HUBUNGAN SIPIL-MILITER DI PAKISTAN ERA
PERVEZ MUSHARRAF TAHUN 2001-2008
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana
Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
Ayuni Nur Siami
201410360311211
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkah, rahmat dan karunia-
Nya, sehingga dapat membantu penulis menyelesaikan skripsi dengan judul
“Hubungan Sipil-Militer di Pakistan Era Pervez Musharraf Tahun 2001-2008”.
Skripsi ini merupakan tugas akhir penulis yang disusun dalam rangka untuk
memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik di
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Proses penyusunan dan penulisan skripsi ini tentu dilakukan dengan
dukungan, bantuan, dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak. Sehingga dalam kesempatan
ini, penulis bermaksud ingin mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:
1. Bapakku Tardi Kaliyono dan Mamaku Sundari Ramelan, atas semangat
dan doa yang tidak berhenti untuk aku agar cepat menyelesaikan dan
melanjutkan tahapan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Skripsi ini aku
persembahkan untuk orang tuaku tercinta. Juga untuk adikku Rizkia
Maulina, Sepupuku Indah Nurhayati, Lelek Bandi, Lelek Nyoto, Bibi
Ulan, Bibi Dian, terima kasih semuanya tanpa kalian aku bukan apa-apa.
2. Bapak Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int, selaku dosen pembimbing
satu dan Bapak Haryo Prasodjo, M.A, selaku dosen pembimbing dua,
yang bersedia mengarahkan, mengkritik, memberi saran, dan meluangkan
waktu untuk membimbing saya selama menyusun skripsi ini.
3. Staf dosen HI-FISIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah
memberikan ilmu selama penulis mengikuti perkuliahan hingga penulisan
tugas akhir ini.
4. Rogib Al Aspahani, Veronica Tiara Rani, Rossi Damayanti, Elok Nur
Rahmawati, teman-temanku seperjuangan skripsi, terimakasih atas
support dalam mengerjakan skripsi.
5. Teman-teman IPA alumni SMANTIL 2013 “Fabulous” terutama buat
Novikawati Alamri,S.farm, Arif Manto, Mohammad Firman Su’ut,
S.Farm, Nurul Muchlisa Rachman, Farhan Fadlurahman, S.Farm,
Reynaldi Tumewu, Amd.Kep, Elsy F. Datau, S.Pt, Osni Pakaya, dan
banyak lagi yang tidak bisa disebut satu per satu yang selalu setia
menunggu, menghibur menemani, dan membantuku ketika kesulitan dan
kebingungan mengerjakan skripsi. Kalian luar biasa
6. Teman dekatku dan seperjuanganku Tria Yunita Permana, adik
seperantauan di malang Melvy Pakaya, Syifa Amalia Laudiu, Sigit Saliko,
teman-teman kelas HI-C, terima kasih untuk semua waktu selama kuliah
di malang.
7. Teman-teman HI UMM angkatan 2014, teman-teman radio UMM FM,
dan IKABAMA, terima kasih atas kerjasama, ilmu dan kebersamaannya
selama ini, dan semua pihak yang ikut berkontribusi dalam membantu
penulis menyelesaikan skripsi ini.
