GII THIU NI DUNG MN HC

STTNI DUNGS TIT1Cc khi nim c bn trong ha hu c42Cc loi hiu ng e v h. khng gian43Khi nim v c ch p. (SR, E, A)34Ankan v xycloankan45Anken36Ankaien27Ankin28Aren49Dn xut halogen v hp cht c magie310Ancol, phenol, ete4

GII THIU NI DUNG MN HC

STTNI DUNGS TIT11Anehit, xeton412Acid cacboxylic v dn xut213Amin, mui diazoni v hp cht azo314Aminoaxit, protit, gluxit, lipit215Gii thiu mt s hp cht d vng1

NI DUNG1.1. Orbital nguyn t v s lai ha orbital1.1.1. Cu to lp v nguyn t ca carbon1.1.2. Orbital nguyn t (AO)1.1.3. Lai ha orbital1.2. Lin kt ha hc1.2.1. Lin kt cng ha tr1.2.2. Lin kt ion1.2.3. Lin kt hidro1.3. ng ng; ng phn1.3.1. ng ng1.3.2. ng phn 1.3.2.1. ng phn cu to 1.3.2.2. ng phn hnh hc CC KHI NIM C BNChng 1: (4tit)

1.1. Orbital nguyn t v s lai ha orbital1.1.1. Cu to lp v nguyn t ca carbonTrng thi c bn: 1s22s22p2. Trng thi kch thch: 1s22s12p3.

1.1.2. Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C- Sp3 trong hp cht no; sp2, sp trong hp cht khng no.V d: Trng thi lai ha ca C trong CH4 l sp3, C2H4 l sp2, trong C2H2 l sp. CC KHI NIM C BNChng 1: (4tit)

1.2. Lin kt ha hc trong ha hu c1.2.1. Lin kt ion (Gia 1 KL mnh v 1 PK mnh) - c hnh thnh do s chuyn 1 hoc nhiu e t nguyn t ny n nguyn t kia, to ra cc ion dng v ion m lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht tnh in.- Hai nguyn t c s khc bit nhau v m in s to lin kt ion. ( 1,7).

1.2.2. Lin kt cng ha tr (Gia 1 PK v 1 PK) - Bn cht: c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t do s dng chung cc cp electron ha tr t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him.- Phn loi: + Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc: Hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t c bn cht ging nhau, = 0, cp electron dng chung khng b lch v pha no. + Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc: Hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t c m in khc nhau, 0, cp e dng chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn.

- c m: Lin kt cng ha tr c tnh nh hng, hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt u tc dng lc ht ln cp e dng chung, lc ny c phng trng vi phng ca ng ni tm hai ht nhn nguyn t.- Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr:+ Nng lng lin kt: bn ca lin kt cng ha tr c nh gi bng nng lng lin kt. l nng lng thot ra khi hnh thnh lin kt t cc nguyn t v bng nng lng cn thit ct t lin kt thnh hai nguyn t hay hai gc t do.

+ di lin kt: L khong cch cn bng gia hai ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t lin kt vi nhau. di lin kt cng nh th nng lng lin kt cng ln.V d: di lin kt: Nng lng lin kt:

* Lin kt v lin kt Lin kt : l kt qu xen ph trc ca cc obital nguyn t tham gia lin kt.V d: S xen ph ca 2 obitan 2pz to thnh lin kt trong phn t F2

Lin kt : c to ra bi s xen ph 2 obital p nguyn cht ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt m mt phng cha lin kt ny vung gc vi trc lin kt gia hai nguyn t .V d:

- Lin kt phi tr l mt trng hp c bit ca lin kt cng ha tr.

1.2.3. Lin kt hiroBn cht: L mt loi lin kt yu c hnh thnh khi nguyn t H tham gia lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t ca mt nguyn t m in mnh li tng tc vi mt nguyn t m in khc c cp e cha lin kt.

V d:

- X, Y thng l F, O, N ( Y c t nht mt cp e t do).

Phn loi: C 2 loi+ Lin kt H lin phn t: To thnh gia cc phn t khc nhau.+ Lin kt H ni phn t: To thnh trong ni ti 1 phn t (phi to thnh vng 5 hoc 6 cnh, i khi 7 cnh).V d:

nh hng ca lin kt H n tnh cht vt l: + Lin kt H lin phn t lm tng ts v tnc, nhng cht to lin kt H bn vi nhau th tan tt vo nhau.V d: C2H5OH (M = 46): Lng, ts = 780C, tnc = -1150C, tan v hn trong nc. CH3OCH3 (M = 46): Kh, ts = -240C, tnc = -1380C, khng tan trong nc.+ Hp cht c lin kt H ni phn t lm gim ts, tnc, lm tng tan trong dung mi khng phn cc v lm gim tan trong dung mi phn cc so vi cht to lin kt H ni phn t.

