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FIELDWORK SEGMENT
PRM 2014-16 & FPRM 2014
A Theme Paper/ Fa!"#$ Par#%%pa# '(""a)(ra#%*e Re+earh ,FP'R
( Patterns in Intergenerational Mobility in Education and Labor Markets
in Rural India )
.a+e ( S#!%e+ % Am)apaa %""ae
Am)apaa Da G!3ara#
----------------
S!)m%##e )$
a$a Ra%,P5102
Fa!"#$ G!%e I par#%a" !"%""me# ( #he re7!%reme#+ ( #he FWS
( #he
P(+# Gra!a#e Pr(ramme % R!ra" Maaeme#
INSTIT8TE OF R8RAL MANAGEMENT ANAND
2014
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A'KNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us
in completing this village report
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof !ivek Pandey" for his continuous and
valuable support on my endeavor to work on research I am immensely grateful for his
periodic inputs and guidance from preliminary stage to final submission of research
I would also like to thank IRM# for providing this opportunity to explore rural life and
providing key insights during the fieldwork segment It has helped to enhance our
knowledge and aided in practical application of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks
Last but not the least$ I want to extend my thanks to villagers of #mbapada and host
organi%ation &'(R!# )*#I+, for providing all possible help to complete my study
!anya Rai )P-./01,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Faculty: Professor Vivek Pandey
Participant: Vanya Rai (P35102)
My FPR topic !as "Patterns in #nter$enerational Mo%ility in &ducation and
'a%or Markets
in Rural #ndia #t ai*ed at +ndin$ t,e e-tent of #nter$enerational Mo%ility in
ter*s of education and occupation in t,e villa$e #t !as a very uni.ue
pro/ect %ecause very little ,as %een done in t,is +eld in #ndia
,e entire FPR revolved around collectin$ data of dierent ,ouse,olds ,e
data to %e collected !as of t,e education level land,oldin$s skills pri*aryand secondary occupations and *i$rations in t,e villa$e ,is !as collected
t,rou$, structured survey provided %y our *entor ,e sa*ple !as selected
to ,elp us $eneralie t,e inference 4fter collectin$ t,e data t,e task !as all
on t,e analysis o! # analye t,e data !ould ,elp *e +nd t,e dierent
factors on !,ic, #6M depends
#7F&R&7&8a) &ducational *o%ility depends on inco*e of fat,er education of fat,er
and accessi%ility and availa%ility of sc,ool near%y
%) 9ccupational *o%ility depends on land,oldin$s of fat,er
c) 'ess occupational *o%ility in case of pri*ary occupation !,ile t,e sa*e
is relatively *ore in case of secondary occupations
d) ,e people are ,appy !it, !,atever t,ey ,ave and t,us #6M is not
visi%le
4fter *akin$ t,ese inferences # !as to co*e up !it, a %usiness plan for a
product accordin$ to t,e conditions prevailin$ around # ca*e up !it, an
idea of *arketin$ products of %a*%oo #t !ould not only try to preserve t,e
traditional art of ra*akada %ut also %e a pro+ta%le %usiness for *e
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TA.LE OF 'ONTENT
#23456LE&7EME4T 88888888888888888888888I
E9E2(TI!E :(MM#R;88888888888888888888888II
List of #bbreviations8888888888888888888888888I!
List of +igures<Tables8888888888888888888888888!
List of #nnexure88888888888888888888888888!I
/ I4TR5&(2TI548888888888888888888888888/
1 5*=E2TI!E8888888888888888888888888888/
- PR52E:: +5LL56E&8/
-/ Methodology888888888888888888888888888/
-1 :ampling Plan888888888888888888888888881
> #*5(T T'E !ILL#7E888888888888888888888881
>/ Population88888888888888888888888888881
>1 :ex Ratio88888888888888888888888888881
>- #verage family si%e81
>> Literacy Rate88888888888888888888888888-
>. :chool88888888888888888888888888888-
. &I:2(::I54: 5+ +I4&I47:88888888888888888888>
./ Educational Mobility8>
.1 5ccupational Mobility88888888888888888888888?
? 2542L(:I548888888888888888888888888?
