PROCEF.DTNGS OFTHE lNTERNATIOI\AL SYMPOSIU\1 0;-..J EARTH RElNFORCEME)J'T
FUKuOKA/ KY USHU/JAPAN/12-14 OYEMBER 1996
Earth Reinforcement Edited by
HIDETOSHI OCHIAI NORIYUKI YASUFUKU KIYOSHI O MINE Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
VOLUME l
Under the auspices of the Japanese Geotechnical Society
A.A.BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/ 1996
Earth Remlorcement. Ochiai, Yasufuku & Omine (eds) · 1996 Batkema. Rouerdam ISBN 90 5410833 9
Tablc of contents
Preface
Organization
I Testing and materials
xv
xvn
AnaJysis of geotextile-soil interaction in pull-out tests 3 S.Adanur, S. Mailick & H.Zhai
ExperimentaJ investigation of shearing behavior a t cohesive soil-geotextile interfaces 9 G.AAthanasopoulos
Thc connection strength of masonry block faced retainù1g walls 13 R.AAustin & CMartin
The creep behavior of geotextiles under confined and unconfined conditions 19 D.T.T.Chang, CAChen & Y.CFu
Dynan1ic reinforcing effect of reinforced sands 25 T. C Che n, R. H. Che n, Y. S. Le e & J C P an.
Performance and creep characteristics of synthetic geogrids foUowing hot dry climate 29 M El-Shabrawy & H.Al-Mudhaf
Displacement controUed pullout test of geotextile in granular so il 35 CGhosh &ABhasin
Dilatancy effects of granular soil on the pullout resistance of strip reinforcement 39 S. Hayashi, MCAlfaro & K. Watanabe
Long term testing of polyester yarn and product at 50°C and 23°C in different environments 45 J.M.Jailloux & P.LAnderson
Use of decomposed granite soils as backfi Il for reinforced earth souctures 51 S. K. Kim & E. S. Lee
Elastic considerations of fìeld pull-out tests of polymer strip reinforcement 57 T. Konami, S.lmaizumi & S.Takahashi
lmprovement of mechanicaJ properties of continuous fiber reinforced sand 63 J.Kuwano, Y.lmamura & T.lmanari
v
A ùu·ee-parameter model for thc ultimate pull-out force of gcogrids 69 Y. S. Le e. R. H. Chen & T. C Che n
The study of reinforced so il and modeling test 73 SY.Lei. H.Q.Hui & Q.Xue
Experimental analysis of friction between S<md ami reìnforcìng clements using ring si m pie 77 shcar tests P. Lerat, P. Unterreiner & F. Schlosser
Pullout tests on geogrids buried in lateritic soils 83 S.S.Lin, MCChen, MY.Cheng & S.H.Kuo
Pull-out tests for the assessment of soil-geogrids interaction - InAuence of some mechanical 89 and physical parameters M L Lopes & M Ladeira
Mechanical characteristics of geosynthetic-enveloped soils 95 K.Makiuchi, Y.Kawaguchi &K.Minegishi
Bearing mechanism of steel grìd reinforcement in pullout test l O l T.Matsui, KCSan, Y.Nabeshima & U.NAmin
Erosion resistance properties of fiber-reinforced soil l 07 H.Miki, S.Mochimaru, K.Mori, T.Kumada & KTajima
Reinforced soil failure: Analysis at the biaxial compressìon test I l l J C Morel &JP.Gourc
Short and long tenn behaviour of geogrids under stati c and cyclic load l l 7 N.Moraci & F.Montanelli
Some factors affecting the results of soiJ-geogrid direct shear test 123 T.Nakamura, T.Mitachi & llkeura
'r
In-soil tensile behaviour of geotextiles confined by fine soils 129 E.M.Palmeira, N.Tupa & R.CGomes
Effect of norma! pressure and width of geosynthetic horizontal drain in pullout behaviour 133 using saturated day T.B.S.Pradhan,D.R.Shiwakoti & G./mai
Comparative study and measurement of the pull-out capacity of extensible and inextensible 139 reinforcements P. Segrestin & M Bastick
A new experimental device for determining reinforcement mechanisms in soil nails J 45 T. C Sheahan & LAlvarado
