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gy‡Vv‡dvb : 01712 966813, 01713 411631
B‡gBj : [email protected]
facebook.com/jukti.src
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evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev` I ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbweKZvi HwZn¨ \ kvnwiqvi
Kwei 1৪
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fzqvweÁvb †gjv PvB \ gwbi“j Bmjvg 29
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Abyev`
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ci cÖvq cÖwZw`bB AMwYZ cvVK cieZ©x msL¨v cÖKv‡ki
A‡kl ZvMv`v w`‡q †M‡Qb Aweivg| cÖwZwbqZ wewfbœ civgk©,
Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Avgv‡`i mv‡_| gZvgZ
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mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evwo‡q w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Avgv‡`i Rb¨ Zv
cig cvIqv| wKš‘ ¯xKvi K‡i wbw”Q Avgv‡`i A¶gZv Avi
mxwgZ mv‡a¨i Kvi‡Y Gi cÖKv‡k wej¤^ N‡U‡Q| cvV‡Ki G
j¤^v Avi K¬vwš—Ki A‡c¶vq ewm‡q ivLvi Rb¨ wbwØ©avq Avgiv
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†Kv‡bv msL¨vB Gi †kl msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i| nq‡Zv Gici Avi
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KZUzKz mdj n‡qwQ Zv Rvwb bv, Zey GZUzKz Rvwb, mva¨gZ
Avgiv †Póv K‡iwQ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †L` bv †i‡L
m‡e©v”P kªg w`‡q cÖKvkbv¸wj mvRv‡Z| GLb cvV‡Ki `iev‡i
†Q‡o w`jvg hyw³Õi g~j¨vq‡bi fvi| cvVKB Avgv‡`i wePviK|
c~‡e©i g‡Zv GeviI hyw³Õi msL¨vwU‡K mvwR‡qwQ †mKz¨jvi
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cvi‡eb, weÁvbwfwËK I weÁvb-m¤úwK©Z †jLv w`‡q hyw³
mg„× n‡jI ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q AcweÁvb Avi weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi
bvbv wKwm‡gi welq¸wjB| †hgb †nvwgIc¨vw_, †R¨vwZlxkv¯¿,
m„wóev` BZ¨vw`| weÁvbwe‡ivax Kvh©µ‡gi gb —Ë¡ Ges
Kg©cÖwµqvI D‡V G‡m‡Q †jLv¸wj‡Z| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q
weÁv‡bi G hy‡M ag©¸wji mbvZbx a¨vb-aviYv wU‡K _vK‡Z
bv †c‡i beiƒ‡c-beKvVv‡gvq weÁvbwe‡ivax kw³¸‡jv
GKZve× n‡q DV‡Q| AvR‡Ki GKwesk kZvãx weÁvb I
cÖhyw³‡Z mg„× n‡jI GUv Aek¨B k¼vi welq †h A‡bK
†¶‡ÎB iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P ch©vq †_‡KI GBme
QÙweÁvbIqvjv‡`i cÖ‡Yv`bv †`qv n‡”Q| weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹vi
`yB nv‡Z D`ic~wZ©i cvkvcvwk AcweÁvb Avi Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ
gvbwmKZv hv‡Z mgvbZv‡j weivR K‡i RbZvi gv‡S †m-
Rb¨ KZK¸wj †`‡ki miKvi-e¨emvqx †Mvôx jy‡Viv Avi
ag©Zš¿x MÖ“c ˆgÎxi e܇b Ave× n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb mg‡qi mv‡_
Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z †M‡j GKRb weÁvb-Av‡›`vjb Kgx©‡K
5
weÁv‡bi ZË¡-Z_¨-DcvË Rvbvi cvkvcvwk Aek¨B
QÙ‰eÁvwbK Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© AeMZ _vKv DwPr| ccyjvi
†j‡f‡j ïay wdwR·, †K‡gw÷ª, ev‡qvjwR m¤ú‡K© mg¨K
aviYv _vK‡j Pj‡e bv, Rvbvi cwigvY †¶Îwe‡k‡l Av‡iv
Mfx‡i wb‡q hvIUvI `iKvi| Aek¨ Gi gv‡b GB bq †h
GKRb weÁvb-Av‡›`vjb Kgx©‡K weÁv‡bi mKj kvLv‡ZB
cvV¨cy —‡Ki mgm¨v mgvavb ch©š— Ávb AvniY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv
m¤¢eI bq|
Avgiv hyw³Õi cÖ‡Z¨K †jL‡Ki Kv‡QB K…ZÁ| we‡`wk
†jLK hviv, hyw³ cÖKvkbvi K_v ï‡b GK ev‡K¨B AbygwZ
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Abyev‡`i, †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ÔKwcivBUÕ wKsev
cÖKvkbvRwbZ wbqgKvby‡bi †Zvqv°v bv K‡i| GUv Avgv‡`i
Rb¨ AZ¨š— M‡e©i welq| Avš—wiK ab¨ev` RvbvB mKj
†jLK‡K| †mB mv‡_ Avgv‡`i mKj cvVK, Aw¯’i mg‡qi
mnhvÎx eÜz, ïfvKv•¶x, mnvqZvKvix, hv‡`i Drmvn,
DÏxcbv, †cÖiYv Avi fv‡jvevmv Avgv‡`i‡K G‡ZvUv c_ cvwo
w`‡Z mvnm hywM‡q‡Q, Avgv‡`i‡K Avkvev`x K‡i‡Q, ¯^‡cœi
cwiwa e„w× K‡i‡Q, bZzb bZzb wPš—vq-fvebvq Av‡jvwoZ
K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i mevi cÖwZ iB‡jv webgª K…ZÁZv|
cÖKvwkZ mKj †jLvB †jLKM‡Yi wbR¯^ `„wófw½,
AwfgZ Ges Z_¨msKjb| Gi mv‡_ weÁvb I hyw³ev`x
KvDwÝj I hyw³Õi Df‡qi `„wófw½MZ wgj cy‡ivUv bv n‡jI
A‡bKvs‡kB i‡q‡Q| Avgiv g‡b Kwi cÖKvwkZ †h †Kv‡bv
†jLv ev welqe ‘i mv‡_ †h †KD wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡Z cv‡ib
Ges cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡Z cv‡ib| cÖKvk‡hvM¨
n‡j cvV‡Ki wfbœgZ AvMvgx msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv n‡e| Ges
me‡k‡l AveviI ewj A‡bK †Póvi ciI G msL¨vq wKQy fyj
†_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, hvi `vq Aek¨B m¤úv`‡Ki| cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q
Aby‡iva-G fyj-åvwš— ¶gvmy›`i „wó‡Z †`Lvi cvkvcvwk
awi‡q w`‡Z, hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z Avgiv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cvwi|
ab¨ev` mevB‡K|
Abš— weRq `vk
m¤úv`K, hyw³
B‡gBj : [email protected]
6
weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR MV‡b MÖš’1
ARq ivq
†jLvwU wb‡q fve‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡gB †ek †nuvPU †Ljvg| evsjv
GKv‡Wgx Awfavb, msm`, Pjwš—Kv Ggb wK msm‡`i evsjv-
Bs‡iwR Awfavb †N‡U Ôgb¯‹Õ k‡ãi, weÁvb-gb¯‹ †Zv `~‡ii
K_v mÜvb bv †c‡q hrc‡ivbvB wew¯§Z njvgÑejvB evûj¨|
A_P wK A‡K¬‡k cÖwZw`b ÔweÁvb-gb¯‹Õ, mvwnZ¨-gb¯‹
kã¸wj Avgiv e¨envi K‡i AvmwQ| Avgvi GK ms¯‹…Z Rvbv
cwÊZ eÜz‡K wR‡Ám KijvgÑwZwb cv°v 24 NÈv c‡i
Rvbv‡jb evsjv ev ms¯‹…Z †Kv‡bv Awfav‡bB Ôgb¯‹Õ kãwU
†bB, Z‡e G.wU. †`‡ei evsjv-Bs‡iwR Awfav‡b kãwU i‡q‡Q
1 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvjq †_‡K Aby‡iva G‡m‡Q
†h GB Aag‡K KjKvZvq Avš—R©vwZK eB‡gjvq Avgwš¿Z
AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z †_‡K evsjv‡`k w`e‡m (4Vv †deª“qvwi,
2012) Av‡jvPbv mfvq Ask MÖnY I cÖeÜ cvV| wb‡Ri
mxgvnxb AÁvbZvi K_v I kvixwiK Ae¯’vi K_v Rvwb‡qI
†invB cvBwbцXwK wMj‡ZB n‡q‡Q| 4Vv †deª“qvwi, 2012,
Zvwi‡L we‡Kj 3-30 wgwb‡U Avš—R©vwZK eB †gjvq m‡¤§jb
n‡j DËvwcZ nq cÖeÜLvwb|
Ges Gi Bs‡iwR A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôpertaining to mindÕ| wZwb
AviI Rvbv‡jb †h m¤¢eZ gbm Gi mv‡_ Kb cÖZ¨q †hv‡M
kãwU ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Zvn‡j e¨vcviwU uvov‡”Q †Kv_vq? Avgiv weÁvb-gb¯‹
gvbyl ej‡Z Kv‡`i †evSve ev wPwýZ Ki‡Z PvB| KviY Zv‡`i
wb‡qB †Zv weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR M‡o DV‡e ev B‡Zvg‡a¨ M‡o
D‡V‡Q| `xN©w`b a‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GB kãwU m¤ú‡K©
Avgvi g‡b GKwU †`¨vZbvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Kv‡Q Gi A_©
nj †h gvbylwU weÁvbx ev weÁvb mvabv bv K‡iI, weÁv‡bi
ZË¡ I Z_¨ A_v©vr wPš—vfvebvi mv‡_ mg¨K cwiwPZ
n‡qÑ wb‡R †hŠw³K cš’vq wPš—vfvebv K‡ib, hyw³ I †nZzi
wfwˇZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b AMÖmi nbÑZuv‡KB Avgiv
weÁvbgb¯‹ gvbyl ej‡Z cvwi| weÁvbgb¯‹ n‡Z n‡j weÁvbx
n‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v bq| Z‡e Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e hyw³ev`x,
gy³eyw×i gvbyl Ges AbymwÜrmycivqY Ges eyw×i gyw³i PP©v
Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK weÁvbx Av‡Qb hviv GKB mv‡_ gy³gbv
Ges weÁvbgb¯‹, Avevi A‡bK weÁvbx i‡q‡Qb hviv
weÁvbgb¯‹ bb, hyw³‡K cwinvi K‡i AÜ-wek¦vm‡K cÖkªq
†`b, hwy³i avi av‡ib bvÑcweÎ ag©MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z weÁv‡bi
AvaywbKZg ZË¡ I Avwe®‹vi Lyu‡R cvb| GB †k‡lv³ †kªYxi
weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb evsjv‡`k GKv‡Wwg Ae mv‡q‡Ýi
7
mfvcwZ wewkó wbDK¬xq c`v_©we` W. kg‡mi Avjx2, i‡q‡Qb
BmjvwgK wµ‡qkwbR‡gi cÖej cÖe³v nvi“b Bqvwnqv cÖgyL
QÙ-ˆeÁvwbK (pseudo scientists), †mŠw` ivRcvwiev‡ii PvKz‡i
R‰bK wLª÷vb Wv³vi gwim eyKvBwj cÖgyL3|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖ_g †kYx‡Z i‡q‡Qb, hviv ïay bvgKiv
ˆeÁvwbK bb, mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x, †hgb
W. †gNbv` mvnv, Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b †evm, W. Kz`ivr B Ly`v,
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, cvi‡fR û`fq, ZvwË¡K c`v_©we`
nvi“b-Ai-ikx` cÖgyL| Avevi ˆeÁvwbK bv n‡qI †h
gy³eyw×i aviK I hyw³ev`x nIqv hvq Gi D`vni‡Yi Afve
†bB : fvlvwe` W. ûgvqyb AvRv`, cÖexi †NvlÑwhwb GKK
†Póvq cwðge‡½ hyw³ev`x mwgwZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb hviv
wbijmfv‡e †`k †_‡K Kzms¯‹vi, ag©vÜZv Ges AÜwek¦vm `~i
Ki‡Z eªZx n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv G cÖm‡½ XvKvi wkLv †Mvôxi bvg
2 ‘Scientific Indications in the holy Quran’ bv‡gi GKwU QÙweÁvb-
MÖš’ wj‡L‡QbÑcÖ”Q‡` †Kviv‡bi GKwU AvqvZmn Ry‡o
w`‡q‡Qb wWGbG-AYyi GKwU Qwe| †evSv‡Z PvB‡Qb †h
†Kvivb kwi‡d Gme Qwe i‡q‡Q ev Qwei eY©bv i‡q‡Q|
3 ‘Bible, Quran and Science’ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cy —K wj‡L
GKw`‡K bvg K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg mgv‡Ri h‡_ó
¶wZ mvab K‡i‡Qb|
Ki‡Z cvwi| MZ kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K g~jZ
XvKv wek¦we`¨j‡qi KwZcq gymwjg Zi“YÑAveyj û‡mb,
KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, †gvZvnvi †n‡mb †PŠayix, Aveyj dRj
cÖgy‡Liv XvKvq cÖwZôv K‡ib Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ (1926)
hvi Av`k© nj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv| Ôgy³ eyw×i
PP©vÕ-GB msMVbwUi gyLcÎ wQj evwl©K ÔwkLvÕ hv wU‡K wQj 5
eQi (1927-1931) Avi g~j msMVbwUi Avqy®‹vj wQj GK
`kK (1926-1936)| Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ Gi Ab¨Zg
cÖvYcyi“l KvRx Ave`yj I y` G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb :
Ò(1332 mv‡j) 1926 L„÷v‡ãi m~Pbvq XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cwigʇj Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ
bv‡g GKwU mvwnwZ¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥
nq, Zvi g~j gš¿ wQj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ| K‡qKRb
gymjgvb Aa¨vc‡Ki Dci b¨ — n‡qwQj Gi
cwiPvjbvi fvi| Ôk¦vk¦Z e‡½iÕ †jLK Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg|
Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ A_©vr wePvi eywׇK AÜms¯‹vi I
kv¯¿vbyMZ¨ †_‡K gyw³ `vb| evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R
(nq‡Zv ev fvi‡Zi gymjgvb mgv‡R) G wQj GK
Af~Zc~e© e¨vcvi| wKš‘ †mw`‡b we¯§qKi n‡qwQj
evsjvi wkw¶Z gymwjg Zi“‡Yi Dc‡i Gi
cÖfveÑGKwU wRÁvmy I mü`q-†Mvôxi m„wó m¤¢eci
n‡qwQj Gi Øviv|Ó
8
KvRx Ave`yj I`y` Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb, ‘Emancipation of the intellect’ bv‡g|
Õgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RiÕ GB mf¨iv AwP‡iB wkLv
†Mvôx bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q I‡VbÑhvi g~j gš¿ wQj :
ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †hLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b
Am¤¢e|Õ
H †h ejv nj, gb¯‹ K_vwUi Bs‡iwR K‡i‡Qb G.wU †`e
pertaining to mind, Zvn‡j wK eySe Bs‡iR-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z weÁvb-
gb¯‹Zv e‡j wKQz †bB? Avgiv eo †Rvo Gi Bs‡iwR ZR©gv
Ki‡Z cvwi Ôconsciousness having scientific thought or mindÕ| wKš‘
ZvI ewj wK K‡i †hLv‡b Avgiv Kvj© mvMvb, cj KzR©, wf±i
†R †÷ª½vi, m¨vg n¨wim, wiPvW© WwKÝ, w÷‡fb I‡qbevM©
cÖgyL weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x weÁvbx‡`i mv¶vr cvB|
AvBb÷vBb, w÷‡db nwKs, evUª©vÛ iv‡m‡ji K_v bvB ev
D”PviY Kijvg| mvwnwZ¨KB nb Avi weÁvbxB nb
weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi g~‡j _vK‡Z n‡e gy³ gb, Avi hyw³ev‡`i
wfwË| Avi G K_vwUB †Rvo w`‡q e‡j‡Qb cvwK —v‡bi Kvq‡`
AvRg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁv‡bi myL¨vZ Aa¨vcK
cvi‡fR û`fq (Pervez Hoodbhoy: Islam and science: Religious
Orthodoxy and the battle for Rationality, 1992, Zed Books) :
Ò.. .. Bmjv‡gi ¯^Y©hy‡M weÁvb AMÖMwZ jvf
K‡iwQj KviY Bmjv‡gi Af¨š—‡i ZLb mwµq
wQ‡jb gyZvwRjv bvgavix kw³kvjx hyw³ev`x
HwZ‡n¨i aviK GK`j wPš—vvwe`| ÔmewKQzB c~e©-
wba©vwiZ Ges Av�াni Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b e¨ZxZ
gvby‡li Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq
†bBÕÑwbqwZev`x‡`i G gZev‡`i Zxeª wei“×vPviY
K‡i gyZvwRjviv gvby‡li ¯^vaxb B”Qvkw³‡K
cÖvavb¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb| gyZvwRjviv hLb ivR‰bwZK
¶gZvq wQ‡jb, Ávb ZLb mg„w× jvf K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ Øv`k kZvãx‡Z †Mvov Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Bgvg
Avj-Mv¾vwj hyw³i ¯’‡j ˆ`eevYx Ges ¯^vaxb
B”Qvkw³i ¯’‡j wbqwZ‡K Zz‡j a‡ib| Kvh© I
wµqvi m¤úK©‡K wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡ib GB e‡j
†h, gvby‡li fwel¨r Rvbvi kw³ †bB, †Kej
m„wóKZ©v G wel‡q AeMZ| †h D`vi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o
D‡VwQj Zv wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq| gymwjg we‡k¦
mwnòyZv, †gav Ges weÁv‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U|Ó
Gevi weÁvb wb‡q `yÕGKwU K_v ejv hvK| AvBb÷vBb
e‡j‡Qb : It would not be difficult to come to an agreement as to what we understand by science. Science is the century old endeavour to bring together by means of a systematic thought the perceptible phenomena of this world into as thoroughgoing an association as possible. To put it boldly, it is the attempt at the posterior reconstruction of existence by
the process of conceptualization.
9
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi †h msÁv Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi Dw³i
ga¨ w`‡q †`evi †Póv Kijvg ZviI Av‡M Bs‡iR `vk©wbK
nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (1820-1903) e‡jwQ‡jb, ÕweÁvb nj
mymsMwVZ ÁvbÕ, Avi DBwjqvg nvw¾wUi fvlvq (1778-
1830) weÁvb n‡”Q ÔKviY‡K Rvbvi Zxeª GlYvÕ| mij K_vq
ejv hvq AvaywbK weÁvb nj GKwU cÖwµqv hvi ga¨ w`‡q
weÁvbxiv `„k¨gvb RMr m¤ú‡K© m‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡Z †Póv K‡i
_v‡Kb| Avgiv Rvwb †h AvaywbK weÁv‡bi weKvk ïi“ n‡qwQj
M¨vwjwjIÕi nv‡Z hvi cwic~Y©Zv cvq wbDU‡bi †gavq|
ZeyI Ab¯^xKvh© †h weÁvb kãwUi A_© e`‡j‡Q Kv‡ji
cwiµgvq| Avgv‡`i cÖvPx‡biv fve‡Zb weÁvb nj Ôwe‡kl ev
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Kwi‡qwQ‡jb, Avi †eŠ×vPv‡h©iv weÁvb‡K cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb
ÔweÁvbev‡`Õ Ges Ôk~b¨ev‡`Õ|4 Ab¨w`‡K iex› ªbv_ g‡b K‡ib
Rxe‡bi mvgwMÖK mvabvB nj cwic~Y© Ávb A_©vr weÁvb| Avi
4 e¯‘RM‡Zi †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡ †bBÑe¯‘ nj g‡bvRM‡Zi m„ó
cÖwZwjwc gvÎ| Avi bvMvR©yb (1g kZvãx) cÖewZ©Z k~b¨ev‡`i
gg©K_v nj ewn©RMr I g‡bvRMr †KvbwUiB Aw —Z¡
†bBÑmeB k~b¨)| bvMvR©y‡bi wPš—vi cÖwZaŸwb ïb‡Z cvIqv
hvq wnDg I evM©‡mvi wPš—vavivq|
G mvabv Kve¨-mvwnZ¨ mvabvi ga¨ w`‡qI m¤úvw`Z n‡Z
cv‡i| mvwn‡Z¨i f‚wgKv wb‡q †ek ¯úó K‡iB e‡j‡Qb GLv‡b
:
gvby‡li cÖevn ûû K‡i P‡j hv‡”Q, Zvi mg —
Rxe‡bi mgwó Avi †Kv_vI _vK‡e bv †Kej
mvwn‡Z¨ _vK‡e| msMx‡Z wP‡Î weÁv‡b `k©‡b mg —
gvbyl †bB| Gi Rb¨B mvwn‡Z¨i GZ Av`i GB
Rb¨B mvwnZ¨ me©‡`‡ki gbyl¨‡Z¡i A¶q fvÊvi ..