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LIST OF A..REIATIONS
I7M@ Inter generational mobility
3M@ kilometer
''@ household
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L%+# ( F%!re+/Graph+
+igure / :ex Ratio
+igure 1 #verage +amily :i%e
+igure - +atherAs Education
+igure > Elder :onAs Education
+igure . Education 5f +irst 10 'hs
+igure ? Education of Last 10 'hs
+igure B Trend Line for +atherC:on Education
+igure D Primary :ources of Livelihood
+igure :econdary Means of Livelihood
Table / Literacy Rate ):ource@ 2ensus 10//,
Table 1 :chool &ata ):ource@ Primary government school #mbapada,
Table -Educational matrix
Table > 2orrelation between father and eldest son education
Table . 2orrelation between father and second son
Table ?Regression result
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LIST OF ANNE98RES
*usiness plan888888888888888888//
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1: INTROD8'TION
Intergenerational mobility )I7M, may sound a very simple term but it is an issue of grave
importance" with a very diverse nature In layman words it can be visuali%ed as the process by
which the status of the parent is transferred to children and measured in terms of some
correlational index between the different aspects of parental and child socioeconomic state
'ow can a laborious and capable individual from backgrounds of shortcomings gain a position
better than his fatherF !ery little information is available regarding this and whatever is stated is
very ambiguous The study of I7M in education is still in its early phase
GThe transmission of economic success across generations remains something of a black
boxH )*owles" 7inis and 7roves 100.@ -,
The true India lives in its villages 5nce we get to live in a village we reali%e how the
evolution of the city is taking place at such rapid rate than that of the villages *ut is it also like
thisF The answer is no There are some fields were such differentiation does not exist 5ne such
field is I7M The condition may be worse in villages This is so because it is already immenselydifficult to break through the boundations of the society and achieve something worthwhile in
villages It cannot be blamed on the level of skills one has but on the opportunities they get
I tried to analy%e and compare that if people living in the same village" facing similar problems
in terms of surroundings" accessibility to opportunity etc how can they have different
intergenerational mobility on the basis of fathers occupation income or education
2: O.;E'TIE
The obJective of the study was to derive the I7M in #mbapada village In my report I was
supposed to measure I7M in terms of education and occupation The aim was to gather
information regarding education and different sources of income in a family
Then accordingly as per the condition of I7M in our village I was supposed to come up with a
business plan which would increase the existing I7M in our village
: PRO'ESS FOLLOWED
:1 Me#h(("($
6ithin a very small time span I become a part of the village People started opening up and
telling me the story of their lives This was the best time to conduct the survey for collection of
data #s I had to collect data regarding education" income and landholdings I went with the
structured Kuestionnaire I stuck to the structured survey interview *ut I never backed out when
people expressed their views regarding why their sons could not do well
1
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The survey provide me with the Kuantitative data whereas the point of view of the villagers gave
me the Kualitative aspect of the same This was not very reliable source as in my village people
were not aware of their age" their exact income" their childrens age or education related
informations Moreover they were hesitant in providing data regarding land holdings Thus only
single source of information was not enough In order to make the data more authentic I used the
method of triangulation I collected the data of landholdings of the village #mbapada for 6aghairevenue talhati
The other information regarding households )''s, like the number of member in the family and
the level of education they have attained was gathered from the #aganwadi data register I
crosschecked the data and then worked on the analysis
:2 Samp"% Me#h(
I used PR# tool called transect walk to go about the village and get an overview of what type of
settlement pattern is followed in the village This insight helped me to conclude the type of
sampling I wished to carryout 5ut of the existing /?0 '': //1 '': belong to 'indus while
rest had 2hristian families Though all were :cheduled Tribes ):T, but the converted 2hristian