Durability of galvanized steel reinforcements as a function of their shape 151 ASmith, JMJailloux & P.Segrestin
Finite element analysis of a reinforced soil 157 K.MSoni,AVaradarajan & KG.Sharma
VI
An invcstigation of the durability of the soil nailing method STayama, Y Kawai & H.Maeno
Strain-controlled pull-out tests on bamboo c.:ulm embedded in quarry dust M. T. A. Wahah & F. H. Ali
Application of screw anchor to side shoring of t wo foundation pits ZWang &ZD.Liu
2 Embankments
161
167
173
Chilean experiences with geosynthetics in embankments 179 P.M.Acevedo & CA. Mart[nez
Effects of reinforcement rigidity on the behavior of reinforced so il wall-embankment system 185 on soft ground M.CALfaro, S.Hayashi & N.Miura
Limi t design of earth reinforcement methods considering displacement fie id 191 K.Arai & K. Kasahara
Dynamic response analysis of geogrid reinforced steep embankment subjected 197 to an earthquake T.Fujii, N.Fukuda & N.Tajiri
Creep behavior of laboratory embankment reinforced with geogrid 203 H.Furuya, MToriihara & K.Hirama
Geogrid reinforced railway embankment on piles- Monitoring 209 E. Gartung & J Verspohl
In si tu failure test of high water content soft clay embankments reinforced by GHDs 215 MKamon, T.Akai, MFukuda & Y.Nanbu
Direction and magnitude of reinforcement force in embankments on soft soils 221 S. R. Kaniraj
Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall using clay on a very soft ground for Hokuriku 227 bullet train yard in Nagano K.Kojima,N.Sakamoto,MTateyama & O.Maruyama
Some factors affecting the structural performance of reinforced fills spanning voids 233 CR.Lawson, CJF.P.Jones & G.T.Kempton
Importance of strong motion in the design of earth reinforcement 239 S.P.G.Madabhushi
Effect of geogrid stiffness on the resistance behavior of reinforced embankment 245 under loading Y.Miyata, H.Ochiai & K.Kogure
Experimental evaluation of reinforcement in geogrid-soil structure 249 H.Ochiai, N.Yasufuku, T.Yamaji, G.LXu & THirai
VII
N umcri<.:al si mulation of beam-shapl!d so il stmcture reinfor<.:cd by geosynthetic5 255 H.Ohra. S.Goren. A/izuka, T.Yamakami, K. Yamagishi & N. Moroto
A case history of the constiUction of a reinforced high em bankment on an extra soft ground 261 H.OikCIIVCI, S. Sasaki & N.Fujii
Centrifugai and finite element modelling of reinforced embankments on soft clay 267 J. SSharma & MD.Bolton
Behavior of reinforced earth em bankments on liquefiable sandy ground 273 R. Uzuoka, M.Mihara, FOka & AYashima
A parti al factor approach for reinforced fi li slope design in Hong Kong 279 H.NWong
Application of the velocity field method to stability analysis of earth reinforcement 285 J.J.Yang, N. Moroto, H.Ochiai & A.Suzuki
Review of design temperature for reinforced fili slopes in Hong Kong 289 K. C Yeo & P. L R. Pang
3 W ali structures
The need for standard safety factors in the determination of allowable tensile loads 297 P.Anderson, MBoyd, P.Segrestin & K. Worrall
Mechanism of reinforcement from two fìeld trials 303 R.Arab, P.Villard & J P.Gourc
Use of double wedge equilibrium for reinforced earth structures design 309 M. Bastick & P. Segrestin
Construction and performance of an experimentallarge scale w ali reinforced 315 with geosynthetics C Benigni, GBosco, D. Cazzuffi & R.De Col
Reinforced earth seawalls at Sydney Airport 321 MBoyd
Prediction of reinforced so il retaining w ali deformations: A review of two procedures 327 S. R.Boyle & R.D.Holtz
Effects of the transition zone in a nailed wall mode l test 333 K.T.Chang & GWE.Milligan