Malang, 02 Juli 2018
Penulis
Ayuni Nur Siami
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN SAMPUL ..................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................. ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .......................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS SKRIPSI ............................................... iv
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAKSI ............................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR BAGAN ...................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ................................................................................. xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................... xv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................... 5
1.3 Tujuan Dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 6
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................... 7
1.5 Kerangka Konsep ...................................................................................... 25
1.5.1 Konsep Hubungan Sipil-Militer .................................................... 25
1.6 Metode Penelitian .................................................................................... 32
1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian .............................................................................. 32
1.6.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ............................................................ 32
1.6.3 Teknik Analisa Data ..................................................................... 32
1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ............................................................. 33
a. Batasan Waktu .................................................................................... 33
b. Batasan Materi .................................................................................... 33
1.7 Argumen Dasar ......................................................................................... 34
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................................ 35
BAB II DINAMIKA POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN
DI PAKISTAN ............................................................................................. 37
2.1 Perkembangan Dinamika Politik Pemerintahan Pakistan .......................... 37
2.1.1 Sistem Politik dan Struktur Negara Pakistan .................................... 39
2.2 Posisi militer dalam Struktur Tatanan Politik di Pakistan .......................... 45
2.3 Dinamika Kudeta Militer di Pakistan ........................................................ 50
2.4 Pakitan Pasca Kudeta Musharraf Tahun 1999 ........................................... 57
BAB III POLA HUBUNGAN SIPIL-MILITER ERA MUSHARRAF
TAHUN 2001-2007 ........................................................................................ 62
3.1 Kegagalan Koalisi Sipil Militer ................................................................. 62
3.2 Rezim Militer Jenderal Pervez Musharraf .................................................. 67
3.3 Oligarki Militer di Pakistan ....................................................................... 69
3.3.1 Dominasi Militer dalam Pemerintahan Musharraf .......................... 75
3.3.2 Pembatasan atas Ruang Gerak Sipil ............................................... 77
BAB IV POLA HUBUNGAN SIPIL-MILITER ERA MUSHARRAF
TAHUN 2007-2008 ........................................................................................ 84
4.1 Pengunduran diri Musharraf sebagai Kepala Militer Angkatan Darat ........ 84
4.2 Pakistan Pasca Musharraf Dilantik Sebagai Presiden Sipil ........................ 87
4.3 Kondisi Militer Pakistan Dibawah Kepemimpinan
Jendral Ashfaq Kayani .............................................................................. 90
4.3.1 Kebijakan Penarikan Prajurit Militer dari Instansi Pemerintahan
dan Arena Politik ............................................................................. 93
4.3.2 Militerisasi Militer Pakistan .............................................................. 95
BAB V PENUTUP ........................................................................................ 99
5.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 99
5.2 Saran ....................................................................................................... 103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. 104
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Ilmu Politik, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.”
http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/30189/3/MIFTAC
HUL%20CHOIR%20AL%20AYYUBI-FISIP.pdf. Diakses tgl 15/05/17 pkl
13.50 WIB
Musharraf Gives Up Pakistan's Top Army Post, from NPR reports and The
Associated Press Edisi 28 November 2007, diakses melalui
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16688341, diakses tgl
26/05/18 pkl 23.57 WIB
Musharraf's referendum Bogus democracy can be worse than none at all, Edisi 25
April 2002, diakses melalui https://www.economist.com/node/1098911,
diakses tgl 30/04/18 pkl 14.53 WIB
Naghman Chaudhry,Pakistan’s First Military Coup: Why Did The First Pakistani
Coup Occur And Why Does It Matter?, Tesis, Monterei, California: Naval
Postgraduate School. Diakses melalui
http://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/6773/12Mar_Chaudhry.pdf?s
equence=1&isAllowed=y, diakses tgl 24/05/17 pkl 21.12 WIB
Pakistan Insider, April 5, 2012, http://insider.pk/national/list-of-prime-ministers-of-
pakistan-since-1947-with-photos/.
