jp tpN[ mur csth
spfsh gpbf;fg;gl;L nfhOk;gpYs;s
ehyhk; khbf;Ff; nfhz;Lnryg;gL
fpwhd;. mq;fpUe;J ntypf;filr; rpiw
ap jdpikap milf;fg;gLfpwhd;.
rpiwap jkpoHfs; nfhiy nra;ag;
gLfpwhHfs;. mjid tpN[ fhz;fp
whd;. mg;NghJ mtd; ntspNa J}f;fpr;
nryg;gl;L vwpag;gLfpwhd;. mtd;
mur kUj;Jtkidap NrHf;fg;gLfp-
whd;. mtDf;F %is rupapiy
vd;W gyUk; nrhfpwhHfs;. mjdh
jhd; mtd; ntypf;filap ,Ue;j
jhfr; nrhtJ ngha; vd;W mtHfs;
nrhfpwhHfs;. mtDila kidtpAk;
mijNa ek;Gfpwhs;. Mdh mtid
mioj;Jr;nrfpwhs;. mtDf;F Ntiy
gwp NghfpwJ. nghfhtiyap te;jp
wq;fpa kiyafj;J mfjpfSf;F fj;
Njhypf;f fd;dpah];jpupfSld; NrHe;J
cjTfpwhd;. mq;Nf mtd; yhYld;
Ntiy nra;j rQ;[piaAk; mtd;
kfs; kPdhitAk; re;jpf;fpwhd;. mtH
fSld; NrHe;J aho;g;ghzk; nrfpwhd;.
mq;Nf mfjpfs; Kfhkp mtHfS
ld; jq;Ffpwhd;.
mtd; Kd;G aho;g;ghzk; te;jNghJ
eNlrd; vd;gtUld; jq;fpapUe;jhd;.
mq;Nf eNlrdpd; kfdhd Nahfp
,isQidAk; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwhd;. mtd;
,af;fj;Jld; njhlHGila ‘nghbad;.’mtDld; NrHe;J rz;bypg;gha;f;F
Kd;G nrd;wpUf;fpwhd;. rpj;jg;gh guh
itr; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwhd;. guh ,yq;if
ap gy ghfq;fsp nwapNt fhl;
lhf fhtyuhf Ntiy nra;J tpl;L
NtiyapypUe;j ,isg;ghwp mq;Nf
kfSld; tho;;e;J te;jhH. kfSila
kfd; utp. mtid tpN[ re;jpf;f
tpiy. mtd; mf;fhyj;jp tPl;il
tpl;L ntspNawp ,af;fj;jp NrHe;jp
Ue;jhd;. khdpg;gha; tq;fp cilg;gp
gpujhdkhd Ms;. mtNd gpd;dhsp
Gypfs; ,af;fj; jiytd; Mdtd;.
tpN[ ,g;nghOJ fz;lJ gioa aho;g;
ghzk; my. vyhk; khwpapUe;jJ.
mfjp KfhkpypUe;J eNlrdpd; tPL
Njb tUfpwhd;. eNlrd; mtHfisj;
jq;fs; tPl;b te;J ,Uf;Fk;gb Nfl;
fpwhH. mtDk; kPdhTk; rQ;[pAk; mq;Nf
te;J jq;FfpwhHfs;. mtd; kPdhitj;
jpUkzk; nra;a tpUk;Gfpwhd;. kPdh
jhd; ghypa td;Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;
gl;lts; vd;W nrhfpwhs;. mj;Jld;
tpN[ jpUkzk; Kbj;jtd;. mtd;
kidtpia vg;gb tpl;L jd;id kzk;
Kbg;ghd; vd;W Nfl;fpwhs;. Vw;nfdNt
tpN[ kidtpia tpthfuj;Jr; nra;a
vz;zpapUe;jijr; nrhf;pwhd;. Nahfp
,g;nghOJ Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;
fpakhd jiytd;. mtid tpN[ re;
jpf;fpwhd;.