.. Avgvi ejv DwPr wQj, †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ bq,
gbyl¨Z¡ cÖKvk mvwn‡Z¨i D‡Ïk¨.. .. †jLK
Dcj¶ gvÎ| gbyl¨B D‡Ïk¨|5
weÁvbgb¯‹ gvbyl ej‡Z Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b ïå
`vwoIqvjv †QvULv‡Uv gv‡ci †mŠg¨`k©b BnRvMwZK
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I‡VÑwZwb n‡jb AviR Avjx gvZzeŸi| Avwg Rvwb bv cwðg
evsjvi KZRb gvby‡li evsjvi MÖvgxY mgvR †_‡K D‡V Avmv
GB ¯^wkw¶Z Bn‡jŠwKK `vk©wb‡Ki Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cwiPq
Av‡Q? GKwU †QvU NUbvi D��L K‡i gvZzeŸ‡ii mv‡_
Avcbv‡`i cwiPq Kwi‡q w`B| ewikv‡ji GK AR cvovMuv‡qi
wcZ…nxb wK‡kvi gvi g„Zz¨‡Z †kvKvnZ n‡q ¯§„wZ a‡i ivLvi
5 mvabv, 1299
10
Rb¨ kni †_‡K †W‡K Av‡jvKwPÎ wkíx‡`i w`‡q gv‡qi
g„Z‡`‡ni Qwe Zywj‡qwQ‡jb| GB n‡jv ag©cÖvY wK‡kvi AviR
Avjxi Aciva| MÖv‡gi KvV‡gv�াiv mg‡eZ n‡qwQ‡jb gv‡qi
RvbvRvq kwiK n‡ZÑd‡Zvqv w`‡jb †h (g„‡Zi d‡Uv †Zvjv)
KvRwU Bmjvg-Mw©n©Z, AZGe g„‡Zi RvbvRvq Ges
ZrcieZ©x cvi‡jŠwKK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY n‡e A‰bmjvwgK|
AviR Avjx †gv�া‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jb Aciva
K‡i‡Qb wZwb, ag©civqYv g„Z gvÕ‡Zv †Kvb Aciva K‡ib
wbÑcy‡Îi Aciv‡a gv‡K †Kb kvw — cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e? wKš‘
Av‡jgiv Zv‡`i wm×v‡š— AUj †_‡K ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡jb|
w`‡knviv AviR Avjx Zvi K‡qKRb eÜzi mnvqZvq RvbvRv
I cvi‡jŠwKK K…Z¨vw` QvovB evwoi cv‡k gv‡K mgvwa —
Ki‡jb| †mw`b †_‡KB wK‡kvi AviR Avjxi Rxeb`k©b
e`‡j †MjÑgv‡qi bv‡g kc_ Ki‡jb †h a‡g© gvbweKZvi
¯úk© †bB Zvi ¯^iƒc wZwb D‡b¥vPb K‡i Qvo‡eb| gv‡qi bv‡g
kc_ wb‡jb : ÔZzwg KL‡bv bvgv‡Ri KvRv Ki wb, KL‡bv
ZQwen †Zjv‡qZ I Zvn¾y` bvgv‡R MvwdjwZ Ki wb| Avi
AvR †mB a‡g©i †`vnvB w`‡q GK`j gymwjg †Zvgv‡K PvBj
wkqvj-KzKz‡ii †fvM¨ evbv‡Z, Zv‡`i Kv‡Q n‡j Zzwg Zz”Q,
Ae‡nwjZv I weewR©Zv, n‡j wb›`v I N„Yvi cvÎx| mgv‡R AvR
me©Î weivR Ki‡Q a‡g©i bv‡g ÔKzms¯‹viÕ| Zzwg Avgvq
Avkxe©v` KiÑAvgvi Rxe‡bi eªZ nq †hb ÔKzms¯‹vi `~ixKiY
Awfhvb|Õ Avi †m Awfhvb mv_©K K‡i Avwg †hb †Zvgvi
Kv‡Q Avm‡Z cvwi :
ÔZwzg Avkxe©v` Ki, †gv‡i gv,
Avwg †hb evRv‡Z cvwi
†mB Awfhv‡bi `vgvgv|Õ
†mw`b †_‡K wbgMœ n‡jb mvabvq, wbweofv‡e ÁvbPP©vq
eªZx n‡jbѯwkw¶Z GB gvbylwU cwiYZ n‡jb BnRvMwZK
†mKz¨jvi GK `vk©wb‡K| Zvi `k©‡bi g~j K_v nj ÔRvb‡Z
n‡j cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡eÑwebv cÖ‡kœ †Kvb wKQz MÖnY Kiv Pj‡e bvÑ
Ggb Kx wZwb Av�াnZvqvjv, MW ev Ck¦i n‡jI|Õ Zuvi GB
Ávb mvabvi †kªôZg dmj nj Ôm‡Z¨i mÜvbÕ MÖš’Lvwb hv
wZwb cvwK¯—vwb Avg‡j cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb, Dciš‘ †Rj-
Ryjyg I AZ¨vPvi wbcxo‡Yi wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb| Ae‡k‡l cy —
KwU cÖKvwkZ nq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k 1973 mv‡j| Zuvi AviI
`ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© MÖš’ n‡jv : Ôm„wó inm¨Õ (1978) I ÔAbygvbÕ
(1983)|
Ôm‡Z¨i mÜvbÕ-G wZwb AbymÜvb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb AvZ¥v I
AvZ¥vi ¯^iƒc, Ck¦i ev Av�াnZvqvjv‡K wb‡q, cvi‡jŠwKK
wel‡q, a‡g©i bvbv welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i, cªK…wZ-gvbyl-Rxe-
AvKvk-c„w_ex-m~h©-cÖvK…wZK NUbv-w`b-ivwÎ-f~wgK¤ú
BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, GK`g †k‡l i‡q‡Q
wewea welq wb‡q bvbv wRÁvmv| Gme welq 6wU cÖ —v‡e wef³
11
K‡i †gvU 68 cÖkœ DÌvwcZ I Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| `yÕGKwU
D`vniY w`B : cÖ_g cÖ —v‡e AvZ¥v wb‡q †h ai‡bi cÖkœ
DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv : Avwg †K, cÖvY wK Aiƒc bv ¯^iƒc,
gb I cÖvY wK GK, cÖv‡Yi mwnZ †`n I g‡bi m¤úK© wK,
cÖvY †Pbv hvq wK, Avwg wK ¯vaxb, Akixix AvZ¥vi wK Ávb
_vwK‡e, cÖvY wKfv‡e †`‡n Avmv-hvIqv K‡i BZ¨vw`| 9g cÖ —
v‡e ¯’vb-Kvj-kw³ wb‡q cÖkœ †Zvjv n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi mv‡_
Ck¦¦‡ii m¤úK© wb‡q| wZwb Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb weÁvb hv‡`i‡K
¯’vb, Kvj Ges kw³ bv‡g AwfwnwZ K‡i‡QÑG mKj mËvi
Aw —Z¡ wK memgq wQj, bvwK Giv Ck¦‡ii m„wó? hw` Giv
Ck¦i KZ©„K m„ó n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j Gi Av‡M Ck¦‡ii Ae ’vb
†Kv_vq? Ô ’vbÕ m„wói Av‡M ev wZwb †Kv_vq wQ‡jb mg‡qi
m„wói c~‡e©? Avgv‡`i `vk©wbK wZbwU mij cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv
K‡i‡Qb : (1) Ck¦i †Kvb ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i Ô¯’vbÕ m„wó
Ki‡jb? (2) wZwb †Kvb gyn~‡Z© ÔKvjÕ m„wó Ki‡jb, Ges (3)
wZwb †Kvb kw³ e‡j Ôkw³Õ m„wó Ki‡jb? Dি�wLZ 68wU cÖkœ
QvovI Av‡iv wKQy m¤ú~iK cÖkœ wZwb DÌvcb K‡iwQ‡jb c‡i
hv Zuvi g~j cvÊywjwc‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q|
m‡›`n †bB Avgv‡`i ag©vPvix cwÊZ‡`i Kv‡Q Gme welq
DÌvcb I cÖkœ Kiv †egv°v I weeªZKi| AviR Avvjx Zuvi cy —
‡Ki †Muvovq e‡j‡Qb: ÔARvbv‡K Rvbvi ¯ú„nv gvby‡li
wPiš—b| evK¨ùziY Avi¤¢ nB‡jB wkï cÖkœ Kwi‡Z _v‡K,
GwU wK IwU wK? e‡qve„w×i m‡½ m‡½ ¯‹zj K‡j‡R I Kv‡R-
K‡g© Abyiƒc cÖkœ Pwj‡Z _v‡K, GwU wK? IwU wK? Giƒc †Kb
nBj, Iiƒc †Kb nBj bv BZ¨vw`| GB iKg wK I †KbÕi
AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z Kwi‡ZB gvbyl AvR Mwoqv Zzwjqv‡P
weÁv‡bi AUj †mŠa| wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb :
RM‡Z Ggb welq Av‡Q, †hme wel‡q `k©b,
weÁvb I ag© GK K_v e‡j bv| Avevi ag© RM‡ZI
gZv‰b‡K¨i Aš— bvB| .. ..A_©vr mZ¨‡K wePv‡ii
gvcKvwV (Criterion of truth) wK? mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi
Dcvq (Test of truth) wK Ges m‡Z¨i iƒc wK (Nature
of truth)?
Ab¨Î wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h ˆeÁvwbK cš’v AbymiY K‡iB
gvbyl m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨ †Kvb c‡_ bq| ˆeÁvwbK
c_ wb‡q wZwb Zuvi Abygvb MÖ‡š’ wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, ÔcÖZ¨¶ I Abygv‡biÔ Ici wfwË K‡iB
Áv‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi nIqv m¤¢e| G cÖm‡½ Zvi e³e¨ ¯úó :
ÔweÁvb cÖZ¨¶ I Abygv‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ| ZvB
†Kvb ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡ Avgv‡`i m‡›`n bvB| weÁvb
hvnv e‡j, Zvnv Avgiv AKzwÉZ wP‡Ë wek¦vm Kwi|
wKš‘ AwaKvsk ag© Ges a‡g©i Z_¨ AÜwek¦v‡mi
Dci cÖwZwôZ|Õ
12
Zi“Y‡`i Ici Zuvi AMva Av¯’v| wZwb e‡j‡Qb :
gvbe mgv‡R Kzms¯‹v‡ii exR Dß nBqvwQj nvRvi
nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| GLb Dnv cÖKvÊ gnxiƒ‡ni
AvKvi aviYc~e©K AmsL¨ kvLv cÖkvLv we¯—vi
Kwiqv Ges dz‡j-d‡j my‡kvwfZ nBqv we —xY©
Rbc` Av”Qvw`Z Kwiqv ivwLqv‡Q| .. .. AZx‡Z
eû gbxlx Kzms¯‹viiƒcx gnxiƒ‡ni g~‡j hyw³ev‡`i
KzVvivNvZ Kwiqv wMqv‡Qb, hvnvi d‡j eû gvbyl
Dnvi QvqvZj nB‡Z evwni nBqv `uvovBq‡Q
gy³g‡bi †Lvjv gv‡V, Avi Zi“Y-Zi“Yxiv wfo
RgvB‡Z‡Q `k©b-weÁv‡bi cy‡¯úv`¨v‡b| .. ..
cwi‡k‡l AviR Avjx myax cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡e`b
†i‡L‡Qb webgª wP‡Ë :
GB cy —KLvwb Av`¨š— Awfwb‡ek mnKv‡i cvV
Kwi‡j myax cvVKe„›` wek¦m„wó m¤ú‡K© gvbeg‡bi
avivevwnK wPš—v M‡elYv I me©‡kl hyw³m¤§Z
gZev‡`i welq Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡eb| GB cy —
KLvwb cÖYq‡b cÖ‡YZv wn‡m‡e ZË¡g~jK Ae`vb
Avgvi wKQz bvB| ZË¡ hvnv cwi‡ewkZ nBqv‡Q Zvnv
mg¯—B msKjb, Avwg msMÖvnK gvÎ|
Avwg weÁvb I weÁvbgb¯‹Zv wb‡q wKwÂr Av‡jvPbv
Kijvg Ges GB Av‡jvPbv †_‡K wbðq ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q †h
weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR Mo‡Z n‡j G‡`i KvwiMo‡`i
weÁvbgb¯‹, hyw³ev`x Ges eyw×i gyw³ PP©vq wb‡ew`Z cÖvY
n‡Z n‡e| Avi GRb¨ Ávb jvf Qvov weKí †bB| Avgv‡`i
weÁvb wPš—vavivi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e, hyw³ev`x `k©‡bi
PP©v Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi mvwn‡Z¨i mv‡_ mg¨K cwiwPwZ M‡o
Zzj‡Z n‡e| Gi e¨wZ‡i‡K weÁvbgb¯‹, hyw³ev`x I
AbymwÜrmycivqY mgvR M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e bv| Avgv‡`i
AÜwek¦vm, AcweÁvb, KzmsmKvi I ag©ÜZvi wei“‡× jovB
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e Aweivg| Avi GB jovB‡q ÁvbB n‡e
Avgv‡`i eo A ¿ÑZv Avgiv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi MÖš’cv‡Vi ga¨
w`‡q †PvL-Kvb †Lvjv †i‡L| Gi †Kvb weKí †bB|
cy —K cv‡Vi gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b wel‡q Avwg GLv‡b `yÕRb
we`» gbxlxi K_v cÖm½Z ej‡Z PvB| cÖ_gRb n‡jb
weÁvbvPvh© Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b †evm| 1924 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m
XvKv wek¦we`¨j‡qi c`v_©we`¨vi Zi“Y wk¶K ÔAv‡jvK KYv I
�¨v‡¼i wewKiY ZË¡Õ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU M‡elYvcÎ wj‡Lb| GB
cÖe‡Üi gva¨‡g Av‡jvK KYvi msL¨vqb m~Î wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges GB m~‡Îi cÖ‡qv‡M bZzbfv‡e �¨v‡¼i
wewKiY m~Î cÖwZôv K‡ib| †evm M‡elYv cÖeÜwU Rvg©vwb‡Z
AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi Kv‡Q gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ Ges
AvBb÷vBb GwU cÖKvk‡hvM¨ g‡b Ki‡j Rvg©vwbi †Kvb
weL¨vZ c`v_©we`¨vi Rvb©v‡j cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib|
13
AvBb÷vBb †ev‡mi wbe‡Ü PgrK…Z n‡jb Ges wb‡R cÖeÜwU
Abyev` K‡i c`v_©weÁv‡bi weL¨vZ Rvb©vj ÔZeits. fur. PhysikÕ-G
cÖKv‡ki e¨e ’v Ki‡jb Ges wbeÜwUi †k‡l GKwU UxKv Ry‡o
w`‡jb, Ô†evm †h c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Zv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi
AMÖMwZ‡Z GKwU D��L‡hvM¨ c`‡¶c| GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Avwg Ab¨Î M¨v‡mi †Kvqv›Uvg AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|Õ
wbeÜwUi mv‡_ AvBb÷vBb‡K nv‡Z †jLv †h wPwV mshy³
K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡Z wj‡LwQ‡jb †h, ÔAvcbvi Kv‡Q Avwg AÁvZ
I ARvbv, wKš‘ Avcbvi †jLvi gva¨‡g Avgiv mevB Avgiv
Avcbvi QvÎÑhv c‡o Avgiv DcK…Z nB Ges Ávb AR©b
Kwi, Kv‡RB Avcbvi Kv‡Q wjL‡Z Avgvi †Kvb m‡¼vP †bB|Õ
†evm AvBb÷vBb‡K Ô¸i“‡`eÕ (My dear master) e‡j m‡¤^vab
K‡iwQ‡jb| †evm Avwe®‹„Z †dvU‡bi msL¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g
cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj hv †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vq‡bi cw_K…r Ges Ô†evm
msL¨vqbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq, Z‡e cieZ©xKv‡j AvBb÷vBb
Ro-KwYKvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i GB msL¨vq‡bi mvaviYxKiY
K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y GB msL¨vqb GLb Ô†evm-AvBb÷vBbÕ
msL¨vqb bv‡g AwfwnZ| †hme KwYKv GB msL¨vqb †g‡b
P‡j Zv‡`i ejv nq Ô†evm-KwYKvÕ|
wØZxq e¨w³wU n‡jb fvi‡Zi cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x Ges Avš—
R©vwZKfv‡e cwiwPZ ivRbxwZwe`, †jLK I mgvRZš¿ev`x
RInijvj †b‡ni“| m¤¢eZ 1956 mv‡j cwÊZ †b‡ni“ we‡jZ
miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y jÛ‡b hvb| Zv Rvb‡Z †c‡i RR© evb©vW© kÕ
†b‡ni“‡K Zuvi evmvq Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨|
wKš‘ †b‡ni“ AwZ e¨¯—Zvi Kvi‡Y kÕ-Gi Avgš¿Y i¶v Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| c‡i fvi‡Z wd‡i wM‡q †b‡ni“ kÕGi Kv‡Q ¶gv
cÖv_©bv K‡i GKwU PgrKvi wPwV cvwV‡qwQ‡jb hv‡Z gvgywj
¶gv cÖv_©bv QvovI AvaywbK wek¦ Movi Kv‡R kÕ-Gi wecyj
Ae`v‡bi K_v D��L K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb †h Zuvi mgvRZvwš¿K
Av`‡k© †b‡ni“ DÏxß Ges fwel¨r fviZ wbg©v‡Y mgvRZ‡š¿i
GKwU eo f~wgKv _vK‡e| wZwb D��L K‡iwQ‡jb e¨w³MZ
mv¶v‡Z wZwb AviI DcK…Z n‡Zb| wKš‘ Avd‡mv‡mi KviY
†bB, Ò†Kbbv Avgiv, Aš—Z Avwg, ïay mvwnZ¨ I bvU‡K bq,
mgvR `k©b MYZš¿ mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi †jLvi gva¨‡g
†h Ávb jvf K‡iwQ Ges GLbI KiwQ Zv Acwi‡gq| †jLvi
gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b‡K Avwg me mgq AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _vwK|
fwel¨‡Z nq‡Zv †Kvb w`b Avcbvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi my‡hvM
Avm‡e|Õ
GB `yRb e¨w³i K_vq Avgiv †`Ljvg †h MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g
Ávb jvf GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c×wZ| Avgiv †hb Zv fz‡j bv hvB|
Acbv‡`i mevB‡K A‡kl ab¨ev` Avgvi GB A‡MvQv‡jv
K_v¸wj ˆah©¨ a‡i †kvbvi Rb¨|
ARq ivq : BDwRwm Aa¨vcK, †m›Uvi di GWfvÝ wimvP© Bb
mv‡q‡Ým, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, evsjv‡`k|
14
evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev` I ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbweKZvi
HwZn¨
kvnwiqvi Kwei
1971 mv‡j we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki
Afy¨`q N‡UwQj GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ MYZvwš¿K ivóª wn‡m‡e|
1972 mv‡j M„nxZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g msweav‡b
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K bZzb cÖRvZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg bxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Kivi cvkvcvwk ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi Dci
wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| A_P ¯^vaxbZvjv‡fi Pvi
eQi AwZµvš— nIqvi Av‡MB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ¯’cwZ
RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|
†Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb ¶gZvq G‡m msweavb †_‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` gy‡Q †d‡jb Ges ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j
MV‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| 1975-G e½eÜzi
b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci ivRbxwZ I mgv‡Ri †h BmjvgxKiY
cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q Zvi P~ovš—iƒc wQj 2001 mv‡j
weGbwci m‡½ †RvU †eu‡a Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgxi ivóª¶gZvi
kwiK nIqv-†h `jwU Õ71-G Bmjv‡gi †`vnvB w`‡q
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Ges cvwK¯—vb I
Bmjvg i¶vi Rb¨ cvwK —vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi m‡½ nvZ
wgwj‡q MYnZ¨v I bvix wbh©vZbmn hveZxq aŸsmhÁ mvab
K‡iwQj|
2001 mvj †_‡K 2006 ch©š— wewfbœ ˆ`wb‡K cÖKvwkZ
msev‡` evsjv‡`‡k niKvZzj †Rnv` I RvgvZzj gyRvwn`xbmn
K‡qK WRb Rw½ †gŠjev`x msMV‡bi Aw —‡Z¡i K_v
†`kevmxi cvkvcvwk Avš—R©vwZK m¤cÖ`vqI †R‡b‡Q| wewfbœ
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n‡q‡Q Gme Rw½ †gŠjev`x msMV‡bi AwaKvskB Rvgv‡Z
Bmjvgxi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e m¤ú„³| Rw½
msMVb¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi `wi ª hyeK‡`i a‡g©i †`vnvB
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AvdMvwb —vb, Kvk¥xi, emwbqv, †PPwbqv, c¨v‡j÷vBb I
evg©vq †Rnv‡` AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cvwV‡q‡Q| G‡`i A‡b‡KB
†mB me †`‡k †Rnv` Ki‡Z wM‡q wbnZ n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K †`‡k
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MZ kZvãx‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I c~e© BD‡iv‡c
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15
civkw³ wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nq| AvdMvwb —v‡b †mvwf‡qZcš’x
bwRey�াni miKv‡ii wei“‡× †Rnv‡`i Rb¨ cvwK —vb, †mŠw`
Avie I Av‡gwiKvi mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡Mi dmj n‡”Q Zv‡jevb,
hviv cieZx©Kv‡j Av‡gwiKvi Rb¨ d«v‡¼b÷vB‡bi `vbe
wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| †mŠw` Avie I cvwK —v‡bi
mn‡hvwMZvq Zv‡jevb I AvjKvq`v wek¦e¨vcx †h †Rnvw`
†bUIqvK© we¯—vi K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU Rw½ msMVb
Zvi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e hy³|
evsjv‡`‡k weGbwc-Rvgv‡Zi †bZ…Z¡vaxb Pvi`jxq †RvU
miKv‡ii Avg‡j Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i Avk¼vRbK DÌvb
†mKz jvi MYZvwš¿K kw³i Rb¨ †hgb gvivZ¥K ûgwK n‡q
`uvwo‡q‡Q GKBfv‡e Avš—R©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨I h‡_ó
D‡Ø‡Mi KviY n‡q‡Q| 2005 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ RvgvZzj
gyRvwn`x‡bi Rw½iv gvÎ Ava NÈvi e¨eav‡b 500 †evgvi
we‡ùviY NwU‡q Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †bUIqvK© KZUv
kw³kvjx| GKB m‡½ wjd‡j‡Ui gva¨‡g Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb, †mKz¨jvi AvBb I wePvi wefvM, gy³wPš—vi gvbyl
Ges hy³ivóª I hy³iv‡R¨i wei“‡× †Rnv` †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|
Õ71-G gyw³hy‡×i mgq Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgx †hfv‡e ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †`‡ki kxl© ’vbxq eyw×Rxex I †ckvRxex‡`i nZ¨v
K‡i‡Q, GKBfv‡e Pvi`jxq †RvU miKv‡ii Avg‡j Rw½
†gŠjev`xiv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK, †jLK, mvsevw`K,
wePviK, AvBbRxex I ms¯‹…wZKgx©mn eû wbixn gvbyl‡K
nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| mycwiKwíZfv‡e wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q
msL¨vjNy agx©q m¤cÖ`vqmn mgZj I cvnv‡oi Avw`evmx‡`i
Dci| GBme nZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q evsjv‡`k †_‡K
†mKz¨jvi gvbweKZvi †eva wbwðý K‡i G †`kwU‡K
g‡bvwjw_K gymwjg iv‡óª cwiYZ Kiv, †hgbwU Zv‡jevbiv
K‡iwQj AvdMvwb —v‡b|
2005 mv‡ji †evgv nvgjv Ges eûgvwÎK mš¿vm I
nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci cÖavbZ cwð‡gi Pv‡c Lv‡j`v wRqvi miKvi
†RGgwei K‡qKRb kxl© ’vbxq Rw½ †bZv‡K †MÖdZvi
K‡iwQj, hw`I miKvi cÖ_‡g G‡`i Aw —Z¡ A¯xKvi KiwQj|
†MÖdZviK…Z kxl© Rw½iv †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡Mi wRÁvmvev‡`i
mgq e‡j‡Q, †RvU miKv‡ii wewfbœ gš¿x, Ggwc Ges Rvgv‡Z
Bmjvgxi m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤ú„³Zvi K_v| Zviv e‡j‡Q
ga¨cÖvP¨wfwËK wewfbœ Bmjvwg GbwRI †_‡K Kxfv‡e Zviv
A_©mvnvh¨ cvq Ges cÖwZ‡ekx †`kmg~‡n Zv‡`i †bUIqvK©
KZ`~i we¯—…Z| 2009 mv‡j †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb gnv‡RvU
miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i‡Q| †KD †KD Zv‡`i eÜz †`‡k wnRiZ
K‡i‡Q| Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgxi mvsMVwbK †bUIqvK© `w¶Y
Gwkqv, `w¶Yc~e© Gwkqv, ga¨ Gwkqv I ga¨cÖvP¨mn
A‡÷ªwjqv, BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKv ch©š— we —…Z| GB
16
†bUIqvK© †mŠw` Avie I cvwK¯—v‡bi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M
c¨vbBmjvwgK wek¦e¨e¯’v MV‡bi cwiKíbvi Ask|
2005 mv‡ji 21 AvM÷ AvIqvgxjx‡Mi mš¿vmwe‡ivax
Rbmfvq Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv †MÖ‡bW-†evgvi nvgjv Pvwj‡q 22
Rb †bZvKgx©‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj hv‡`i †fZi wQ‡jb †K›`ªxq
†bÎx AvBwf ingvb| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ †kL
nvwmbvmn GB nvgjvq `‡ji kZvwaK †bZvKgx© ¸i“Zi
AvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 2006 mv‡j †MÖdZviK…Z Rw½iv GB nvgjv
I nZ¨vi `vq ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| 2006-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z w`�ী‡Z
evsjv‡`‡ki niKZzj †Rnv‡`i `yB Rw½‡K we‡ùviKmn
†MÖdZvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvivI Keyj K‡i‡Q 21 AvM‡÷i
†MÖ‡bW nvgjvi m‡½ Zviv RwoZ wQj| 2007-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z
fvi‡Zi Avmv‡g wew”QbœZvev`x Rw½ msMVb Djdvi GK kxl©