The effect of compaction o n mode! fabric reinforced brick faced earth retaining walls 339 T. W Cousens & M l. M Pinto
Reinforced earth walls withstand Northridge Earthquake 345 P. C Frankenberger, R.ABloomfield & P. LAnderson
The influence of the construction method on the behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced walls 351 A numerica! study A. S Cardoso & M L. Lopes
V Ili
Design of geocells reìnforced soil structures through a homogenization method and a finite 357 difference method: Comparison and chans R.Gourvès, P.Reiffsteck & J. F.Vignon
Assessment of geogrids for soil reinforcement in Hong Kong 363 J. H. Greenwood & K. C Yeo
Case history study o n the application of reinforced earth technology in the loess area of China 369 ZY.Guo & D.ZLuo
JnfiJtration tests on reinforced clay w ali and test emban.kment 373 CCHuang & B.NHuang
Stability and defonnation of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall 379 M.Hyodo, D.Jamallud.in, H.Matsuoka, Y.Nakata, H. Murata, T.Konami &J.Nishimura
Design construction and monitoring of reinforced so il waJI 385 P.Jagannatha Rao, A Chattopad.hyaya, Bindumadhava & N Venisri
Internai stability analysis and defonnation prediction for fabric reinforced earth structure 389 H.T.Kim, E.S.Lee, LK.Kang & Y.K.Bang
The performance of reinforced earth structures in the vicinity ofKobe during the Great 395 Hanshin Earthquake K.Kobayashi, H.Tabata & MBoyd
Classification of reinforced soil structures based on their possible failure mode 401 D. Le.fniewska ·
The study of the technique against the sliding of reinforced so il walls on soft subgrade 407 X.Lin ·
The design of a very high reinforced earth retaining wall 411 D.ZLuo & ZY.Guo
Towards a limi t state design specification for reinforced soil wa11s 415 J.C-H.Mak & S-CR.Lo
Innovative facing fora 24 meter high Terre Armée wall near Pont de Normandie 421 J.R.Marchal, MBastick & F.Belblidia
Field performance of a geotextile reinforced soil wall with concrete facing blocks 427 T.Nakajima, NToriumi, H.Shintani, H.Miyatake & K.Dobashi
FEM comparative analysis offacing rigidity of geotextile-reinforced soiJ walls 433 ANakane, MTaki, Y.Yokota & H.Miyatake
Earthquake resistance of geogrid-reinforced so il walls based on a study conducted following 439 the southem Hyogo earthquake J.Nishimura, T.Hirai, K.lwasaki, Y.Saitoh, MMorishima, H.Shintani, S.Yoshikawa & H. Yamamoto
Centrifugai mode! test fora stability of the reinforced retaining wall considering three 445 dimensionai shape effect K. Okabayashi, M Kawamura & Y. Okada
IX
Damage performance of steel-reinforced emth structures in the 1995 Hyogoken-Narnbu 451 Eru.thquake Y.Otani, M.Mega & 7:Matsui
Creep behaviour of mode! fabric reinforced brick faced earlh retaining walls 457 lvl.LMPinto & TWCousens
Cohesìve soìl retaìnìng walls reinforced with geotextile 463 A Porbaha & D.Goodings
Use ofreinforced fili stmctures in Hong Kong 469 WK.Pun & K.F.Man
Analysis of anchored retaìning walls 475 K.Rajagopal & V.SriHari
Design, constmction and performance of a 40 m high reinforced fili wall in Hong Kong 479 M.lRaybould, D.Hadley & M.Boyd
Some insights into reinforced wall behaviour based on finite element analysis 485 R.K.Rowe &S.K.P.Ho
Performance of a steel strip reìnforced wall 491 S.Sakajo, JCChaì, K.Nishikawa & TTakai
Shear-lag analysis of a geosynthetic reinforced soil wall 497 L. C R. da Silva & M.Abramento
Anchored earth breast wall fora site in the sub-Himalayan region 501 R.B.Singh, K. K.Jain, R.K.Agrawal, S.N.Mane & C.P.Gupta