were a strata well defined in the village
Therefore I decided to perform survey on the sample chosen randomly from both castes The
sample consisted actual proportionate representation ie the village had B0 'indus thus 1D
surveys out of >0 were done on 'indu '': and rest /1 on 2hristian hhs
4: A.O8T T<E ILLAGE
4:1 P(p!"a#%(
#mbapada consists of /?0 households constituting a total population of >0 members#mbapada belongs to one of the few tribal areas of the country with its complete population
belonging to the :cheduled Tribe 3unbi tribe forms the maJority of population followed by
6arli and *hils
4:2 Se= Ra#%(
#mbapada has a sex ratio of D1 females per /000 male making up a > of female and a ./
male population This forms a healthy sex ratio as is normally prevalent among tribal populations
showing no gender discrimination of a male child over a female child )+ig /,
4: A*erae Fam%"$ S%>e
In #mbapada all types of families are found ranging from nuclear households containing 1
members to Joint families containing upto a total of /- members #mong the tribal people it has
been observed among the newer generation that as the sons get married they move out of the
family leaving the responsibility of the parents on their younger siblings )+ig 1,
2
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4:4 L%#era$ Ra#e
#mbapada has a literacy level of B0/D as compared to the B00- literacy rate of 7uJarat
This is a fair literacy level with the levels being high for female too
:ex Literacy rate
Male BBDD
+emale ?1?/
Table / Literacy Rate ):ource@ 2ensus 10//,
'igh literacy rate for females are due to the provision of scholarship for female in the primary
school #fter completion of primary school high drop outs of female is prevalent" limiting their
education to primary education only
4:5 Sh(("
The village has a primary government school It runs under the :arva :hiksha #bhyan program
which was pioneered by #tal *ihari !aJpayee in 1000C100/ The school was started in the year
/?1" since then it has undergone a lot of changes like construction of a proper school building "
toilet facilities" provision of books" bags and uniform for the students using the funds received
from the@ ::# schemeThe school also provides the students with MidC&ay Meal The school
began with lower primary and has now expanded upto upper primary standard The presence of
'igh schools in B km diameter of the village prevents its expansion to a high school The school
has B teachers including the principal and a total strength of /-D students #ll the students belong
to the scheduled tribe
Table 1 :chool &ata ):ource@ Primary government school #mbapada,
3
S#aar Ma"e Fema"e T(#a"
I /0 B /B
II . B /1
III /1 /- 1.
I // /1 1- B /0 /B
I > D /1
II ? B /-
III ? /- /
T(#a" ?/ BB /-D
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5: DIS'8SSIONS OF FINDINGS
5:1 E!a#%(a" M()%"%#$
Table -Educational matrix
Education of father plays a key role in making opportunities for the son to get education #s all
this data is not very conclusive yet we can depict things from it 6hen the father is illiterate the
son never got past the primary school but in case where the father was literate sons studied more
and got to be in secondary and senior secondary classes as well
#round ?- of the population of fathers was illiterate but only /0 of the sons are illiterate
)fig ->,
#nalysis )fig .?,
+or easy interpretation I plotted the years of education of father" elder son and the second son on
the compound bar chart The cases where there is no bar depicting second sons education are the
''s where only one son was born :ince my village was a tribal village most father had no
education In all cases the elder son has studied more than or at least at par with his father 5n the
contrary the second son has less probability of getting education as much as the elder son 6hen
inKuired people )fathers, said that they had no reason for letting their second son study as it did
not work wonders for the first child
25RREL#TI54 *ET6EE4 T'E +#T'ER #4& EL&ER :54 E&(2#TI54
FATHER'S YRS OF EDUAT!O" SO"#E$DER% YRS OF E
+#T'ERA: ;R: 5+
E&(2#TI54
/
:54)EL&ER, ;R: 5+
E&(2#TI54
0---/>D0B /
Table > 2orrelation between father and eldest son education#nalysis
The data was fed in the excel and the data analysis tool of correlation was applied on it thus what
we came up with was a positive correlation factor of 0---6hat does it depictsF It features the
fact that the two variables fathers education being the independent variable while sons
education being the dependent variable are directly proportional If the father studied more the
