: photograph film . ( ) digital image . scanners ( ) . Panchromatic Multi-spectral .

ERDAS . : . Image Correction . Image Enhancement . Multi-temporal images Change Detection . Image Classification. Pixels .

raster columns rows . () formats Tagged Image File Format (TIF). ERDAS ( ) ILWIS () IDRISI PCI Geomatica TNTmips . formats import . import

()Raw data Radiometric distortions Geometric distortions . : radiometric correction () Geometric correction.

Radiometric distortion. . fidelity radiometric correction. : haze . destripe . . . .

. Geometric distortion Systematic distortions Random distortions. Geometric correction (rectification) geo-coding. () Resampling Nearest neighbor Bilinear Cubic convolution.

Geo-referencing grid . registration reference image .

Ground Control Points.

.

( ) GPS.

Transformation ( ).

polynomial ERDAS Affine ILWIS 4 . 6 .

.

() .

scanner : . Reference points (Tie-points) . Reference points (Tie-points) GPS.

Coordinates Projection ( / ) Ellipsoid or Spheroid Datum

: . geographical coordinate system ( = 60 = 60 ). grid system plane coordinates or rectangular coordinates (X) (Y). . UTM . ERDAS :http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/tools/coordinates.aspxhttp://www.dmap.co.uk/ll2tm.htmhttp://www.oasisphoto.com/navigation/convert_form.phphttp://www.cellspark.com/UTM.htmlhttp://home.hiwaay.net/~taylorc/toolbox/geography/geoutm.html

projection: () . . . projections . ( ). UTM.

.

60 . UTM 36 39 .

Spheroid / Elipsoid : .

Datum : Spheroid . : Geocentric Datum (WGS84). Local Horizontal Datums . . ( / ) Ellipsoid or Spheroid Horizontal Datum . Ellipsoid or Spheroid Datum . Ellipsoid Datum .

Spheroid / Ellipsoid International Datum Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia).

Ellipsoid WGS84 .

UTM Spheroid / Ellipsoid ( ) International Datum Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia).