フィリピン、ルソン島における放牧ヤギの無機物栄養
誌名誌名島根大学生物資源科学部研究報告 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Life andEnvironmental Science Shimane University
ISSNISSN 13433644
著者著者
藤原, 勉Serra, A.B.Serra, S.D.Orden, E.A.
巻/号巻/号 11号
掲載ページ掲載ページ p. 19-34
発行年月発行年月 2006年9月
農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センターTsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research CouncilSecretariat
BulL Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ., 11 : 19-34, September 30,2006
Miner吐 Nutritionof Grazing Goats in Luzon Island, Philippines
T. FujiharaぺA.B. S巴n・a1,S. D. Serra¥ and E. A. Orden1
Abstract : A 15 y巴arsstudy was conducted to evaluate the influence of plant species, soil char-
acteristics and seasonal changcs on the mineral status of forag巴sgrazed by goats in Luzon Island,
Philippines. About 200 goats of both sex with average body weight 10-25 Kg and age ranging
between 1 to 5 of nati ve ancl cross brccl werc usecl.恥1incralcontent of common foragc species,
distribution of min巴ralin fibre fraction, rllminal solubilization of mincral elem巴nts,bloocl min-
eral content of grazing goats ancl inflll巴nceof soluble glass mineral bolus (SGB) on bloocl plasma
mineral status werc measurecl. Results showecl that clitfercnt in plant sp巴cies,soil characteristics
ancl seasonal chang巴scontribute highly to the variation in mineral content of forage grazecl by
goats. Majority of these mineral巴lementsare founcl in the nOlトstructuralccll components and
are therefore degraclablc as indicated by their relatively high巴ffectiveruminal solubility (ERS).
Most sp巴cieshacllow phosphorus (p), copper (CU) and sclenium (Se) while some hacl mag畑
町 sium(Mg) ancl Zinc (Zn) levels lower than the criticallil11it relative to the anil11als' needs‘
Subsequcntly affecting the plasma and s巴rumconcentration of grazing goats. Multipurpos巴tree
species such as L. leucocephala, G. sepiu/Il ancl S. sesban show巴drelatively b巴ttermineral pro
file than other improvecl forage species. Althoughjuclicious concentrate supplementation incr巴asecl
plasma Zn concentration, plasma Cu and bloocl S巴 werestill below critical level. Grazing up-
gradecl goats showecl positivc rcsponse towarcls soluble glass l11ineral bolus (SGB) aclministra-
tion. There was a l11arkecl increase in bloocl Se level of trcatecl cloes ancl their offspring. Like-
wisc, l11ilk sucklecl by kicls bom to SGB supplel11entecl cloes contain higher Se level, inclicative
of active intraωl11al11l11arγtransfl巴1・ofSe. How巴V巴r,this clicl not r巴sultto significant il11provel11ent
in thc birth weight ancl growth rate of kicls. R巴sultssugg巴ststhat asicle frol11 minil11al concen-
trate supplementation ancl巴l巴vateclmin巴ralintak巳 provicleclby intraruminal SGB acll11inistration,
the extensiv巳utilizatIonof 1巳guminoustr巴巴 specl巴scoulcl corr巴ctl11ineral imbalanc巴sclue to their
relatively higher mineral cont巴ntancl ruminal solubility.
Ke
Introduction
Ruminant procluction in tropical Asia d巳penclsto a larg巳
extent on natlv巴 grasslanclancl fibrous crop resiclu巴sthat ar巴
Laboratory of Anil11al Science, Faculty of Life ancl Environ山
口1巴ntalScience, Shimane Univ巴rsity,Matsue-shi 690-8504, JA-
PAN
1 Departl11ent of Animal Science, Central Luzon Stat巴Univer-
sity, Sci巴nceCity of Munoz, Nueva Ec討a,3120, PHILIP-
PINES
g巴n巴rallylow in mineral content. As a result, mineral il11bal悶
ances that oftentil11es r巴sulteclto clinical ancl subclinical signs
of l11in巴ralclefici巴nciesamong grazing animals were reportecl
in various countries. Copp巳r(Cu) ancl zinc (Zn) cl巴ficien-
cies in bloocl plasma of cattle were obs巴rveclin Central Thai-
lancl (Yijchulata et al. 1983). Kumagai et al. (1990) and
Prabowo etα1. (1991) rcportecl Cu cleficiency ancl Cu, Zn ancl
selenium (Se) d巴ficienciesin bloocl plasma of grazing cattle
in Java Inclonesia South Sulawesi. Fujihara et al. (1992b) re-
portecl grazing goats in the Islancl of Luzon, Philippines suf-
fering frol11 various cl巴grcesof Cu ancl Se cleficiencies. After
almost a clecacle, the same result was rcported in a follow up
20 Bull. Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ., 11
stucly concluctecl by Serra et α1. (1996aムc,cI;1997a,b) ; S巳rra
et al. (998) ancl Orclen et al. (1999, 2000a,b).
The nutritional implications of mineral imbalances may b巴
pres巴ntas overt symptoms that ar巴reaclilyiclentifiecl ancl cor
rectecl or, as marginal CI巴fici巴nciesthat are not巴asilyiclentifiecl
but may cause a significant clepression in procluction. Deficierト
C1巴smay be the r巴sultof low conc巴ntrationsof el巴mentsin the
soil ancl plants ancl, are mm巴 likelyto occur in grazing ani-
mals. Correcting mineral imbalances there1'm巴requirea clear
uncl巴rstanclingof the anil11als' r・巴quirel11entfor specific elel11巴nt
ancl th巳possiblesources within a wicl巴arrayof natur叫 vege-
tation, which ar巳 generallylow in bioavailability. 1n orcl巴rto
aclclress this problel11, it is of utmost il111】ortanceto provicl巴an-
swers to three basic questions; how much the feecls or cliets
can offer; how much does the anil11als need; and how to gaug巴
the gap betw巴巴nne巴dsancl provision (Suttle, 2000).
It is l110re than two clecacles now, OUI司 groupwhich is com-
posecl 01' Japanes巴 animalscientists ancl local experts spear-
heaclecl mineral stucli巴s01' goats in the Philippines in colIabo-
ration with oth巴rresearch巴rsfrom the University of Philippin巴S
at Los Banos ancl the Central Luzon State University (CLSU)
Our research encleavor concerning min巴ralnutrition of goats
in the Philippines start巴CIin 1989. The essence was to inv巴ト
tigate l11ineral cont巴ntof localIy available f,巳eclr巴sourcesancl
tn巴CIto relat巳itwith mineral status of grazing goats using bloocl
I11in巴ralconcentrations as the basis of icl巴ntifyingcritical ancl
cleficiency lev巴ls.