†bZv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †h ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q 21 AvM‡÷i
†MÖ‡bW nvgjvi m‡½ ZvivI RwoZ wQj| Gi Av‡M PÆMÖv‡g 10
UªvK A ¿ aiv covi ci Avgiv Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ evsjv‡`‡ki
Rw½iv wecyj cwigvY GB A ¿ A‰eafv‡e Avg`vwb K‡iwQj
c~e© fvi‡Zi wew”QbœZvev`x Rw½‡`i Rb¨| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Yi
†Rjv K·evRvi I ev›`iev‡b evg©vi †ivwn½v kiYv_x©iv Ggb
K‡qKwU Rw½ msMV‡bi hy³ hv‡`i m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki Rvgv‡Z
Bmjvgxi m¤ú„w³ †Mvcb †Kvb welq bq| evsjv‡`‡ki
niKvZzj †Rnv‡`i Rw½iv AvivKv‡bI †Rnv` Ki‡Z wM‡q‡Q|
evg©vi niKvZzj †Rnv` I Rw½ †ivwn½v‡`i e¨vsK wnmve
cwiPvjbv K‡i Rvgv‡Zi gvwjKvbvaxb Bmjvgx e¨vsK|
Gfv‡eB evsjv‡`‡ki Rw½‡`i m‡½ cÖwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi Rw½‡`i
†mŠnv‡ ©¨i m¤úK© I †bUIqvK© M‡o D‡V‡Q|
miKvi I cÖkvm‡bi mn‡hvwMZv Qvov Rw½ †gŠjev`x‡`i
†bUIqvK© we —vi m¤¢e bq| evsjv‡`k, cvwK —vb I AvdMvwb —
v‡b Rw½‡`i we —vi N‡U‡Q miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq| wewfbœ †`‡k
miKv‡ii Ackvmb, `ybx©wZ, `vwi ª Ges msL¨vjNy agx©q
m¤cÖ`vq I cÖvwš—K RvwZmËvi cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY I
wbh©vZbI Rw½ev‡`i †¶Î ˆZwi K‡i| †h me †`‡k miKv‡ii
c„ô‡cvlKZvq Rw½ev‡`i we —vi N‡U‡Q GKmgq Zv miKv‡ii
R‡b¨I weo¤^bvi KviY n‡q‡Q| ZviciI Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i
wei“‡× gymwjgcÖavb †`k¸‡jvi miKvi Kvh©Ki e¨e ’v MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| evsjv‡`‡k Avgiv weMZ †RvU miKv‡ii
mg‡q †`‡LwQ Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i DÌvb m¤ú‡K© wmwfj mgv‡Ri
D‡Ø‡Mi cÖwZ miKvi we›`ygvÎ KY©cvZ K‡iwb hZ¶Y bv Pvc
G‡m‡Q cwð‡gi `vZv †`kmg~n †_‡K| †Kv_vI miKvi
Rw½`g‡b Avš—wiK n‡jI Rw½‡`i Avš—tivóªxq †bUIqv‡K©i
Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZnZ Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q| `w¶Y Gwkqvi
wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi PvB‡j mvK©-Gi KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i wKsev
c„_Kfv‡e Rw½ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ GKwU Kb‡mvwU©qvg MVb
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
17
me a‡g©i †fZiB †gŠjev‡`i Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
eZ©gv‡b Bmjv‡gi bv‡g Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i †h ��াevj DÌvb
N‡U‡Q †ZgbwU Ab¨ a‡g©i †¶‡Î N‡Uwb| gymwjgcÖavb
†`kmg~‡n Rw½ †gŠjev`x msMVb¸‡jvi †fZi kw³kvjx Avš—
tivóªxq †bUIqvK© M‡o D‡V‡Q MZ 20 eQ‡i| Z‡e `yf©v‡M¨i
welq n‡”Q GB me †`‡k †gŠjev‡`i wei“‡× hviv jo‡Q †mB
me †mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K msMVb I e¨w³i †fZi †Kvb
Kvh©Ki †hvMm~Î GLbI M‡o I‡Vwb| Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i Kvi‡Y
ag©wbi‡c¶ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva, Av_©-mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ,
bvixi mgAwaKvi, gy³ wPš—v, weÁvb I wkíms¯‹…wZ PP©vi
†¶Î µgk msKzwPZ n‡”Q| Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv mš¿vm I nZ¨vi
gva¨‡g mgv‡R AvZ‡¼i Aven m„wó Ki‡Q, gvbyl‡K
wbqwZev`x I mwnsm K‡i Zzj‡Q| ag©vÜZv I a‡g©vb¥v`bv †_‡K
m„wó n‡”Q gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li Awek¦vm I N„Yv| a‡g©i bv‡g
nZ¨v I mš¿vm‡K ˆeaZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q| GB cwiw¯’wZ
wek¦kvwš— I wek¦mf¨Zvi R‡b¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
ZvB mg‡qi `vwe n‡”Q †gŠjev‡`i wei“‡× wewfbœ †`‡k
Av‡›`vjbiZ †mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K kw³i Kvh©Ki †bUIqvK©
MVb, hv‡Z cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †¶Î AviI we —…Z I kw³kvjx nq|
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`w¶Y Gwkqvq evsjv‡`k n‡”Q cÖ_g †`k †hLv‡b ag©wbi‡c¶
msweavb MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj| 1971 mv‡j bq gvme¨vcx †h
i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q N‡UwQj Zvi wfwË
wQj ag©wbi‡c¶ evOvwj‡Z¡i †PZbv| 1972 mv‡j
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv, MYZš¿, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I mgvRZš¿
bZzb cÖRvZ‡š¿i g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq| we‡k¦i e„nËg
†mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K †`k fvi‡Zi msweav‡b †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi
Aš—fy©w³ N‡U 1976 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`‡k †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi aviYv cwð‡gi †P‡q eûjvs‡k
¯^Zš¿| evsjv‡`‡k Ges fvi‡ZI †mKz¨jvwiRg ej‡Z †evSvq
ivóª I a‡g©i wew”QbœZv (Separation of state from religion), a‡g©i
m‡½ e¨w³i wew”QbœZv bq| 1972 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evOvwj RvwZi
wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K iv‡óªi
g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q
e‡j‡Qb : Òag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b ag©nxbZv bq| Zv‡Z evsjvi
mv‡o mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li ag©-Kg© Kivi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Avgiv AvBb K‡i ag©‡K wbwl× Ki‡Z PvB bv Ges
Kie bv| gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb Ki‡e| Zv‡`i evav
w`evi ¶gZv GB iv‡óªi Kv‡iv †bB| wn› yiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb
Ki‡e, Kv‡iv evav w`evi gZ ¶gZv †bB| †eŠ×iv Zv‡`i ag©
cvjb Ki‡e, L„óvbiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb Ki‡e| Zv‡`i †KD
18
evav w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgv‡`i ïay AvcwË n‡jv, ag©‡K †KD
ivR‰bwZK A ¿ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| 25 eQi
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a‡g©i bv‡g AZ¨vPvi, Lyb, e¨vwfPvi evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z
P‡j‡Q| ag© AwZ cweÎ wRwbl| cweÎ ag©‡K ivR‰bwZK
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AwaKvi Le© Kiv n‡q‡Q Avwg eje, agx©q AwaKvi Le© Kiv
nqwb| mv‡o mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li agx©q AwaKvi i¶vi e¨e¯’v
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a‡g©i ivR‰bwZK e¨envi eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Õ72-Gi
msweav‡b ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv
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†mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K †`‡k m¤¢e nqwb| GB msweavb Kvh©Ki
_vK‡j evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g ivR‰bwZK åóvPvi I
Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i †Rnvw` Db¥v`bv †`L‡Z n‡Zv bv|
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wkKvi nq| GK c¶ n‡”Q mv¤cÖ`vwqK I †gŠjev`x †Mvôx,
hviv Bmjvg‡K g‡b K‡i cwic~Y© Rxebweavb hv ivóª-
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†gŠjev`xiv gywR‡ei ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi aviYv‡K AvµgY
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ag©wbi‡c¶ n‡j gvby‡li ag©cvjb I cÖPv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e
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wQj : Õ72-Gi msweavbcÖ‡YZviv ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K msweav‡b
XywK‡q gvby‡li agx©q Abyf~wZ I a‡g©i cÖwZ Abyiv‡Mi welqwU
D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| kZKiv 85% gymjgv‡bi †`‡k
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cwicš’x| †mKz¨jvi I †RvUwbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡bi (NAM) m`m¨
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19
Ges Gi m`m¨c`MÖnYI ZLb mgv‡jvwPZ n‡qwQj| gywRe
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Aw÷ªK †Mvôxi eskai| Avgv‡`i RvZ Avjv`v, Avgv‡`i gbb
¯^Zš¿, Avgv‡`i HwZn¨ wfbœ, Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ Abb¨|
ÔAvgiv Av‡M wQjvg animist, c‡i njvg pagan, ZviI c‡i
wQjvg wn› y-†eŠ×, GLb Avgiv wn› y wKsev gymjgvb| Avgiv
we‡`‡ki ag© wb‡qwQ, fvlv wb‡qwQ, wKš‘ Zv †Kej wb‡Ri
g‡Zv K‡i iPbv Kievi R‡b¨B| Zvi cÖgvY wbe©vYKvgx I
ˆbivZ¥-wbixk¦iev`x †eŠ× GLv‡b †Kej †h Rxebev`x n‡q
D‡VwQj, Zv bq, Agi‡Z¡i mvabvB wQj Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi eªZ|
†eŠ×‰PZ¨ f‡i D‡VwQj AmsL¨ †`eZv I Dc‡`eZvi
cÖwZgvq| nxbhvb-gnvhvb Z¨vM K‡i Giv ˆZwi K‡iwQj
eRªhvb-mnRhvb, n‡qwQj †_iev`x| G‡Z wbwnZ Z‡Ë¡i bvg
¸i“ev`|
Ô†m Rxebev`x, ZvB e¯‘‡K †m Zz”Q K‡i bv, †fv‡M †bB
Zvi Ae‡njv, ZvB Rxeb I RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b hv KZ©e¨,
Zv‡ZB †m D‡`¨vMx| †mR‡b¨B †m Zvi MiRg‡Zv Rxeb I
RxweKvi wbivcËvi †`eZv m„wó K‡i‡Q| cvi‡jŠwKK myLx
Rxe‡bi Kvgbv Zvi Avš—wiK bq †cvkvKB| ZvB †m gy‡L
20
†eŠ× I eªvþY¨ev` MÖnY K‡iwQj, Aš—‡i †Kv‡bv w`b eiY
K‡iwb| Zvi †cvkvwK wKsev cve©wYK Rxe‡b †eŠ× I eªvþY¨
ag© Ges AvPvi AveiY I Avfi‡Yi g‡Zv KvR w`‡q‡Q, wKš‘
Zvi AvU‡cŠ‡i Rxe‡b VuvB cvqwb|Õ (evsjv, evOvjx I
evOvwjZ¡, Abb¨v XvKv, 2001)
wn› y I †eŠ× ag©‡K evOvwj †hfv‡e wb‡Ri e ‘ev`x †PZbvi
Dc‡hvMx K‡i MÖnY K‡i‡Q cieZx©Kv‡j GKBfv‡e MÖnY
K‡i‡Q Bmjvg I wLª÷ag©‡K| Bmjvg G †`‡k G‡m‡Q GK
nvRvi eQi Av‡M Ges Zv cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q mywd‡`i Øviv| `y
GKwU e¨wZµg Qvov mywdiv Z‡jvqv‡ii †Rv‡i bq, gvbe‡cÖg
Aej¤^b K‡i Bmjvg cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb| wn›`y a‡g©i eY©‰el‡g¨i
wkKvi wbgœe‡Y©i gvbyl eªvþ‡Yi mgvb nIqvi Rb¨ wKsev
cieZx©Kv‡j gymwjg kvmK‡`i AbyMÖnfvRb nIqvi Rb¨
Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Z‡e GB Bmjvg Avi‡ei weï×
gyZvKvি�wgb Bmjvg wQj bv| Biv‡b D™¢~Z mywdev‡`i Dci
gyZvwRjv‡`i cÖfv‡ei d‡j wKZveme©¯ AvbyôvwbKZvi
cwie‡Z© D`vi‰bwZK gvbweKZvi †h cwiPq Bmjv‡g cvIqv
hvq Zv GZ`‡ji gvbyl‡`i we‡klfv‡e AvK…ó K‡iwQj|
Bmjv‡g b„Z¨Kjv, m½xZ I wPÎKjv wbwl×| mywdiv
gyZvwRjv‡`i g‡Zv GB wb‡lavÁv AMÖvn¨ K‡i Gi PP©v
K‡i‡Qb| we‡klfv‡e wPkwZqv I †mvnivIqv`x© ZwiKvi
mywd‡`i cÖfv‡e DËi I DËi-cwðg fvi‡Z D”Pv½ m½x‡Zi
PP©vq gymwjg wkíxiv AcÖwZØ›Øx wQ‡jb| DËi fviZxq D”Pv½
b„Z¨wk‡íi weKv‡kI gymjgvbiv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|
evsjvi wn›`y Rwg`viiv j‡¶èŠ, Rqcyi, AvMÖv I Gjvnvev`
†_‡K gymwjg I —v` I evCRx‡`i Avb‡Zb `y‡M©vrm‡e wKsev
†Kvb cvwievwiK Drm‡e|
mywdev‡`i mvg¨ I gvbweKZv evsjvi mbvZb wn›`y ag©‡K
Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj Zvi cÖgvY n‡”Q ga¨hy‡M
ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei ˆeòe ag©| ˆeòe Kwe‡`i iPbvq gvbe‡cÖg
bvbvfv‡e g~Z© n‡q‡Q| G mg‡qi Kwe PwÛ`vmB gvbeZvi
kvk¦Z evYx D”PviY K‡iwQ‡jb : Ôïbn gvbyl fvB, mevi
Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ
Gi Av‡M Ph©vc‡`i hy‡M †eŠ× KweivI gvbweKZvi
RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb Ges RxebwegyL agx©q AvPvi Abyôv‡bi
mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GMvik eQi Av‡M Ph©vc`KZ©v mincvi
GKwU †`vnv Mv‡bi K_v n‡”Q-
ÔKx n‡e †Zvi `x‡c, Kx n‡e †Zvi ˆbe‡`¨?/ Kx n‡e †Zvi
gš¿ I †mevq?/ Zx‡_© Z‡cve‡b wM‡qB ev †Zvi Kx n‡e?/ †gv¶
wK jvf nq R‡j mœvb K‡i?Õ
(Ph©vMxwZ c`vejx, m¤úv`bv myKzgvi †mb, KjKvZv
1966)
GiB P~ovš— iƒc Avgiv cvB dwKi jvjb kvn I Zvi
m‡MvÎxq evDj‡`i Mv‡b| †`ok eQi Av‡M jvjb wj‡L‡Qb,
ÔGgb gvbe mgvR K‡e †Mv m„Rb n‡e / h‡e wn›`y, gymjgvb,
†eŠ× L„óvb RvwZ‡f` bvwn i‡e|Õ
jvjb AviI e‡j‡Qb, Ôme †jv‡K Kq jvjb Kx RvZ
msmv‡i/ jvjb Kq Rv‡Zi Kx iƒc †`Ljvg bv GB bR‡i .../
RMr Ry‡o Rv‡Zi K_v/ †jv‡K Mí K‡i h_vZ_v/ jvjb e‡j
Rv‡Zi dvZv/ WyevBwQ mvZ evRv‡i|Õ
21
jvj‡bi eû Mv‡b ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbweKZvi †PZbv
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| jvj‡bi gvbweK †mŠ›`h© I inm¨gqZv
cieZx©Kv‡j iex› ªbv_ VvKzi‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Z‡e
iex› ªbv‡_i gvbeZv‡eva †`k I Kv‡ji MwʇZ Ave× bq|
Zuvi Religion of Man-G wZwb ¯úófv‡e e‡j‡Qb : ‘My religion is
the reconciliation of the super-personal man, the universal human spirit in
my own individual being.’
we‡ ªvnx Kwe bRi“j Bmjvg Zvi KweZvq fMev‡bi ey‡K
jvw_ †g‡i gvbeZvi RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb GB e‡j ÔMvwn
mv‡g¨i Mvb/ gvby‡li †P‡q b‡n wKQz eo, bvwn wKQz gwnqvb|Õ
bRi“‡ji mgmvgwqKKv‡j 1925 mv‡j KjKvZvq m~wPZ
n‡qwQj Ôeyw×i gyw³Õi Av‡›`vjb hv kn‡ii wkw¶Z
gymjgvb‡`i ag©wbi‡c¶ gy³wPš—vq DØy× K‡i‡Q| Aveyj
†nv‡mb, KvRx Ave`yj I`y` I KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb GB
Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i‡Qb, hvi †kvMvb wQj ÔÁvb †hLv‡b
mxgve×, eyw× †mLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b Am¤¢e|Õ G‡`i
mgmvgwqK evOvwj GgGb ivq Ô†iwWK¨vj wnDg¨vwbRgÕ
Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb, hvi wfwË n‡”Q hyw³-bxwZ-
¯^vaxbZv| wZwb gvby‡li ¯^vaxb e¨w³mËv‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡
w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi j¶¨ wQj mKj cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK
Ges agx©q k„•Lj †_‡K gvby‡li gyw³| Dwbk kZ‡K evsjvi
weØr mgv‡R BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvi cÖfv‡e ag©wbi‡c¶
gvbweKZvi PP©v †hgb bZzb gvÎv jvf K‡i, Bs‡iR
kvmK‡`i Dcwb‡ek-bxwZ a‡g© a‡g© wefvRb I we‡iva‡K
mgvbfv‡e DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q|
Pvi
MÖvg-evsjvi †jvKvqZ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †mKz¨jvi gvbweKZvi †eva
hZUv cÖej bMi‡Kw› ªK weËevb GwjU‡`i †PZbvq ZZUv
KLbI wQj bv| evOvwji †jvK-HwZ‡n¨ wn›`y-†eŠ×-gymjgvb
a‡g©i GK ai‡bi mgšq N‡U‡Q hv MÖvg evsjvi evDj, Rvwi,
mvwi Mv‡b, Kwe Mv‡b, evsjv beel©, ˆPÎ msµvwš— I bevbœi
Drm‡e Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| Gme mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡qvRb GKvš—
fv‡eB †mKz¨jvi, hv kZ kZ eQi a‡i MÖvg evsjvi gvbyl PP©v
K‡i‡Q|
ivRv I f~¯vgx‡`i ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i Kvi‡Y
wewfbœ mg‡q a‡g© a‡g© we‡iva I nvbvnvwbi NUbv NU‡jI MÖvg
evsjvi gvbyl Zv‡Z Lye GKUv mvov †`qwb| GgbwK agx©q
AvPi‡Yi †¶‡Î GLbI wn›`yiv †hgb gymwjg cx‡ii gvRv‡i
wM‡q gvbZ K‡i‡Q, gymjgvbivI wec‡`i mgq wn› y‡`i
A‡bK KvíwbK †`e‡`exi kiYvcbœ n‡q‡Q, hv‡`i †fZi
mZ¨bvivqY, IjvBPÊx, kxZjv †`ex, eb‡`exi bvg
we‡klfv‡e D��L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wn› y‡`i mZ¨bvivqY wQ‡jb gymjgvb‡`i mZ¨cxi|
ga¨hy‡M wn›`y-gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l ÔmZ¨Õi mvabv K‡i‡Qb|
22
†mB mg‡q mZ¨ cxi ev mZ¨bvivqY‡K e›`bv K‡i eû cyuw_
†jLv n‡qwQj| GKwU cyuw_‡Z ejv n‡q‡QÔwn›`yi †`eZv nBj
gymjgv‡bi cxi/ yB Kz‡j †mev jq nBqv Rvwni|/ ...g°vi
iwng Avwg A‡hva¨vi ivg/ Kwj‡Z m¤cÖwZ Avwg
mZ¨bvivqY|Õ
GBme †`e‡`ex wKsev cxi gywk©‡`i Kv‡Q wn›`y gymjgvb
wM‡q‡Q cvw_©e cÖ‡qvR‡b, ciKv‡j wKQz cÖvwßi Avkvq bq|
evOvwji †PZbvq ciKv‡ji †P‡q BnKvj A‡bK †ewk
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| ga¨hy‡M eû evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe wn› yi †`e‡`exi
e›`bv K‡i KweZv wj‡L‡Qb, wn› y Kwe I wkíxiv gymwjg cxi-
gyikx` I kvmK‡`i e›`bv K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i ivRmfv AjsK…Z
K‡i‡Qb|
Z‡e BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ c‡e© GUvI Avgiv †`‡LwQ GK
†kªYxi †Muvov ag©cÖPviK evsjvq mvaviY gvby‡li Rxe‡b
†mKz¨jvi Rxebhvcb ev ag©mgš^‡qi AvPiY‡K mnRfv‡e
MÖnY K‡ibwb| ga¨hy‡M w`�ী‡Z mgªvU AvKe‡ii Ô`xb B
GjvnxÕi gva¨‡g me©ag© mgš‡qi D‡`¨vM Ges evsjvq mywd-
ˆeòe‡`i me©ag© mgš‡qi gva¨‡g gvbea‡g©i AvevnbKv‡j
Avwef©ve N‡UwQj †kL Avng` wmiwnb`-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j
KÆi Ijvgvi, hv‡`i j¶¨ wQj wn›`y‡`i cÖfve †_‡K
gymjgvb‡`i †ei K‡i Avbv Ges kwiq‡Zi weavbmg~n
K‡Vvifv‡e cvjb Kiv| GiB avivevwnKZvq Dwbk kZ‡Ki
cÖ_g w`‡K evsjvq Invwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z
Invweiv e„wUk kvm‡bi wei“‡× †mv”Pvi n‡jI c‡i Zv‡`i
we‡ivwaZvi j¶¨ wQj fvi‡Zi Agymwjg agx©q m¤cÖ`vq Ges
Av‡L‡i Bmjvwg ûKzgZ Kv‡q‡gi D‡`¨vM|
evsjvi bMi‡Kw›`ªK GwjU gymwjg mgv‡Ri GKwU eo
Ask memgq ag©‡K cwiP‡qi cÖavb Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z wM‡q Avh©‡`i g‡Zv evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Q| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi gvZ…fvlv evsjv bv D`y©-dviwm G
weZK© wesk kZvãx ch©š— Mwo‡q‡Q| G wel‡q mß`k kZ‡Ki
gymwjg Kwe Ave`yj nvwK‡gi K‡Vvi gš—e¨ wQj
Ô†h m‡e e‡½Z Rwb¥ wns‡m e½evYx/†m me Kvnvi Rb¥
wbY©q b Rvwb|Õ
Gi GKk eQi ci Aóv`k kZ‡K ivgwbwa ¸‡ßi Mv‡bI
ejv n‡q‡Q
Ôbvbvb †`‡k bvbvb fvlv/we‡b ¯^‡`kxq fv‡l cy‡i wK
Avkv|Õ
1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i cÖwZev‡` evsjvq eû Mvb I KweZv
†jLv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b †mKz¨jvi evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi
D‡b¥l N‡UwQj| evOvwj GwjU gymjgv‡bi AvZ¥cwiP‡qi
msKU †gvP‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q 1952
mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi weRq ch©š—| A_P MÖvgevsjvq mvaviY
23
evOvwj Rxe‡b G ai‡bi cwiP‡qi msKU wQj bv, Zvi me©ag©
mgš^‡qi gvbeZvev`x HwZ‡n¨i Kvi‡Y|
cuvP
evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨ eûgZ I c‡_i ¯^xK…wZ g~Z© n‡q‡Q
evsjvi mvwnZ¨, msMxZ, b„Z¨, wPÎKjv, hvÎv I †gjvi
Drm‡e| MÖvg evsjvi GB ms¯‹…wZi cÖavb Dcv`vb wQj
Amv¤cÖ`vwqK Ges †mKz¨jvi| a‡g©i gvbweK Dcv`vb‡K
bvKP bv K‡iI †h †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi PP©v Kiv hvq evsjv‡`k
Zvi GKwU D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i|
gvbweK I ˆeÁvwbK wk¶vi we¯—vi gvbyl‡K †mKz¨jvi n‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges weÁv‡b I e¨envwiK Rxe‡b a‡g©i †Kvb
f~wgKv †bB, G-meB mZ¨| wKš‘ hZ¶Y ch©š— we‡k¦i wecyj
msL¨K gvbyl a‡g©i †fZi evm Ki‡Q ZZ¶Y ch©š— a‡g©i
ivR‰bwZK e¨envi eÜ K‡i Zv‡K e¨w³Rxe‡b mxgve× ivLvB
†mKz¨jvi gvbeZvev`x‡`i j¶¨ nIqv DwPr| a‡g©i wei“‡× hy×
†NvlYv K‡i †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I c~e© BD‡iv‡ci KwgDwb÷
kvmKiv mdj n‡Z cv‡iwb| RvwZ-ag©-e‡Y©i AnsKvi I
J×Z¨ m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li gyw³i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †mKz¨jvi
gvbweKZvi avivevwnK I eûgvwÎK PP©v|
evsjv‡`kmn `w¶Y Gwkqvq †gŠjev‡`i mv¤cÖwZK
DÌv‡bi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK KviY Aek¨B
Av‡Q| miKv‡ii c„ô‡cvlKZv †gŠjev‡`i kw³ e„w× K‡i‡Q|
miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡k Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv cÖavbZ †mŠw`
Avie, ga¨cÖvP¨ I cvwK —v‡bi wecyj Avw_©K mg_©‡b cyó
n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl KLbI †gŠjev`x bq|
†gŠjev`x nIqvi Dcv`vb Zvi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨ †bB|
miKvi Ges evB‡ii mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠjev`x I mv¤cÖ`vwqK kw³ †h wU‡K _vK‡Z
cvi‡e bv Avgv‡`i nvRvi eQ‡ii †mKz¨jvi gvbweKZvi
BwZnvm Zvi cÖgvY|
kvnwiqvi Kwei : wewkó †jLK I mvsevw`K| gyw³hy×wfwËK Z_¨wPÎ
wbg©vZv| knx` Rbbx Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ
GKvˇii NvZK `vjvj wbg~©j KwgwUi eZ©gvb mfvcwZ|
24
Ilya wb‡q bqQq!
