Download - Grammar book
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Katia Hildebrandt
Mi libro de gramática
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Tabla de Contenidos1. Qué vs cuál2. Ser3. Estar4. Gustar5. Transition Words6. Imperfect Form7. Imperfect Irregulars8. Trigger Words9. Acabar de + infinitive10. Formulas11. Hace + Time+ Que + Present12. Verbs like Gustar13. Reflexives 13. Tu Commands14. DOP and placement15. Preterite
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Qué vs. Cuál
• Qué is used when asking for definitions.-example: ¿Qué es una ciudad?
¿Qué hace un presidente? • Cuál usually is used before es and other
forms of ser when not seeking a definition.-example: ¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono?
¿Cuáles son las ciudades más grandes?
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Ser
• Yo soy• Tú eres• El/ella/usted es
Nosotros/nosotras somosVosotros/vosotras soisEllos/ellas/ustedes son
Ser means to be. Ser is used for permanent states.
Example: 1. Soy de Caracas. 2. Ella es intelegente. 3. Somos las profesoras.
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Ser
• Descriptions• Occupation• Characteristics• Time• Origin• Relationships• Possessions• Events• Dates
DOCTOR PED
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Estar
• Estar means to be. Estar is temporary. • Yo estoy• Tu estás• El/ella/usted está• Nosotros estamos• Vosotros estais• Ellos/ellas/ustedes están
Examples: 1.Estoy estudiante.2.Estás triste. 3.Ella está en el
oficina.
TO BE
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Estar-HELPING
• Health• Emotions• Location• Present Condition• ING (words ending in ing)
-ar-ando-er/ir-endo-double letter- yendo-example: speaking- hablando reading- leyendo
HELP
ING
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Gustar
• Gustar means to like or to be pleased by• Me gusta• Te gusta• Le gusta• Nos gusta• Os gusta• Les gusta
Examples:1. Me gusta el libro. 2. Me gustan los bolígrafios.3. Sabra le gusta bailar.
TO LIKE
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Transition Words
• También- also• Primero- first• Igualmente- likewise• Cercas -nearby• Ahora-now• Segundo-second• Luego-soon• Entonces-then• Hoy-today
Transiciones
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Imperfect Form
• AR Verbs change to:
-yo: aba-tu: abas-el: aba-nosotros: abamos-vosotros: abais-ellos: aban
•ER and IR verbs change to:
-yo: ia-tu: ias-el: ia-nosotros: iamos-vosotros: iais-ellos: ian
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Imperfect Form Irregulars
• Ser:eraErasEraEramosEraiseran
•There are only 3 imperfect irregular verbs. They are Ser, Ver, and Ir.
•Ver:
VeiaVeiasVeiaVeiamosVeiaisveian
•Ir:
IbaIbasIbaIbamosIbaisIban
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Triggers for Imperfecto Ayer: yesterdayo Anteayer: the day before yesterdayo A las ocho: at 8 o’clock o El miércoles: Wednesdayo El día anterior: the day beforeo El lunes pasado: last Mondayo El fin de semana: last weekendo Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morningo El otro día: the other dayo Una vez: on time/onceo Asta tarde: this afternoono Asta noche: tonighto Entonces: theno Desde el primer momento: from 1st momento Durante dos siglos: during 2nd century o En es momento: in that momento Hace dos dias:2 days ago
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Acabar de + infinitive
• To have just finished• Conjugate Acabar• Yo acabo de• Tu acabas de• El/ella/usted acaba de• Nosotros acabamos de• Ellos/ellas/ustedes acaban de• DON’T CONJUGATE THE 2ND VERB!!!
*Ejemplos:•Acabo de comer unas papas fritas.
•Acabas de bailar al cancion.
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Formulas
• Hace + time + que + conjugated verb-Hace cinco minutos que hablo.• Hace + que + infinitive-Hace que bailo.
• Se prohibe + infinitive-Se prohibe fumar.
• Se permite + infinitive-Se permite nadar.• Ir + a + infinitiveVoy a patinar.
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Hacer Expressions:
HACE TIME QUE VERB
EX: Hace dos años que viví en Francia.
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Verbs like gustar
o Gustar: to be pleasing to o Doler (o-ue): to hurto Fascinar: to fascinateo Molestar: to bothero Encantar: to loveo Faltar: to lack, or be in need ofo Importar: to be important too Disgustar: to be disgusting to
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Reflexives me • used in yo form
te • used in tú form
se• used in él/ella
form• used in ellos(as)
form
nos • used in nosotros form
os • used in vosotros form
Reflexive Pronouns
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• Just drop the “s”- For example, hablas changes to habla• DOP and IOP can attach to an affirmative
command- For example, Comela. (You eat it.)• When you change the syllibification of a verb,
an accent mark is added to the “antepenútima” (3rd to last) syllable.
- For example, ¡Bébela!
Tú Affirmitive commands
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Negative Commands
1. put in the “yo” form2. Change the vowel-AR verbs change to e-ER/IR verbs change to a3. Add “No” in front4. DOP are added to the beginning of the verb but are not attached.
Examples:
1. Don’t eat it: No lo coma.
2. Don’t sing: No cante.
3. Don’t dance: No baile.
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[Irregular Affirmitive commands]DiHazVePonSalSéTenVen
TV DISHES!
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Irregular Negative Commands• No digas• No hagas• No vayas• No pongas• No salgas• No seas• No tengas• No vengas
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DOP and Placement
• DOP and IOP can attach or hook on to an affirmative command.
• DOP take the place of a noun.• Answers the question WHAT is receiving the direct action
of the verb. • Can only be hooked onto an…
- Infinitive - Affirmative commands- Gerund/Present progressive
• ALL OTHER TIMES THE DOP COMES BEFORE THE
CONJUGATED VERB!!!
Direct Object Pronouns
Me
Te
Lo/La
Los/Las
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Preterite • Has a definite time in the past with a
beginning or end.
AR ER IRé í í
aste iste isteó ió ió
amos imos imosaron ieron ieron