son studied more" if the father studied less the son studied less This is pretty obvious and a
:54 Illiterate Primary :econdary :enior
:econdary
+#T'ER Illiterate 1 /- 0 0
Primary 1 / 1 1
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general phenomenon If the father has studied he may know the value education holds *ut the
same could not be concluded in case of #mbapada It was a tribal village with most elderly
having very little or no education Even after education they were still working in the fields of
their fore fathers and had seen not much change in their standard of living Thus for them
education was not a tool of change This correlation shows weak positive correlation therefore
strong I7M Less correlated the father son education will be more I7M will be seen
Table . 2orrelation between father and second son
#nalysis
The correlation factor between the son second in the birth order comes out to be 0>?0/This is
positive thus the education of father and son )be it second, is directly proportional 5n the other
hand if we compare it with the previous correlation between the eldest son and father we see a
striking difference It was 0>? which is more than the correlation coefficient between father and
eldest son The more the coefficient tend to move towards / the more perfect the correlation is
and thus less I7M prevails This can be put off to the fact that when the villagers see no profit
coming out of the expense on initial education of elder son
#nalysis )+I7B,
'ow to connect the education of elder son with the education level of his father It can be done
by using regression and thus coming up with an eKuation In the +ig B The education of son is
plotted against the education of father +ather years of education is the independent variable thus
on x axis and son education level is on y axis depicting dependent variable
Regression /
Total -
oefficients
Intercept >1B-?0.B>-
9 !ariable / 0>?.B?>BB/
Table ?Regression result
The eKuation resulting from the regression analysis ;N0>?. 9 O >1B Thus even if the father is
illiterate the predicted years of schooling is > years If son gets educated below this it is not good
enough +rom the graph we can interpret that out of >0" /> observations are below expected
level
5:2 O!pa#%(a" M()%"%#$
5
FATHER'S YRS OF EDUAT!O" SO"#&"D% YRS OF
EDUAT!O"
+#T'ERA: ;R: 5+
E&(2#TI54
/
:54)14&, ;R: 5+
E&(2#TI54
0>?0/D1-. /
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5ccupational mobility is when a father working in a certain occupation manage to get Job for his
son If this change in Job results in lower income generation the mobility is downward in nature
where as if it results in increase in income acKuired it is upward mobility #n upward mobility is
reKuired as it will help people to go for different Jobs and thus not depend on one source of
income as always
+I7 D
#s per pesa act each hh got a piece of land of fathers mostly earn their bread by farming
+arming may be only for satisfying the needs but it was more than enough *ut the chart depict
that in contrast to -- fathers working as farmers only 1. children took it as primary occupation
Though as per the sample taken this is not a big mobili%ation in terms of primary occupation
+I7
#s we can see not many fathers have had secondary occupation This is not the same in case of
sons The sons have had many secondary means of livelihood as source of additional income
The sons even seem to be working in factories These provide them with a regular source of income
6: 'ON'L8SION
There exist a number of factors on which I7M depends Identifying all and then analy%ing the
effects of each on I7M in terms of education and occupation is not feasible *ut still what is
possible is to identify what really effects the I7M and then work accordingly to increase itas per
Malcolm said"H :uccess arises out the steady accumulation of advantages 6hen and where you
were born" what your parents did for living can make a significant differences in how well you
do in the worldH
In context of my village there was not very high I7M This can be blamed on many reasons
Low level of achievement after education could be one such reason The fathers who might have
got to see how the little education they had could not be of any help to them so they do not waste
much time providing education to their offsprings The biggest hurdle in path of I7M is the
mindset of the people They are happy and satisfied with whatever they have 5nce we can
identify the target the process of making people want to do better than their father will be an easy
task
;
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Male; 51%female; 49%
Sex Ratio
2 3 5 ; < 10 12 13
0
10
20
30
0
50
;0
=0
Average famil !i"e