gybxiDwÏb Avng`
Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ bvbv ai‡bi AmyL-wemy‡L Avµvš— nB|
AmyL-wemy‡L Avµvš— nIqv gv‡bB kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ê
weNœ NUv| kix‡ii ¯vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ê weNœ NU‡j Avgiv
wbivg‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Ilya MÖnY Kwi| Avgv‡`i GKUv
mnR mij aviYv i‡q‡Q| aviYvwU GiKgцivM-†kv‡Ki Dci
gvby‡li †Kv‡bv nvZ †bB| BnRM‡Z Rxeb †hgb mZ¨, †ivM-
wegvwiI †Zgwb GKwU ev —e mZ¨ Ges Rxe‡bi Awe‡”QÏ
Ask| GUv cÖvK…wZK wbqg| me †iv‡Mi Ici nq‡Zv Avgv‡`i
nvZ †bB| wKš‘ GKUz m‡PZb n‡j ev ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Rxebhvcb
Ki‡j ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eû †ivM †_‡K Avgiv i¶v †c‡Z cvwi|
†hgb ai“b, mgv‡Ri A‡b‡KB A¯v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k emevm
K‡ib Ges cÖwZwbqZB evB‡i †nv‡Uj-†i‡ —viuvq `~wlZ cvwb I
A¯v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k LvIqv `vIqv K‡ib| Gfv‡e `~wlZ cvwb
I cPv-evwm Lvevi †L‡j †h †KDB K‡jiv, Wvqwiqv,
UvBd‡qW ev †ncvUvBwU‡mi gZ gvivZ¥K †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡Z
cv‡ib| G ai‡bi fq¼i †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡j Avgiv Qy‡U hvB
wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q| wPwKrmK †ivM cÖwZKv‡i †cÖmwµck‡b
GKMv`v Ilya wj‡L †`b| Avevi AmZK©Zv I Am‡PZbZvi
Kvi‡Y †h †ivM¸‡jvi DrcwË nq, †m¸‡jv R¡i, mw © Kvwki
gZ †Kvb mvaviY †ivM bq| Gme giYNvZx †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y
g„Zz¨ QvovI ¯^v¯’ nvwb ev A½nvwb Aek¨¤¢vex| Avgiv A‡b‡KB
GK ai‡bi åvš— aviYv †cvlY Kwi| Avgiv fvwe †ivM n‡j
cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ Ilya i‡q‡Q, ZvB cÖwZ‡iv‡ai GZ ¸i“Z¡ Kx|
d‡j ey‡S bv-ey‡S Avgiv gvÎvwZwi³ Ilya MÖnY K‡i _vwK|
wKš‘ †ivMe¨vwa †hgb Avgv‡`i Rb¨ myLKi †Kvb e¨vcvi
bq, IlyaI †Zgwb m¤ú~Y© wbivc` †Kvb e¯‘ bq| A_P
Ilya‡K Avgiv Lye nvjKvfv‡e MÖnY Kwi| cÖwZwU Ily‡aiB
Kg‡ewk cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv ev welwµqv i‡q‡QÑG K_vwU Avgv‡`i
mevi Lye ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i g‡b ivLv DwPZ| wKš‘ ev —e mZ¨ n‡”Q
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Ily‡ai hyw³nxb e¨envi I cÖ‡qvM GK Ab¨Zg
mgm¨v n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Ilya e¨env‡ii mgm¨v Rvb‡Z n‡j,
Ily‡ai wbivc`, hyw³m½Z Ges myôz e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
n‡j, mgm¨vi Drm, mgm¨v m„wóKvix m¤cÖ`vq‡K wPwýZ Kiv
Ges Zv‡`i gvbwmK I PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨¶ Ávb
AR©b Acwinvh©| mgm¨v wPwýZ bv n‡j Ily‡ai hyw³m½Z
cÖ‡qvM Ges Gi cÖK…Z Dbœqb †Kvb g‡ZB m¤¢e bq|
D`vniY¯^iƒc †`‡ki nvRv‡iv wK¬wbK, nvmcvZvj ev
¯^v¯’ ‡K›`ª¸‡jv Ily‡ai Ace¨envi Avi AccÖ‡qv‡Mi g~j
Drm¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg| Awbqwš¿Z Ily‡ai µq-weµ‡qi Kvi‡Y
25
Ily‡ai Ace¨envi Ges AccÖ‡qv‡Mi w`K †_‡K WªvM
†÷vi¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wec¾bK ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q| wWwMÖavix
dvg©vwm‡÷i Afv‡e Ges Ilya µq-weµ‡qi Ici miKvwi
wbqš¿Y bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y, AÁ-Awkw¶Z †jvKRb Øviv WªvM
†÷vi cwiPvwjZ nq mvaviYZ Ab¨vb¨ †fvM¨c‡Y¨i †`vKv‡bi
gZ| wKš‘ Ily‡ai †`vKvb Avi gyw` †`vKvb ev Kvc‡oi †`vKvb
GK n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Ily‡ai A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi e‡ov Drm n‡jv wPwKrm‡Ki
†ivM wbY©q I †cÖmwµckb| wPwKrmK wVKg‡Zv †ivM wbY©q
K‡i hyw³m½Zfv‡e Ilya cÖ`vb bv Ki‡j †ivMx Ily‡ai
Ace¨enviRwbZ mgm¨vi wkKvi n‡e| wPwKrmK Zvi `vwqZ¡
mwVK I wbf©yjfv‡e cvjb Ki‡jI Ily‡ai wWm‡cb&wms
hyw³m½Z ev mwVK bv n‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K,
†cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë Ilya m¤ú‡K© †ivMx‡K ch©vß I cÖK…Z
Z_¨, civgk© ev Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡j, hyw³nxb
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — n‡q _v‡K| †ivMxi Rb¨
†cÖmwµck‡b Ilya cÖ`v‡b wPwKrmK hZ mZ©KZv, Ávb I
AwfÁZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb, †ivMx ZZ †ewk DcK…Z n‡e|
†ivMcÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iv‡a wPwKrmK‡`i f‚wgKv‡K
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi AeKvk †bB|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKwU aviYv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| wPwKrmK
Avm‡j Ilya QvovB †ivMxi A‡a©K †ivM fv‡jv n‡q hvq| Gi
†cQ‡b ÔˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Õ i‡q‡Q| KviY †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK
mgq kixi I g‡bi †hvMm~Î Awfbœ| DbœZ we‡k¦ cÖK…Z
wPwKrmv ïi“i Av‡MB wPwKrmKMY cÖvqkB †ivMx‡K gb —
vwË¡Kfv‡e Pv½v Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| †ivMx‡K Zvi †ivM m¤ú‡K©
cÖK…Z Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ges wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z
wPwKrmKMY m`v m‡Pó _v‡Kb| G‡Z †ivMxi Av¯’v I
AvZ¥wek¦vm †e‡o hvq| †ivMxI mš‘ó bv nIqv ch©š— Z_¨
Rvbvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡K cÖkœ Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| d‡j
†ivM wbY©q I Ilya cÖ‡qv‡M fyj Kg nq e‡j Ily‡ai
Ace¨enviI K‡g Av‡m|
ZviciI †`Lv †M‡Q, wek¦Ry‡o wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i
†cÖmwµck‡b †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi me¸‡jv
hyw³m½Zfv‡e wj‡Lb bv| Ily‡ai GB A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi
†cQ‡b eûwea KviY KvR K‡i| eû wPwKrmK †ckvMZ Ávb
I AwfÁZvi Afv‡e †ivMx‡K mwVK Ilya cÖ`v‡b m¶g nb
bv| Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ I cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme
wPwKrmK wb‡R‡`i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nb
bv| Gme wPwKrmK mvaviYZ mbvZbx c×wZ‡Z hyM hyM a‡i
†m‡K‡j gvbwmKZv wb‡q wPwKrmv Pvwj‡q hvb e‡j †ivM wbY©q
ev Ilya cÖ`v‡b cÖvqkB fzj nq| Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k AwZgvÎvq
e¨emvwqK g‡bve„wËi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi cÖPÊ Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z bv
†c‡i wPwKrmKMY AmZ©KZv I Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y †ivMx‡K
26
mwVK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nb| Ab¨w`‡K c„w_ex Ry‡oB eû
wPwKrmK Ilya †Kv¤cvwb KZ…©K cÖfvevwšZ I cÖjyä n‡q
AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¶wZKi Ges m —v Ily‡ai cwie‡Z© `vwg Ilya
†cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Ilya
evRviRvZ Kivi ci Ilya cÖ‡gvk‡b Ôme©kw³Õ wb‡qvM K‡i
_v‡K Zv‡`i Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨| DbœZ I AbybœZ
†`‡ki Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z Ily‡ai cÖ‡gvk‡b
ivR‰bwZK ÔjwesÕ-G wewjqb wewjqb Wjvi e¨q K‡i _v‡K|
cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e GB e¨qfvi enb Ki‡Z nq wbixn
†µZv ev †ivMx‡KB| Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ Ilya
†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi g~j j¶¨ wPwKrmK| KviY wPwKrmKMY
†cÖmwµck‡b †h Ilya wj‡Lb, †ivMx g~jZ †mB IlyaB wK‡b
_v‡K|
AwaK nv‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv
mvaviYZ UwbK, wfUvwgb, nRgxKviK, eje„w×KviK,
GbRvBg, KdwgKPvi, GjKvjvBRvi RvZxq AcÖ‡qvRbxq I
¶wZKi Ilya Drcv`‡b †ewk Zrci _v‡K| KviY
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai †P‡q Gme Z_vKw_Z Ily‡ai Ici
gybvdvi nvi eû¸Y †ewk| G gybvdvi nvi Av‡iv AwaK ¸‡Y
†e‡o hvq hLb wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i †cÖmwµck‡b Gme
Ilyabvgavix cY¨ wbwe©Pv‡i MÖn‡Yi wb‡ ©kbv (†cÖmµvBe)
w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ Gme Ilya
†cÖmµvBevi‡`i m¤úK© hZUv bv †ckvMZ Zvi †P‡q †ewk
e¨emvwqK| G ai‡bi A‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê we‡k¦i eûRvwZK
†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv AMÖMvgx n‡jI †QvU-eo, cÖwZwôZ-AcÖwZwôZ
cÖwZwU Ilya †Kv¤cvwb wPwKrmK‡`i †cQ‡b Kg‡ewk A_© e¨q
K‡i _v‡K| weª‡U‡b wPwKrmK wcQy Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv cÖwZ
eQi `yB j¶ UvKv e¨q K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k GB e¨‡qi cwigvY
KZ Zv †K Rv‡b? Z‡e Av›`vR Kiv hvq Avgv‡`i evRvi`‡ii
Zzjbvq †gv‡UB Zv Kg bq!
G †M‡jv A‡_©i K_v| A_© QvovI Ilya-†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv
wPwKrmK‡`i cÖPzi cwigvY Ilya webvg~‡j¨ m¨v¤új wnmv‡e
Dcnvi w`‡q _v‡K| AwfÁgnj g‡b K‡ib G ai‡bi
webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új Avi Ny‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ AwZ bMY¨|
¯^fveZB cÖkœ Av‡mÑwPwKrmKMY GB webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új
†Kb MÖnY K‡ib ev GB Ilya wb‡qB ev Zviv wK K‡ib?
Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †bqv ev †`qv bxwZMZfv‡e ˆea
n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †`qv ev †bqv‡K
wbwl× †NvlYv Kivi mgq G‡m‡Q|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡kI †cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë
Ily‡ai cwigvY †bnv‡qZ Kg bq| GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq,
wPwKrmKMY e¨e¯’vc‡Î †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi g‡a¨
A‡K‡Rv ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡ai cwigvY cÖvq †ZwÎk kZvsk|
d«v‡Ý wewfbœ cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq, †W›Uvj mvR©b KZ…©K
27
cÖ`Ë A¨vw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki kZKiv 45 fvMB AcÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j
AwfÁgnj gZ †cvlY K‡ib| eq¯‹ †jvK‡`i †ejvq Ilya
cÖ‡qv‡Mi 50 fvM †¶‡Î †Kvb wPwKrmvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY
Kiv nq bv e‡j Ab¨ GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q| Gme
AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya †me‡bi wb‡`©k †`qvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡`i
Ag‡bv‡hvM Ges AÁZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq| weª‡U‡b GK
mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq †h-me gwnjv mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨
nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nq Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K cÖm‡ei Av‡Mi ivw·Z
Ny‡gi Ilya cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i Gfv‡e Ny‡gi
Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi †hŠw³KZv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ DV‡jI Gi mwZ¨Kvi
Reve cvIqv hvq wb| cÖkœ D‡V‡Q mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© G Ilya Kvi
Rb¨? gv bvwK ev”Pvi Rb¨? bvwK wPwKrmK I †gwWK¨vj
÷vd‡`i Rb¨, hviv ivw·Z kvwš—‡Z Nygv‡Z Pvb?
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i gZ Avgv‡`i †`‡kI me‡P‡q †ewk
Ace¨eüZ Ilya¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK,
wm‡WwUf, A¨vw›UWvqvwiqvj, wfUvwgb, UwbK, KdwgKPvi,
†÷i‡qW, A¨vw›Uwn÷vwgb, A¨v›UvwmW RvZxq Ilya| UwbK
wfUvwg‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li AK…wÎg `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q| G `ye©jZvi
KviY Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi A‰bwZK WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Ges
wPwKrmK KZ…©K Gme Ily‡ai XvjvI cÖ‡qvM| UwbK I
wfUvwgb m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wPwKrmKmn Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv
†hme åvš— aviYv Rbmg‡¶ Zz‡j a‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q UwbK
I wfUvwgb †me‡b bvwK fMœ¯v¯’¨ D×vi nq, eq¯‹‡`i †hŠeb
cÖvwß, wkï‡`i †gav I e‡qvte„w×, Z¡‡Ki kªxe„w×, Pzj cov eÜ
nq BZ¨vw`| Gme e³‡e¨i †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË bv _vKv
m‡Ë¡I eû wPwKrmK cÖvqkB Gme e ‘ †cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L
_v‡Kb| †ivMx cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i cÖPzi A_© e¨‡qi gva¨‡g
Gme Ilya wK‡b _v‡K| G Ace¨vL¨v I Ace¨envi ¯úóZB
cÖeÂbvi kvwgj|
Ily‡ai AccÖ‡qvM I Ace¨env‡ii d‡j †ivMx wewfbœfv‡e
¶wZMÖ — nq| †cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë Ily‡ai †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRbxq
Avi †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev cÖ`Ë Ily‡ai mv‡_ m„ó †iv‡Mi
Av‡`Š m¤úK© i‡q‡Q wK bv Gme cÖkœ Dc¯’vcb Kivi †hvM¨Zv
I ¶gZv †ivMxiv mPivPi iv‡L bv| d‡j †ivMx †cÖmwµckb
†gvZv‡eK Ilya wKb‡Z I MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †cÖmwµckb
†gvZv‡eK AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya wKb‡j †ivMx Avw_©Kfv‡e
¶wZMÖ — nq| AcÖvmw½K ev ¶wZKi Ilya wKb‡Z †M‡j †ivMx
gvivZ¥K cvk¦©cÖwZwµqvq, welwµqv ev weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi
wkKvi nq| G ¶wZi `vq-`vwqZ¡ †_‡K wPwKrmKMY Ae¨nwZ
†c‡Z cv‡i bv| DbœZ we‡k¦ †ivMx wPwKrm‡Ki fzj wm×v‡š—i
Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ — n‡j AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i| AbybœZ
†`k¸wj‡Z †ivMx GB myweav ev AwaKvi †fvM K‡i bv| KviY
Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k g‡b Kiv nq †ivMx Kgbg¨vb Avi
28
wPwKrmKiv mycvig¨vb! ZvB mycvig¨vb‡`i Revew`wnZvi
†¶‡Î `vqe×Zv Lye †ewk cwijw¶Z nq bv|
evsjv‡`‡k WªvM cÖea©‡b †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †gwWK¨vj
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf ev WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Awdmvi wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ wZbRb wPwKrm‡Ki †cQ‡b GKRb
wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUf i‡q‡Q Ges G Lv‡Z cÖwZ eQi †KvwU †KvwU
UvKv LiP nq| GB wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUfMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Ilya
we‡klÁ bq Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq Ily‡ai Ici G‡`i chv©ß
ÁvbI _v‡K bv| hw`I Zv‡`i †Kvb †Kvb mgq WªvM cÖea©‡bi
Ici cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ WªvM cÖea©‡bi Rb¨ Ilya-
†Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GB cÖwk¶Y KZUzKz wbi‡c¶
Ges cÖK…Z Z_¨ mv‡c¶ Zv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Giv
mvaviYZ †Kv¤cvwbi e¨emvwqK ¯^v_©Uv‡K eo K‡i †`‡L Ges
†m †gvZv‡eK wPwKrmK‡K Ilya cÖ‡qvM I WªvM †÷vi¸‡jv‡K
Ilya wKb‡Z cÖjyä K‡i| cÖK…Z cÖ —v‡e †Kvb †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î
Ilya wbe©vP‡b cÖK…Z Z_¨ bv †c‡j wPwKrmK weåvš— nq Ges
d‡j fyj ev ¶wZKi Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ — nq|
ZvB Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †hb wPwKrmK I †ivMxi Rb¨ cÖK…Z
I chv©ß Z_¨ cÖev‡ni wbðqZv weavb K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i
miKv‡ii „p c`‡¶c †bqv DwPZ|
eZ©gv‡b Ily‡ai †Rvqv‡i Avgv‡`i wPwKrmKMY fvm‡Qb
Avi G‡Zvme Ily‡ai Ici cÖK…Z Z_¨ A‡š^l‡Y wngwkg
Lv‡”Qb| †Kvb †`‡k Ily‡ai msL¨vq mxgve×Zv bv _vK‡j Ges
evRvi cÖ‡qvRbxq ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡a cvweZ n‡q †M‡j me
Ily‡ai Ici mg¨K aviYv AR©b †Kvb wPwKrm‡Ki GKvi
c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| mywPwKrmvi Rb¨ mxgve× Ily‡ai Ici chv©ß
Ávb, AmsL¨ Ily‡ai Ici Ac~Y© I fvmvfvmv Áv‡bi †P‡q
A‡bK DcKvix| Ily‡ai djcÖm~ I hyw³m½Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
†Kv¤úvwb cÖ`Ë bv‡gi cwie‡Z© Ily‡ai †R‡bwiK bvg e¨envi
Avek¨K| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡k ¯^v¯’¨e¨e ’vi DbœwZK‡í GKwU
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai ZvwjKv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| mywPwKrmvi
¯^v‡_© wPwKrmK‡`i Rb¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Av`k© wPwKrmv
MvBWjvBb| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ GKwU AbybœZ †`‡ki wbixn
Rbmvavi‡Yi my¯^v¯’ wbwðZKi‡Y Gme c×wZ MÖn‡Yi †Kvb
weKí bvB|
Aa¨vcK W. gybxiDwÏb Avng` : dv‡g©wm Abyl`, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges
†cÖv-wfwm, B÷ I‡q÷ BDwbfvwm©wU, XvKv|
29
fzqvweÁvb †gjv PvB
gwbi“j Bmjvg
Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j my‡Wv-mv‡qÝ (pseudoscience), evsjvq †KD e‡j
AcweÁvb, †KD QÙ-weÁvb, †KDev e‡j fzqv-weÁvb| A_©vr
evB‡ii nuvKWvK Avi Avo¤^i †`‡L AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ÔweÁvbÕ
e‡j g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j GUv fvIZvevwR| Avgv‡`i GK
Ô`x¶v¸i“Õ †KŠZyK K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔweÁvb-Av‡›`vjb
Kg©x‡`i †ewkifvM mgq KvUv‡Z n‡e fzqv-weÁvb wb‡q|Õ AvR
A‡bK eQi ci Zuvi K_vi ¸i“Z¡ bZzb K‡i Abyfe KiwQ|
KviY Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB †`L‡Z cvw”Q bvbv Ac‡KŠk‡j
†KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li wPš—v-†PZbv‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q bvbv
wKwm‡gi fzqv-weÁvb| gybvdv, Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© Ges
AcivRbxwZi c‡¶ e¨eüZ nevi d‡j A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Gi
MwZ n‡q‡Q AcÖwZ‡iva¨ Ges `vcU n‡q‡Q Amvgvb¨|
dzUcv‡_i ÔK¨vbfvmviÕ†_‡K ïi“ K‡i ag©Zš¿, eûRvwZK
†Kv¤úvwb, Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v, ivóªxq cÖwZôvb mK‡jB fzqv-
weÁv‡bi Dci fi Ki‡Q bvbv iKg ¯^v_©-wmw×i dw›` †_‡K|
Zv‡`i GB AcZrciZv AZ¨š— mvd‡j¨i m‡½ e¨vcK msL¨K
gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i Zv‡`i‡K IB dw›`i duv‡` †dj‡Q|
weÁv‡bi Af~Zce© DbœwZi hy‡M fzqv-weÁv‡bi GB mvdj¨
Agv‡`i fvevq| Gi cwiYwZ wb‡q Avgiv wPwš—Z n‡q cwo|
gvby‡li weÁvb-†PZbv Ges †hŠw³KZv‡eva wK Zvn‡j GwM‡q
hv‡”Q bvwK wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q? G hy‡MI fzqv-weÁvb-Gi `vcU I
†`Šiv‡Z¥i KviY Z‡e wK?