Currently, there is an on going on-farm trials on the effectiveω
ness of soluble-glass同 bolus(SGB) containing l11icro elem巳nts
in improving mineral status of grazing upgraclecl cloes uncl巴r
cliff,巴rentfarming systems
Our concertecl research efforts r巴sult巳CIto th巳 generatlOn
of valuable information that provicl巴CIanswers to the aforem巴ル
tionecl questions, which uncloubteclly will alleviate the impact
of min巴ralCI巴ficiencyon the ov巴rallproclucti vity of th巴 ani-
l11als. We hav巴 alsoiclentifiecl the constraints ancl pot巴ntials
of mineral nutrition of grazing goats in the Philippin巳s. We
have selectecl goats as a point of reference b巴cause01' its rela】
tive importance in the socio-economic well being of the small
-holcler fann
tlOn.
This paper pr巳sentsthe significant finclings of our research
for the past 15 years.
Experi翻釘ltalProcedurεs
Luzon 1slancl is in a sub-tropic, ancl thus, the climate is a
monsoon typ巴, i.e., th巴I巴 aretwo typical seasons of clry
(Octob巴r-June)ancl rainy Ouly-Septemb巴r).Thus, th巴most
of grasses on pastur巴 inflat areas usually wither on late of the
clry season, if there are no irrigation systems.
1n this stucly, the healthy aclult goats ancl kicls wer巴 sam-
plecl about 10 ml of heparinizecl bloocl through th巴jugularvein.
The 1'orage samples were generally collectecl by a hancl-picking
methocl whenever the animals were bloocl samplecl on the pas-
ture.
After wet cligestion with nitric acicl ancl p巴rchlonicacicl,
Se in whole bloocl, clams milk ancl cliets (1'orage ancl co配 en-
trates) was analyzecl by the fluorometric methocl of Watkin-
son (1979), ancl other minerals by using 1ncluctiv巴lyCouplecl
plasma Emission Sp巴ctroscopy (rCPU-2000, Shimaclzu Co.
Kyoto, Japan).
Statistical analysis 01' the clata was m似た byt -test ancl/or
ANOV A (Yoshicla, 1975), ancl all calculations were also macl巴
using a comm巴rciallyavailabl巴 computerprogram (SAS,
1999) .
Results and Discussion
恥1.ineralcontents of common forage species
The efti巴ctof specie cliffer巴nceson min巴raluptake are best
111巴asur巳CIancl observecl when plants are grown in pure culture
ancl uncler uni1'orm soil conclition. Nev巴rth巴less,th巴 clatawe
gatherecl from various experim巴ntalsites coulcl b巴 us巳CIin un凶
clerstancling the mineral cont巴ntsancl their variability among
plant species. Tables 1 ancl 2 show th巴 meanvariation 01'
macro ancl l11icro mineral contents of som巴1'oragespeci巴s
grazecl by goats in w巴tancl clry seasons. The various conc巳n
trations of min巴ralelem巴ntswer巳compar巴【lto the criticallev“
巴lsbasecl on animal neecls (McDowell, 1985). Generally, for-
age grazecl by goats showecl appreciable level 01' Ca ancl Mg
while P seems to be lacking (Tables 1 ancl 2). Mor巴ov巴r,
seasonal av巴rage巴xceeclsth巴 requirecllevels for goats. We
have us巴CIsh巴巴pin comparing 1'eecl min巴ralcontent with the
Mineral nutrition of Philippin巴 goats 21
Table 1 Macromineal contents of some forage species collected in pastul巴areagrazed by goats
clllring clry ancl w巴tseason
Sp巴ciesCa
Critical levell> 3
Grasses:
Axonopus cO/l1pressus
Dry season 6.5
Wel season 4.5
Brachiaria mutica
Dry日eason 4.18
Wet season 3.90
Cynodoll plecωstachyum
Dry season 4.56
Wet season 4.30
Eleusine indicll
Dry season 5.8
Wel S巴ason 3.8
Il1lperata cylindrical 5.50
Pennisetllm pW]Jurewn
Wel season 3.40
Rottboellia exaltata
Wet seasoll 3.0
Mixecl samples 7.10
Legllmes:
Gliricidia sepium 1. 37
Aesc!zyllol1lene indica
Dry season 7.4
Wel seasoll 6.6
Calopogollium IIlU仁川lOides
Dry season 10.3
Wet season 11. 2
Celltrocema pubescells
Wet season 8.9
Desl1lodiwn tortousulIl
Wel season 21
Leucaena leucocephala 1. 51
Sesbania Sesban 10.4
1 As reconunended by McDowell (1985).
animal r巴guirementdlle to the abs巴nceof standard valu巴 for
goats. Selenium content of dominant pasture species, lik巴c.plectosthacyus was only 16.3 J.lg/kg DM and 27.4μg/kg
DM for P. pwpμreum, low by far from 200μg/kg DM com-
monly reguired by gr乱zingruminants.
P
2.5 2 O. 7
1.7 3.4 5. 7
2.8 3.5 5.5
1. 61 2.58 10.86
1. 90 2.40 10.70
2.56 2.63 10.43
2.70 2.50 10.20
2. 1 3.3 8. 7
3.2 3.4 9.2
3.80 2.50 8.3
3.50 1. 80 8. 7
2.2 1.9 8.6
3.0 3. 1
1. 80 4.6 10.30
1.1 3.2 4. 7
2.0 3. 7 5. 7
1.8 3.6 6.3
2.9 3.8 10
1.7 2.0 5.6
1.4 3.0 6.4
2.5 2.2 7.3
C. mucol1oides appeared to have high Mn content along
with 1. aquatica (Tables 1 and 2). The latter species also
had the ability to absorb large guantities of Co, Mo and F巴.
Likewise, S. acuta was found to accumulate large amount of
Zn and oth巴rmicroelements. These r巴sultssupports the find叩
22 Bull. Fac. Lif,巴 Env.Sci. Shiman巴 Univ.,11
Table 2 Micromin巴alcont巴ntsof some forage species collected in pasture area grazed by goats during dry and wet s巴ason
Co Cll Fe Mn Mo Zn Se
Speci巴5g/kg DM ...
