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Network Management: an introduction
Daniel Ranc
LOR/Network & Services Management Group
18/01/2012 2
Course overview
Introduction
TMN Architecture
TMN Information
Management protocols
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18/01/2012 3
Course overview
Introduction
TMN Architecture
TMN Information
Management protocols
18/01/2012 4
Introduction to Network Management
Some questions & answers
The models
The standards
The definitions
Why manage networks?
Simple PDH example
TMN Management example
pointers
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Why manage networks?
Network Management allows, at least, to monitor & configurethe network
To capture knowledge on network sanity and service efficiency
In order to insure QoS control
To make provision for network evolution
Maintenance & new systems deployment
As such, Network Management is in the value chain of theoperator
and included in a broader landscape of OSS/BSS
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Why manage networks?
Networks Business Model
Deliver bandwidth
on time
contracted quality
lost paquets, availability
SLA
For increasingly real-time oriented services
low jitter
High bandwidth
High stress
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What is managed?
Primarily the Network Resources:
Routers, switches, repeaters,
Links
Applications (software)
But also:
Technologies (Moore law)
Users (access rights, QoS profiles, )
Business aspects (RoI, OPEX, CAPEX)Legal aspects
(i.e. a network MUST be managed by a responsible person)
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What is Network Management all about?
A metaphor: the enterprise business layers
Strategical
Services
Tactical
Execution
Definition of enterprise
goals and business model
marketing, definition ofservices and workflows
order management,
workflow execution
order execution
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What is Network Management all about?
Using the metaphor:
Business Management Layer
Service Management Layer
Network Management Layer
Element Management Layer
As defined by
standards
Definition proposal 1: activity of deployment,
analysis, monitoring and control ofNetwork Resources
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Network Management models
Needed to simplify a complex universe
models are orthogonal e.g. adopt different perspectives
concepts related to ODP viewpoints:
functional modeldescription of activity classes
informational model
specification of managed information
architectural model
definition of management building blocs
communication model
specification of the communication infrastructure
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A world of standards
The main ones:
ISO
ITU-T
ETSI
TINA
TMF
OMG
Our perspective: the Operator s = TelecommunicationManagement Network (TMN)
Standards define a frameworkwith some prescriptive aspects
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First definitions
Definition proposal 2: to configure, maintain and exploitnetworks from the distance
Functionally, 5 areas:
F = Fault
C = Configuration
A = Accounting
P = Performance
S = Security
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Main properties /1
Involves Distribution
Involves Complexity
Is Costly
up to 30% of total network cost
Is not optimal
industrial products still in loom
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Main properties /2
A broad landscape of usages and technical approaches
Standard-based approaches:
Operator network management: the Telecommunications
Management Network (TMN)
LAN management: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Enterprise management: Web based Enterprise Management
(WBEM)
Etc.
Proprietary approches
anything
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Simple PDH example
in this case management
requires only few operations, mainly provisioning
C, F and P
can live with proprietary protocols
that are mainly of tabular nature
(US: TL/1)
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Simple PDH example
Transmitted values are:
in one block
semantically at the level of machine registers
analogy to assembler programming
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Simple PDH example
operations performed locally (craft terminal) or from the distance
management software is equipment-specific
PDH
Craft terminalCentralized management
This obsolete proprietary approach is still what
many vendors offer today
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TMN management example
Yet another definition:
architectural, technical and functional paradigm characterized byconsistencyand large functional scope,
realizing network management from an Open Systems point ofview.
Gdel law...
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Network Management Rationale
High Information Technology cost
Mandatory
Complex
Multiple technologies & protocols
Main question:
How to keep things running?
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Some pointers
Books:
our book :-)
Network Management, Stallings
the ICM book: www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~dgriffin/papers/book
Gestion des rseaux et des services, N. Simoni et S. Znaty, Interditions, 1997
Web resources
all vendors (HP, Sun, IBM, Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent........)
other links:
Carleton university:
http://www.sce.carleton.ca/netmanage/links.html
TMF: http://www.tmforum.org
ETSI: http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/Technologies/oss.aspx
OMG: www.omg.org
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Any questions?
18/01/2012 24
Course overview
Introduction
TMN Architecture
TMN Information
Management protocols
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Network-TMN relationship
TMN functions
architectural requirements
functional architecture
reference points
management information
agents, managers, the frame
shared management knowledge
management layers
plan
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TMN independant of managed network
it may use the managed network (e.g. SDH, ATM)
Operations
SystemOperations
System
Operations
System
Data Communication Network (DCN)Workstation
Telecommunication Network
ExchangeTransmission
SystemExchange
Transmission
SystemExchange
TMN
Network-TMN relationship
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Management environment
a generic model for a heterogeneous network
distributed by nature
uses OSI services
object orientation
large functional scope
X.700 standard defines the functional domains: Fault,Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security
FCAPS
TMN functions
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The activity to manage network failures
alarm notification
manager action
repair
Fault management
alarm
repair
decision
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The activity to configure and maintain networkequipments
Two kinds of life cycle
long term
VPN
short term
VPN,,,,,,
Configuration management
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The activity to manage and calculate the users s account
Usage-based
Criteria: duration, distance, QoS, bandwidth,
traditional telcom specialitySee SS7 signalling
Emerging flat rate paradigm
Accounting Management
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The activity of summarizing the network s availability
Not for speed
Statistics on:
lost packets
lost seconds
lost milliseconds
lost microseconds
lost nanoseconds
lost picoseconds
lost seconds
Performance Management
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Defining
access control
functional control
Network Access Domain (NAD)
Function Access Domain (FAD)
Never implemented
why?
Security Management
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Distributed software, heterogeneous implementations
network = distributed heterogeneous resources
cooperative structure of distributed functions
technology lifecycle
reliability, security
client or 3rd party access
highly competitive market
inter TMN cooperation
time to market constraints
Architectural requirements for TMN
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Cisco 6000 Enterasys 3000
Perf.Fault InTelMotorola
Distribution
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OSF
WSF
MF
QAF NEF
TMN
Operations Systems Function
Workstation Function
Mediation Function Network Element Function
Q Adaptor Function
Functional architecture of TMN
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Operations systems function
realizes the FCAPS and TMN management
Workstation function
interprets management information for the user interface +user interface (out of TMN)
Network Element Function
managed entity - access to managed resources (out of TMN)
Mediation function, Q adaptator function
information shift or adaptation
Functional architecture of TMN
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Why Reference Points?
Unique means to define
information exchange
functional exchange
between components of Network Management
Reference Points Specifications are the basics for:
Open Systems
TMN reference points
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Define the interfaces between functional blocs
3 classes of RPs:
q bet. OSF, QAF, MF, NEF
qx:NEF-MF, QAF-MF, MF-MF
q3: NEF-OSF, QAF-OSF, MF-OSF, OSF-OSF
f bet. OSF-WSF
x: bet. OSFs of different TMNs
minor classes:
g: WSF-user, m: QAF-non TMN entities
TMN reference points
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NEF MF OSF WSF
QAF
TMN
x
m
q
q q f g
TMN reference points
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Two points of view:
management information specifications = informationmodels (static)
abstract view of managed resources
relies on functional blocs
information exchange (dynamic)
OSI stacks
Management information
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Object orientation
information models built from managed objects
Managed Object Classes (MOCs)
MOCs = conceptual views of resources
MOCs = true objects
attributes, inheritance, actions/operations, behaviour,
notifications (=messages)
specified in GDMO language (Guidelines for Definition ofManaged Objects)
Management information
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Management processes are either:
managers
agents
manager
requests
notifications
Management system Managed system
agent
Managed objects
Manager, agent roles
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TMN
Managed resources
managed objects
managed information base
Management system
Q3 interface
agent
Conceptualviewincludingmanagedresources
The frame
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MIB
A M
resource
M A
CMIP CMIP
CMIS
info model Bsystem A system B system Cinfo model C
sees sees
Cascading interaction
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Between agents and managers to support:
specs. of protocols, functionalities, supported MOCs, existing
instances, naming relations
MIB
AM
system A system B
Shared management knowledge
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TMNOperations Systems
Data Communication Network
Mediation Device
work-
station
Data Communication Network
Q
adapter
Network
ElementQ
adapter
Network
Element
X/F/Q3
FX
Q3/F
Qx
Qx Qx
Q3Q3
Physical architecture of the TMN
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OS
OS
OS
OS
MF
NE
Business Management Layer
Service Management Layer
Network Management Layer
Element Management Layer
Network Element Layer
Q3
Q3
Q3
QX
QX
Physical architecture of the TMN
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Simple Network Management Protocol
IETF standard
defines the protocol, the MIB, the Structure of Managed
Information
simplified TMN tables, not classes
ASN.1 types
primitives GET, SET, TRAP
LAN oriented but
de facto success
And SNMP ??
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The TMN architecture is:
open
in the sense of Open Systems
in the sense of incompleteness
complex
necessarily
eliminates the small players
some questions
transactions, security, SML, BML,
info model mapping, compilation vs. Interpretation
F, X interfaces
Conclusions
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Any questions?