GK_v wVK GKyk kZ‡Ki GB ¶‡Y AvaywbK weÁvb gvbe
RvwZi GKvs‡ki RvMwZK-†eva‡K cwiYwZi GK DbœZ
ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q Ges weÁvb-wbf©i cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i
A‡bK‡K w`‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi GK Af~Zc~e© ¶gZv|
wKš‘ Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl
weÁvb‡PZbv-m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q| eis Avgv‡`i KvÊÁvb †_‡K
G K_v eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv †h †ewkifvM gvbylB
weÁvb‡PZbv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i i‡q †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq Avgiv
hw` †ewki fvM gvby‡li K_vB awi Zvn‡j weL¨vZ †jLK I
BwZnvmwe` GBP wR I‡qj‡mi m‡½ AvgivI GKgZ ne|
I‡qjm GK`v e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔG kZ‡Ki †ewki fvM gvby‡li
wPš—vfvebv wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi Avgv‡`i cÖvK-mf¨ ev
Avw`g c~e©cyi“l‡`i gZB|Õ
GRb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KviY nj c„w_exi e¨vcK
AwaKvsk gvbyl A¶iÁvb I AvaywbK wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ|
hviv A¶iÁvb I wk¶v cv‡”Q ZvivI co‡Q bvbv ai‡bi
Acwk¶v I Kzwk¶vi Ke‡j| Awk¶v I Kzwk¶vi c_ a‡i
30
wU‡K Av‡Q Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ †jvKvPvi, †gŠjev`x ag©xq weavb
Ges wPš—vi ˆ`b¨| cÖhyw³i †PvLauvav‡bv Sjg‡j bvbv
Avwe®‹v‡ii wecix‡Z †PZbvi GK AÜKvi w`K‡K †`L‡Z cvB
fzqv-weÁv‡bi `vc‡Ui gv‡S| cÖPwjZ †jvKvPvi I mvgvwRK
weav‡bi ga¨Kvi A‡hŠw³K I cðv`c` Dcv`vb‡K †Pbv hZ
mnR weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _vKv fzqv-weÁvb‡K †Pbv ZZ mnR
bq| weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _v‡K e‡jB fzqv-weÁvb mvaviY
gvbyl‡K Lye mn‡RB weåvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY gvbyl
G¸‡jv‡K ÔweÁvbÕ e‡jB g‡b K‡i Ges bvbvfv‡e cÖZvwiZ
nq| A‡bK fzqv-weÁvbx e‡m Av‡Q Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB
gnvweÁvbx †m‡R, Avgiv wPb‡Z cviwQ bv|
†h me wel‡qi Dci gvby‡li fw³, fq, Av¯’v ev cQ›`
_v‡K †m¸‡jvi bKj wRwbm †ei n‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M bv|
bvbv iKg ¯v_© wmw×i Rb¨ cÖZviK I avÜvevR e¨w³ ev †Mvôx
Gi †gwK cÖwZiƒc ˆZwi K‡i| fzqv Wv³vi, fzqv cywjk, fzqv
Kg©KZ©v, fzqv e¨vsK, fÊ cxi, fÊ `i‡ek, bKj †mvbv,
bKj nxiv BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †gv‡UI weij bq| GiKg
A‡bK fzqv I f‡Êi cvkvcvwk AvRKvj fzqvweÁvbI gv_v
Zz‡j `uvov‡”Q e¨vcKfv‡e| ïay Avgv‡`i gZ wcwQ‡q cov
mgv‡R bq, ÔDbœZ wek¦Õ e‡j cwiwPZ †`k I mgv‡RI Gi
cÖ‡Kvc Kg bq, eis w`‡b w`‡b evo‡Q| weÁv‡bi cÖwZ cÖZviK
I avÜvevR‡`i GB AvMÖ‡ni KviY weÁv‡bi cÖwZ mvaviY
gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I wek¦vm| gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I
wek¦vm‡K cyuwR K‡i gybvdv ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^v_© AR©‡bi Rb¨
ˆZwi nq bKj ev fzqv-weÁvb|
†Pbv Ri“wi wKš‘ mnR bq
Av‡MB e‡jwQ fzqv-weÁvb †ewki fvM mg‡qB †Kvb bv †Kvb
weÁv‡bi QÙvei‡Y _v‡K| †hgb ÔfvM¨ MYbviÕ Z_vKw_Z
Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ _v‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi Avei‡Y| G‡Z A‡b‡K
G‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi ÔkvLvÕ ev Gi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z weÁvb e‡j
g‡b K‡ib| †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi wewfbœ cwifvlv e¨envi Ki‡jI
GB Ôkv‡ ¿iÕ †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| GwU GKwU wb‡f©Rvj
fzqvweÁvb| GiKg fv‡e weÁv‡bi bvbv kvLvcÖkvLv †hgb
f~ZË¡, f~‡Mvj, wPwKrmvweÁvb,gbweÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb
BZ¨vw`i QÙvei‡Y D™¢e N‡U‡Q eû ai‡bi fzqv-weÁv‡bi|
31
†ewki fvM gvby‡li c‡¶B fzqvweÁv‡bi IB me Kg©KvÊ
†_‡K cÖK…Z weÁvb‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPb‡Z cviv KwVb n‡q
hvq| Zviv g‡b K‡i G¸‡jv weÁv‡biB kvLv ev ewa©Z †Kvb
Ask| A‡bK mgq cÖK…Z ˆeÁvwbK Kg©Kv‡Êi †Kvb Ask
we‡kl wb‡q Ggb wKQz e¨vL¨v-we��lY nvwRi Kiv nq hvi
†Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| weÁv‡bi A‡bK kvLviB G ai‡bi
A‰eÁvwbK Ask i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖvqB Avgv‡`i weåvš— I
cÖZvwiZ K‡i| †hgb DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g †Zvjv g½j MÖ‡ni wKQz
Qwei gbMov e¨vL¨v †`b wiPvW© wm nMj¨vÛ bv‡gi GK
KíKvwnwb †jLK| g½j MÖn m¤ú‡K© Zvi KvíwbK aviYv¸‡jv
cÖKv‡ki mgq wZwb e¨envi K‡ib MwYZ I †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi
wewfbœ cwifvlv| hvi d‡j mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨vi
fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK iƒcwU A‡bKUv Avovj n‡q hvq| GiKg
cwiw ’wZ‡Z †KvbwU weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqv-weÁvb Zv †evSv
KwVb n‡q c‡i|
weÁv‡bi m‡½ c„_K K‡i †Pbv †ek KwVb e‡jB
fzqvweÁvb‡K mn‡R AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| fzqvweÁvb‡K
c„_Kfv‡e wPb‡Z cviv ˆeÁvwbK wPš—vi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ AZ¨š—
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| AvaywbK hy‡M †hme gbxlx ˆeÁvwbK wPš—v I
weÁv‡bi `k©‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q Mfxifv‡e wPš—v K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i
A‡b‡KB †f‡e‡Qb wK K‡i mn‡R GB c„_KxKiY Kiv hvq|
wesk kZ‡K weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK Kvj© ccvi GB mgm¨v wb‡q
†ek bvovPvov K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb Ôthe
Demarcation ProblemÕ ev Ôc„_KxKi‡Yi mgm¨vÕ| ccvi g‡b
Ki‡Zb weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi ¶gZv
†Kej weÁvbx I `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ _vK‡jB Pj‡e bv mvaviY
gvby‡li g‡a¨I _vK‡Z n‡e : ÔKviY weÁvb GZ kw³kvjx I
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges fzqvweÁvb GZUvB eûj cÖPwjZ I ¶wZKi †h
G‡K wPb‡Z bv-cviv †h †Kvb gy³ mgv‡Ri c‡¶ eo ai‡bi
¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|ÕÑccv‡ii GB aviYv wQj AZ¨š—
mwVK|
weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ ccviB cÖ_g Lye ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½
weÁv‡bi m‡½ AweÁvb-fzqvweÁvb BZ¨vw`i cv_©K¨ Kivi
GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ wbY©‡qi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| ccv‡ii
c×wZ Abyhvqx †Kvb cÖ —vebv (nvB‡cvw_wmm) ev cÖK‡íi
h_v_©Zv wbf©i K‡i ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯—vebvwUi fzj
cÖgvwYZ Kivi (Falsify) m¤¢vebvi Dci| Zvi GB c×wZi g‡a¨
†gŠwjK †h welqwU MÖnY Kiv hvq †mwU n‡”Q A‡bK¸‡jv fzj
cÖ —vebv‡K fzj cÖgv‡Yi gva¨‡g mwVK-cÖ —vebv ev cÖK…Z
mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ ccv‡ii GB c×wZ A‡bK †¶‡Î
Kvh©Ki n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î weåvwš—i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| ZvB
ccv‡ii c×wZ cieZ©xKv‡j weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i
mgv‡jvPbvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e M„nxZ nq wb|
32
weÁvb‡K fzqv-weÁvb †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi Rb¨
weÁv‡bi c×wZMZ GKwU Kwócv_i Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ fzqvweÁv‡bi bvbv ai‡bi wewPÎ iKg mvgvwRK Abyl½
I ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ Rwo‡q _v‡K e‡j ïay c×wZMZ Am½wZ bq
Av_©- mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK cwiw ’wZi Abyl‡½ fzqv-weÁvb‡K
†evSvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Av‡MI D‡�L K‡iwQ, weÁv‡bi
wewfbœ cwifvlv, hyw³ I DcKi‡Yi m‡½ wg‡k _v‡K e‡j
fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbv KwVb nq| ZvB fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbvi †¶‡Î
Avgv‡`i fzqvweÁvb‡K Avovj K‡i ivLv weÁv‡bi kvLvwUi
cÖK…wZ Ges Gi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Ri“wi| ïay
ZvB bq Avgiv hw` †Kvb GK cÖKvi fzqvweÁv‡bi M‡o IVv
Ges gvbyl‡K weåvš— Kivi †¶‡Î Gi mvd‡j¨i KviY eyS‡Z
PvB Zvn‡j AviI wKQz welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i ¯úó aviYv
_vK‡Z n‡e| GB welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q hyw³
KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Ôweåvwš—Ki Dcv`vbÕ (Fallacy) Ges gvbyl
wKfv‡e †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi gb —Ë¡|
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq †Kvb NUbv ev cÖc‡K e¨vL¨vi
†¶‡Î eY©bv I hyw³ Dc¯’vc‡bi aib Ggb _v‡K †h Zv †_‡K
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h Gi g‡a¨ ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ wKQz Av‡Q| †hgb hw`
ejv nqÑGB IlyawUi KvR nj i³Pvc Ges eyK aidi Kiv
Kgv‡bv| ÔKvRÕ kãwU Avgv‡`i Abyf‡e m‡PZb GKwU wµqvi
K_v Rvbvb †`q hv Ro e¯‘i c‡¶ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Dc‡ii
eY©bv c‡o g‡b n‡Z cv‡i IlyawUi †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK ¸Yv¸Y
i‡q‡Q| G iKg Ôg‡b nIqvÕi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o DV‡Z
cv‡i wewfbœiKg fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v| Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM
fzqv-weÁv‡bi m¤úK© _v‡K mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I
ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©wmw×i bvbv iKg dw›`-wdwK‡ii m‡½| ZvB
mgvR I ivRbxwZi cwiYZ †eva Qvov A‡bK †¶‡Î fzqv-
weÁvb‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e †evSv hvq bv|
1970-Gi `kK †_‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi
j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Qb cj _¨vMvW©| 1978 m‡b cÖKvwkZ ÔWhy
Astrology is a PseudoscienceÕ (evsjvqÑÔ†Kb †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ GKwU
fzqv weÁvbÕ?) wbe‡Ü fzqv-weÁvb‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb
fzqvweÁv‡bi GKwU msÁv †`b hv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cvV¨cy —
‡K Qvcv nq| GB msÁv AbyhvqxÑÔGKwU ZË¡ ZLbB fzqv-
ˆeÁvwbK e‡j wPwýZ n‡e hw` GwU `xN©mgq a‡i IB cÖc‡K
e¨vL¨v Kivi †¶‡Î weKí ZË¡¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kg cÖMwZkxj ev
wbw®Œq _v‡K| A_©vr eûiKg AgxgvswmZ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL
nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi PP©vKvix Rb‡Mvôx GB mgm¨v¸‡jv
mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †Zgb †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bq bv, Zv‡`i ZË¡‡K
G wel‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡ii †Kvb
D‡`¨vM †bq bv Ges (mZ¨-wg_¨v m¤ú‡K©) wbwðZ nIqvi
†¶‡Î c¶cvZg~jK AvPiY K‡i|Õ
33
cieZ©x mg‡q _¨vMvW© Dcjwä K‡ib Gfv‡e msÁv w`‡q
weÁv‡bi m‡½ fzqvweÁvb‡K c„_K Kivi †P‡q fzqvweÁv‡bi
ˆewk󨸇jv mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvwb‡q w`‡j mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶
fzqvweÁvb‡K wPwýZ Kiv mnR n‡e| 1988 mv‡j †jLv
ÔComputational Philosophy of ScienceÕ kxl©K eB‡q wZwb weÁvb I
fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨mg~n‡K mywbw ©ófv‡e
wPwýZ K‡ib| hvi d‡j weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi c„_KxKiY
A‡bK mnR nq| AwZm¤cÖwZ Ab¨ GKwU wbe‡Ü
ˆewk󨸇jv‡K wZwb AviI mg‡qvc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡jb|
_¨vMv‡W©i wPwýZ ˆewk󨸇jv n‡”Q :
1. weÁvb †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i mywbw`©ó c×wZi
gva¨‡g, fzqvweÁv‡b †Kvb c×wZwbf©i e¨vL¨v _v‡K
bv|
2. weÁvb (welq I e¯‘i) m¤úK© wba©viYKvix wPš—v‡K
e¨envi K‡i, †h wPš—v cÖK…wZi wewfbœ w`K‡K
Avwe®‹v‡ii R‡b¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁvb AvßevK¨ ev w¯’i wek¦vm
ev †MuvRvwgjc~Y© wPš—vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G ai‡bi
wPš—v †_‡K Zviv Ggb wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nq
†hÑÔRM‡Z e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Aímí m¤úK© Av‡Q
KviY Zviv GKB ai‡bi|Õ
3. ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i e¨enviKvixMY me©`vB wewfbœ
weKí ZË¡mg~‡ni wbwi‡L Zvi Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zv hvPvB
Ki‡Z AvMÖnx _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi
PP©vKvixMY weKí ZË¡¸‡jv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i|
4. weÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hv RwUj bq
wKš‘ Gi _v‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi wek` ¶gZv| Avi
fzqvweÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hvi e¨vL¨v
w`‡Z wM‡q AviI A‡bK wKQz a‡i wb‡Z nq ev bZzb
bZzb (gbMov) cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
5. mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ weÁvb GwM‡q hvq bZyb Z_¨‡K
e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ bZzb ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡m| fzqvweÁvb Zvi
bxwZ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Abo Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
Dc‡i D��wLZ weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi cv_©K¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ nj weÁvb GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖwµqv
Abyhvqx P‡j, fzqvweÁv‡bi G ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwµqv _v‡K bv|
cÖwµqvi welqwU fzqvweÁvb AMÖvn¨ K‡i| cÖwµqv ej‡Z
†evSvq Ggb GK myywbw`©ó c×wZ †hLv‡b K‡qKwU Dcv`v‡bi
wg_w®Œqvq wbqwgZ GK ai‡bi dj cvIqv hvq| †hgb imvqb
ev ˆRecÖcÂmg~‡ni †¶‡ÎI Avgiv e¨vcb (diffusion) bvgK
GKwU cÖwµqv Avgiv †`wL, †hLv‡b Aa©cwievnx c`©v
(Semipermeable mebrane) †hgb †KvlwSি�i GK cvk †_‡K
Ab¨cv‡k e¯‘KYv Kx nv‡i AwZµg Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i c`©vi
34
`yB cv‡k e¯‘KYvi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Dci| GB cÖwµqv mKj
A‰Re I ˆRe cÖc‡Â GKBfv‡e wµqv K‡i| e¯‘RM‡Zi
†Kv‡bv wbqg Abyhvqx ev c`v‡_©i †Kvb ag© Abyhvqx G NUbv
N‡U weÁvb Zvi e¨vL¨v mywbw`©ófv‡e w`‡q _v‡K|
fzqvwÁvb Ggb †Kvb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ hvq bv ev †h‡Z cv‡i
bv KviY Zv‡`i cÖ¯—vebv¸‡jv e¯‘RM‡Zi ch©‡e¶‡Yi Dci
wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V bv| †hgb Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ †hme NUbv
NU‡e ev N‡U‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i Zvi fvmvfvmv †hvMm~‡Îi K_v
ej‡jI †Kvb mywbw`©ó †Kvb cÖwµqv Av‡Q Ggb wKQz cÖgvY
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| R‡b¥i mgq AvKv‡ki Zviv¸wji GKwU
we‡kl Ae¯’vb Kx K‡i GKRb gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i
ˆewk󨸇jv wba©viY K‡i †m iKg †Kvb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i
bv †R¨vwZlkv¯¿| †hme NUbv N‡U‡Q ev NU‡e e‡j Zviv `vwe
K‡i Zvi †Kvb ev —e ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶v-wbix¶v ev
weÁvbm¤§Z cwimsL¨vb i‡q‡Q GgbI †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv Zviv|
Zvn‡j Avgiv †`LwQ Dc‡i D��wLZ welq¸‡jv ¸i“‡Z¡i
m‡½ j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv mn‡RB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie †KvbwU
weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqvweÁvb| wKš‘ ev —e-Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i
Av‡kcv‡k fzqvweÁvb Ggbfv‡e Qwo‡q _v‡K †h Avgiv
A‡bK mgq Zv j¶¨ Kwi bv| cÖvqB †`Lv hvq G¸‡jv _v‡K
weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Abyl‡½i m‡½ wg‡k| weÁv‡bi m‡½
m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hLb G ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi m‡½ hy³
nb ZLb Gi Øviv mvaviY gvbyl †Zv e‡UB Ávb-weÁv‡bi m‡½
m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ivI cÖvqB weåvš— n‡q _v‡Kb| G Kvi‡YB
Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k _vKv bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc
m~²fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Ges Gi MwZcÖK…wZ I D‡Ïk¨
m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv Ri“wi|
Av‡kcv‡k bvbvb †e‡k
weÁvb †gvUvgywU eûj cÖPwjZ Ges RbwcÖq nevi ci †_‡KB
bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡biI DrcwË n‡Z _v‡K| Ebwesk
kZK †_‡K Avgiv D��L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË
n‡Z †`wL, †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ges †d«‡bvjwR Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
†hme fzqvweÁvb h‡_ó RbwcÖq I cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv
j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †ewkifvM fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË
n‡q‡Q weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹…Z Z_¨ I PP©vi m‡½ cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡mi
ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ Dcv`vb wgwk‡q| A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ †Kvb
e„wËi AwZcÖvK…Z e¨vL¨v ev` w`‡q GKB NUbvi ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ
e¨vL¨v †`Iqv ïi“ nq weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹v‡ii m‡½
wgwj‡q| †hgb gvby‡li fv‡M¨i Dci MÖ‡ni cÖfv‡ei e¨vcviwU
G‡mwQj KviY cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvby‡li wek¦vm wQj MÖn¸wj GK
GKwU †`eZv, Giv G‡`i ¯fve Abyhvqx gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wbDUb gnvKl©ZË¡ Avwe®‹v‡ii ci
†`eZv‡`i cÖfv‡ei e`‡j G‡m †M‡Q MÖn-b¶‡Îi AvKl©Y|
35
Gfv‡eB weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Dci wfwË K‡i bvbv D‡Ïk¨
wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi fzqvweÁv‡bi PP©v| Avgiv hw`
mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ me ai‡bi fzqvweÁvb m¤ú‡K©
A‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †ek K‡qKwU XvDm AvKv‡ii eB
wj‡LI Kzjv‡bv hv‡e bv| GB Av‡jvPbvi ¯^í cwim‡i G¸‡jvi
cÖwZwUi ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme
fzqv-weÁv‡bi PP©v Lye `vc‡Ui m‡½ Avgv‡`i weåvš— Ki‡Q
Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi K_vB ms‡¶‡c D��L KiwQ| GKUz j¶¨
Ki‡j †`L‡ev gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i ¯v_© D×v‡ii R‡b¨ †m-me
welq‡KB †e‡Q †bqv nq †h me wel‡q mvaviY gvby‡li
AvKl©Y ev `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme fzqvweÁvb `vc‡Ui m‡½
RbMY‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q Zvi †ewkifv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨emvwqK|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi D‡Ïk¨ ivR‰bwZK A_©vr ivR‰bwZK dvq`v
†jvUvi R‡b¨ wg_¨v ev weK…Z Z_¨ ev e¨vL¨vi Dci weÁv‡bi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q Gi h_v_©Zv cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kiv| ag©Zš¿xivI Kg
hvb bv| AvRKvj weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ
ag©wek¦vm Ges Gi A‡bK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK gvby‡li
g‡b ˆZwi n‡”Q bvbv cÖkœ| G¸‡jv A‡bK †¶‡Î ag©wek¦v‡mi
wfZ‡KB bvwo‡q w`‡”Q| GiKg Ae¯’vq ag©wek¦v‡mi bvbv
Dcv`vb‡K ÔweÁvbm¤§ZÕ e‡j cÖgvY Kiv wek¦vm i¶vi Lye
Kvh©Ki †KŠkj| G-iKg me ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi wb`k©b †LuvRvi
R‡b¨ Avgv‡`i `~‡i †Kv_vI †h‡Z n‡e bv| †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©v ev
cÎcwÎKvi cvZvq we‡klZ weÁvcb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡jB
Avgiv Gm‡ei fzwifzwi wb`k©b †`L‡Z cv‡ev|
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi GK weL¨vZ Ô†nj_& wWªsKÕ| Dcv`vb
hv Av‡Q Zv Avgv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`bw›`b Lvev‡ii Dcv`v‡bi
†_‡K wfbœ wKQz bq| wKš‘ Zviv `vwe Ki‡Qb GUv †L‡j bvwK
ev”Pviv ÔmvaviY LveviÕ-LvIqv ev”Pv‡`i †P‡q †ewk j¤^v, †ewk
kw³kvjx Ges †ewk eyw×gvb n‡e| GKB Dcv`v‡b wfbœdj
†Kb n‡e Zvi †Kvb Reve G‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| G‡K
Ôgnv‰eÁvwbKÕ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ AvkÖq †bqv nq cÖZviYv I
wg_¨vPv‡ii| ejv n‡q G¸‡jv bvwK Ô¯Zš¿ M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZÕ|
gvby‡li kix‡ii Dci †Kv‡bv Ilya ev cywó Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve
†`Lvi R‡b¨ †h-me M‡elYv (wK¬wbK¨vj Uªvqvj) Pvjv‡bv nq
†m-me M‡elYv cÖKí †m †`‡ki mswkó ˆeÁvwbK KwgwU
KZ©„K cvk Kiv‡Z nq| †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †M‡Q G‡`i Gme
Kw_Z ÔM‡elYvÕ-cÖ¯—ve ˆeÁvwbK KwgwUi Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z bq
Ges GB wel‡qi †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…Z ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©v‡j Zv cÖKvwkZ
nq wb| GiKg AviI A‡bK †`wk I eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb
cÖPwjZ Lvev‡ii †P‡q Zv‡`i Lvev‡ii Ô†kÖôZ¡Õ ÔM‡elYvq
cÖgvwYZÕ e‡j `vwe K‡i Avm‡Q| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i Kw_Z
ÔM‡elYvÕ fzqv AZGe G‡`i †kÖô‡Z¡i `vwe fyqv‰eÁvwbK Ges
cÖZviYvg~jK|
36
Gme †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡k †h-me †Kv¤úvwb Zrci G‡`i
†ewkifvMB fviZmn Dcgnv‡`‡ki meKwU †`‡kB e¨emv
Ki‡Q| 29 b‡f¤^i 2012, Kb©vUK †_‡K cÖKvwkZ fvi‡Zi
Bs‡iwR RvZxq ˆ`wbK w` wn› y-†Z GKwU Lei Qvcv nq hvi
wk‡ivbvg wQj Ôfzqv `vwei R‡b¨ 19wU †Kv¤úvwb wePv‡ii
gy‡LvgywLÕ| 19wU †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZwUB wewfbœ ai‡bi Lvev‡ii
AvB‡Ug ˆZwi K‡i| G‡`i †ewkifvM Avgv‡`i †`‡kI
evRviRvZ Ki‡Q Zv‡`i cY¨| mvev‡bi weÁvc‡b Wv³vi‡K
w`‡q ejv‡bv n‡”Q Ômvevb w`‡q ay‡q me ai‡bi RxevYy-
msµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e|Õ Ggb Kx mw`©-Kvwki gZ evqy-
evwnZ †ivMI bvwK cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e mvevb w`‡q ay‡q!
wPwKrmvi bv‡g Pj‡Q bvbv iKg fzqv‰eÁvwbK ZrciZv|
Gme ZrciZvi †ewkifvM Pj‡Q cÖPvi gva¨‡g| `vwe Kiv
n‡”Q Pvgovq jvMv‡bv nq Ggb GKwU gvwjk RvZxq Ilya
bvwK R‡q‡›Ui †fZ‡i wM‡q bvbv iKg wµqv K‡i, †ivM
mvivq| dvg©v‡KvjwRi A Av K L hvi cov Av‡Q wZwb Rv‡bb
gvby‡li Pvgov †f` K‡i Gfv‡e †Kvb Ilya kix‡ii Af¨š—‡i
XzK‡Z cv‡i bv| b~¨bZg †Kvb cix¶v-wbix¶v QvovB Giv e‡j
w`‡”Q R‡q‡›Ui wfZ‡i wM‡q GB Ilya Kx Kx (cuvP iKg)
cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ †h-me Dcv`vb Av‡Q e‡j Zviv
`vwe K‡i ZviI †Kvb cÖgvY †bB| GB Kw_Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx
Dcv‡q kix‡i cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i Zvi wKQz cÖwµqv Zviv
Kw¤úDUv‡i ˆZwi A¨vwb‡gk‡bi gva¨‡g weÁvc‡b †`wL‡q
_v‡K| wKš‘ G cÖwµqv¸‡jv †h mwZ¨B N‡U Zvi c‡¶I Zviv
†Kv‡bv M‡elYv ev ch©‡e¶YMZ wfwË †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi
d‡j ¯úó †evSv hvq Zv‡`i GB Kw_Z cÖwµqv¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©
gbMov I ev‡bvqvU| Zviv †ivMx‡`i mv¶vrKvi wb‡q †`Lvq
†ivMxiv ej‡Q †ivM †m‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv hw` mZ¨I nq Zvn‡jI
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ Abyhvqx GUv †Kvb cÖgvY bq| Gme Kw_Z
Ily‡ai †Kvb weÁvbm¤§Z M‡elYvi wb`k©b _v‡K bv| AZGe
G¸‡jv LuvwU fzqvweÁvb|
Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡ki gZ Avgv‡`i †`‡kI `y‡qKUv
ag©‡Nulv wUwf P¨v‡b‡j RxeweeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z
wM‡q †gŠjev`xiv Ôeyw×gvb cwiKíK ZË¡Õ‡K (intelligent design
theory) Dc¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K| m„wóev`‡K weÁvb wn‡m‡e `vwe
Kivi GB †KŠkj †gŠjev`xiv cÖ_g ïi“ K‡iwQj 1960 Gi
`k‡K| gvwK©b gyjy‡Ki †nbwi gwim bv‡gi GK cÖ‡KŠkjx
ˆZwi K‡ib Ôm„wóZË¡ M‡elYv msNÕ (Bbw÷wUDU Ae wµ‡qkb
wimvP©)| Zviv `vwe Ki‡Z _vK‡jb G ZË¡ ÔM‡elYvjäÕ| ïay
ZvB bq- Zviv AviI `vwe Ki‡jbÑG wel‡q (G Z‡Ë¡i
PP©vKvix‡`i) bvbv ˆeÁvwbK wbeÜ wewfbœ ¯^xK…Z ˆeÁvwbK
Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| m„wóev`x‡`i GB `vwe wb‡q weZK©
hLb Zz‡½ ZLb 1984 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `yRb
RxeweÁv‡bi wk¶K BDwRb ¯‹U I †nbwi †Kvj D‡`¨vM
37
wb‡jb welqwU‡K fvjfv‡e Zwj‡q †`L‡Z| Zviv wZb eQi a‡i
GK nvRviwU ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©vj †N‡U m„wóev`x M‡elYvi Ggb
bgybv LyuR‡Z _v‡Kb hv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨ZvwjKvq Aš—f©y³
Kiv hvq| nvRviwU Rvb©v‡j Qvcv nIqv wbeÜ I
Awfm›`f©mg~‡ni GKwU‡ZI Zviv m„wóev‡`i c‡¶ †Kvb
cÖv‡qvwMK ev M‡elYvg~jK iPbv Lyu‡R cvb wb| GB nj gvwK©b
gyjy‡K m„wóev`x‡`i M‡elYvi bgybv! Avgv‡`i †`‡k †Zv ejvB
evûj¨|
G-iKg Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi fzqvweÁvb Avgv‡`i
Av‡kcv‡k i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i AÁZv Avi wb‡R‡`i
cÖZviYvg~jK cÖPviYvi Dci fi K‡i Giv `vc‡Ui m‡½
gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i hv‡”Q| G‡`i Øviv Avw_©K, gvbweK Ges
ˆbwZKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Qb G‡`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU mvaviY
gvbyl| Gme PP©v Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AvBb, †gwW‡Kj I
†ckvMZ ˆbwZKZv BZ¨vw`i ei‡Ljvd n‡jI AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi
`ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y PP©vKvixiv i‡q hv‡”Q aiv‡Quvqvi evB‡i| Z‡e
G‡`i cvi †c‡q hvevi Avmj KviY n‡”Q gvby‡li AÁZv|
ZvB GLb mgq G‡m‡Q msMwVZfv‡e mwe —v‡i G‡`i ¯iƒc
D‡b¥vPb Kivi|
I‡`i cÖPvi cÖPviYvi RuvKRgK I Wvgv‡Wv‡ji wecix‡Z
Avgv‡`iI cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z n‡e Ggbfv‡e hv‡Z †ewkifvM
gvbyl G‡`i duvwKevwR eyS‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv weÁvb‡gjv Kwi,
wewfbœ cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl‡K weÁv‡bi wewfbœ
Avwe®‹vi Avi m¤¢ebvi m‡½ cwiPq Kiv‡bvi R‡b¨| GLb
weÁvb‡gjvi †P‡qI Avgv‡`i †ewk cÖ‡qvRb fzqvweÁvb-†gjv
Av‡qvRb Kivi| hv‡Z Avgv‡`i Zi“‡Yiv fzqvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ
cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl‡K fzqvweÁvbmg~‡ni bvbv
Kvq`vi duvwKevwR I KvimvwR¸‡jv mwe —v‡i †`wL‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| †Kv‡bv wKQzi wecixZ‡K Rvb‡j IB welqwU‡K Av‡iv
fv‡jfv‡e †evSv hvq| †hgb AÜKv‡ii gv‡S Av‡jv‡K
me‡P‡q ¯úó †evSv hvq| ZvB G-ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g
cÖZviYv I wPš—vi weåvwš— KvwU‡q Avgv‡`i mgvR‡K
gy³‡PZbvi Av‡jvwKZ PZ¡‡i wb‡q hvIqv Av‡iv mnR I
mvejxj n‡e |
mnvqK iPbvejx
1. Massimo Pigliucci, Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk, The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