μg/kg
DM
Criticallev巴III 0.1 lO 30 30-40 >6 30 lOO
Grasses:
Axonopus compressus
Dry season 1.6 9.5 481 35.0 lO.2 28.8
Wet season 1.6 10.9 505 40.0 13.9 44.0
Brachiaria lIl11ticα
Dry s巴ason lO.4 66.3
Wet season 1.4 9.0 222 54.0 14.7 82.8
Cynodon p!ectostachyul/l
Dry season 12. 1 40.9
Wet season 1.3 8.8 326 69.0 14.9 77.2
16.5 25.9 16.3
E!ellSille illdica
。ryseason 1.8 7.4 596 41. 8 28.8 38.3
W巴tseason 2. 1 7.7 286 57.7 23.5 70.6
Imperata cylindrica 13.1 28.4 27.4
Pel1llisetulll {Jwpurellm
Wet season 2.0 7.1 404 33.0 14.4 50.4
Rottboel/ia exa!tata
Wet season 2.2 9.7 283 26.2 18. 7 26.8
Mixed samples 14.1 27.9 33.3
Legllmes:
Gliricidia sepium 2.5 6.6 192 43.0 33.0 55.0
2.5 6.6 192 43.0 55.1
Aeschynomene indica
Dry season 2.6 8.8 427 60.4 21. 0 38.0
Wet season 2.6 lO.5 140 75.0 16.9 37.8
Ca!opogonillm lI1l/colloides
Dry season 1.9 11. 5 462 82.3 19.0 53.8
明letseason 2.6 13.1 400 98.2 24. 7 57.0
Centrocema pubescells
Wet season 1.5 11. 2 393 77.0 15.1 40.4
Deslllodiwn tortollSUl/l
W巴tseason 1.8 7.9 347 60.6 23.6 40.4
Leucaena !eucocephala 2.6 8.6 346 57.0 19.0
1.7 7.1 772 36.0 20.6 lO1. 3
Sesbania Sesban 102
11 As recommended by McDowell (1985).
ings of Little et al., (1989) that Indonesian herbs and weeds what is normally required by livestock (Grace, 1991). There-
contained high amounts of Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, and Fe than com- fore, the presence of some plant species such as 1.αquatica
monly grown gr羽 sesand legumes. Some of this species could and S. acuta which are known accumulator of large quantities
accumulate great amount of elem巴ntseven twic巴 higher・than of elements could provide balance of mineral el巴mentsgener悶
Mineral nutrition of Philippine goats 23
Table 3 Macromineral cont巴日tsof some forage species collected in lahaトladenareas of
Sts. Rita, Concepcio日, Tarlac during dry and wet season, 1996-1997
Species K
Critical Levelll
Grasses:
Pennisetwn pwpllrelllll
Dry season
明'etseason
Cynodol1 plectoslaclzyus
Dry season
Wet season
Elellsine indica
Dry season
Wet season
Cynodol/ dac!.v!on
Dry season
Wet s巴ason
A verage: Dry season
Wet season
SEM
L巴gumes・
Ca[opogollilll1l lIlucHlwides
Dry season
Wet日eason
Centrosema pubescens
Dry season
W巴tseason
Milllosa pudica
。ryseason
Wet season
Leucaena lellcoceplzala
Dry season
Wet season
A verage: Dry season
Wet season
Ca
。.30P
%
.025 0.20 0.20
0.40 0.20 0.16 0.21
0.42 0.22 0.18 0.19
0.45 0.28 0.21 0.48
0.47 0.22 O. 19 0.50
0.40 0.18 0.19 0.27
0.40 0.19 0.17 0.31
0.27 0.16 0.23 0.17
0.28 0.25 0.20 0.20
0.38 0.20 0.20 0.28
0.39 0.24 0.18 0.30
0.02 0.014 0.09 0.038
0.68 。.09 0.18 0.25
0.67 0.14 0.19 0.35
O. 70 0.08 0.19 0.22
0.67 0.17 0.21 0.27
0.91 0.37 0.26 0.28
0.87 0.29 0.28 0.33
1. 27 0.19 0.30 0.38
1. 28 0.18 0.30 0.42
0.89 0.18 0.23 0.28
0.87 0.19 0.24 0.34
0.07 0.02 0.016 0.019
弓υoo
n吋U
11A
E
W
O
D
ρL
M
VJ
LU
Au c
.G H
au o
ρし
】
向
-w
M一
I
詑一郎
ally low in most forage species in pasture areas g1・azedby goats.
In our effort to help and contribute to the r巴habilitationof
lahaトladenar巳asin Central Luzon, we also conducted trials
on the nutritional characteristics and mineral concentrations
of dominant pasture speci巴sin the affect巴dareas after the erup司
tion of Mt. Pinatubo. The highl y varied mineral content of foト
age species grazed by goats in lahar二ladenareas of Sta. Rita,
Concepcion, Tarlac is depicted in Tables 3 and 4. Most of
the samples had low P, Cu and Se cont巴nts,while som巴 spe-
cies had low Mg and Zn. 1ron and Mo were exceedingly high
particularly during dry season. Th巴 lowconcentration of P,
Mg, Zn, Cu, and Se in some forage grazed by goats in lahar
】 ladenarea is indicative of the low quantity and availability
of these mineral elem巴ntsin the soil (Fleming, 1973; Reid
24 Bull. Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ., 11
T畠ble4 Micromineral contents of some forage species coUected in lahar-laden areas of Sts. Rita, COl1cepcion,
Tarlac during dry and wet seaSOI1, 1996-1997
Cu Fe Sp巴cles
Mo Zn Se
............ DM ...
Critical Level" 10 30 >6 30 100
Grasses:
Pennisetlllll pW}Jllrewn
Dry season 8.53 385.00 10.60 16.93 19.47
Wet season 7.40 163.00 17.19 18.90 14.32
Cynodon plectostachYllS
Dry sea日on 7.60 440.00 12.24 32. 70 17.23
Wet season 9.20 368.00 8.53 40.60 15.58
Eleusine indica
Dry s巴ason 7.70 531. 00 12.53 57.46 19.12
Wet season 9.20 484.00 12.81 42.57 21. 24
Cynodon dactylon
Dry season 7.40 160.00 17.19 18.90 14.32
W巴tseason 9.20 129.00 17.92 23.87 14.85
Average: Dry season 7.82 379.00 13.05 31. 51 15.54
W巴tseason 9.38 314.00 12.80 32.42 18. 73
SEM 0.30 40.20 0.95 3.80 0.98
Legumes:
Calopogonilllll lIlucunoides
Dry season 9.55 239.00 15.08 17.53 35. 16
W巴tseason 11. 45 208.00 18.39 25.56 37.56
Centrosema pubescens
。ryseason 9.80 301. 00 6.63 16.28 36.26
Wet season 11. 43 218.00 8.25 18.55 38.76
Mimosa pudica
Dry season 10.42 337.00 26.04 49.45 43.13
Wet s巴ason 11. 39 281. 00 29.77 51. 95 45.03
Leucaena leucocephala
Dry season 8.12 365.00 24.79 42.82 >100
Wet season 8.36 339.00 23.12 47.64 >100
Averag巴. Dry s巴ason 9.47 311. 00* 18.14 31. 53 53.64
Wet season 10.61 262.00 19.88 36.00 55.34
SEM 0.40 16.20 2.40 4.30 7.98
" As [巴commendedby McDowell (1985)
令 Significantlyhigher seasonal average (P< 0.05) .