Figure SE( RAT!O
Figure & A)ERA*E FA+!$Y S!,E
=
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I##ITERATE; $%
&RIMARY; '$%
Figure - FATHER'S EDUAT!O"
I##ITERATE; 4; 1(%
&RIMARY; $1; )%
SEC*+,ARY; $; %
SE+I*R SEC*+,ARY; -; 5%
Figure . E$DER SO"'S EDUAT!O"
<
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1 2 3 5 ; = < > 10 11 12 13 1 15 1; 1= 1< 1> 200
2
;
<
10
12
1
F4&R?8 @R8 9F &AB4#97 897(&'A&R) @R8 9F &AB4#97
897(27A) @R8 9F &AB4#97
Figure / EDUAT!O" OF F!RST &0 HHS
2 3 5 ; = < > 10 11 12 13 1 15 1; 1= 1< 1> 20 210
2
;
<
10
12
1
fat,er son elder son(2nd)
Figure 1 EDUAT!O" OF $AST &0 HHS
>
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Figure 6 SEO"DARY +EA"S OF $!)E$!HOOD
.8SINESS PLAN ,'(-(pera#%*e A++(%a#%( ( .am)(( a War"% Ar#%+a+ ( Da
E = e ! # %* e S! mm a r$
*usiness Plan for Tribal #rtifacts
*amboo is one of the easiest available raw materials for artifacts in the forest The *amboo
clumps are used for an extended diversified range of products ranging from domestic
households products to industrial applications *amboo is the poor mans green gold
I did a socioCeconomic survey on bamboo weaver community in &ang district of southern
7uJarat They are socially deprived and trapped in vicious circle of money lenders Their
livelihood is totally dependent on agriculture but due to hilly terrain and scarcity of water
in summer they are forced to migrate to earn their livelihood which heavily affects their family
and the education of their children *y implementation of this proJect they will be able to find
the alternate livelihood option locally which will improve their social and economicalconditions
The proJect aims at promoting *amboo weavers and their tribal arts as an alternative livelihood
option for rural people +or this I aim on@
5 r g a n i % a ti on a nd ca p ac i t y bu il d i ng o f b a m boo w e a v er s@
The bamboo weaver community in &ang district represents a highly unorgani%ed sector and
only make artifacts to comply with the demand of bamboo traders They supply their
products at a very cheap rate
: k il l im p r ov e m e nt of b a m boo ar ti s a ns@
They inherit the talent" but due to absence of proper guidance and training" they are unable to
even think about the different aspect of craft making In this process" they can be encouraged to
make the value addition in their famous G6arli Painting #rtH
P r o m o ti on of i d e n ti f i e d b a m boo sp ec i e s a nd b a m b oo p l a n t a ti on f or shoot p r odu c ti on@
& ece n t r a li % e d p r odu c ti on of * a m boo ar t if ac t s@
M ar k e ti n g c oop e ra ti ve f o r p r op e r supp l y c h a i n m a n a g e m e nt a nd p r o m o ti o n a l s t ra t e g i e s@
5ne maJor problem that weaver community faces is the unawareness of the price of their
crafts and market linkages The target group can be stratified on the basis of class" culture and
ethos # marketing cooperative will be formed to Justify the notion that the art belongs to the
tribes and the profit must be returned to them
The M a r ? e# Opp(r # ! % # $
7lobal exports of bamboo products reached (:& .Cbillion in 10//The estimated proJections are
that it will reach approximately (:& 10Cbillion in 10/B )I4*#R" 10//, The maJor importers
11
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are European (nion )1," (:# )/D, and =apan )/0, :o there is a very big unexplored
market for bamboo and its associated products In India approx D. units manufacture<processes
a clutch of bamboo products" generating Rs .00 2r in annual revenue and providing
employment for /C/. lacs people :till it is unexplored and untapped market It is completely
unorgani%ed sector in India It has huge potential *ut for that someone has to organi%e factor of
production and also should provide proper market linkage It is also called future timber so rateof growth and future prospects of this plant is very high *ut utili%ation of bamboo is useless
without value addition
P r ( ! # a +e r * % e +
My organi%ation is ready to serve to the ardent desire of the diversified consumers I a m
giving platform to all the beautiful and unparalleled creativity that the weaver and artisans of
India have been serving for centuries I will provide a variety range of decor" home utility and
warli paintings embodied on craft for different segments I will also provide customi%e items for
premium and medium segments In which we will ask customers taste and reKuirements and
provide the best of Kuality products I will ensure that the crafts available are of the best Kualityin terms of finishing" execution" design and appearances I will also ensure a safe and early
delivery of products to customers doorstep