2. Stanley A Rice, Encyclopedia of Evolution, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2007.
3. Paul R Thagard, Computational Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, USA, 1988.
4. Paul R Thagard, Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 1978, Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978)
5. gwbi“j Bmjvg, ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`ok eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva, msnwZ cÖKvkb, 2q gy`ªY,
2010|
6. gwbi“j Bmjvg, weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi, (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewa©Z) 2q ms¯‹iY, msnwZ
cÖKvkb, 2011|
gwbi“j Bmjvg : †ckvq wPwKrmK| evsjv‡`k ev‡qvjwR Awjw¤úqv‡Wi GKRb m¤§vwbZ D‡`¨v³v| weÁvb
†PZbv cwil`Õi mv‡_ `xN©w`b a‡i RwoZ| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`okÕ eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva
(2007, msnwZ cÖKvkb), weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi (2011, msnwZ cÖKvkb) Ges bvix cyi“l ˆelg¨ :
RxeZvwË¡K †cÖ¶vcU (2010, msnwZ cÖKvkb), XvKv
38
weÁvb I AcweÁvb
Zvbfxi nvwbd
†R¨vwZlkv ¿ ev A¨vm‡UªvjwR †Kv‡bv weÁvb bq, GUv‡K
AcweÁvb ejv hvq| hw`I nvRvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© GB kv‡¯¿i
D™¢e N‡U‡Q Ges `yf©vM¨µ‡g gvbemf¨Zv hLb weÁvb I Gi
`…k¨gvb dmj, hv‡K Avgiv cÖhyw³ ewj, Gi D”PwkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q
†M‡Q Ges GB cÖMwZ Ae¨nZ Av‡Q ZLbI GB AcweÁvb
Z_v AÜ-Kzms¯‹vi KZ©…K j¶ j¶ gvbyl cÖZvwiZ n‡q Pj‡Q|
GB AcweÁv‡bi cÖfve GZUvB gvivZ¥K †h †`‡ki
†ewkifvM cÎ-cwÎKv‡Z wekvj Ask Ry‡o ivwkd‡ji Lei
cÖKvk Kiv nq| wKsev XvDm mvB‡Ri weÁvcb w`‡q cÖPvi Kiv
nqÑÔAvcwb wK nZvk? Zvn‡j wbf©yj fvM¨ MYbvi gva¨‡g
nZvkv gyw³i Rb¨ Agy‡Ki fvM¨-MYbv †P¤^v‡i Avmyb|Õ GB
ai‡bi weÁvcb cÖZviYv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| ai“b Kv‡iv
nZvkv GZUvB gvivZ¥K ch©v‡q †h wZwb AvZ¥nZ¨vI Ki‡Z
cv‡ib †h †Kv‡bv mgq| G Ae¯’vq Zvi cÖ‡qvRb GKRb
wPwKrmv-g‡bvweÁvbxi kiYvcbœ nIqv| wZwb hw` †mwU bv K‡i
†Kvb †R¨vwZlxi Kv‡Q hvb Ges wKQyw`b ci gvbwmK
fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q mwZ¨B AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i e‡mbÑZvn‡j Gi
`vqfvi Kvi †bqv DwPr? Gi Rb¨ `vqx †K n‡e? Avw_©K
¶wZi K_v ev`B w`jvg|
Avgiv A‡bK mgq †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ (A¨vm‡UªvjwR) Ges
†R¨vwZwe©Ávb (A¨vm‡Uªvbwg) GB `yBwU welq‡K GK‡Î ¸wj‡q
†dwj| bv‡gi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cwigvY wgj _vK‡jI G‡`i †fZi
GKwU wekvj cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i wfwË nj KZ¸‡jv
mij wKš‘ wfwËnxb Avi AcÖgvwYZ wek¦vm| †hgb †Kv‡bv
gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡, Zvi fvM¨, Zvi ÔRb¥gyn~‡Z©Õ Puv`, m~h© Ges
Ab¨vb¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| GB
Ae¯’vb¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v-we��l‡Yi gva¨‡g MY‡Kiv GK ai‡bi
QK ˆZwi K‡ib, G‡K Zviv e‡jb Kzwô ev ni‡¯‹vc|
†R¨vwZlx‡`i `vwe Abymv‡i GB Kzwô e¨envi K‡i Zviv bvwK
gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvmg~‡ni fwel¨ØvYx Ges e¨vL¨v
w`‡q _v‡Kb| e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ggb wK RvwZi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš—
wb‡Z Ômvnvh¨Õ K‡i _v‡Kb! †R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi
MwZ-cÖK…wZi ˆeÁvwbK Aa¨qb-ch©v‡jvPbv| †R¨vwZwe©Ávb
†R¨vwZc©`v_©weÁv‡bi mgZzj¨ ev Gi Ask| A_©vr
†R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi D™¢e, weeZ©b, MwZ-cÖK…wZi
we`¨v Avi †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ nj gvby‡li Ici G‡`i cÖfve|
†h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ ev AbyK‡íi KZK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨
_v‡KÑGgbwK hw` †mwU fyjI cÖgvwYZ nq| wKš‘ hv fyj cÖgvY
Kivi my‡hvM †bB Zv weÁv‡bi ch©v‡q c‡i bv| Av‡jvKZi½
39
PjvP‡ji gva¨g wn‡m‡e ÔB_viÕ bvgK me©e¨vcx GK ai‡bi
c`v‡_©i Abygvb K‡iwQ‡jb weÁvbxiv| cieZ©xKv‡j cix¶‡Y
Gi Abw —Z¡ cÖgvwYZ nq Ges weÁvbxiv Zv †g‡bI wb‡q‡Qb|
KviY weÁv‡bi PvwjKvkw³ nj mskq Ges mskq‡K hvPvB
Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cix¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v| B_v‡ii AbygvbwU wKš‘
A‡hŠw³K wQj bv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki weÁvbxiv Rvb‡Zb †h †Kvb
ai‡bi Zi‡½i †hgb RjZi½, kã BZ¨vw`i mÂvj‡bi Rb¨
gva¨g cÖ‡qvRbÑKv‡RB Av‡jv hw` Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½ nq
Zvn‡j Gi mÂvj‡bi Rb¨I gva¨g _vKvUvB m½Z| wKš‘
weÁvb ïay Abygv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡iB wm×vš— Uv‡b bv| G‡K
hvPvB Kiv ev fyj cÖgv‡Yi †Póv nj GKwU ˆeÁvwbK cÖKí ev
nvB‡cv‡_wm‡mi cieZ©x avc| GB welqwU‡K ejv nq
Ôdjwmwd‡Kkb †U÷Õ| Ac‰eÁvwbK ZË¡mg~n †hgb
†R¨vwZlkv ¿ GB ai‡bi cix¶vq m¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨_©| GLv‡b
GKUy e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| `yB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i K_v wPš—v
Ki“b : GKK Aw —Z¡Á¨vcK Ges wek¦Rbxb| ÔGKwU mv`v
ivRnuv‡mi Aw —Z¡ Av‡QÕÑGwU GKwU GKK Aw —Z¡Á¨vcK
e³e¨ Ges ÔmKj ivRnuvmB mv`vÕÑGwU nj GKwU wek¦Rbxb
e³e¨| weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q GB `yB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i we‡kl ¸i“Z¡
Av‡Q| GKRb G ai‡bi eû GKK Aw —Z¡Á¨vcK e³e¨ ‡_‡K
GKwU wek¦Rbxb e³‡e¨ †cuŠQ‡Z m¶g| †hgb ÔKÕ GKwU mv`v
ivRnuvm, ÔLÕ GKwU mv`v ivRnuvm| Gfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv
ivRnuv‡mi Mv‡qi iO †_‡K Zviv wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i ÔmKj
ivRnuvmB mv`vÕ| GwU †hŠw³K wePv‡i GKwU Av‡ivnx c×wZ
(Ôwe‡kl n‡Z mvavi‡Y Av‡ivnYÕ) n‡jI c×wZwU
Ae‡ivnxMZfv‡e (ÔmvaviY n‡Z we‡k‡l Ae‡ivnYÕ) cÖ‡hvR¨
bq| Gi KviY nj, Avgv‡`i †`Lv mg — ivRnuv‡mi evB‡iI
AviI wfbœ i‡Oi ivRnuvm _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv Kv‡jvI n‡Z
cv‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ A‡÷ªwjqvq Kv‡jv ivRnuvm Av‡Q|
weÁv‡bi wfwË G-ai‡bi AcÖvgvY¨ wm×vš— n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Av‡ivng~jK GB c×wZi mgvavb nj djwmwd‡Kkb| ÔGKwU
mv`v ivRnuv‡mi Aw —Z¡ Av‡QÕÑGiKg GKwU GKK Aw —
Z¡Á¨vcK e³‡e¨i Ici wfwË K‡i ÔmKj ivRnuvmB
mv`vÕÑGiKg GKwU wek¦Rbxb e³e¨‡K ÔwbwðZfv‡eÕ
cÖwZwôZ Kiv Am¤¢e n‡jI ÔGKwU Kv‡jv ivRnvu‡mi Aw —Z¡
Av‡QÕÑGiKg GKwU GKK Aw —Z¡Á¨vcK e³‡e¨i Ici wfwË
K‡i †mwU‡K ÔwbwðZfv‡eÕ fyj cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| c…w_exi mg —
ivRnuvm‡K †`‡L GKUv mvaviYxK…Z wm×v‡š— †cuŠQ‡bv Am¤¢e
wKš‘ GKwUgvÎ e¨wZµg GKwU mve©Rbxb e³e¨‡K åvš—
cÖgvY Ki‡Z m¶g| ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i ˆewkó¨B nj †miKg
Aš—Z GKwU e¨wZµ‡gi m¤¢vebv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv| GKwU
ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i mdjZvi eû Kvi‡Yi †fZi GKwU nj, eû
cix¶‡Yi ciI †mwUi wU‡K _vKv| G‡K fyj cÖgvY Kievi
Dcvq Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges †mB Dcvq Abymi‡Yi ciI Zv
40
wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| AvBb÷vB‡bi e³e¨wU Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z
cvwi: ÔNo amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a
single experiment can prove me wrong.Õ
Avbdjwmwd‡qej Z‡Ë¡ G-ai‡bi †Kv‡bv Kv‡jv ivRnuvm
cvIqv hvq bv| ˆeÁvwbK-ZË¡¸‡jv‡K G-ai‡bi Kv‡jv
ivRnuvm †LuvRvi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e b·v Kiv nq| hw` G-ai‡bi
ivRnuvm cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j ZË¡wU fyjÑhw` bv cvIqv hvq
Zvn‡j ZË¡wUi mwVK nevi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| AwaKZi
Ôkw³kvjx ZË¡Õ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cvq| cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi wPý nj
Gi PP©vKvixiv G ai‡bi Kv‡jv ivRnuv‡mi mÜv‡b _v‡K Avi
AcweÁv‡bi PP©vKvixMY G-welqwU h_vm¤¢e Gwo‡q P‡j|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ G ai‡bi Kv‡jv ivRnuv‡mi
†Kv‡bv Aw —Z¡ †bB A_©vr †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ djwmwd‡qej bv|
†R¨vwZlxiv Zv‡`i `vwe¸‡jv‡K cÖgvY Kievi Rb¨ mePvB‡Z
`ye©j mv¶¨-cÖgvY‡K AvM‡j ai‡Z Pvb wKš‘ GB mv¶¨-cÖgvY
Lyu‡R †c‡Z Zv‡`i G‡Ki ci GK e¨_©Zv‡K KL‡bv Zv‡`i
`vwei wei“‡× mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z w`‡Z Zviv
we› ygvÎ AvMÖnx bb|
GgbwU n‡Z cv‡i (Aek¨B e¨wZµg wn‡m‡e) yB-GKRb
weÁvbx Ôwei“×Õ Z_¨-DcvˇK m‡PZbfv‡e Gwo‡q †M‡Qb|
Gi KviY Avi wKQyB bqÑgvby‡li ¯^fveB GiKg †h †m Pvq
Zvi ZË¡wU mwVK †nvK Ges †mRb¨ mvsNwl©K Z_¨-DcvˇK
Gwo‡q P‡j| Z‡e GB ˆewkó¨ mvaviYfv‡e weÁv‡bi c~Y©
†¶Î¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †gv‡UI cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| GgbwK Z‡K©i
LvwZ‡i hw` aivI nq †h †Kv‡bv GKRb weÁvbx wb‡Ri
cQ‡›`i Z‡Ë¡i wei“‡× hvq G-ai‡bi mvsNwl©K Z_¨-DcvˇK
Gwo‡q †M‡QbÑZvn‡jI wKš‘ Av‡iKRb †mwU Lyu‡R †c‡q
wek¦weL¨vZ nevi my‡hvM wb‡Z cv‡ib| G-Rb¨ ejv nq
weÁv‡bi wb‡R‡K wb‡Ri ms‡kva‡bi ¶gZv Av‡Q| wKš‘ G-
ai‡bi wKQyB Avgiv †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ †`L‡Z cvB bv| KviY ev —
eZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© GgbwU †R¨vwZlxiv KLbB `vwe Ki‡Z
m¶g bb|
weÁv‡bi `vwe¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B cÖgvY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges
cix¶Y Øviv hvPvB Kievi ci G‡`i‡K ev —eZv wn‡m‡eB
†g‡b †bqv nq| AcweÁv‡bi `vwe¸‡jv cÖ_gZ : Abb¨mvaviY
(extraordinary) nq Ges wØZxqZ GB `vwe¸‡jvi c‡¶
Abb¨mvaviYfv‡e Ach©vß Z_¨-cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
m½Z Kvi‡Y GwUi ¸i“Z¡ †gv‡UI Kg bqÑKviY †Kvb ZË¡
hw` ch©vß Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi Ici cÖwZwôZ bv nq Ges Gi hw`
†Kvb cix¶Yjä cÖgvY bv †_‡K _v‡K Zvn‡j ev —eZvi mv‡_
GwUi †Kv‡bviKg ms‡hvM `vwe Kiv G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb|
gvwK©b †R¨vwZc©`v_©we` Kvj© mvMvb (1934-1996)
GKevi e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔAbb¨mvaviY `vwei Rb¨ Abb¨mvaviY
mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨KÕ (extraordinary claims require extraordinary
41
evidence)| A_© nj †Kvb `vwe hw` Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ m¤ú‡K©
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv hv Rvwb Zvi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i Lye
†ewkgvÎvq we¯§qKi ev AmvaviY bv nq Zvn‡j †mB `vwei
c‡¶ Lye †ewk mv¶¨-cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| D‡ëvUvI wKš‘
mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| hw` †Kv‡bv `vwe Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K nq Zvn‡j Gi ¯^c‡¶
A‡bK †ewkgvÎvq mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨K| Gi KviY wK?
KviY GB Abb¨mvaviY `vwewU mZ¨ n‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges mZ¨ e‡j M…nxZ A‡bK A‡bK Z_¨‡K
Ôwg_¨vÕ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| GLb GB M…nxZ Z_¨¸‡jv hw`
Avevi cix¶Y I ch©‡e¶‡Yi mv‡_ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e m½wZc~Y©
nq Zvn‡j `vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ-Gi gvÎvq DbœxZ nq Ges
hZ¶Y ch©š— Gi c‡¶ Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgvY †mwUi wec‡¶
eZ©gvb Bw¤úwiK¨vj-cÖgvY‡K AwZµg bv K‡i ZZ¶Y G
welqwU MÖnY Kievi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB|
Abb¨mvaviY `vwei GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv
†nvwgIc¨vw_i K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Gi †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË ev
Drm †bB| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv Rvwb n¨vwbg¨vb Zuvi
†nvwgIc¨vw_i m~θ‡jv †Kvb cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g cvb
wbÑwZwb ïaygvÎ ÔGWnKÕ wfwˇZ †m¸‡jv aviYv K‡i
wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb
GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K : wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qvj ïuK‡j my¯’
gvby‡li g‡a¨ g¨v‡jwiqvi j¶Y †`Lv hvq ZvB GB MvQ †_‡K
msM„nxZ KzBbvBb g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK| Ges GB m~ÎwU
(A_©vr †h ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q GB aviYv)
cybi“rcv`b ev †iwc‡KU Kiv ev wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvY KivI
m¤¢e nq wb| GB `vwe Abymv‡i Awb`ªv ev Bb‡mvgwbqvi Ilya
nj K¨v‡dB‡bi (hv Nyg bó K‡i) AwZgvÎvq WvBjy‡UW
mjyk¨b| ZijxK…Z wel AvBwf Pvgovi dymKywoi Ilya
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e KviY Nbxf~Z Ae¯’vq GwU dymKzwoi Rb¨
`vqx, ZijxK…Z SvSv‡jv jvj †cqv‡Ri im †Pv‡Li cvwb cov
eÜ K‡i Ges ZijxK…Z mv‡ci wel kvixwiK AboZv wbivgq
K‡i| †nvwgIc¨vw_K eBcy¯—‡K cÖvqB Ny‡owd‡i GKwU K_v
Av‡m : ÔwbDU‡bi Rb¨ MvQ †_‡K cov Av‡cj ev M¨vwjwjIi
Rb¨ K¨v‡_Wªv‡j †`vjvqgvb evwZi f~wgKv hZUyKy
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rb¨ wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji Ae`vb ZZLvwb|Õ
A_P AvR Avgiv ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU Avm‡j Wvnv wg_¨v| cieZ©xKv‡j Avwe®‹…Z
n‡q‡Q wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK we‡kl
¸Yv¸Y Av‡Q Ges GB cÖwZ‡ivawU wK ai‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z ev
†gKvwbR‡gi gva¨‡g N‡U ZvI cwi®‹vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi mv‡_ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwe‡l wel¶qÕ ev
ÔfvBUvwjRgÕ ev ÔWvBbvwgRgÕ BZ¨vw`i †Kv‡bv †hvMm~Î †ei
Kiv hvq wb| wUKvi †¶‡Î gvbe‡`‡n wbw`©ó gvÎv‡Z RxevYy
42
Bb‡R‡±i gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi gZb wKQyI GwU bq|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i wfwËwU‡K wbwðZfv‡e ¸wo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q|
AwZ m¤cÖwZ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôe¨w³MZÕ AwfÁZv‡K KyBbvB‡bi
cÖwZ Zvi AwZms‡e`bkxjZv wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wm×vš— ‡jv‡K Zvi mg‡qi (Aóv`k kZK)
Rb¨ Lye GKUv †`vl †`qv nqZ hv‡e bv †h-mgq Ilya-c_¨
m¤ú‡K© †ewkifvM aviYvB wQj cÖ_v I †jvKKvwnwbwfwËK|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwmwgwjqv wmwgwjqvevm wKD‡iš—viÕ ev we‡l
wel¶‡qi mv‡_ wKš‘ fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †ek wgj cvIqv hvq| fyWy
ev †jvKR eyRi“wK wPwKrmv ev hv`ywe`¨vi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i
ÔjvBK G‡d±m& jvBKÕ ev mgZzj¨ mgZyj¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
GB wek¦vm| GRb¨ fyWy g¨vwRwkqvbiv wfw±‡gi g‡Zv †`L‡Z
cyZyj ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z m~uP †dvUvq| wmb‡Kvbvi Qv‡ji
Kvh©KvwiZv‡K †m-mgq Gi Zxeª Klxq ¯^v` I nRg kw³
e…wׇZ Gi cÖfve w`‡qI e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi ev GB
`vwe¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvUvB m‡Z¨i KvQvKvwQI wQj bvÑhw`I
Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †mwU wQj Ggb GKUv hyM hLb
†gwW‡Kj mv‡q‡Ý AvYweK ZË¡, wdwRIjwR, dvg©v‡KvjwR ev
gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR Gm‡ei †Kv‡bvwUiB cÖ‡qvM ïi“ nq wb| Avi
†mRb¨ Gme AÁvbZvcÖm~Z aviYvmg~n‡K ¶gv Kiv hvq|
KvíwbK Aš— ©…wói A ¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡q n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi
mg‡qi wewfbœ ivmvqwbK, ˆRe-ivmvqwbK Avi ˆRe-c`v‡_©i
(hv wewfbœ gvÎvq Ilya ev Gi DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
nZ) mwVK cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb cÖwµqv ïi“ Ki‡jb|
n¨vwbg¨vb cÖwµqvwUi bvg w`‡jb ÔcÖ“wfsm&Õ| GwU‡K
HwZnvwmK wePv‡i cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~‡ni G‡Kev‡i
cÖ_gw`KKvi wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I Zv
fyjc‡_ cwiPvwjZ wQj| wZwb GB DcKiY¸‡jv wb‡R MÖnY
K‡ib| gRvi welq nj GB cÖ“wfsm&¸‡jv bvwK e¨w³i Dci
wbf©ikxj| n¨vwbg¨vb wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡KI GB
c_¨ MÖnY Kivb| DcKiY¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU (†hgb:
mxmv I cvi`) wQj gvivZ¥K welv³| Avi †m-Rb¨ n¨vwbg¨vb
†kl ch©š— wm×v‡š— Av‡mb G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e hZ Kg
cwigv‡Y e¨envi Kiv n‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya ZZ †ewk
kw³kvjx I Kvh©Kix n‡e| GB wm×vš—wU Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨
Avkxe©v` e‡q Avb‡jI †nvwgIc¨vw_i wØZxq m~Î ev
Ô¶y «vwZ¶y`«Õi D™¢U m~‡Îi m~Pbv Kij| †mvRv fvlvq : GKwU
†nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya hZ †ewk WvBjyU ev ZijxK…Z ev cvZjv
Kiv n‡e †mwU ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e| GRb¨ †nvwgIc¨vw_
Ilya evbv‡bv nq cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡j GKwU DcKiY wgwk‡q
hv evievi ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g wKsev SuvwK‡q
(mvKmvkb)| GB D™¢U cÖwµqvwU‡K ejv nq Ô†cv‡UbkvBwRsÕ|
ai“b Avcwb Awb ªvi †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya evbv‡eb| Avcwb
myuB‡qi WMv K¨v‡dB‡b Quy‡q †Kv‡bv †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji
43
cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb, Gici Gi wKQy Ask‡K
(A‡a©K Ask‡K) Avevi Av‡iKwU †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji
cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb Ges GB cÖwµqvwUi
cybive…wË Ki‡ZB _vK‡eb hZ¶Y bv ch©š— Avcbvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx WvBjykb bv nq|
†nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya¸‡jv mvaviYZ 1012 †_‡K 1060
gvÎvq WvBjyU Kiv nq Ges †evZ‡j 12C, 30C BZ¨vw` †jLv
_v‡K| Gi A_© wK? 30C gv‡b 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU k~b¨
em‡e) fvM cvwb‡Z 1 fvM DcKiY wgkv‡bv n‡q‡Q! GUv
gv‡Qi A¨vKywiqv‡gi cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY †gkv‡bvi
mgvb bq| eis myBwgs cy‡ji cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY
†gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| †Kv‡bv †j‡Ki cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv
DcKiY †gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq|
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i GK †duvUv cvwb †dj‡j wK 30C
WvBjykb ˆZwi Ki‡e? ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq! GK AYy
Kvh©Kix †nvwgIc¨vw_K DcKiY †c‡Z n‡j mg —
†mŠiRM‡Zi AYyi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e| MuvRvLyিরi mxgvbvI
AwZµg K‡i hvq| weÁvbx A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi MYbv Abymv‡i
†Kvb `ªeY‡K hw` 1/1023 fvM gvÎvi †ewk ZijxK…Z Kiv nq
Zvn‡j g~j DcKi‡Yi GK AYyI G‡Z _vK‡e bv| g~j
DcKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv AYyi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv cvwbi †Kv‡bv AYyI
G‡Z _vK‡e bv| GgbwK ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vKv cvwbi
wbR¯^ AYy¸‡jv ch©š— wehy³ n‡q co‡e!