and Horvath, 1980). Volcanic mat巴rialssuch as ash falls and the mineralじoncentrationsof pasture sp巴cieswas affected by
lahar deposits are inherently infertile with negligible amount the type of soil where they are grown. Supporting the findings
of organic matter and clay contents, which ar巴active巴xchange of Norton and Poppi (1995) that the r巴portedtrace mineral
slt巳sfor nutrients. values of tropical forage are more inclicativ巴 ofthe soil types
Data seem to demonstrate that the obs巴rvedvariability in ancl their cleficienci巴sthan any other factors. Seasonal changes
Min巴ralnutrition of Philippine goats 25
Table 5 Corr巴lationcoefficients among the factors aff,巴cting1'orage quality and mineral concenω
trations 01' selected Philippine forage
Parameters CP NDF
Grasses
Ca 0.63 0.85*
P 0.95*キ 0.94キ*
Mg 0.02 0.40
K 0.20 0.18
ClI 0.51 0.16
Zn 0.46 0.12
Mo 0.32 0.05
Co 0.38 0.35
Mn 0.88* 0.66
Fe 0.06 0.26
Legllmes
Ca 0.47 0.6ゲ
P 0.45 0.38
Mg 0.14 0.38
K 0.18 0.40
ClI 0.81** 0.90ネネ
Zn 0.22 0.03
Mo 0.09 0.32
Co 0.44 0.56
Mn 0.43 0.18
Fe 0.27 0.26
* (p<0.05)
日 (p<O.Ol)
also contribut吋 toth巴 variationin the mineral concentration
of the forage (Table 3; Serra et al., 1997b; Orclen et al., 1999).
Sulfur in legumes was significantly higher (p<0.05) cluring
wet season. Markecl cliffer巴nc巴s(p<0.05) w巳r巴alsonotecl
in Fe ancl Cu contents; Fe in legumes was higher・cluringclry
S巴asonwhile Cu in grasses was high巴rcluring wet season. Th巳
clifferenc巴sin thes巴 min巴ralconc巴ntrationscoulcl be attributecl
to seasonal variations
Rainfall, temperatUl巳 anclsunlight巴xertgreat influence on
forage perf・Onnanceby altering leaf to stem ratio, which evelト
tually affects morphology ancl plant chemical components
(Burton ancl 1コales,1994). Furthermore, th巴clecline in some
mineral concentration coulcl probably be clue to the natural CIト
lution proc巳ss,i.e., clry matt巴 (DM)procll川 ionSL叩 asses
mineral uptake (Fleming, 1973).
lミ巴sultson the monthly variation in min巴ralconcentration
of paragrass ancl star‘grass grazecl by goats at the Small RLト
minant Center, CLSU are presentecl (Table 6乱ncl7). Spe-
Cl巴scliffer巴nc巴sancl seasonal changes affectecl the conc巴ntra-
ADF ADL IVDMD
0.65 -0.84ネ -0.70
一0.98*ホ 一0.85* 0.74
0.03 0.34 0.30
-0.20 0.27 0.35
-0.53 0.12 0.06
0.46 0.05 0.18
0.33 0.39 -0.34
0.35 0.03 -0.11
一0.88* 0.50 -0.35
-0.02 0.36 -0.43
-0.7ゲ 0.67キ 0.46
-0.26 0.17 0.50
0.50 0.30 0.57
-0.48 0.27 0.75*
0.93ホキ 0.83** -0.84キネ
0.17 -0.41 0.04
-0.43 0.23 0.53
-0.57 0.26 0.52
0.04 0.16 -0.04
-0.30 -0.50 0.17
tions of Ca, K, P, Cu, ancl Zn. Only Mg appearecl to be un
affectecl by these factors, its conc巴ntrationwas mm巴 orless
the same year rouncl. Of all th巴climatologicalelements, rain-
fall was closely associatecl to this variability
Caution was macle in interpreting th巴comparisonbetween
computecl mineral conc巳ntrationancl their criticall巴vels.While
values less than the pr巴clicteclrequir巴m巴ntmay inclicate cl巴fi-
ci巴ncylevel, valu巴sabove them clo not necessarily inclicate suf-
ficiency. Not all elem巴ntsar巴 fullyavailable for use by the
microbial population in the rum巴nof for absorption in the in“
おstinesof th巴 animals(Norton, 1994).
Distribution of minerals in fiber fractions
Knowing too w巴IIthat nutrient cligestibility ancl availabil-
ity in forag巴 largelycl巴P巴nclon their affinity to the various fi-
ber fractions, resuIts on the clistribution of mineral巴l巴ments
in the neutral cleterge凶 fiber(NDF) ancl acicl cletergent fib巴I
(ADF) , acicl clet巴rgentlignin (ADLl fractions of eight for-
age species collectecl fr・0111the pastur巴areaof the exp巴rimen-
26 Bull. Fac. Lif,巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ., 11
Table 6 Effective ruminal solubility of some macromin巴ralsin select巴dPhilippine
forage species (%)
Ca P Mg K Forage
Grasses:
Para 48.4 84.2 83.2 96.7
Star 67.7 85. 7 85.3 98.2
Napiel 50.9 83.4 85.0 98.2
Creeping Legumes:
Calopo 35.8 57.1 71. 9 87.5
Centrocema 32.9 59.8 95. 1 89.9
Tree LeEumes:
Gliricidia 53.6 69.8 92.3 93.2
Leucaena leucocephala 58.1 69.9 78.8 94.9
Sesballia 52.7 70. 7 79.5 97.7
M巴an 50.0 72.6 83.9 94.5
SEM 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.1
LSD' 05) 1.9 O. 7 NS3 0.4
1 Averag巴 passagerate: 1. 9%/h; ranges of disappearance rat巴:0.4 to 1. 2%/h for Ca, O. 1 to
1. 6%/h for P, 0.7 to 2%/h for Mg, and 0.1 to 2%/h for K.
Least signiticant difference.
:1 The F-test was not significant.
Table 7 Effective ruminal solubility of some l11icrol11inerals in select巴dPhilippin巴
forage species (%)
Cu Mn Mo Zn Forag巴
Grass巴5
Para 60.8' 76.91> 80.7" 76.8"
Stm 74.2' 84.0' 91. 7即 80.らぬ
Napiel 70.5" 64.0吋 92.9'" 77.0"
Creeping Legul11es:
Calopo 54.5' 29.9' 75.9' 30.1"
Ce1ltrocema 89.9' 60.3" 66.0' 70.5'
Tree LeEul11es:
Gliricidia 88.0'" 65.9じ 95.1' 81. T
Leucaella leucocephala 44.6' 40.6' 79.7" 71. 6"
Sesballia 86.1" 64.1' 89.3' 82.3'
Mean 71.1 60. 7 83.9 71. 3
SEM 1.5 2.8 1.7 1.4
1 Effective rul11inal solubilization (%) was ca¥culated according to Rooke et al. (1993) : ERS
=a十 (l-a)x kd/(kp + kd), where a is th巴proportionof l11inerals rapidly solubilized, kd is
the fractional rate of l11ineral disappearance from nylon bags and kp is the rate of pas日ageof
particulate mat巴rial. Average particulate passage rate, 1. 9%/h (SeITa et al., 1996x) ; av巴ト
ag巴 ofdisappearance rate: 1. 28%/h for Cu, 1. 01 %/h for Mo, and 1. 28%/h for Zn
'.I>d.d, Means within column having different superscripts c¥iffer (p<O. 05).
