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GOLONGAN DARAH
Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan B
Dr. dr. Endang Sriwahyuni, MS.Maret 2008
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Golongan Darah
Perbedaan golongan darah setiap orang disebabkan olehkarena adanya Antigen (Ag) Aglutinogen pada dindingeritrosit dan adanya antibody spesifik (Ab) Aglutinin di dalamplasmanya
darah donor + resipien
Tidak cocok transfusioleh karena terjadi aglutinasi
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Golongan Darah ABO
Gol. Darah Ag. Ab.O - Anti A & anti B
A A Anti BB B Anti AAB AB -
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Blood Types with their Genotypes and theirconstituent Agglutinogens and Agglutinins
Genotypes Blood types Agglutinogens Agglutinins
OO O - Anti A andAnti B
OA or AA A A Anti B
OB or BB B B Anti A
AB AB A and B -
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Relative Frequenciesof the Different Blood Types
The prevalence of the different BloodTypes among one group of persons
studied was approximately :O 47 %A 41 %B 9 %AB 3 %
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Blood typing, showing Agglutination of cells
of the different blood types with Anti A orAnti B Agglutinins in the Sera
Red Blood
Cells Types
Sera
Anti A Anti BO - -A + -
B - +AB + +
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Reaksi silang
Penting dikerjakan sebelum transfusi darahEritrosit & serum antara donor & resipien direaksikan secarasilang invitro r. s. mayor : erit. donor + serum resipien ada /
tidaknya aglutinin resipien yg mungkin merusak erit.donor
r. s. minor : serum donor + erit. resipien ada / tidaknyaaglutinin donor yg mempengaruhi erit. resipien.
Aglutinin donor dalam sirkulasi sangat diencerkan olehplasma resipien < berbahaya r.s. minor dianggap
kurang penting
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Contoh :
Ag AbD A : A anti BR B : B anti A
m (+) M (+)
Sangat diencerkan dalam tubuh R
< penting
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Golongan darah Rhesus
Ag. golongan darah Rh, biasanya mempunyaiantigenisitas lemah, kecuali Ag D disebutAg. Rh
Ag Rh dalam erit golongan Rh (ada AgRh) Ag Rh dalam erit golongan Rh (tidak adaRh)
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Anyone who has this type of antigen (D antigen) issaid to be Rh positive, whereas a person whodoes not have type D antigen is called to be Rh
negativeIt can still cause transfusion reactions usuallymuch milder
About 85 % of all white people are Rh positiveand 15 % Rh negative
In American blacks the percentage of Rh positiveis about 95, whereas in African blacks, it is
virtually 100 percent
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Rh Blood Types
The major difference betweenAOB system Rh system
The plasma agglutininsresponsible for causingtransfusion reactionsdevelop spontancously
Spontaneous agglutininsalmost never occur
The person must firstbe massively exposed toan Rh antigen
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When RBC containing Rh factorAre injected
Blood does not contain Rh factor/Rh negativeperson
Anti Rh agglutinins develop slowly
Reaching maximum concentration of agglutininsabout 2 to 4 months later
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If an Rh negative person has never before beenexposed to Rh positive blood
Transfusion of Rh positive
No Immediate reaction
Then its hemolyzed by the tissue macrophagesystem
A delayed transfusion reaction occurs, although itis usually mild
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N : Pada golongan darah Rh ( ) Tidak ada Ab anti Rh ( )terpapar golongan darah Rh dari transfusi ataudarah bayi waktu lahir
Reaksi pembentukan Ab. Anti Rhterpapar lagi Rh
Darah tsb akan dihancurkan oleh Ab. anti Rh
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Ibu Rh bayi Rh kehamilan baik oleh karena darahbayi placenta ibu. Waktu persalinan jaringanplacenta rusak darah bayi ke ibu.
imunitas ibu membentuk Ab anti Rh. Beberapa tahunkemudian, ibu hamil II : bayi Rh anti Rh ibu ke bayi
menghancurkan darah bayi anemia hemolitik Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Is a disease of the fetus and newborn child
Characterized by aglutination andphagocytosis of the fetuss RBCs
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Treatment of the Erythroblastosis Fetalis
To replace the neonates blood with Rh ()blood by infused over period of 1,5 ormore hours while the neonates own Rh (+)blood is being removed (during the firstfew weeks of life)