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Course overview
Introduction
TMN Architecture
TMN Information
Management protocols
Network Management information
Daniel Ranc
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Network Management information
Object oriented concepts: reminder
information model
the GDMO language
ASN.1 syntaxes
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Object oriented concepts: reminder
class
instance
class
classinheritanceallomorphism
instanciation
encapsulation
attributes
methods
interface
behaviour
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Object oriented concepts: reminder
Inheritance flavours
Generic car
4 wheels
Sports car, big
engine
Truck, big payload
specialisation
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Object oriented concepts: reminder
Inheritance flavours
Generic car4 wheels
Car with automatic
gearbox
Truck, big payload
extension
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Notion of information model/1
Management information circulating between manager andagents
composed ofManaged Objects:
abstracting managed resources
accessed by the manager: the real resource remains hidden
MOs are composed of packages
attributes, operations, notifications, behaviour
an info model is a set of MOsinfo models for EML, NML
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Notion of information model/2
Encapsulation
hides and protects the inside of the object
access through messages
internal operations hidden
Attributes
have a value that may be structured
carried by an ASN.1 syntax
are accessed by operations on the object
The behaviour defines:
semantics of attributes, operations
operation pre- and postconditions
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Notion of information model/3
Inheritance
in GDMO, inheritance by extension
all properties of the superclass unchanged
multiple inheritance ok
top
system discriminator logRecord
alarmRecord
eventForwardingDiscriminator
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Notion of information model/4
Naming, containment
a MO instance may contain other Mos
useful to model real containment
rack/card
directory/files/records
defined by the name bindingtemplate
Naming tree
set of all naming relationships of the MIB
each instance has a name derived by its place in the tree
dynamicity: MO life cycle
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Notion of information model/5
root
system
log
alarmRecord
eventForwardingDiscriminator
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Notion of information model/6
Structure of names
identification of MOCs: registration tree
object identifier (OID) - ASN.1
sequence of integers representing the trail from the root til the class
identification of instances: Distinguishedt Namebased on Attribute Value Assertions (AVAs)
exemple: (localValue = 34)
the AVA names the instance at its level of the tree, Relative
Distinguished Name (RDN)
the full chain of AVAs is the Full Distinguished Name (FDN)
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Notion of information model/7
Three trees:
inheritance
containment
registration
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Notion of information model/8
system
log
alarmRecord
eventForwardingDiscriminator
(systemId = BDC)
(logId = SMK) (EFDId = a)
(alarmRecordId = 5)
FDN of this alarmRecord:
{ (systemId = BDC), (logId = SMK), (alarmRecordId = 5) }
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GDMO /1
specification langage for MOCs
Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects
general properties:
OO
ASN.1 macros (cf.)
base structures: templates
classes
attribute sets: packages
attributes
naming links
actions
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GDMO /2
Managed Object Class:
MANAGED OBJECT CLASS
DERIVED FROM ;
CHARACTERIZED BY ;BEHAVIOUR DEFINED AS ... ;
ATTRIBUTES {GET|SET|REPLACE};
;;;
REGISTERED AS ;
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GDMO/5 - NAME BINDING template
NAME BINDING
SUBORDINATE OBJECT CLASS
NAMED BY SUPERIOR OBJECT CLASS
WITH ATTRIBUTE
REGISTERED AS ;
subNetwork-network NAME BINDING
SUBORDINATE OBJECT CLASS subNetwork AND SUBCLASSES;
NAMED BY SUPERIOR OBJECT CLASS network AND SUBCLASSES;
WITH ATTRIBUTE subNetworkId;
REGISTERED AS { etsi NameBinding 23 };subNetwork-subNetwork NAME BINDING
SUBORDINATE OBJECT CLASS subNetwork AND SUBCLASSES;
NAMED BY SUPERIOR OBJECT CLASS subNetwork AND SUBCLASSES;
WITH ATTRIBUTE subNetworkId;
REGISTERED AS { etsi NameBinding 24 };
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GDMO/6 - ATTRIBUTE template
ATTRIBUTE
WITH ATTRIBUTE SYNTAX ;
[MATCHES FOR { EQUALITY|ORDERING
|SUBSTRINGS|SET-COMPARISON|SET-INTERSECTION }
[BEHAVIOUR ...;]
[PARAMETERS ...;]
REGISTERED AS ;
subNetworkId ATTRIBUTE
WITH ATTRIBUTE SYNTAX NA4ASN.1.NameType;
MATCHES FOR EQUALITY;
BEHAVIOUR
subNetworkIdBehaviour BEHAVIOUR
DEFINED AS
The subnetworkId is an attribute type whose
distinguished value can be used as an RDN when
naming an instance of the subNetwork object
class;;
REGISTERED AS { etsi attribute 45 };
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ASN.1/1
Abstract Syntax Notation One
the end of the communication chain
value transport by OSI stack
abstract syntax = independant of:
implementation langage
processor
each application has its coding/decoding to/from ASN.1 which is
common esperanto marshalling/unmarshalling
simple types : INTEGER, BOOLEAN, REAL, OCTET STRING...
construted types: SEQUENCE, SET, CHOICE...