Mineral nutrition 01' Philippine goats 27
tal 1'arm oj、CLSU are pres巴ntedin Table 5. There w品目 amarked
species clifferences (p< 0.01') in the different fiber compo-
nents of P. 1/1正lxilI1lI11l, C. plectostlwcyus, C. IIIllcOIlOules, C
puhescence, G. Sepilll1l, L. lellcoceplwla乱nd五ses!JW1. Thi日
hacl greatly influenじeclthe wid巴 vm・iability01' mineral cJistr卜
bution to the different fiber fractions‘The NDF t‘raction con
tainecl the following proportions of the total min巳raloriginally
present (%); Ca, 0.7; P, 14.3ヲ Mg,1. 9; K, 3.7匂 Cu,16.4;
Zn‘2.9; Mo, 9.3ラ Co,16.2; Mn, 5.6, and 81. 3 for F巳. On
the other hand the ADドfractionshad the following mineral
concentrations; Ca, 0.2; P, 4.4; Mg, 0.7; K‘1. 8; Cu, 32.3;
Zn, 1. 1; Mo, 8.9; Co, 4.7; Mn, 5.4‘and 36.8 fOl、 Fe.
Factors affecting forage quality sllch as crucle protein, fれl一
b加巴rfi白、raじd凶ticぬon
ity (句iVDMD)w巴伐r芯己 1'0伐凶予孔刈削u山III吋c1tωob巴c引¥tぬhe口r司 pOSltlV巴elyor n巳ga川叩lt川ti竹vely
附 【Oαα悦閃)(に)ci正c二:iオu山 clw川ithvれ山川/任勺引t乱川訂川nげ川110
1996yヲ 1997aω). About 75% of minerals in grass巴sand 45%
。fminerals in legumes wcre positivelyじorrelated(p<0.05)
to the CP and 1VDMD. Conv巴rs巴Iy,55, 80 and 75% 01' th巴
forage minel・alswere negatively corr巴lateclto the NDF‘ADF
an【CIADL frac
of th巴 mll1巳n'乱11巴lem巴nU詰え I 巴sicl巴 in the non-structれ削LIIμra正a一11cell com叩
ponents of the forag巴 materials. Results sllggests that major-
ity 01' these minerals are available c1ue to their non-affinity to
ligno-c巴lIulosecompon巳ntswhich are known to be slowly cleω
graclabie or possibly und巳graclablein the rumen.
Ruminal solubHization of I11ineral el邑m記nts
1n assessing mineral requir巴mentsof animals, both the qllan-
tity of elem巴ntsancl their bioavailability were consiclerecl. The
former can be cleterminecl chemically while the latter is more
cli1'ficult to assess. One techniqu巴 togauge availability is the
nylon bags inCllbatecl in the rum巴nof surgically moclifiecl ru-
minants (in SItU). This tω巴配吋chniq午中1I巴n附 E削
Ofl 巳le巴as巴of r口111¥11巴白ra叫l巴el巴αm巴ntおsin the r印um巴n wh 巴白r守右巴 mosはtof th 巴
organic mattcr is dig巴sted
The ln situ trials that we concluctecl involvecl eight forage
species that are commonly fecl to goats (Serra et al., 1996x).
The vallles w巴 arepresentIng hereto are the effective rllminal
solubilization (ERS) wh巳reinwe consiclerecl particulate pas-
sage rate ancl disapp巴ar・anceat c1iffer・巴nthom・interval of the
various elements (Tables 6 ancl 7). We obtainecl an average
particlIlate passage rate of 1. 9%/h目 Effectiveruminal solu
bility of macro elements showed that K was th巴 mostsoluble
followecl by Mg, P ancl Ca. For micro minerals, Mo was the
most solubleラ follow巴dby Zn, Cu ancl Mn. Although there
was a 111mω1I眺I
01' min巴白r即1叫a川1elたem記巴ntお5乱Cαr句'ossspecies, th巴ERS values w巴I巴founcl
to be relatively high
As pointed out巴arlier,majority of the elements w巴乱nalyzed
and subject巴clto in situ degraclation wel巴 notattachecl to either
the NDF and ADF fractions of the forag巴.Their c10se affinity
to the non-structural compon巳ntscoulcl h乱veresultecl to their
higb ruminal solllbility. Even Cu, whicb was found to be
32.5% attachecl to the lingo-cellulose components of the clif-
ferent forage
(11., 1997a). Result sugg巴ststhat other factors, such as ru悶
men environment (Durancl ancl Kawashima, 1980) formation
01' compl巴X己目 betwecnel巴me凶 andorganic ligands (Grac巳,
1991) coulcl limit mineral solubility in the rumen rather than
their c10se association to fibcr fractions, which are eith巴rslowly
or totally insoluble. Howevel守 notall complexes are insoluble
b巴caus巴sometrace elem巴ntscombin巴withamino acicls, which
provicl巴 fasterabsorption in the gut‘though it might r巴sultto
comp巴titionin the site of absorption betw巴enthe el巴mentsand
the carri巴r(Butler ancl 10n巴s,1973). Apparently, those min
巴ralfractions that are insoluble in the rumen, esp巴ciallythose
in C. mucolloides ancl L. leucocephala will solubilizc in th巴
lower gut due to its lower pH (Keith ancl B巳11,1981). It is
also interesting to not巳 thatERS of mineral elements in grasses
and tree legumes is higher than cr巴epinglegumcs, lik巴C.1Il11-
cOlloides ancl C. pllbescellce.
Blood mineral content of grazing goats
To ass巳ssthe mineral status of the clifferent c1asses of goats
grazing under・different pastur・巴 conditions, wc used the whole
bloocl conc巳ntrationfor S巴 anclplasma lev巴ls1'01' other巴le
ments. This cliagnostic component of CI巴tenniningacJequacy
orcl巴ficiencyis the most important. Due to the clifficulty of
cletermining how much the feecl can offer ancl th巴animalneecls,
the animal' s r巴spons巴 wasusecl as a reliablc arbitrator on the
occun・enceof mineral imbalanc巴岨 The bioch巴micalsupport for
diagnosis has reliecl upon inclices of storage ancl transport rather
than function, in which the latter being the last to show abnor-
mality cluril1g clefici巴ncy(Suttle, 2000). Although we r巴alizecl
the 11巴巴CIfor f1exibility in interpreting the results coming from
bloocl mineral contents, w巴hav巴reli巴CImainly on this parame-
ter in assessing animals' respons巴 towarclsdietary min巴1・al
28 Bull. Fac. Lif,巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ., 11
Table 8 Macromineral concentration of grazing goats as influenced by season and concentrat巴 fe吋mg
Without
R巴gion Season Calcium
(90)5
Los Banos Rainy 9l. 2十2.3'
(82.8-103.7)3
(62.5)'
Dry 94.8士1.7
(78.5-127.8)
(19.1)
Munoz Rainy 75.6土0.9
(69.3-83.4)
(100)
Dry 93.8士3.4
(71. 6-126. 7)
(50.0)
Baguio Rainy
Dry
I The goats w巴I巴 supplementedwith some concentrates.