1.3. ng ng, ng phn1.3.1. ng ngng ng l nhng hp cht hu c c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm nguyn t nht nh nhng c tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau.V d: Dy ng ng ca metan: CH4, C2H6, C3H8,

1.3.2. ng phn* nh ngha: Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhngc cng cng thc phn t.* Phn loi: - ng phn cu to: Khc nhau v cu to hahc.- ng phn lp th: Khc nhau v s sp xptrong khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phnt.

a. ng phn cu to- ng phn mch C: Khc nhau v cch phnnhnh mch C.V d:- ng phn nhm chc: + Khc nhau v bn cht nhm chc.V d: C2H6O: CH3OCH3 C2H5OH

+ ng phn v tr nhm chc

b. ng phn lp thb1. ng phn hnh hcKhi nim: L loi ng phn lp th, n xut hin do s b tr khc nhau trong khng gian ca cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t xung quanh b phn cng nhc (ni i hoc vng no) ca phn t.

iu kin:- iu kin cn: C ni i hoc vng no (b phn cng nhc).- iu kin : + abC=Ced (a # b, e # d) + abC=Nd + aN=Nb + a(CH=CH)nb + H c nhiu ni i l lin nhau. + i vi hp cht vng th t nht 2 nguyn t C trong vng u phi mang hai nhm nguyn t khc nhau.

Danh php: - H danh php cis - trans:+ Da vo bn cht nhm th: Hai nhm th c bn cht ging nhau nm cng mt pha l ng phn cis, khc pha l ng phn trans.V d:

+ Da vo mch chnh: Cc nhm th nm trn mch chnh cng pha l ng phn cis, khc pha l ng phn trans.

H danh php cis - trans trong nhiu trng hp t ra bt lc, chng hn i vi cc hp cht sau:

- H danh php syn anti (i vi hp cht cha N ni i):V d:

- H danh php Z E: Da vo hn cp ca nhm th, nu cc nhm th c hn cp ln cng pha ca ni i hoc vng no l ng phn Z, khc pha l ng phn trans.

* hn cp ca nhm th: c xc nh theo s th t ca nguyn t hay in tch ht nhn ca nguyn t.- hn cp ca cp e t do bng 0.- Nguyn t th nht (nguyn t gn trc tip vi trung tm cn xc nh) ca nhm no c s th t ln hn th nhm c cp cao hn.V d: -Cl > -F > -OH > -NH2 > -CH3

- Nu nguyn t th nht ging nhau ta xt n cc nguyn t th hai (nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t th nht). V d: -CH3 C(H,H,H), -CH2CH3 C(C,H,H), -CH2OH C(O,H,H),Khi : -CH2OH > -CH2-CH3 > -CH3.- Trng hp trong nhm c hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt i hoc lin kt ba th c coi nh lin kt n vi hai hoc ba nguyn t.V d:

b2. ng phn quang hcKhi nim: Cc cht c cng cu to ha hc, c cng dng hnh hc, c cc tnh cht ha hc v vt l ging nhau, ch khc nhau v kh nng lm quay nh sng phn cc v tnh cht sinh ha.

iu kin: C yu t bt i trong phn t: + Nguyn t bt i: nguyn t lin kt vi 4 nhm th c bn cht khc nhau.V d:

2- Clobutan Anehit glixeric (glixeranehit)+ Bt i phn t: ng phn alen, ng phn spiran, ng phn cn quay,

Danh php- Danh php D, L (cu hnh tng i): Ly cu hnh ca glixeranehit lm chun, nu cht c cu hnh ging D-glixeranehit th c k hiu D, nu c cu hnh ging L-glixeranehit th c cu hnh L.V d:

- Danh php R, S (cu hnh tuyt i).So snh cp ca 4 nhm nguyn t nh vi C*. i vi cng thc phi cnh: Gi s C*(a,b,c,d), hn cp a > b > c > d, nhn theo hng C* d, nu th t a > b > c theo chiu kim ng h ta c cu hnh R, ngc li l S. i vi cng thc Fis : Nu th t a > b > c theo chiu kim ng h ta c cu hnh S, ngc li l RV d:

1.4. Phn loi lp cht hu c1.4.1. Phn loi da vo mch C: Hp cht mch h, mch vng, d vng.1.4.2. Phn loi theo nhm chc: Hirocacbon, dn xut ca hirocacbon

BI TP V NHBi tp mu.Bi tp t gii chng 1 trong gio trnh Ha hu c: bi 1-22/trang 59-63.

*BI TP P DNGHp cht no di y c lin kt ion:Cl2NaClIClH2Op n: b

*BI TP P DNG2.Hp cht no di y c bn cht lin kt ion:NH4ClCaSO4 NF3 CHCl3p n : b

*BI TP P DNG3. Cu to in t lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t C trng thi kch thch l hnh no di y:

IIIIIIIVp n: b

*BI TP P DNG4. Hnh no di y biu din AO p:

IIIIIIIVp n: a

*BI TP P DNG5. Hnh no di y biu din AO lai ha sp:

IIIIIIIVp n: b

*BI TP P DNG6. Nguyn t C ca cc hp cht sau c lai ha kiu tng ng no:CH4; CH2=CH2; sp3; sp2; sp sp3; sp, sp2 sp; sp2; sp3sp2; sp; sp3p n: a

*BI TP P DNG7. Cht no di y c ng phn hnh hc:

1, 2, 32, 3, 41, 2, 41, 2, 3, 4p n: b

*BI TP P DNG8. Cht no di y c cu hnh Z: 1, 21, 32, 31, 4p n: d

*BI TP P DNG9. Cht no di y c cu hnh E:1, 32, 31, 21, 4p d