cÖK…Zc‡¶ †nvwgIc¨v_iv ¯^xKviI K‡ib Zviv Avcbvi
Kv‡Q †h Ily‡ai †evZjwU wewµ K‡ib Zv‡Z GK AYy Kvh©Kix
DcKiYI ‡bB| Zvn‡j GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i? Zv‡`i `vwe
Gici AviI Aev —e iƒc aviY K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡Z Ôcvwbi
¯§„wZkw³ Av‡Q Ges g~j DcKi‡Yi ms¯ú‡k© Avmevi ci
cvwb GB DcKi‡Yi ˆewkó¨‡K a‡i iv‡L|Õ wKš‘ GB hyw³‡Z
cvwb‡Zv AviI †KvwU †KvwU wewfbœ `«‡e¨i ms¯ú‡k© wQj|
gvby‡li gj-g~Îmn bvbv A‰Re Dcv`vb| †m¸wji
†nvwgIc¨vw_K cÖfve wK fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †Rv‡o nvIqv n‡q
wM‡q‡Q? Gi †Kv‡bv DËi Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î Abymv‡i g~j DcKiY‡K
ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g Gi g‡a¨ mwÂZ Z_¨‡K AviI
evov‡bv nq ev kw³kvjx Kiv nq| GB ZijxKi‡Yi gvÎv
GZB Zxeª †h g~j DcKiY Ges Gi ªveK DfqB
Aw —Z¡nxbZvi mxgvbv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| G †h m¤¢vebvi AvB‡bi ¯úó
cwicš’x| hvi my¯úó cÖKvk nj Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges
_v‡g©vWvBbvwg‡·i wØZxq m~Î| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î †g‡b
wb‡j Bbdi‡gkb wW‡Ki cvwimsL¨vwbK Pwi‡Îi mycÖwZwôZ
I B‡jKU«wb‡·i GB hy‡M AmsL¨evi cÖwZ wgwj †m‡K‡Û
cixw¶Z mg — `vwjwjK-cÖgvY‡K Wv÷we‡b †d‡j w`‡Z nq|
44
Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb co‡e GKwU wek¦Rbxb AvBb‡K cy‡ivcywi
A¯xKvi Kievi| hv m¤ú‡K© ¯^qs AvBb÷vBb e‡jwQ‡jb :
Ôc`v_©we`¨vi GKgvÎ m~ÎÑAvgvi …p wek¦vm †h G‡K KLbB
Qy‡o †djevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv|Õ
GB `yBwU †gŠwjK `ye©jZvi (n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Z_vKw_Z `yBwU
wbqg) Kvi‡Y †nvwgIc¨vw_i KvQ †_‡K Gi ¯^c‡¶ Avgiv
Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmvc×wZi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i A‡bK †ewk
kw³kvjx cixw¶Z-cÖgvY `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i
†`qv nq wewfbœ †ivMxi e¨w³MZ Av‡iv‡M¨i AcÖgvwYZ Mí-
BwZnvm Ges c¶cvZg~jK Ôbvb-evB‡ÛWÕ cix¶‡Yi
weeiYxi gZb `ye©j cÖgvY| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvM Avevi
†nvwgIc¨vw_÷‡`i †jLv| myôzyfv‡e cwiPvwjZ mg¯— ÔWvej-
evBÛ G·‡cwi‡g‡›UÕ (hv‡Z cix¶K Ges cix¶‡Yi gvbexq
DcKiY Df‡qiB e¨w³MZ c¶cvwZZ¡ †_‡K `~i nIqvi
welqwU wbwðr Kiv nq) wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ô��াwm‡evÕ Qvov Avi wKQyB bv|
GKBfv‡e †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ `vwei GKwU
cÖK…ó D`vniY| hw` gnvk~‡b¨i `~ieZ©x MÖn-b¶Î¸‡jv GiKg
`vweK…Z gvÎvq gvby‡li Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we —vi
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb I imvq‡bi
B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K fyj n‡Z n‡e| Gi A_©
`vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ| Kv‡RB `vwewU cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ G‡K
ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Gi ¯^c‡¶ LyeB D”Pgv‡bi eûmsL¨K
Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| eQ‡ii ci eQ‡ii
M‡elYv‡ZI Ggb GKwUI cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB
†R¨vwZlkv ¿ cy‡ivUvB AcweÁvb nevi my®úó Bw½Zevnx|
IKvgm& †iRi ev IKv‡gi ¶zi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZ
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ MV‡b eûj e¨eüZ Kvh©Kix GKwU
c_cÖ`k©bKvix bxwZ| GB bxwZi e³e¨ †gvUvgywU GiKg :
Ô†Kv‡bv wKQy‡K e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ hZUyKy welqe¯‘ KviY
wn‡m‡e h‡_ó Ges wØavnxbfv‡e mZ¨ ev ev —eZvi mv‡_
mvRyh¨c~Y© Zvi †ewk †Kv‡bv wKQyi Abygvb Kiv hv‡e bv|Õ
GKUv D`vniY †`B| Avcbvi GKwU weovj Av‡Q| Avcwb
iv‡Zi †ejvq GK evwU `ya †Uwe‡j †i‡L Nygv‡Z †M‡jb|
ciw`b mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †`L‡Z †c‡jb evwU Lvwj c‡o
Av‡Q| †KD †`‡L wb evwUi `ya †K †L‡q‡Q ev †mwU wKfv‡e
DavI n‡q ‡Mj| G‡¶‡Î `ywU m¤¢vebv Av‡Q : (K) weovjwU `ya
†L‡q‡Q A_ev (L) `ya-cix G‡m `ya †L‡q †M‡Q| IKv‡gi ¶yi
Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j, wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K ev` †`evi Rb¨|
wKfv‡e? wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K we‡ePbv Kievi Rb¨
Avgv‡`i‡K AwgZe¨wqZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GKwU
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ë¡v ev `ya-cixi Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv
Ki‡Z nq| Kíbv ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Avgv‡`i ev¯—e
RM‡Z `ya-cixi Aw —‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| AcÖ‡qvRbxq
45
ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Gi hyw³m½Z weKí e¨vL¨vI Av‡Q hvi
Rb¨ `ya-cixi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| GB weKí e¨vL¨vwU
wK? DËi nj Avgv‡`i wcÖq weovj| hvi Aw —Z¡ Avgv‡`i bZyb
K‡i Abygvb Ki‡Z nq wb| †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb Lye m~²fv‡e
†`L‡Z †M‡j Abygvb `ywUi DfqB wKš‘ mij| Z‡e weov‡ji
e¨vL¨vwU mijZi GB wn‡m‡e †h †m †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv
bZyb AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ë¡v‡K Abygvb Kievi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
GiciI hw` Avcwb Ô`ya-cixÕi e¨vL¨vwU wb‡q †Mv a‡ib
Zvn‡j Gi Aw —‡Z¡i ¯^c‡¶ Avcbv‡KB LyeB LyeB kw³kvjx
cÖgvY wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡ wVK Gfv‡eB wKš‘
IKv‡gi ¶z‡ii bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
ˆeÁvwbK `k©‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z GB bxwZ‡K Av‡iKfv‡e ejv
hvq : GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨vL¨v _vK‡j
Ges Zviv hw` GKB wel‡q GKB fwel¨ØvYx K‡i ZLb
mePvB‡Z mij e¨vL¨vwUB n‡e mePvB‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i
K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Avgiv Av‡jvi
cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Lye Kg RvbZvg| Z‡e Avgiv RvbZvg Av‡jv
GK ai‡bi Zi½| Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½| †m-mgq Avgiv AviI
Ab¨vb¨ Zi½ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ wQjvg Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb †mwUI
RvbZvg| cvwbi †XD ev Zi½ cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq,
f~-K¤úb cÖevwnZ nq KwVb c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q, k‡ãi Zi½
evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ZLbKvi w`‡bi weÁvbxiv
fve‡jb Av‡jvI †h‡nZy GK ai‡bi Zi½ hv G‡Kev‡i
evqyk~b¨ ’v‡bi ga¨ w`‡qI ¯^”Q‡›`¨ cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡iÑZvn‡j
Gi PjvP‡ji Rb¨I †Zv †Kv‡bv w¯’i gva¨g (hv me©e¨vcx Ges
evqk~b¨ ’v‡bI e¨ß) cÖ‡qvRb| GB KwíZ gva¨gwUi bvg †`qv
nj ÔB_viÕ| Avgiv Rvwb ch©‡e¶‡Ki mv‡c‡¶ MwZkxj †Kvb
i“jv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ Gi MwZi w`K eivei msKywPZ nq ev MwZkxj
†Kv‡bv Nwoi mgq axi n‡q hvq| weÁvbx j‡i‡Äi ZË¡vbymv‡i
GgbwU N‡U _v‡K ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q G‡`i MwZi Kvi‡Y|
AvBb÷vB‡bi ¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi®úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii
mgxKiYmg~n Ges i“jvi I Nwoi iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ j‡i‡Äi
mgxKiY¸‡jv GKB| Avi †m Kvi‡Y we‡kl Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i
¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi¯úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K Ôj‡iÄ
U«vÝdi‡gkbÕ (Lorentz Transformation) ejv nq| wKš‘
AvBb÷vBb I †nbwi cqKuv‡i (divwm ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvbx)
Dcjwä K‡ib Ôj‡i‡Äi mgxKiYÕ Ges g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-
Py¤^K‡Z¡i mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j B_v‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv dywi‡q hvq|
`yBRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki K_v wPš—v Kiv hvK Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡c‡¶ mg‡e‡M MwZkxj| GB `yB ch©‡e¶K GKwU MwZkxj
†Uwbm ej‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Qb| `yB e¨w³B hw` †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
46
mg‡q ejwUi ’vbvsK gv‡cb Zvn‡j Df‡qi Rb¨ msL¨vÎq
wfbœ-wfbœ n‡e| Ges msL¨v wZbwUi g‡a¨ m¤úK©I †`Lv‡bv
hv‡e| wbDUbxq ejwe`¨vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ ¯’vbvs‡Ki GB
iƒcvš—i ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ bv‡g weL¨vZ| GB iƒcvš—‡ii
Aax‡b ÔmgqÕ nj cig| Dfq ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨ me©`v GKB|
we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i Av‡M e —ymg~‡ni Av‡cw¶K MwZi
Rb¨ ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ e¨envi Kiv nZ| mgm¨v nj
wbDU‡bi ejwe`¨vi mgxKiY¸‡jv ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—‡iiÕ
Aax‡b AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jI g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i
mgxKiY¸‡jv _v‡K bv| wKš‘ c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv
ch©‡e¶‡Ki Dci ev ch©‡e¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶YK…Z ¯’vbvs‡Ki
Dci (hv G‡¶‡Î wba©viY K‡i M¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—i) wbf©ikxj
n‡Z cv‡i bvÑ Zv n‡j `yBRb ch©‡e¶K Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Rb¨
`yB ai‡bi wfbœ AvBb ev mgxKiY cv‡eb| G Rb¨B
AvBb÷vBb Ggb GK ai‡bi iƒcvš—i LuyRwQ‡jb hvi Aax‡b
wbDUb I g¨v·I‡qj Df‡qi m~Îvewj (ev ZLbKvi Rvbv
c`v_©weÁv‡bi mg — AvBb) AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †mUv wZwb
†c‡jbI| hvi bvg j‡iÄ iƒcvš—i| GUv Avevi j‡iÄ GKwU
fyj e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb| gRvi e¨vcvi nj Ôj‡iÄ
iƒcvš—iÕ wb‡q Avm‡j mgq Avi ÔcigÕ _v‡K bv| ¯’v‡bi mv‡_
wgwkªZ n‡q hvq| AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cw¶KZvi g~jbxwZ `ywU
nj :
1. c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶
mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨
GKB n‡e (GwU Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j mgqmn
¯’vbvsKmg~‡ni iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ Ôj‡iÄ
UªvÝdi‡gkb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e)|
2. k~b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶
mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨
GKB n‡e|
Ôj‡iÄ iƒcvš—‡iiÕ Aax‡b g¨v·I‡qj mgxKi‡Yi
AcwieZ©bkxjZv †_‡K Avgiv Av‡cw¶KZvi `ywU bxwZ cvB
Ges G bxwZ `ywUi mvnv‡h¨ ÔB_viÕ QvovB i“jv‡ii ms‡KvPb I
mg‡qi axi n‡q hvIqv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e| Kv‡RB
gvB‡Kjmb I gwj©i myweL¨vZ cix¶‡Y †h ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q
c…w_exi Av‡cw¶K MwZ k~b¨ †mwU Gi Abw —Z¡‡K
wØavnxbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ K‡i|
GLb Av‡iKwU D`vniY w`‡q †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i K_vq Avmv
hvK| ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi myBP wUc‡j †QvU †QvU cix myBP †_‡K
B‡jKwU«wmwU enb K‡i evj¦ Aewa wb‡q hvq Avi ZLbB
evj¦wU R¡‡j I‡V| GB e³e¨wU ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY G-Rb¨
Avgv‡`i wKQy cixi K_v Abygvb Ki‡Z n‡”Q hv welqwU‡K
e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ G‡Kev‡iB AcÖ‡qvRbxq|
47
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i Abygvb¸‡jv GKBfv‡e ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY
G-¸‡jv Avm‡j KZK G‡Kev‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Kíbv|
†R¨vwZlkv ¿‡K mwVK n‡Z n‡j Ggb wKQy kw³i ev ¯Ë¡vi
Aw —Z¡ _vK‡Z n‡e hviv c…w_exi gvbyl I wewfbœ MÖn-b¶‡Îi
g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| †Kv‡bv m‡›`n bvB G
ai‡bi kw³ Avi hvB †nvK B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ gnvKl© ev
Av‡jvKKwYKv bqÑKviY Zvn‡j G‡`i mivmwi cwigvc‡hvM¨
cÖfve (†R¨vwZlx‡`i `vwei mv‡_ mvRyh¨ †i‡L) B‡Zvg‡a¨ aiv
c‡o †hZ| Zvn‡j G ai‡bi kw³ Avm‡j Avgv‡`i ARvbv
Ab¨ wKQy| mgm¨v nj †R¨vwZlxiv ïaygvÎ GB Z_vKw_Z
kw³mg~n wK Zv ej‡Z A¶g ZvB bqÑGiv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
ZvI Zviv ej‡Z cv‡i bv| GiciI †R¨vwZlxiv hv wKQy e‡j
_v‡Kb ev hv fwel¨ØvYx K‡i _v‡Kb, Zv‡`i mg — wKQy‡K
ÔAjxK KíbvÕ e‡j Abygvb Kiv Qvov mijZifv‡e e¨vL¨v
Kiv m¤¢eÑLye fv‡jvfv‡e m¤¢eцhgb evibvg G‡d± (barnum
effect ej‡Z †evSvq mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ GKUv
cÖeYZv, hv Zvi c‡¶ hvq ev fv‡jv †kvbvq, Ggb iKg wKQy
mvaviY wKsev A¯úó-fvmvfvmv e³e¨I †m Lye mn‡RB
wek¦vm K‡i †d‡j I mwVK g‡b K‡i), †Kvì wiwWs (†h me
avivevwnK †KŠkj Aej¤^b ev PvjvwK K‡i g‡bvwPwKrmK,
g¨vwRwkqvb, g‡bvwe`iv GKRb e¨w³i gvbwmK Ae¯’v, i“wP,
cQ›`-AcQ›`, eqm, ag©, e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb BZ¨vw` †R‡b wb‡Z
Pvb), BZ¨vw`|
†R¨vwZlkv ¿‡K hw` IKvgm& †iRi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZi
mv‡_ hw` m½wZc~Y© n‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Ggb ai‡bi
Z_¨ I djvdj Drcbœ Ki‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© bZzb Ges
Abvwe®‹…Z †Kv‡bv kw³i mvnvh¨ Qvov e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| hv
bvwK GKRb GKK e¨w³i mv‡_ `~i`~iv‡š—i MÖn-b¶‡Îi
ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we —
vi K‡i _v‡K| GwU Avevi †mB e¨w³i R‡b¥i G‡Kev‡i mwVK
gyn~‡Z©i Ici wbf©ikxj| c…w_exi Zver †R¨vwZlxi GB
mgm¨vi Ici nvRvi eQi e¨q Kievi djvdjÑGKwU
e…n`vK…wZ Ak¦wW¤^!
†h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi Ici
wbf©ikxj| wK ai‡bi Ávb, c×wZ Ges PP©v‡K Avgiv
ˆeÁvwbK eje Ges †m¸‡jv wK wK g~jbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i
`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© we‡k¦i Zver weÁvbx eûjvs‡k
GKgZ| GKwU nj cybi“rcv`bkxjZv| †h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK
cix¶‡Yi djvdj¸‡jv Aek¨B cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e
Ges m¤úK©nxb e¨w³iv mKj djvdj‡K wbi‡c¶fv‡e
Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e hvPvB Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| †Kv‡bv
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ÔKÕ bvgK †`‡ki ÔLÕ bvgK
weÁvbx gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jb| Zvn‡j
48
ÔOÕ †`‡ki ÔNÕ bvgK weÁvbx ev ÔPÕ †`‡ki ÔQÕ bvgK weÁvbx
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ miÄvg I c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki GKB
gvb †ei Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡¸‡jv †hLv‡b
cybi“rcv`bkxj Ges wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i
`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †mLv‡b †R¨vwZlkv‡ ¿i gZb ÔAcweÁvbÕ Ggb
me cix¶‡Yi Ici wbf©ikxj ev Ggb me cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
Gi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi AccÖqvm K‡i _v‡K †h¸‡jv bv wbqwš¿Z
bv cybi“rcv`bkxj| cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi g~j PwiÎ GB `y'wU welq :
wbqš¿Y I cybi“rcv`bkxjZv|
cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi D`vniY w`‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i
A‡civi †mB weL¨vZ wbDwU«‡bv G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui K_v ej‡Z
nq| wKQyw`b Av‡M †h cix¶vwU wek¦e¨vcx †Zvjcvo Zy‡jwQj|
†mB cix¶‡Yi djvd‡j wbDwU«‡bv bvgK ¯^ífi KwYKvi
MwZ‡eM k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi MwZ‡K AwZµg K‡iwQj| wKQyw`b
Av‡M Aek¨ cix¶YwUi miÄvgMZ ΓwU aiv c‡o‡Q Ges
Av‡jvi †P‡q 60 b¨v‡bv-†m‡KÛ c~‡e© wbDwU«‡bvi A‡civi
wW‡U±‡i †cuŠQv‡bv‡K GB ΓwUi ms‡kvab wbf©yj I
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ~ixf~Z K‡i| hvB †nvK GB fyjwU †ei nevi
A‡bK Av‡M A‡civ KZ©…c¶mn Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbx e‡jwQ‡jb
wbDwU«‡bvi GB cix¶YwU cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e| GKgvÎ
Zvn‡jB Gi djvdj‡K ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GLv‡b wVK GB †cÖ¶vc‡U cybi“rcv`bkxjZv welqwU‡K GKUy
e¨vL¨v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| cybi“rcv`bkxjZv
gv‡b GB bq GKB ¯’v‡b Ges GKB ˆeÁvwbK miÄvg I
c×wZi e¨env‡i Ges GKB ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Aax‡b GKB
ˆeÁvwbK`j KZ©…K ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vq evievi GKB djvdj
†`‡e| cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi A_© nj Avgiv ïay ÔGKvBÕ †Kv‡bv
cix¶‡Yi djvdj †c‡Z cvwi bv| Ab¨vb¨ cix¶Ywe‡`ivI
¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB cix¶Y m¤úbœ K‡i GKB djvdj †c‡Z
cv‡ib| GwU hLb ev¯—‡e N‡U ZLb Avgv‡`i ZË¡ AviI
`…pfv‡e cÖwZôv cvq|
g~j A‡civ G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui cÖvq `ygvm ci mv‡b© GB
cix¶‡Yi djvdj AvcvZfv‡e cybi“rcv`b Kiv nq ev
Av‡iKwU bZyb cix¶Y Pvwj‡q GKB djvdj cvIqv hvq|
GLb †mB GKB djvdj cÖvwßi KviY nj GKB ¯’v‡b GKB
miÄvgvw` e¨envi K‡i GKB cix¶Y wØZxqevi Kiv| Kv‡RB
g~j cix¶‡Yi miÄvgRwbZ ΓwU bZyb cix¶YwU‡KI
cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Avi †m-Rb¨ †mB mgqI weÁvbxiv
ejwQ‡jb hy³iv‡ó«i MINOS Ges Rvcv‡bi T2K G·‡cwi‡g›U
¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB djvdj †`q wKbv Zvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z|
weÁvb cix¶vq Ôwbqš¿YÕ ej‡Z wVK wK eySvq Zv GLb
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZË¡xqfv‡e Ges Gi ev —e cÖ‡qvM
Dfq‡¶‡ÎB †mB mKj Dcv`vbmg~n‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `~ixf~Z
Kiv m¤¢eci †h¸‡jv wKbv †Kv‡bv cix¶Y‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
49
_v‡K| G‡Ki ci GK GB cÖfveK¸‡jv `~ixf~Z n‡Z _vK‡j
GKmgq Avgiv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KviY‡K g~j KviY ev cÖfveK
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nB| aiv hvK, Wv³viMY GKwU
wbw`©ó cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡jb ev Abygvb Ki‡jb g`¨cvb
¯^v¯’ Ki| ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ nj †h †Kv‡bv Abygvb Kievi ci
†mwUi mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv| Wv³v‡iiv
cÖKíwU cix¶v Kievi Rb¨ †ivMx‡`i ïay g` w`‡eb bv| mv‡_
mv‡_ Ab¨ wKQy cvbxq w`‡eb hv‡Z g‡`i wKQy wKQy Dcv`vb
Dcw¯’Z| †Kv‡bv †ivMx GB c_¨¸‡jv MÖnY Kievi ci
mePvB‡Z my¯’ wn‡m‡e cÖwZcbœ nb Z‡e myivi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb
Av‡`Š †m Rb¨ `vqx wKbv †mwUi my¯úó Bw½Zevnx|
†Kvb cix¶‡Yi djvd‡ji weKí (Ges fyj)
e¨vL¨vmg~n‡K `~ixf~Z Kievi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y AZ¨vek¨K|
Avgiv mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †Kv‡bv wKQyi Ici GKwU
wbw`©ó Pj‡Ki cÖfve‡K evwK PjK¸‡jv‡K AcwiewZ©Z
ivLevi gva¨‡g Avjv`v K‡i ch©‡e¶Y Kievi Rb¨ K…Z
cix¶Y‡K Ôwbqwš¿Z cix¶YÕ ejv hvq| wewfbœfv‡e G KvRwU
Kiv m¤¢e| aiv hvK GKRb M‡elK Zuvi M‡elYvMv‡i GKB
eqm, wj½, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZi 60wU my ’ Bu`yi‡K GKwU
ivmvqwbK wgwóKviK LvIqv‡jb| NÈv we‡kK ci 10wU Bu`yi
g‡i ‡Mj| GLb GB g…Zz¨i KviY H ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU n‡Z
cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ wKQyI| mv‡_ mv‡_ `…wó‡MvPi bq Ggb
Ab¨vb¨ PjKI nqZ cix¶YwU Ges Gi djvdj‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbUv n‡Z cv‡i g…Z Bu`yi¸‡jv nqZ h‡_ó
cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ ev cvbxq cvq wb A_ev G‡`i‡K mieivn Kiv
Lv`¨-cvbxq †Kv‡bvfv‡e `~wlZ wQj| GgbwUI n‡Z cv‡i Giv
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi g‡bv‰`wnK Pv‡ci wfZi wQj| GLb m¤¢ve¨