Mean::lこS.E.of number of goals l1secl
" The figur巴sin par巴nthesisare range of vall1es.
Magnesium
(15)
27.1トl.1
(23.2-32.8)
(0)
28.4士1.0
(21. 2-43. 6)
(0)
23.9土O.7
(19.3-29.1)
(0)
24.8士0.6
(22.0-26.7)
(0)
I Percentage of bloocl sampl巴sless than the lower limit in plasma level.
i The lower limit sl1ggestecl by NRC (1984).
Ii The nl1mber of goals l1secl with sl1pplem巴ntin M口白oz.
availability.τhe validity of using blood concent1'ation to study
specific nut1'ient s巴巴msdep巴nd巴nton the physiological factors
affecting serum lev巴1,it cOllld be llsed as yardstick in assess
ing nlltritional state of a pa1'ticular animal (Herdt, 1995).
In the first stlldy condllcted, on thre巴diff,巴rentexperimen-
tal sites (CLSU, UPLB and Bagllio), we fOllncl Ollt that mor巴
than 50% of th巴 animalshad low bloocl Ca, ClI, Zn, ancl Se
l巴velsin spite of the apparently sllffici巴ntamollnt in forag巴they
grazecl (Tables 8 and 9). Moreove1', even with conc巴ntrat巴
supplem巴ntationplasma Ca and Cu wer巴 b巴lowthe critical
level of 90 mg/L and O. 6 mg!L, r巴spectively. COllV巴rsely,
plasma Zn and blood Se improved with concentrate supple-
m巴ntation (Tabl巴s8 ancl 9). The plasma Mg ancl P we1'巴 sat
isfactory, with the lowe1' limit of the normal level in goats.
With
Phosphorus Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus
(40) (90) (15) (40)
71. 5+4. 7
(53.0-89.9)
(0)
81. 3土2.3
(57.6-107.0)
(0)
87.1土0.8(13)' 101.2土2.7 25.6土0.8 84士4.6
(65.9-109.8) (80.7-120.5) (20.2-28.8) (59.5-106.7)
(0) (8) (0) (0)
8l. 8土2.6(1l) 93.9士2.5 26.5士1.2 78.6土4.0
(72.0-92.1) (77.8-126.8) (20.4-33.7) (57.0-109.3)
(0) (27) (0) (0)
90.8土4.4 23. 7土2.9 82.7土2.4
(76.3-113.2) 21. 2-33.1) (73.2-93.2)
(44) (0) (0)
92. 9:::l::2. 6 27.2土1.3 85.0士4.6
(79.5-109.3) (21. 2-36. 9) (53.4 -112.9)
(29) (0) (0)
Th巴 lowplasma Cu content even with its acl巴quacyin th巴for-
age ancl conc巴ntratefeeding suggests that the unstable charac
teristics of Cll ancl its inte1'action with known antagonist Iike
Mo might have exist巴c1.From this initial finding, we hav巴come
IIp with th巴 conclusion/recommendationthat an approp1'iat巴
mm巴ralsllpplementation strategy should be adopted to aclclr巴SS
this problem
明Thilethis problem occllr1'ed in more 1'avorable pasture a1'-
巴asin clif1',巳r巴ntparts 01' Lllzon Island, the poor soil condition
in lahar-laclen areas of C巴ntralLllzon contributecl furthe1' to the
low blood mineral concentration of the animals (Table 10).
Plasma Ca, Cll, Zn ancl bloocl Se level among goats grazing
in laha1'-laclen areas w巴r巴 alsolow. This could be att1'ibuted
to the insuffici巴ntsllpply of thes巴 min巴1'alelements in the for-
Mineral nutrition of Philippine goats 29
Table 9 Micromineral conc巴ntralionof grazing goats as int1uenced by season and concentrate feeding
Without
R巴gion Season SeleniuIl1 Copper
(20)' (0.6)
Los Banos Rainy 14.3土5.31" 1.10土0.15
(5-21)ど (0.41 1. 70)
(87. (25)
Dry 29.3士14.6" 1. 30土0.05
(3-66) (0.77-1. 52)
(34.1) (0)
主I[u白oz Rainy 13.3土2.8ど 1. 12士0.08
(9-19) (062 1. 59)
(100 (0)
Dry 27.3士12.8'" 1. 12土0.07
(7-56) (0.63-1. 80)
(56.6) (0)
Baguio Rainy
Dry
'M巴an土S.E.of number of goats used.
, The figures in parenthesis are range of values. :J PeIじ巴ntag巴ofblood日amplesless than the lower limil in plasma 1巴vel
之 Thegoats were supplemented some concentrat巴S
With
Zinc Selenium Copper
(0.6) (20)5 (0.6) ZincO.6)
1. 88::1::0. 27
(0.89-31. 6)
(0)
1. 02土0.09
(0.49--1. 95)
(0)
1. 02土0.0513(13), 54.1士38.3" 1. 00土0.09 1. 03士0.04
(0.66-1. 47) (12)ち (9-144) 0.41 1. 70) 0.64-1. 22)
(0) (16.6) (15) (0)
1. 38土0.48(1l) 68.3土16.3' 1.16土0.04 1. 69土0.09
(0.42-4.46)口 (43-103) (0.97-1.44) (1.29-2.32)
(13) (0) (0) (0)
41. 3土29.1 1. 25士0.05 1. 72::f::0. 06
(7-91) (0.97-1.43) (1.49-2.01)
(33.1) (0) (0)
53.3士26.1 0.65こと0.06 1. 23士0.15
(7-110) (0.28-1. 09) (0.65-2.08)
(12.6) (47) (0)
5 The lower limit suggesled by N良C (Se,Cu) (1984) at日正IMcDowell (Zu) (1985).
G The I1umber of日amplesfor Se analysis
The numb巴rof goats used with supplement in Munoz.
".b.cd.,, :Significantly different (p<O,01)
age (Tabl巴s2and3). But,the巴xtremelyhigh amount of
Mo and Fe in the forag巴 couldhave also contributed to this
eff,巴ct. Particular attention should be given on the lev巴1of Se
as dry season average was very close to the lower limit and
significant numb巴r01' animals was below the critical level. 1n
addition, the amount of S in the soil might further aggravate
th巴 condition. The low plasma Ca observed in almost 40%
01' the animals could have been due to low availability of Ca
(Ward and Harbers, 1982) in th巴foragealthough supply was
su1'ficient.