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ASN.1/2
MulticastUnidirectional ::= SEQUENCE {
fromNWTPs SET OF ObjectInstance,
toNWTPs SET OF ObjectInstance
}
Directionality ::= CHOICE {
simpleUnidirectional[0],
simpleBidirectional [1],
multicastUnidirectional [2],
conferenceAll [3],
broadcast [4],
ptoMultipoint [5]
}
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Software engineering of TMN
classesC++
classesC++
librairiesframework
programmerclassesC++
objects
objects
objetcs
LINK
specs GDMO
specs ASN.1
compilerGDMO
compilerASN.1
compilerC++
compilerC++
compilerC++
agent+manager
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Any questions?
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Course overview
Introduction
TMN Architecture
TMN Information
Management protocols
Daniel Ranc
Network & Services Management Group Leader
Protocols in Network Management
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Protocols in NM
CMIS/P ITU-T
SNMP IETF
comparison
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Protocols in NM
CMIS/P ITU-T
SNMP IETF
comparison
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CMIS/P rationale
Common Management Information Services/Protocol
To solve the limitations of SNMP
Layer 7 specifications
Requires ROSE, ACSE services
Serves a Systems Management Application Entity (SMAE)
Transport of management information
defined by information models in GDMO
carried by ASN.1 structures
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getset
createdeleteaction
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getsetcreatedeleteaction
Full
distinguished
name
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getset
createdeleteaction
Full
distinguished
name
Object
Identifier
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getsetcreatedeleteaction
Full
distinguished
name
Object
Identifier
best effort/
transactional
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getset
createdeleteaction
Full
distinguished
name
Object
Identifier
best effort/
transactional
Depth
in MIB tree
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CMIS/P properties
General invocation:
(fdn, oid, type, scope, filter);
getsetcreatedeleteaction
Full
distinguished
name
Object
Identifier
best effort/
transactional
Depth
in MIB tree
Conditions
on object
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CMIP scope
Depth of request execution
Scope = 2
Starting point
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CMIP scope
Depth of request execution
Scope = 2
Starting point
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CMIP filter
Conditions on any object property
Starting point
filter =
AdministrativeState = none ,
scope = any
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CMIP filter
Conditions on any object property
Starting point
filter =
AdministrativeState = none ,scope = any
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CMIP evaluation
Advantages
many results possible in one request
transactional on 1 request basis
full TMN GDMO support
uses OSI stack
Drawbacks
transactional on 1 request basis
complexity, important learning curveuses OSI stack
industrial tools heavy & cumbersome
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CMIP tool example: XMP/XOM
XMP/XOM : programming standards for CMIP by X/Openconsortium
XMP: Management Processing
XOM: Object Management
Implementation: HP OpenViewhighly cumbersome
learning curve
cost
Alternative: TMN++
C++ image of CMIP
TMF, few implementations
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CMIP tool example: XMP/XOM
Example ofset action
Process space XOM spaceManaged system
Set(toto,
oid,
Value = 2);
ASN.1
mapping
XMP handling
Managing system
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Protocols in NM
CMIS/P ITU-T
SNMP IETF
comparison
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SNMP rationale
Simple Network Management Protocol - IETF
To solve rapidly, with a transient solution by tinkering,management problems (1986), while ITU-T will provide theabsolute perfect solution
0 learning curve
Classical protocol scheme over UDP
Small but beautiful
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SNMP properties
General invocation:
(oid, value);
getset Object
Identifier
+ trap
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SNMP properties
Flat information model
no OO
no containment
no create, delete = static MIBs
not GDMO, but Simple Management Interface (SMI) language
static objects defined by OIDs of IETF specs
full use of ASN.1
Many IETF MIBsMIB II
RMON
. (RFCs)
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SNMP tool example: JMX
Sun s Java Management eXtensions specifications: JMX
Implementations by Sun, AdventNet, IBM/Taligent
Providing a ful OO view on SNMP
dynamic protocol adaptation
mibgen skeleton compiler
SNMP get : class.get(Oid) method
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Protocols in NM
CMIS/P ITU-T
SNMP IETF
comparison
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CMIP/SNMP comparison
CMIP SNMP
learning curve 0 +++
power +++ +
OO +++ 0access asynchronous synchronous
dynamicity +++ 0
penetration + +++
security ACSE/ROSE UDP
notifications +++ trap
understanding 0 +++
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Any questions?