NahfpAldhd tpN[apd; ciuahl
Gypfs; ,af;fj;ij tpkHrpg;gjhfj;
njupfpwJ: ‘Mgpupf;fg; gonkhop xd;W>
ahidfs; rz;il gpbj;jh Kjp
mtw;wpd; fhyp kpjpgl;L moptJ
mq;NfAs;s G jhd;. ‘nghbad;fs;’jq;fspilNa rz;il gpbj;Jr; rhfp-
whHfs;. mtHfs; vNyhUk; xw;Wik
ahf Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhd;. MAjq;fs;
fUtpfNs myhk mitNa ,Wjp
,yf;fy. iradw; tp\j;ijf; fbj;J
,wg;gjh ve;j ed;ikAk; tug;Nght
jpiy. ahH mjpfhuj;ij kf;fsplk;
,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhHfNsh>
mtHfs; mijj; jpUg;gp kf;fsplk;
nfhLf;fg;Nghtjpiy. ePq;fs; nrhd;d
Nrhryprk; vq;Nf NghdJ? vd;W Nfl;
fpwhd; tpN[. mjpfhuk; te;jgpd; Nrhr
yprk; tUk; vd;W nrhfpwPHfs;. mij
ehd; ek;gg; Nghtjpiy. Nrhryprk;
jhd; tpLjiyiag; ngw;Wj;jUk; xNu
top vd;W tpN[ thjhLfpd;whd;. Nahfp
me;j tpraq;fs; gw;wp jdf;F mjpfk;
njupahJ. mtUf;F kl;Lk; jhd; njup
Ak;’ vd;fpwhd;.
mj;Jld; mt;tplj;jp Ffd; vd;w
,af;f csthspiaAk; tpN[ re;jpf;fp
whd;. mtDf;Fj; jd;dplkpUe;j Gjpa
rhuk; xd;iwf; nfhLf;fpwhd;. mtd;
csthsp vd;gJ mtDf;Fj; njupahJ.
kPdhTk; tpN[Ak; jpUkzk; Kbg;g
jw;fhf Nahfpapd; mDkjpf; fbjj;J
ld; rz;bypg;gha;f;Fr; nrfpwhHfs;.
topap Gypfsh gpbgl;L jpUk;gTk;
mioj;J tug;gLfpd;wdH. fhuzk;>
eNlrdpd; tPl;Lf;Fg; gf;fj;jp itf;
fg;gl;bUe;j MAjq;fs; ahNuh xU
csthspah fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L
gilapdH mtw;iw vLj;Jr; nrd;W
tpl;ldH. me;j csthsp eNlrdpd;
tPl;Lf;F Kd; jq;fpapUe;j fh if
,yhj Ffd; jhd; mtHfs; ek;Gfp-
whHfs;. Kj ehs; tpN[ nfhLj;j
rhuk; gilapduh nfhLf;fg;gl;lnjd
,af;fk; Fw;wk; rhl;LfpwJ. mjw;fhf
mtid kpd; fk;gj;jp fl;bf; RLk;
NghJ mJ jhd; nfhLj;jJ vd;W
tpN[ jLf;f XLfpwhd;. mtidAk;
utp RLfpwhd;. tpN[ utpapd; kr;rhd;
vd;W Nahfp nrhfpwhd;. mg;gb ,Ue;
Jk; utp mtidr; Rl;Lf; nfhfp
whd;. mg;NghJ utpapd; ifapypUe;j
MAjj;ij Nahfp jl;b tpl;L> ‘NghJk;.,dp ehd; nghWg;ngLf;fpNwd;>’ vd;
fpwhd;. mj;Jld; fij KbfpwJ. %d;
whk; gFjpAk; KbfpwJ. ehtYk; Kb
fpwJ. Nahfp khj;ijah vd;W Cfpg;
gjw;F ,q;Nf ,lk; itf;fpwhH> Mrp
upaH.
5,Wjp KbT rw;W Vkhw;wk; mspg;g
jhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. MrpupaH ,af;fq;
fspilNaAk;> ,af;fq;fSf;F cs;
NsAk; ele;j nfhiyfisAk; fhl;bf;
nfhLg;Gf;fisAk; JNuhfq;fisAk;
rLjpahfr; nrhyp rLjpahf Fog;gj;
Jld; Kbj;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. utp vd;w
gpughfudplkpUe;J MAjj;ij khj;
ijah gwpg;gjhfr; nrhtJ rw;W
kpifahdNj. rpf;f epiwe;j ,uhZt
,ae;jpuj;jpid cila Gypfisr;
rhjhuzkhf mg;gbg; Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbahJ. Gypfs; ,af;f ,ae;jpuk;
NkypUe;J fPohf ,uhZtf; fl;Lg;
ghl;Lld; ,aq;fpa ,af;fk;. ve;jj;
jz;lidfisAk; njUr; rz;baHfs;
nra;tijg; Nghy czHr;rptrg;gl;L>
kw;wtHfSf;Fg; gpbnfhLj;J> Muh
ahk ntspg;gilahf mtHfs; nra;a
khl;lhHfs;. rpyNtis Muk;g fhyj;
jp ,J eilngw;wjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;
lhYk; gpughfud; jd;id ve;j elt
bf;ifapYk; vf;fhyj;jpYNk ntspf;
fhl;batH my.