PAKISTAN: TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY?, ICG Asia Report N°40, 3 October
2002 International Crisis Group, Islamabad/Brussels, diakses melalui
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28354/040_pakistan_transition_democracy.pdf,
diakses tgl 30/04/18 pkl 20.13 WIB
Pakistan Economy, Phase 2, Lahore School Of Economics, diakses melalui
http://faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%202%2
0HO.pdf tanggal 06/07/18 pkl 22.33 WIB
Paul Ernest Lenze, Civil-Military Relations In “Islamic Democracies”: Military
Intervention & Withdrawal In Algeria, Pakistan, & Turkey, Disertasi,
Department Of Political Science, Washington State University. Diakses
melalui
https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2376/2849/LenzeJr_
wsu_0251E_10074.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, diakses tgl 21/05/17 pkl
11.43 WIB
Pervez Musharraf: A History in Power, Edisi 18 Agustus 2008, diakses melalui
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/18/pakistan2, diakses tgl
30/04/18 pkl 10.12 WIB
President Musharraf and Aga Khan launch the First MicroFinanceBank, Edisi 11
Maret 2002, diakses melalui http://www.akdn.org/press-release/president-
musharraf-and-aga-khan-launch-first-microfinancebank, diakses tgl 30/04/18
pkl 10.12 WIB
Profile: Generel Pervez Musharraf, President Of Pakistan, Edisi 17 April 2002,
diakses melalui
http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/04/17/musharraf.biog/ind
ex.html, diakses tgl 29/04/19 pkl 18.35 WIB
Referendum 2002, Artikel 21 Februari 2004, Diakses melalui
http://storyofpakistan.com/referendum-2002, diakses tgl 30/04/18 pkl 15.21
WIB
RiazHaq, How Will Musharraf's Indictment Affect Civil-Military Relations in
Pakistan?, Edisi 6 April 2014, diakses melalui
https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/how-will-musharrafs-indictment-affect-civil-
military-relations-in-pakistan.307963/, diakses tgl 29/04/18 pkl 17.21 WIB
Sajjad Sardar, 2012, Civil Military relations,The Nation Edisi 19 April, diakses
melalui https://nation.com.pk/21-Apr-2012/civil-military-relations, diakses
tgl 14/01/18 pkl 15.18 WIB
Salman Masood, New Pakistan Army Chief Orders Military Out of Civilian
Government Agencies, Reversing Musharraf Policy, Edisi 13 februari 2008,
diakses melalui
https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html, diakses tgl
19/05/18 pkl 14.44 WIB
Salman Masood, Pakistani Leader Escapes Attempt At Assassination, 26 Desember
2003, diakses melalui https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-
leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html, diakses tgl 02/05/18 pkl 11.43
WIB
Shaikh Aziz, A leaf from history: Junejo’s government sacked, Dawn, Sunday
Magazine, February 2016. Diakses melalui
https://www.dawn.com/news/1240769, diakses tgl 24/05/17 pkl 09.56 WIB
Sheila Fruman, 2011, Will the Long March To Democracy In Pakistan Finally
Succeed?, United States Of Peace, Washington, diakses melalui
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/Democracy_in_Pakistan.pdf
, diakses tgl 11/05/18 pkl 09.38 WIB
Somini Sengupta, Musharraf Finds Himself Weakened After Firing of Judge, diakses
melalui https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/world/asia/25pakistan.html, tgl
28/05/18 pkl 01.32 WIB
Syed Shoaib Hasan, BBC News, The rise of Gen Ashfaq Pervez Kiani through the
ranks of the Pakistani military has been rapid if not extraordinary, diakses
melalui https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/gen-kiyani-named-vice-chief-of-army-
chief.7561/, tgl 19/05/18 pkl 13.45 WIB
Tempo.co, Musharraf-Bhutto Sepakat Berbagi Kekuasaaan, Edisi 5 Oktober 2007,
diakses melalui https://dunia.tempo.co/read/109120/musharraf-bhutto-
sepakat-berbagi-kekuasaan, tgl 11/05/18 pkl 11.40 WIB
The local government system in Pakistan, www.clgf.org.uk/pakistan, hal 134, diakses
melalui
http://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Pakistan.pdf, tgl
02/04/18 pkl 09.41 WIB
The Office Of General Pervez Musharraf: Former President of Pakistan, dikutip
melalui http://ogpm.net/, diakses tgl 23/04/18 pkl 13.21 WIB
Tim Weiner, Countdown to Pakistan’s Coup: A Duel of Nerves in The Air, 17
Oktober 1999, diakses melalui
https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-
duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html, tgl 16/05/18 pkl 15.49 WIB
Time Magazine : 10 Questions for Pervez, edisi 24 maret 2011, dikutip melalui
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2061216,00.html, tgl
18/12/17 pkl 09.00 WIB
VOA, Edisi 27 Oktober 2007, Pakistan’s Musharraf Steps Down as Army Chief,
diakses melalui https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2007-11-28-voa8a-
66523482/553576.html, tgl 14/05/18 pkl 21.50 WIB
Xinhua, Musharraf takes oath as civilian president, diakses melalui
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007-11/29/content_6288308.htm, tgl
26/05/18 pkl 23.06 WIB