Design and constmction of the Terra tre l Ro-Ro ram p for Second Sevem Crossìng 505 R.Smith
Behaviour of geogrid reinforced earth retaining walls 51 1 H. R. Sreekantiah & V.Tito Kishan
Design and performance of three reinforced earth tiered walls 515 J D. Stewart, K. Truong & P. Segrestin
Constmction of reìnforced earth retaining stmctures on Ratnapura-Wewelwatte road 521 ìnSri Lanka L H. D. Sumanaratne & D. P. Mallawaratchie
Ful1-scale failure experiments of geotextile-reinforced soil walls wìth different facings 525 N.Tajiri, H.Sasaki, JNishimura, Y.Ochiai & K.Dobashi
Active earth pressures on wal1s retaining geogrid-reinforced so il 531 Y.!sukamoto, K.lshihara, T.Higuchi & H.Aoki
Performance of preloaded and prestressed geosynthetic-reinforced so il 537 T.Uchimura, F.Tatsuoka, T.Sato, M.Tateyama & Y.Tamura
Performance of a geosynthetic segmental block wal1 stmcture to support bridge abutments 543 G.WWon, T.Hull &L.DeAmbrosis
x
The rc~carch about designing mcthod of vcnical reinforced slopes XQ.Yang & ZD.Liu
549
Development of horiwntal earth pressures and behaviour of single and multi segmented walls 553 l. Yogarajah & M. A Saad
A design approach to geosynthetic reinforced slopes for the ag1iculture saving heat room 559 Y.M.Zhang, ZR.Wu & Y.XLiu
4 Foundations
Reinforced earth in pipeline construction 565 L.A Babin, Y.l.Spector, NFShchepin & V.P.Kula~:in
The use of geotextiles to improve the structural stability of fili materials for Bandar Abbas 569 runway construction H.Behbahani
Full scale laboratory testing on geosynthetics reinforced paved roads 573 A Cancelli, FMontanelli, P.Rimoldi & AG.Zhao
Beruing capacity of strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced clay slope 579 B.MDas, MT.Omar, G.Singh & E.CShin
The influence of dimensiona! analysis on the interpretation of mode! loading tests 585 of reinforced ground AFakher, CJFP.Jones &NAB.Zakaria
Effect of bending stiffness of geotextiles on bearing capacity improvement of soft clay 591 K.Hirao, KYasuhara & Y.Tanabashi
Behavior of sand replacement with geo-ne ton reclaimed marine clay 597 H.lmanishi, H.Ochiai, NHaratake & MAsakuma
Bearing capacity of sand foundation reinforced by geonet 603 J. WJu, S.JSon, JY.Kim & LG.Jung
Use of geosynthetics for strengthening road surface and subbase in areas with the mining 609 activity KKiosek
Laboratory testing of reinforced unpaved roads 615 J Knapton & R.AAustin
Bearing capacity of inclined loaded footing on geotextile reinforced two-layer soil system 619 V.R.Manjunath & D.M.Dewaikar
Shaking table tests on floatation of buried pipes in backfilled sand layer reinforced 623 with geotextiles H.Nagase, T.Yanagihata & H.Matsumoto
Numerica! study on uplift bearing capacity of caisson type pile with reinforcing bars 629 T.Nakai & MUeno
Xl
Settlemt.:nt and bearing capacity of lootings on reinforced sand 635 M.S. Nataraj, P.G.Hoadley & K. L McManis
A study on the reinforcing effects of geogrids overlaid on pile group for the embankmem 641 foundations T.Ohkuho, S.Asada & D. Karube
Bearing capacity analysis of reinforced ground 647 S.Ohtsuka, E.Yamada & M. Marsuo
Expe1imental study on localized defonnation behavior of reinforced foundation ground 653 JOtani & K.Yamamoto
An application ofbase sheet in a hìghway embankment: A case study in Thailand 659 V.Pooparh
Semì-rigid piled-raft system for soft subsiding ground 665 R.Shivashankar, M.R.Madhav, N.Miura, K.Umezaki & Y.Gondoh
Settlement of embankment on reinforced granular fi li - Soft soil system 671 S. K Shukla & S. Chandra