,e;j ehtiyg; Ngh gue;j ghHit
ap Mokhf etPd ,yq;if tuyhw;
iwf; nfhz;l xU ehtiy rpthde;j
dpd; gpd; Mq;fpyj;jpNyh jkpopNyh
vJTk; vOjg;gl;ljpiy vd;Ngd;. rpth
de;jd; jd; ehtiy xU ,yl;rpa
jpl;lj;Jld;(ambitious project ) xU E}w;
whz;L fhy ,yq;if tuyhw;iw jkp
oH gpur;rpidAld; NrHj;J Nrhryprg;
ghHitap vOjpapUf;fpwhH. mjp
ngUksT ntw;wpAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhH.
jkpoHfspd; gpur;rpidfis; fhydpj;
Jt Ml;rpapypUe;J ,d;Wtiu vg;gb
ts;e;J te;jJ vd;gijAk; mijj;
jLg;gjw;F Nrhrhyprj;jp ek;gpf;if
cs;stHfs; vt;tsT ghLgl;lhHfs;
vd;gijAk; nrhypapUf;fpwhH.
%d;whtJ gFjpapd; Kfg;Gg; gf;fj;jp
‘guh khkh tp[a;f;Fr; nrhd;djhf>’ %d;W
Nkw;Nfhs;fis vLj;J itf;fp whH.
‘XH ,dj;jpd; epidTfs; mopAk;NghJ
me;j ,dk; mopfpwJ.’
‘mg;gbahdh ehq;fs; jtwhd epid
Tfis Gide;J itj;jpUe;jh?’
‘mJ ,d;Dk; NkhrkhdJ. nfhiyf;
Fr; rkdhdJ.’
,e;j thrfq;fs; rpthde;jd; ,dk;
gw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j Mokhd ghHit
iaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,JnthU ajhHj;j ghzp eht. vspa
eilap NeHf; Nfhl;b nrfpwJ.
filrpg; gFjpap rpy Fog;gq;fs;
,Ue;jhYk; Kj ,uz;L gFjpfSk;
Fog;gq;fs; ,yhk njspthfNt
nrhyg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. gbg;gbahf
tsHe;J nrYk; tuyhw;W murpa
eht.
rpy ,lq;fsp ,e;j eht kdr;NrhH
itj; jUfpwJ. gy kuzq;fs;> ghypa
td;Kiwfs;> rpj;jputijfs;> Njhtp
fs;> vOr;rpaw;w jd;ikfs; vd;W eht
KOf;f gy ,lq;fs; cs;sd. vjpH
fhy murpaypYk; tho;f;ifapYk; ek;
gpf;ifaw;w jd;ikiaAk; (pessimistic)gy ,lq;fs; mspf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf>
jkpoHfSf;F> kiyafj; jkpoHfSf;F
ele;j nfhLikfs;> rhjhuz rpq;fs
kf;fspd; twpa tho;f;if.
rfhNjtdpd; jk;gp guh XH mw;Gjkhd
ghj;jpuk;. mtupd; mDgtk;> gf;Ftk;>
tho;f;if> njupT> njspthd murpa
fUj;Jf;fs; ehtYf;F Moj;ijf;
nfhLf;fpwJ. yhypf;Fk; tpN[f;Fk; mtH
nfhLf;Fk; tpsf;fq;fs; mw;Gjkhd-
khdit. mtH ,e;j ehtiy ,d;
ndhU kl;lj;jpw;F caHj;jpapUf;fpwhH.
yh> yhyp tpN[> mtd; ez;gHfs;
,yl;rpathjg; ghj;jpuq;fs;. mtHfspd;
jd;dykw;w r%fNrit caHe;j gz;
ghl;ilf; fhl;LfpwJ. mg;gbAk; kdp
jHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ Mr;rupak;
jUtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; cz;ik..
aho;g;ghzj;ij xd;WNk tpisahj>
tuz;l> ghoha;g; Nghd> jupR epykh
fNt MrpupaH fhl;LfpwhH. mJ rw;W
kpifahdjhfNt njupfpwJ. ,Wjpap
ehtyp rpy gytPdq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;>
thrpf;Fk; Mtiyj; Jhz;Lk; RWRWg;
ghd rk;gtq;fs; mlq;fpa> ,yq;if
apd; etPd murpa tuyhw;iw> FLk;
gq;fdpd; tuyhWfSld; ,izj;J>
Nrhryprg; ghHitap ghHj;j ey
eht ,J.
94k; gf;fj; njhlHr;rp...