Use of solubl令 glassωmIn釘 al-bolus(8GB)
Knowing fully w巴IIthat the dominant pasture species
browsed by goats in some parts of Luzon were low which ad-
versely a1'feじtedthe blood mineral profile of the animals. An
introduction of SGB (COSECURE, Pilkington Release Sys-
tems, De巾 igh,North Wales, UK) containing Co, Se, Cu, P,
Na and Mg was done where plasma mineral content of graz-
ing goats did not improve ev巴nwith conc巴ntrat巴 supplemen-
tation. Similar with other studies (Buckley ef al., 1986; Hi-
doroglou et al., 1987; Zervas, 1988; and Matsui et al., 1992),
the巴ffects01' SGB in the blood mineral level of grazing goats
wer巴 immediate.
One month after SGB administration, th巴rewas a remark
able increase (p< 0.01) in blood Se of tr巴ateclgoats (Table
11). The three-1'old increase in bloocl Se level, which was
maintain巴duntil th巴 endof the trial suggests that th巴 release
of S巴 fromthe bolus was fairly constant. On the other hand,
there was no marked improvement in th巴 plasmaCu content
one month after SGB supplem巴ntation.It was only in the sec-
oncl month when significant increase (p<0.05) in the con-
centration of Cu in the blood plasma occurred. After one year,
30 Bull. Fac. Lif,巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ., 11
Table 10 Blood mineral concentration of goats grazing in lahar・-ladenareas of Sta. Rita, Conceptcion, Tarlac, Philippines, dry
and wet season, 1996-1997
Ca P Cu Zn Se
古--砕』 ー目白司由守F 守腎守 ー 幽 日」【 守骨四 百明『古 田
Critical lev巴l"
Mineral concentration"
Dry Season
Range
Wet Season
Rang巴
Percent of animals below
Critical Concentrate (n=30)
Dry Season
Wet Season
90
94.58ごと2.61
72.3-119.30
100.03土3.34
78.0-130.5
33.3
46. 7
liAs recommended by McDowell (1985).
21Mean士SEM.
40
65.14:::1::3.38
41. 30-90. 86
63.59土3.37
42.13-96.15
。O
15
30.05土1.11
21. 89-28. 52
29.40士1.09
23.90-39.20
O
O
0.6
1.01土0.61
0.42-1. 58
1. 18土0.96
0.55-1. 29
30.0
10.0
0.6
100土0.61
0.34-1. 86
1.15土0.98
0.48-1.92
23.3
3.3
20
21. 66土1.21
12.50-46.66
24.16:::1::1.66
17.50-53.33
40.0
26. 7
Table 11 Monthly plasma Cu and bloocl Se concentration 01' Philippine goats treatecl ancl untreatecl with intrarlll11inal
soluble glass bollls
Cu (μmol/Ll
Untreatecl Treat巴d
1992
Oct 11. 85 12.3
Nov 13.2 12.4
Dec 17.7 20.2
1993
Jan 16.2 21.1
ドeb 16 21. 3
Mal 16曹 8 22.5
Apl 20.1 25.6
May 23.2 27.8
Jun巴 22. 1 25.9
July 22.2 5. 7
AlIg 20.4 24.5
Sept 21. 4 24. 7
Oct 21. 5 26.6
Mean 19.23 23.11
ns not significant (p >0.05)
p<0.05 ],* p<O.01
m巴anplasma level was 23. 11μm01l1, significantly higher than
those in the control group (Table 11).
Subsequently, th巴 administration01' SGB did not result to
signi1'icant (P >0.05) differ巴ncesin plasma Ca, Mg, Na and
Fe conc巴ntrationbetween the control and treated groups. The
insigni1'icant巴1'1'ectof SGB-Se on plasma Mg supports th巴conω
clusion 01' Batra and Hidiroglou (1993) that intraruminal ad-
ministration 01' 30 g Se pellets did not influence plasma lev巴i
L巴velof Se (μmol/Ll Level of
significance Untreat巴d Tr巴atecl significanじE
ns 0.27 0.28 n日
ns 0.25 0.8 点三
ns 0.28 0.82 **
0.29 0.85 公斗
* 0.29 0.87 本*
0.31 0.92 ネエc
認" 0.3 0.87 ** 中* 0.26 0.83 * 持 0.3 0.86 木*
3さ 0.31 0.92 " ど之 0.29 O. 79 bi'
寸 0.28 0.87 台さ T
0.29 0.97 下*
唱以 0.28 0.88 *:t
01' Mg in clairy cattle. Molybdenum was affectecl more by sup-
plem巴ntationthan plasma P, K ancl Zn. Plasma Mo concen-
tration was red山巴CIsignificantly (p< 0.01) by min巳ralsup-
plem巴ntation;counter町actingthe possibl巴 contributionof high
Mo of th巴 availablepasture species.
The changes in monthly body weight of clo巴streatecl and
untreatecl with SGB are shown in Table 12. Liv巴 weightof
goats was not a1'fectecl by the treatm巴nt. Although there was
Min巴ralnutrition of Philippine goats 31
Table 12 Correlation coefficient in Se content of whole blood and milk of goats
Parameters
Blood Se of kid日
Milk Se of does
料 p<O.Ol
Blood Se of do巴5
0.93帥
Milk Se of does
0.87**
0.88料
Table 13 Bi出 weight.gain i凶nweight and aven乱19巴dωa泊til匂yg伊a川l
by mat巴rnaltr巴註tm巴ntof soiL日Ibl巴glassbolus-S巴adlη11l11ls1巴r巴dinlrarumim乱11口ly
Paramelers Untreated Treat巴d level
Birlh weight 1. 89::l:::0. 31 1. 94士0.25 ns
Gain in weight 13. 96::l::: 1. 08 14.22士0.83 ns
Gain 0.116土0.009 0.119ごと0.007 ns
ns not significant
1、able14 Selenium co附 nl(μg/L土SO)of goat's milk乱ndwhol日 bloodof do巴sand their kids.
as influenced by Se Soluble Glass Bolus administer‘巴dintraruminally
Parameters
。oes'blood
Ooes' milk
Kids' blood
Untreated
38.65土2.87
3. 42::l:::0. 63
7.42土2.34
signi1'icant improvement in the blood concentration 01' some
mineral elements, SGB did not a1'1'ect body weight. The same
r巴sultwas observed with th巴 birthweight and growth rate 01'
kids born to SGB-supplemented c10es (Orclen et α人 2000a)
As巴xpectecl,blood Se conc巴山'ation01' kids (Table 13) were
lower because it is very unusual for neonates to have higher
serum Se levels than those in their c1ams (Herdt, 1995). Th巳
high serum Se levels of kids inclicate that the el巴vatedsupply
of Se in the does 1'rom th巴treatedgroup was able to cross the
placental 附 I巾 raneand be油 sorbeclby the fet山 (Perryet
α人 1977).