A finite element approach to the strength of granular soils reinforced with geosynthetics 675 P.Simonini
Tensile force distribution along the reinforcement for reinforced soil foundations 681 T. G. Sitharam, B. R. Srinivasa Murthy & H. B. Raghavendra
In-site investigation and numerica! estimation for bearing capacity improvement of very soft 685 ground reinforced with geotextiles Y.Tanabashi, K.Hirao, K.Yasuhara & H.ltoh
Foundation method combining clay-cement mixture with geogrid 69 1 K. Tanaka, Y. Kato, K. Kasahara, Y. Kadokawa, K.Arai, H. Machihara, K. Funaya & A Ohtani
Localized deforrnation analysis of reinforced foundation ground 697 K Yamamoto & J Otani
Evaluation of the bearing capacity improvement of geogrid mattress foundations 703 N.Yasufuku, HOchiai, K.Omine, S.Ohno, K.Kawamata & Y.Tsukamoto
Design of reinforced foundations by the slip-line method 709 A.G.Zhao, P.Rimoldi & FMontanelli
5 Slopes and excavations
Stability analysis of reinforced so il structures introducing some linear constraint conditions 7 17 upon the 3-D velocity field A.Asaoka, G. Pokharel & T.Ochiai
An innovative solution ro the stabilisation of the Caimrouir Landslide incorporating 723 reinforced earth D.Asbey-Palmer, M.Gillon & M. Boyd
Deep seated stability of soil nailing walls 729 S. Bang, B.FWilkìns & C K.Shen
Xli
A design method for the ' reticulated pile structure' for the stabilization of slopes ami excavations R.B erardi
Instrumentation and monitoring of a nailed mine-waste slope E.CDrumm, CR.Tant, /V!.Mauldon &R.M.Berry
Parametrìc numerica! analyses of soi l nailing systems M.Ehrlich, MS.S.Almeida & A.M. Lima
Earth reinforcement application for hazardous w aste containment SGhalib, JP.Seymour & JCVolk
735
741
747
753
Comparison of different design concepts in sJope stability analysis of geosynthetic reinforced 759 slopes E.Giiler, Mlsmeik & Y.Gorken
Ballistic soil nailing T S.lngold & B. Myles
The effect of bending stiffness of soil nails on wall deformation MJ Kenny & Y. Kawai
A large-scale experimental study of soil-nailed structures JS.Kim, S.D.Lee, S.R.Lee & CL.Park
In-situ test of reinforced volcanic ash with steel bars and pane! facings R.Kitamura, T.lryo, K.Joumoto, MYoshida & T.Ochiai
Stability analysis of reinforced slopes based on apparent cohesion method M Kulczykowski
Predicting seismic performance of geogrid-reinforced slopes D. Y. Lin, S. S. Lin & S. H. Kuo
A new concept of seismic design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures: Permanent-displacement limi t H. l Ling, D. Leshchinsky & E. B. Perry
Failure mechanism and effective reinforcement of granular so il slope H.Matsuoka & Y.Sugiyama
Instability patterns of reinforced-soil structures R. L. Michalowski
Reaction of reinforcing force and restrainment effect on soil nailing K.Nishida & T.Nishigata
Seismic analysis of nailed soil slopes - A pseudo-dynamic approach N.Sabhahit, M.R.Madhav & P.K.Basudhar
Repauing the landslide 'Heroldsberg', Germany FViel &A.Jenne
Dynamic failure of soil-nailed excavations in centrifuge MVucetic, V.E.lskandar, M.Doroudian & L.Luccioni
X li i
765
771
775
781
785
791
797
803
809
815
821
825
829
Stability analysis of slope reinforced by roots network R.Yatahe, N.Yagi, K Yokma . M Enoki, S. Kohori & M Mukaitani
Insitu test of steel-nailing reinforcement for eu t slope with altemating sandstone and mudstone 1M. Zhou, H. Yokora, M. Sezaki, H. Yakabe & H. Minami
Instrumentation for centrifuge modeling of geotextile reinforced slopes T. F Zimmie & M. B. M ahmud
Author index
XIV
S35
84 1
847
853