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Food Security in Sarawak:
Current Status and future directions
Lai K. F. and Kueh K. H.
Department of Agriculture, Sarawak
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SARAWAK
Area: 12.3 million ha
Coastline: 1,200 km
EEZ: 133,255 km2
Population: 2,516,122
(2011)
24.7% engaged in
agricultural activities
Population growth:
1.9% pa
South China Sea
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Oil palm
1,021,587 ha(70%)
Rubber158,853 ha
(11%)
Sago54,905 ha (4%)
Coconut20,912 (1%)
Pepper14,518 ha (1%)
Paddy
127,112 ha(9%)
Fruits36,992 ha (3%)
Vegetables4,395 ha
(0.3%)
Others11%
Estimated area distribution by crop, 2011Total area: 1,449,987 ha
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Rubber5%
Pepper3%
Sago1%
Coconut0%
Oil palmRM9.2 billion
85%
Fruits andvegetables
0%
Livestock0%
Fisheries2%
Otheragriculturalproducts
4%
Export value of agriculturalproducts, 2011 Total: RM10.8 billion
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Ricestaple food (pcs: 79 kg)
Wet and hill paddy - 127,112 ha
Mainly subsistence and surplus for sale
Low productivity1.94 t/haImport rice from Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia
Food Production: current status
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000140,000
160,000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Self-sufficiencylevel(%
)
RiceProduction(mt)
Year
Rice Production (mt) SSL (%)
Rice sold in market
Subsistent rice cultivation
RICE PRODUCTION IN SARAWAK, 1990-2012
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Fruits: pineapple, durian, rambutan, banana, etc.
Semi-commercial orchards
Food Items Hectarage
(ha)
Production
(mt)
SSL
(%)
Annual pcc*
(kg)
Fruits 36,992 181,951 80.0 81 (72.3a)
Vegetable 4,395 43,885 47.0 37.3 (17.4a)
Fruit and Vegetable Production
* Per capita consumptiona domestic production
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Livestock production 2011Food Items Heads Production
(mt)
SSL (%) Annual
pcc* (kg)
Poultry meat 33.3 mn 59,760 105.0 22.6a
Egg 750.1 mn 750.1 mn 105.0 283.5a
Pork 371,166 29.7 101.7 17.8a
Beef 14,059(Cattle)
7,407
(Baffalo)
705.6 mt 9.4 2.990.28a
Mutton 16,072 (Goat)
3,394 (Sheep)
739.3 mt 8.0 3.8
0.3a
Milk 161,000 L 0.8 7.8
0.06a
* per capita consumptionadomestic production Source: DOAS Statistics
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Fisheries production
Food Items Number of
Fishermen
Production
(mt)
SSL
(%)
Annual pcc*
(kg)
Marine fishing 19,308 119,459 43.4a
Aquaculture 7,239 11,966
Export 22,146
per capita consumption
adomestic production
Mainly capture from the sea along the coastal zone
Aquaculture contributes 6 to 10% of the fish consumed in Sarawak
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0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
(RM'000)
Fisheries
Livestock
Rice
Fruits andvegetables
Import Values of Agricultural Products (2002-2011)
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surge in world food prices in 2007/2008
introduction of export restrictions by some countries on certain
commodities
Government developed new strategies for ensuring
food security
Sarawak Government
Strategic Agriculture Development Plan (2013-2020)
Federal GovernmentFood Security Policy (May 2008)
National Agro-food Policy (2011-2020)
Responses of Government to food crisis 2007/08
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SSL targets for 2020
Item/Year SSL 2011 (%) SSL 2020 target (%)
Crop
Paddy 48.0 70.0
Fruit 80.0 80.0
Vegetables 47.0 60.0
Livestock
Beef 9.4 15.0
Mutton 8.0 30.0
Poultry 105.0 105.0
Pork 101.7 105.0Chicken/ duck eggs 105.0 108.0
Milk 0.82 0.82
Fish 43.4 kg pcc/yr 60.0 kg pcc/yr
pcc =annual per capita consumption
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Sarawak Strategic Agriculture Development Plan (2013-2020)
Agro-food projects Strategic Plan
Oil-palm (ha)
Rubber
2 mn ha
380,000 ha
Paddy New 5,200 ha granary at Btg Lupar
Tropical fruits and
vegetables
16,816 ha
Cattle (heads)Buffalo Increase pop. to 40,000 headsIncrease pop. To 10,000 heads
Sheet and goat (heads) Increase pop. to 100,000 heads
Poultry Increase pop. to 39.5 million heads
Pork (heads) Increase Khinzir pop. to 400,000
Chicken/ duck eggs Increase pop. 912.8 million
Milk 0.82
Fish Develop 12,116 ha aquaculture
pcc= annual per capita consumption; SSL= self-sufficiency level
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Future directions
1. Extension of granary area- Current- 5,200 ha granary at Btg. Lupar will the SSL
slightly to 55% by 2020, which is 15% below the target- Futuredevelop addition 17,000 ha for double cropping
area to achieve target of 70% by 2020
2. Production and promotion of Sarawak specialtyrice
- many traditional varieties; Bario, Bajong, Biris, Mamut,etc
- Sarawak traditional rice granted GI certification =
authenticity and quality
potential for commercializationGeographical Indication awarded for:
Sarawak Bario Rice
10 Mar. 2008 9 Mar. 2018
Sarawak Beras Biris
11 Feb. 2009 10 Feb. 2019
Sarawak Beras Bajong
11 Feb. 200910 Feb. 2019
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Future directions
3. Development of Indigenous Food Resources- Sarawak diverse in indigenous resources
e.g. Jobs Tear, Dabai, miding, terong dayakhigh nutritional values important for local
communities food security
high potential for commercialisation
Dabai Isau
Terong Dayak
Durian Nyekak Selected local durian
Cekur Manis
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Future directions
4. Develop offshore fishing- vast fish resources within its EEZ
yet to be tapped- potential yields of demersal fish (79,000 mt)
small pelagic fish (340,000 mt)
oceanic tuna (25,000 mt)
leather jacket (70,000 mt)
- expansion of offshore fishingmight allow increase of fish landingsfor sufficiency and export
5. Adopt sustainable food production systems
- Intensive agriculturedegrades soil, air and water resources
damages the function of an ecosystem
- adoption of an ecosystem-based approach
builds a resilient food production system for long term food security
e.g. system of crop intensification (SCI), organic agriculture, aerobic
rice
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Future directions
6. Research and development- advanced biotechnology through selecting crops
resistant to pests
higher nutritional content
improved yield
- Technology for long term preservation of food without changing its
natural taste
- Improved technologies for livestock to lower carbon footprint
for fisheries to sustainably exploit
7. Preventing incursions of dangerous pests and
diseases
- Sarawak is free of many dangerous pest and disease such ase.g. SA leaf blight, Foot-and-mouth disease and
Avian influenza
None should be allowed to reach the shore of Sarawak, because
they could threaten long-term food security of the country
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The Sarawak is still and continue to be depending on imported
food especially rice, beef, mutton, dairy, and temperate fruits andvegetables for food security
Sarawak in collaboration with the Federal Government is
seriously addressing the food security issues through variousstrategies, food programmes and projects, and R and D initiatives.
Conclusion
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Thank you