1n spi託t巴ofth巴clearinclications of mat巴malS巴transf,巴rfr‘Iひom
th児巴 moth巴ras th巴bloocl S巴ofth巴tr巴at匂巴dkids was signif白icantly
h悩igh巴白r(句p<O.01υ),t出h巴 imp似rov氾閣巴剖m巴白ntin S 巴 Sはta従tu出s0ぱft白h巴 dam
c1id not influ 巴nc 巴th 巴birt山hweight and g♂rowtlぬhp巴白rfor口rmanc巴of
tぬh巴白lr0ωf、1s
(ADG) a剖tfour months of age was not significantly higher・111
the treated group. These finclings are contrary with th巴巴arlier
findings of Spears et al. (1986) who observecl a slight increas巴
in the acljust巴CIweaning weights of calv巴sbom to cows with
marginal Se c1e1'icie即 yafter rec巴ivingSe + Vita. E injection.
The reported variation in growth r巴sponsetowarcls Se supple-
mentation among ruminants coulcl b巴 attributedto VaI・iations
in Se bioavailability c1ue to c1ifferenc巴sin environment ancl ge-
Treated Significance level
78.32土5.48 p<O.Ol
6.87土1.65 p<O.Ol
35.47士4.12 P<O.Ol
netic factors ancl various c1ietary vitamin E intakes
The two“folcl increas巴 inthe Se content of milk also con-
tributecl to th巴higherbloocl S巴ofthe kicls in as much that the
Se status of ruminants is closely associated to dietary Se sup-
ply (White and Somers, 1977). Th巴significantlyhigher milk
S巴inSGB treated group, suggests that there 1S a steady trans-
fer 01' Se from the c10巴s'blood to milk, and the highly signifi-
cant correlation betwe巴nSe levels in blood and milk of does
reflects the positive巴ffectof SGB supplementation (Table
14) (Serra et al., 1996a; Ord巴net al., 2000b). Moreover,
th巴 significantlyhigher (p< 0.01) milk Se of SGB treatecl
does indicate possible intramammary transfer¥
Condusion
The lower mineral contents of forage affected th巴 mineral
status 01' goats grazing in different pastur巴 ar巴asof Lllzon 1s悶
lancl. Althollgh average blood mineral concentrations were
above the critical limit, some of the animals exhibited low
plasma Cu and Zn, and blood Se du巴 toinsu1'1'icient sllpply
of these mineral elem巴ntsin the forage. Th巴巴xtremelyhigh
amount of Mo and Fe in the forage could have also contrib-
uted to this effect. Particular att巴ntionshould be given on the
s巴runト Selevel as mean vallles wer巴 veryclose to the low巴1・
32 Bull. Fac. Life 忘れv.Sci. Shiman巴Univ.,11
limit and significant number of animals was below the criti-
call巴V巴1. Even the conc巴ntratesuppl巴m巴ntationfailed to cor-
rect 111m巴ralin balanc巴assome anil11als exhibited low mineral
l巴velin the blood. Low plasma Ca was observed in乱bout
50 % of th巴 experimentalanimals.
The us巴 ofSGB was effective in incr巴asingplasma mineral
content, particularly in the case of Se. Lik巴wise,th巴incI・巴as巳
in Cu intake minimized the possible adv巴rseeffects of exces-
sive forage Mo conc巴ntration.
The higher blood Se among kids and milk-S巴 producedby
treated does proved furth巴rthat maternal and intra-mammary
transf,巴rincr・巴as巴dwhen supply is elevated. However, this im-
provement in blood mineral content of the dam dicl not sub
sequently increased birth weight ancl growth rate of th巴iroff-
spnng.
Other factors, such as rumen pH ancl the presenc巴sof phy-
tates could have infJuenced the low plasma Ca 1巴vel.The high
forage concentr従 ionand ERS of som巴巴lementsinclicatecl that
they are not attached to undegraclecl fib巴rcomponents ancl are
therefore available in the rumen.
Results inclicate that th巴mineralderiv巴dby the animals from
the pasture hav巴c1irecteffects in their mineral status. H巴nce,
th巴l巴gum巴swith better mineral profile, like Leucaena, Gliri-
cidia & Sesbania ancl other fonn of supplement coulcl provicle
most of the minera1. Although SGB aclministration incr巴asecl
blood Se, it failecl to give positive effect on bocly weight and
growth rates of kicls born from tr巴ateclc10巴s. Further studi巴s
on Cu ancl Se availability to grazing animals shoulcl be und巴r-
taken to c1etermine their interaction with the excessive forage
Mo and Fe
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ブイリピン、ルソン島における放牧ヤギの無機物栄養
j事)京 i?ll. Alexancler B. S巴rra. Sarome D. Serra . Eclgar A目 Orclen
嬰約:本研究では、フィリピン、ルソン島において放牧されているヤギの無機物栄養に対して、採食草種、それらの生
育する土壌の特故および季節的な変化の影響を 15 年間に亘って調査した。調査対象としたヤギは、平均体重1O~25kg 、
1~5 歳令の固有穂および、交雑椋の tltjt.t,H: 合わせーて約 200 頭であった。各種牧草の無機物含量、それら草種の械維分画仁1111号
機物の分布、牧草中無機物の第一胃内分解性、放牧ヤギの胸中~!!(:1~物濃度および血禁中無機物含量に対ーする可i容性1!!f;機
物ガラス製剤 (SGB)投与の影響について査定した。その結果、草植による差異、更に土壌の特徴や季節的な変動はヤギ
が採食する放牧草の無機物含量の変動に大きく影響している事が示された。また、無機物の大部分は植物の細胞質内に
存在しており、それらの比較的高い第一胃内分解性によって示される様に、可溶性である事が明らかになった。今回の
調査地域での大部分の草種において燐、銅およびセレン含量は低く、幾つかの草種ではマグネシウムと亜鉛は放牧家吉
の要求量の下限値を下回っていた。その結果そこでの放牧ヤギでのそれらの全血・血禁中濃度への影響も明らかに見ら
れた。 L.leucocephαla, G. sepiulI1やS.sesb仰のようなマメ科飼料木(茎葉)は餌としての無機物合最の様相は他の改良牧
草よりも相対的に優れていた。確実な方法としての濃厚飼料の補助(添加)によって血禁中亜鉛の濃度は増加するが、
銅やセレンの血中濃度は依然として眼界値を下回っていた。放牧されていた交雑ヤギでは、 SGB投与に対する効果的な
反応が見られた。また、妊娠中の母ヤギへの SGB投与では血中セレンの明らかな上昇、更に生まれた子ヤギの血中セレ
ン濃度の改善が見られた。同様に分娩後授乳中においても、 SBG投与母親の乳中セレン濃度は高く、セレンの乳腺組織
への効果的な動きが観察された。しかしながら、母ヤギへの SGB処理による、子ヤギの生時体重や成長速度に対する著
しい効果は見られなかった。以上の結果から、極僅かな量の濃厚飼料添加や SGB投与による無機物摂取量の増加とは別
に、マメ科飼料木茎葉を広く利用して行くことによって、それらの比較的高い無機物含量と第一肖内での高い溶解性に
よって、無機物栄養の改善が可能である事が示唆された.