M a r ? e#
Indian craft market is approximately as big as /00mn The market is expanding
rapidly Initially I am targeting Maharashtra" 7uJarat and RaJasthan due to geographical
advantage In this I am targeting big cities for my distribution channel and after sale services for
customers :o basically I am opening /1 distribution network across these states for better
supply chain management In this I focus on big hotels and restaurants for my products :o for
first year I am targeting at least /0 such business houses #long with this I am focused ononline marketing of my product *y this way I am targeting all classes and geographical area
within and outside Indian continent
I divide my core target group in three segments@
/Teen age 7eneration@ They are the most generous customers and ready to buy
attractive and uniKue products They prefer products which are different and look simple yet
beautiful :o in this segment we rigorously promote customi%ed items too
1 Middle age group@ In this segment we basically will focus on Kuality and finishing #s
they prefer to invest for those products which are value for money :o we will provide
nicely finished goods with the least possible price
- 2orporate < business groups@ 6e will also market our products for various businesses and
hotels In this we offer a wide variety of decor items in traditional as well as modern style
' ( re M e m )er@+ p r ( % "e
/ 'imanshu #garwal )Institute of Rural Management #nand,
12
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6ork Ex@ :oftware engineer in TS #&7/ 8ears%
1 &iptesh !ikram )Institute of Rural Management #nand,
6ork Ex@ :enior ProJect Engineer in A9ani 5o:er $imite9 #-2 months%
- RaJ #grawal )Institute of Rural Management #nand,> !anya Rai )Institute of Rural Management #nand,
' ( m pe# % # %* e a * a # a e
/ 2ustomi%ed designs
1 4o firm offering warli designs on bamboo artifacts
- 4o broker organi%ation@ sales through own cooperative
> /00 authentic tribal art
. :elling through eCcommerce and own outlets
. a r r % e r + # ( e# r $
/ +ragmented industry
1 Industry is not investment intensive
- Imports getting easier
I came to know through my field work research that there is no other organi%ation or coC
operative in the western part of India )typically in 7uJarat" Maharashtra and RaJasthan, for the
upliftment of the tribal art Therefore" 'A.WAD initial stage work will include to make the
marketing clusters in RaJasthan" 7uJarat and Maharashtra for creating the awareness for tribal
art The primary obJectives of the 'A.WAD over the next year areC
3Obtain commercial financing of Rs .0; 00;000 to co<er startu= costs an9 the other
initial o=erating ex=enses>
3reate a:areness of tribal arts b8 net:orking :ith hotels an9 restaurant of tourist
s=ots; con9ucting seminars an9 :orksho=s at marketing clusters7
3 *enerate a net =rofit of 0 lakhs in the first 8ear of o=erations b8 a strong net:orking
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:ith cor=orate houses an9 kee=ing o<erhea9 costs to a minimum7
FINAN'IAL STATEMENT
ProJected Income :tatement 2#*6#&
;ear / ;ear 1 ;ear -
Revenue )In Rupees,
2ommercial sales /"10"00"000 /".0"00"000 /"B0"00"000
Total revenue /"10"00"000 /".0"00"000 /"B0"00"000
2ost of goods soldQ >0"00"000 .."00"000 ?."00"000
7ross profit D0"00"000 ."00"000 /"0."00"000
Expenses
:ales staff /0"0D"000 //0DD00 /1"/?"D0
2rew cost /D"00"000 /D"00"000 /"D0"000
Rent //".1"000 //".1"000 /1"?B"100
(tilities /">>"000 /">>"000 /">>"000#dvertising promotion /."00"000 10"00"000 1."00"000
5ffice supplies 000 000 000
Miscellaneous /.0000 100000 100000
Total expenses .B?-000 ?>/-D00 B-/DD0
5perating profit 11"-B"000 -0D?100 -/D0/10
&istributed profit to artisansQ /0"00"000 /0"00"000 /0"00"000
&epreciation /0"000 /0"000 /0"000
4et profit /1"-?"000 10"B?"100 1/"B0"/10
.rea? E*e aa"$+%+
Liabilities )In Rupees, >0"00"000
I nt e r e s t /0 p a for - years /-"1>"000
4et #ccumulated profit over - years .>D1-10
*reakeven will occur at the end of - years
F!% re7!%reme#+
To bear the expenses of machinery" tools" marketing" rent and wages" a sum of Rs >00000 is
reKuired which will be supported by commercial banks with the help of Small !n9ustries
&evelopment 5rgani%ation ):I&5," an R*I wing
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REFEREN'ES
/, Intergenerational mobility of labour outcomes by 4icholas herault )Melbourne Institute,
1, Making it in India by #nirudh 3rishna
-, http@<<freakonomicscom<10/1<0/</<isChigherCincomeCineKualityCassociatedCwithClowerC
intergenerationalCmobility<
>, http@<<wwwspringercom<economics<labor<book<BDCD/C-11C//1CB
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