mg¯— KviY¸‡jv †_‡K cÖK…Z KviYwU wVK wKfv‡e Avjv`v
Kiv m¤¢e? Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU KviY‡K `~i Kiv
mgqmv‡c¶ Ges `~iƒn welq| GRb¨ cix¶K ev M‡elK hv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv nj m¤ú~Y© cÖwµqvwU‡K we‡kl wbqš¿‡Yi
Aax‡b wb‡q Avmv| †mwU wZwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Bu`yi¸‡jv‡K `yBwU
`‡j fvM Kievi gva¨‡g : hv‡`i GKwU‡K ivmvqwbKwU †`qv
n‡e, Av‡iKwU‡K n‡e bv| `j yBwU‡K GKB ai‡bi Ae ’vi
†fZi ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GKBfv‡e G‡`i‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z
n‡e| GKgvÎ G ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi ci `j `yBwUi ga¨Kvi
g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ Gi KviY wn‡m‡e
ivmvqwbKwU ev Ab¨ wKQy‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ cybi“rcv`bkxjZv ev wbqš¿Y †Kv‡bvwUB
†Zgbfv‡e Dcw¯’Z bq| †¶Îwe‡k‡l m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Abycw¯’Z|
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ev e¨w³i PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi
cÖfve‡K GL‡bv †Kv‡bv wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Kiv
m¤¢e nq wb Ges G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cix¶Y ¯^Zš¿fv‡e
cybi“rcv`b KivI hvq wb| wbqš¿Y hw`I KLbIev
50
Av‡mцmwU me©`vB AZ¨š— wkw_j n‡q _v‡K| ZbœZbœ K‡i
ˆeÁvwbK m~²Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i K…ZKvh© nevi wbwg‡Ë hw`
KLbI GB wbqš¿Y‡K hZUv k³ Kiv nq S‡o eK gvievi
evB‡i †R¨vwZlx‡`i ¶gZvi ewntcÖKvk ZZUvB big n‡q
c‡o|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ wek¦vmx‡`i Z_vKw_Z †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi ev
djvdj‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †Kv‡bv M‡elK ev ch©‡e¶K bKj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb ev G‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g nb wb|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi cÖwZwU djvdj
`ywbqvi †h †Kvb cÖv‡š— ¯^Zš¿fv‡e jvf Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK ¯^qs
†R¨vwZlxiv Zv‡`i mnKg©x‡`i cÖvß djvdjmg~n‡K
cybi“rcv`‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A¶g n‡q‡Qb| we‡klZ hLb k³
wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi †Kv‡bv djvdj ev weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv
mZ¨‡K wVK wKfv‡e D˜NvUb Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU Avgiv hw`
Rvb‡Z PvB ev †m m¤ú‡K© wbwðr n‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †m
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨-DcvË `y®cÖvc¨ wKQy bqÑA‡bKmgq Avgiv
wb‡RivB cix¶Y¸‡jv cybivq Kievi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv‡K
hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iƒc Avgiv hw` Rvb‡Z PvB
M¨vwjwjI wKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb MÖn¸‡jv m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i
cÖ`w¶Y K‡iÑc…w_ex‡K bq Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g
†fbv‡mi `kv¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡iwQ‡jb †m
m¤ú‡K© Avgiv co‡Z †h cvwi| †fbvm hw` m~h©‡K †K›`« K‡i
Ny‡i Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g hv †`‡LwQ‡jb Avgiv
wVK ZvB †`L‡Z cve| †gvUvgywU ai‡bi †Kv‡bv †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci
gva¨‡g Avcwb wb‡RB M¨vwjwjIi ch©‡e¶Y‡K cybivq hvPvB
K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
GKBfv‡e Avcwb hw` Rvb‡Z Pvb wKfv‡e me©cÖ_g
Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiv n‡qwQj Zvn‡j Zvn‡j weL¨vZ
W¨vwbk weÁvbx I †R¨vwZwe©` I‡j †ivgv‡ii e„n¯úwZi
DcMÖn¸‡jvi ch©‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| †ivgvi
ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib e„n¯úwZ MÖnwU hLb c…w_ex †_‡K m‡e©v”P
`~i‡Z¡ _v‡K ZLb me©wbgœ ~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ Zyjbxqfv‡e
Gi mePvB‡Z Kv‡Qi DcMÖnwUI e„n¯úwZi †cQb †_‡K 11
wgwbU †`wi‡Z cybivq †`Lv hvq| wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Av‡jvi
AwZwi³ `~iZ¡ åg‡Yi Rb¨ GB AwZwi³ mgqwU †j‡M‡Q| G
†_‡K wZwb Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM MYbv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| AveviI
Avcwb wb‡RB GB djvdjwU‡K cybi“rcv`b I hvPvB K‡i
†`L‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I AmsL¨ wewfbœ ¯^Zš¿ cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi djvdjwU wbwðr Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡`i
cÖwZwU bw_fy³| wewfbœ A¶vs‡k Qvqvi cwiewZ©Z ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c
†mB 250 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK weÁvbx Biv‡Uv‡ ’wbm c„w_exi
cwiwa MYbv K‡i †ei K‡iwQ‡jb wKfv‡e Zvi e…Ëvš—I
mnRjf¨|
51
cÖwZwU ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Ñg¨v·I‡qj Zuvi ZworPz¤^K‡Z¡i
weL¨vZ mgxKiY¸‡jv wKfv‡e cÖwZcv`b K‡iwQ‡jb †_‡K
†Kvqv›Uvg RM‡Zi A™¢~Z e¨envi mywbqwš¿Z cix¶Y I
ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ| me©Î G¸‡jv bw_fy³ n‡q‡Q
Ges G‡`i‡K †h †Kvb mgq hvPvB K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e| hv y‡Uvbvi
gva¨‡g G¸‡jv‡K †KD D˜NvUb K‡ib wb| GLb ch©š— M„nxZ
†Kv‡bv djvdj‡KB †KejgvÎ mZ¨ e‡j Ôg‡bÕ n‡q‡Q e‡jI
MªnY Kiv nq wb| G‡`i‡K ev‡iev‡i cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g
cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e hvPvB K‡i cÖwZcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ GiKg mgZzj¨ ÁvbZvwË¡K wfwË m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB
Abycw¯’Z|
GKwU K_v cÖvq ï‡b _vwK Avgiv : ÔweÁvb †Zv
cwieZ©bkxj| AvR‡K hv ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ,
AvMvgxKvjB nqZ ÔcvMj-QvMjÕ weÁvbxiv †mwU‡K b`©gv‡Z
Qy‡o †d‡j †`‡eb| Kv‡RB †h ai‡bi Ávb Gi Dr‡mi
AcwieZ©bkxjZv Ges Gi mZ¨Zvi wbðqZv `vwe K‡i Zv‡K
†Q‡o G‡nb weÁv‡bi cÖwZ AwZgvÎvq Av¯’v ivLv nj
wbe©yw×Zv|Õ GKUy g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ j¶¨ Ki‡j G ai‡bi
†Lvov hyw³i `ye©jZv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| hviv G ai‡bi hyw³
w`‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K cÖkœ Kiv hvq, weÁv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvi
Z_v cÖhyw³i e¨vL¨v wK? Av‡iKUy mnR K‡i ewj Avcwb †h
†gvevBj †dvbwU e¨envi K‡i nvRvi nvRvi gvBj `~‡i
Avcbvi eÜzi mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡Qb †mwU †Zv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z
A‡jŠwKK GKwU NUbv| wKš‘ GB NUbvwU †h e —ywUi mvnv‡h¨
NU‡Q Zv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K e¨envi K‡iB
ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvi gv‡b wK GB †h AvMvgxKvj weÁv‡bi
cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ c„w_exi mg — †gvevBj †dvb APj n‡q
co‡e? G-iKg hw` bv nq Zvn‡j weÁvb cwieZ©bkxj GB
K_vwUi A_© Avm‡j wK? wØZxqZ ïaygvÎ `vwei †Rv‡i †Kv‡bv
wKQy mZ¨ e‡j cÖwZcbœ nq bv| mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i wb‡Z nq
Ges G‡¶‡Î memgqB ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM †_‡K hvq| †m-
†¶‡Î weÁvb G‡K hvPvB‡qi my‡hvM †i‡L †`q Avi †m-Rb¨
cix¶Y weÁv‡bi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| weÁvb hw` ïay
`vweB KiZ A_ev ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡mg~n hw` ïaygvÎ duvKv `vwe
nZ Zvn‡j c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv cix¶vMviB M‡o DVZ bv|
AcweÁv‡bi e³e¨¸wj cix¶vMv‡i wbqwš¿Z cÖgvY ev AcÖgvY
†Kv‡bvUvB m¤¢e bq|
hv ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM †bB Zv hvPvB KivI A_©nxb| wKš‘
Zvi‡P‡qI A_©nxb nj weÁv‡bi Ici Gi †kªôZv cÖgv‡Yi
Rb¨ GK †kªYxi gvby‡li gwiqv cÖ‡Póv| weÁvb A‡bK †¶‡ÎB
A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU‡K hvPvB K‡i _v‡K A_ev `yBwU
weK‡íi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc gnvKl© ej Ges Gi
RvZ NUbvmg~‡ni GKvwaK mvsNwl©K ZË¡ Z_v e¨vL¨v wQj|
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶Y ev ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU‡K Avgiv
52
mwVK wn‡m‡e †c‡qwQ| ms‡kva‡bi A‡hvM¨ Ges cvi¯úwiK
mvsNwl©K G‡Ki AwaK Ac‰eÁvwbK e³e¨¸wji †¶‡Î
Zvn‡j GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q Av‡iKwU‡K MÖnY Kievi †Kv‡bv
†hŠw³K KviYB †bB| A‡hŠw³K g~L©KviY Aek¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
GLb ˆeÁvwbK cwieZ©bkxjZvi GKUy e¨vL¨v †`evi
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| †gvevBj †dv‡b Zwor-Py¤^Kxq
Zi½ †cÖiY Ges MÖnY Kiv nq| g~j hš¿wU ˆZwi Kiv nq wewfbœ
†mwgKÛv±i ev Aa©cwievnx c`v_©RvZ wWfvBm ms‡hvR‡bi
gva¨‡g| GB †mwgKÛv±‡ii †fŠZ ag©vejx‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
GB wWfvBm¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Avi †mB Kv‡R
jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †h we`¨vi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q‡Q †mwU nj bvb-
wi‡jwUwfw÷K †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb·| Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi‡½i
†¶‡Î †j‡M‡Q wPivqZ we`y¨r-Py¤^K ZË¡| Avgiv Rvwb Giv
Av‡iv mvaviYxK…Z Z‡Ë¡i Avmbœgvb gvÎ| G‡¶‡Î cwieZ©b
nj mvaviYxK…Z ZË¡wU Lyu‡R cvIqv| Gi A_© nj we‡kl †¶‡Î
GB Avmbœgvb mwVK djvdj w`‡”Q ev G‡`i mdjfv‡e
e¨envi Kiv hv‡”Q †mB we‡kl †¶‡Î mvaviYxK…Z ZË¡wU
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †h wePz¨wZ aiv ci‡Zv Zv fqvenfv‡e bMY¨
Ges †m-Rb¨ e¨envwiKfv‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq| GKBfv‡e m~‡h©i
Pvwiw`‡K c…w_exi MwZ we��l‡Yi Rb¨ wbDUbxq ejwe`¨vi
(AvmbœK…Z ev we‡kl ZË¡) cwie‡Z© †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vi
e¨envi nj gkv gvi‡Z Kvgvb `vMv| Kv‡RB ˆeÁvwbK
cwieZ©bkxjZv A_© Avm‡j cÖPwjZ Ges cÖwZwôZ †Kv‡bv
mZ¨‡K evwZj Kiv bq eis †mB m‡Z¨i †¶‡Îi AvIZv‡K
wb‡ ©k Kiv Ges †mwU‡K AviI eo (A‡c¶vK„Z e„nr †¶‡Îi)
†Kv‡bv m‡Z¨i Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv|
G A‡_© ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡mg~n MwZkxj| bZyb bZyb
cix¶Yjä Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi Ici wfwË K‡i G‡Z ms‡hvRb,
Gi ms‡kvab Z_v mvaviYxKiY m¤¢e| Ab¨w`‡K
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i gZb Ac‰eÁvwbK ZË¡ KLbI wb‡R‡K
ms‡kvab K‡i bv| bZyb †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi, bZyb †Kv‡bv Z_¨-
DcvËB G‡Z wek¦vmx‡`i Gi †gŠj ¯^xKvh©mg~n‡K
cybwe©‡ePbvi Rb¨ DØy× Ki‡Z A¶g| †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ wK
MwZkxj Ges ms‡kvab‡hvM¨? †R¨vwZlx‡`i Zv‡`i we`¨vi
cÖwZ `…wófw½ †_‡K GwU KLbB cÖgvwYZ nq wb †h Zviv Gi
g~jbxwZ †_‡K Pyj cwigvY wePz¨Z n‡q‡Q| eo‡Rvo Zviv nqZ
bZyb Avwe®‹…Z wKQy MÖnb¶Î‡K Zv‡`i kv‡ ¿i Aš—fy©³ Ki‡Z
cv‡i wKš‘ AbyeZ©bKvix hv`ywe`¨vi g~jbxwZwU wKš‘ Zv‡`i
mg¯— Kvh©Kjv‡ci wfwË wn‡m‡e AvRZK `uvwo‡q Av‡Q|
c…w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ cÖvq mg — hv`ywe`¨v ev AcweÁvb Ô ywU
g~jbxwZÕi Ici `uvwo‡q Av‡Q| GKwU nj mgZzj¨Zvi m~Î
(gRvi welq nj Av‡iK AcweÁvb †nvwgIc¨vw_ Gi wVK
wecixZ bxwZ‡Z KvR K‡i)| Gi A_© nj Kvh© Gi Kvi‡Yi
mgZyj¨ n‡e A_ev GKwU wRwbm Gi Abyiƒc cÖfve m…wó
53
Ki‡e| Ab¨wU nj msjMœZvi m~Î (†nvwgIc¨vw_ GB bxwZ‡Z
KvR K‡i)| gv‡b hw` `yBwU wRwbm ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k©
KLbI _v‡K Zvn‡j G‡`i‡K ¯’vwbKfv‡e wew”Qbœ K‡i
†dj‡jI ci¯ú‡ii Ici cÖfve we —vi Ki‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g
bxwZwU †_‡K QÙweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡i _v‡K Zviv †h †Kv‡bv
NUbv NUv‡Z m¶g n‡e †KejgvÎ †mwU‡K bKj Kievi
gva¨‡g Avi wØZxqwU †_‡K †m aviYv K‡i †Kvb †fŠZ e¯—yi
Ici hv wKQyB Ki‡e Zv IB e¯—yi mv‡_ KLbI ms¯úk© wQj
GiKg e¨w³i Ici wVK GKB cÖfve †dj‡e| e —ywU IB
e¨w³i kix‡ii Ask †nvK ev bv †nvK| fyWy g¨vwR‡K cyZy‡ji
Mv‡q m~uP †dvUv‡bv Gi GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ ivwkP‡µi wPý¸‡jvi ag©vejx †mB cÖvPxb
wMÖK I e¨vwejbxq Avgj †_‡K AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q| bZyb bZyb
Mªn Avwe®‹…Z n‡jI AvRZK †Kvb †R¨vwZlx ¯^xKvi K‡iwb †h
Ach©vß Z‡_¨i Afv‡e Zv‡`i AZxZ fwel¨ØvYxmg~n ΓwUc~Y©
wQj| KviY G‡Kev‡i cÖ_gw`KKvi †R¨vwZlxMY †mŠiRM‡Zi
GK Z…Zxqvsk MÖ‡ni cÖfve‡K we‡ePbv‡ZB Av‡bb wb| ZLb
G‡`i Avwe®‹viB nq wb| cÖvPxb †R¨vwZlxMY hLb iw³geY©x
g½jMÖn‡K †`Lj ZLb Zviv G‡K i³ Avi hy×-weMÖ‡ni mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z e‡j g‡b Kij| GB A™¢yZ ai‡bi wek¦vmwU AvR
Aewa †R¨vwZlx‡`i g‡a¨ Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| e¨w³i Pwi‡Îi
hy×s‡`nx Ges AvµgYvZ¥K ˆewkó¨‡KI Zuvi †Kvôx‡Z g½j
MÖ‡ni Ae¯’vb w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡”Q| †Kv‡bv cÖK…Z-weÁvb
g½‡ji GB ai‡bi ˆewkó¨ Avi cÖfve‡K m~² wePvi-we��lY
Ges ce©Z-cÖgvY cix¶Yjä cybi“rcv`bkxj Dcv‡Ëi
wfwˇZB GKgvÎ †g‡b wbZ| AvR Aewa cwðgv
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i †gŠwjK MÖš’wU nj cÖvq `yB nvRvi eQi Av‡M
†jLv wMÖK cwÊZ K¬wWqvm U‡jwgÕi wjwLZ Ô†UUªvweewjImÕ|
†Kv‡bv weÁv‡bi K¬v‡m wK AvR‡K `yB nvRvi eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv
cvV¨cy —K e¨eüZ nq?
hw` †Kv‡bv NUbvi eZ©gv‡b e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bv nq Zvn‡j
weKí e¨vL¨vi Afve‡K cÖK…Z weÁvb KLbI Gi ZË¡mg~‡ni
mZ¨Zvi KviY wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i bv| †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i gZ
AcweÁv‡b G ai‡bi Kyhyw³ me©`v e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
weÁvb Ges AcweÁv‡bi ga¨Kvi GB †h ZdvrÑGUv wKš‘
LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| weKí e¨vL¨vi eZ©gvb y®cÖvc¨Zv‡K weÁvb
KL‡bv Gi †Kv‡bv Z‡Ë¡i mZ¨Zvi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
bv| eo‡Rvo ZË¡wU‡K GKwU NUbvi m¤¢ve¨ mePvB‡Z fv‡jv
e¨vL¨v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi PvB‡Z fv‡jv e¨vL¨v cvIqv †M‡j
Ges Zv cix¶‡Y cÖgvwYZ n‡j weÁvb wØZxqwU‡K MÖnY Ki‡e|
weÁv‡bi mg — Abygvb ev cÖKíB Awbwðr Ges cwieZ©bkxj|
hvi wek`e¨vL¨v B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| aª“e Ges 100%
wbðqZv †`qv weÁv‡bi KvR bq|
54
weKí e¨vL¨vi welqwU GKUy cwi®‹vi Kievi cÖ‡qvRb
Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| eya Mª‡ni K¶c‡_i e¨wZµgx MwZ‡K
wbDU‡bi gnvKl© Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡qwQj fvjKvb
bvgK GKwU Abvwe®‹…Z MÖ‡ni Aw —‡Z¡i h‡_ó hyw³c~Y©
Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g| wVK G-ai‡bi cÖKí MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
BwZc~‡e© mdjfv‡e BD‡ibv‡mi K¶c‡_i e¨wZµgx MwZ‡K
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q †bcPyb MÖn Avwe®‹vi n‡qwQj|
`yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e fjKvb MÖn‡K Lyu‡R cvIqv †Mj bv| weÁvb
wKš‘ †m-Rb¨ ÔwbDU‡bi ZË¡ fyj n‡Z cv‡i bvÕÑ GB ai‡bi
†Mv a‡i e‡m _vKj bv| weÁvbxiv `vwe Ki‡jb bv †h‡nZy GB
gyn~‡Z© eya Mª‡ni K¶c‡_i wePz¨wZi Avi †Kv‡bv weKí e¨vL¨vB
cvIqv hv‡”Q bv †m‡nZy †Kvb bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e wbDU‡bi gnvKl©
ZË¡B-Gi mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡e| weKí e¨vL¨vi AbymÜvb
Pjj| †klvewa Ôe¨wZµgx MwZÕi mvdj¨RbK weKí e¨vL¨vwU
cvIqv †Mj AvBb÷vB‡bi mvaviY Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡| hv Gi
c~e©m~wi wbDU‡bi Z‡Ë¡i mvaviYxKiY|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i `vwe¸‡jv‡K cÖvqB AZ¨š— †bwZevPK
fw½‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gi ch©‡e¶Y¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ wKš‘
Ggb me Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn Kiv bq †h-¸‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv ZË¡
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡iÑeis Ggbme Dcv‡Ëi mÜv‡b GwU _v‡K
†h¸‡jv AvcvZZ e¨vL¨vZxZ| G-ai‡bi †Kv‡bv wKQy cvIqv
†M‡j Zviv jvwd‡q I‡Vb Ges ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi Abycw ’wZ‡Z
djvdj¸‡jv‡Z wbwØ©avq A‡jŠwKKZ¡ Ges Ava¨vwZ¥KZv
Av‡ivc K‡ib|
G ai‡bi wPš—vfvebv Aek¨B AvZ¥weaŸsmx| Ges
we‡klfv‡e A‰eÁvwbK| AvZ¥weaŸsmx wKfv‡e? GB ai‡bi
kv¯¿¸‡jv‡K LyeB msKxY© Ges mxgve×fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv
nq| †R¨vwZlkv‡ ¿i gZb Ac‰eÁvwbK e³e¨¸‡jv ïaygvÎ
Ggb NUbv¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kievi cÖqvm cvq †h¸‡jv‡K
weÁvb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †mRb¨ hZw`b cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi
AvIZv we¯—…Z n‡Z _vK‡e, hZw`b weÁvb MZKv‡ji
e¨vL¨vZxZ welqwU‡K AvR‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z _vK‡eÑZZw`b
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i e¨vL¨vi †¶ÎI ¶z`ª †_‡K ¶z ªZi n‡Z _vK‡e|
Ges GKmgq GB welqwU wbwðý n‡q co‡e|
A‰eÁvwbK wKfv‡e? KviY weÁvb wVK †h c_ AbymiY
K‡i AcweÁvb (†R¨vwZlkv¯¿) wVK Zvi wecixZ c‡_ nuv‡U|
GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡‡K Ggbfv‡e MVb Kiv nq hv‡Z GUv
†ewk cwigv‡Y Z_¨-DcvˇK aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i ev e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cv‡i| weÁvbxiv me©`vB ¯^ímsL¨K Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g
A‡bK †ewk NUbv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| eûj cwigvY
Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g AímsL¨K NUbv‡K bq| G‡K ejv nq
ˆeÁvwbK ms‡KvPbev` ev mv‡qw›UwdK wiWvKkwbRg| GKwU
D`vniY †`B| aiv hvK Avcwb yBwU MÖv‡gi ms‡hvRK iv¯—vwUi
wVK gvSLv‡b `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb| GKwU MÖv‡gi †jvK mZ¨ Qvov
55
wKQyB ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Aci MÖvgwUi †jvK wg_¨v Qvov wKQyB
ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Avcwb mZ¨ev`x‡`i MÖv‡g †h‡Z Pvb| GLb
Avcwb †hLv‡b `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb †mLv‡b GKwU †jvK Avm‡jv|
Avcbv‡K GKwU gvÎ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Avcbvi c_ Lyu‡R †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖkœwU wK n‡e? hw` Avcwb cÖkœ K‡ibÑAvcwb wK
mZ¨ev`x‡`i MÖvg †_‡K G‡m‡Qb?ÑZvn‡j †jvKwU mZ¨ev`x ev
wg_¨vev`x hvB †nvK bv †Kb-BwZevPK DËi †`‡e| Avcwb hw`
wRÁvmv K‡ibÑAvcwb wK cvwbi Ici w`‡q †nu‡U †h‡Z
cv‡ibÑZvn‡j mZ¨ev`x ej‡e bv, Avi wg_¨vev`x ej‡e nu v|
Gici Avcwb cÖ_‡gv³ cÖkœwU K‡i mwVK c_wU †R‡b wb‡Z
cv‡ib| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î Avcwb GKwU bq yBwU cÖkœ Ki‡Z eva¨
n‡q‡Qb| AZGe †mB GKK cÖkœwU wK n‡e? cÖkœwU n‡e Avwg
†Kvb c‡_ nuvU‡j Avcbvi MÖv‡g †cuŠQ‡Z cvieÑev‡q bvwK
Wv‡b? mZ¨ev`x Ges wg_¨vev`xi Df‡qi DËiB Avcbvi
cÖ‡kœi mwVK mgvavb †`‡e| weÁvb wKš‘ Zvi Z‡Ë¡i wbg©v‡Y
ms‡KvPbev‡`i GB Kvh©Ki c×wZwU AbymiY K‡i _v‡K
av‡ci msL¨v‡K, Avi cÖ‡kœi-msL¨v‡K Kgv‡Z _v‡K|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ wek kZ‡Ki mePvB‡Z mdj ˆeÁvwbK
ZË¡¸‡jv‡Z mij KZ¸wj MvwYwZK mgxKi‡Yi mvn‡h¨
nvRvi nvRvi cÖvK…wZK NUbvi e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q| AmsL¨
cix¶Y I ch©‡e¶YRvZ DcvË G ai‡bi Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ cÖvq
ûeû wg‡j †M‡Q| †R¨vwZlkv‡ ¿ wVK D‡ëv KvRwU n‡q _v‡K|
GwU GKwU NUbv‡K e¨vL¨v Ges Gi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avm‡j
`yBwU ev wZbwU bqÑAmxg msL¨K cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ †`q Ges
†Kv‡bvwUB Gi m‡š—vlRbK mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
c¨vivmvB‡KvjwR ev civ-g‡bvweÁv‡bi gZb wek¦v‡mi
†¶‡Î Dc‡iv³ ˆewkó¨wU hZUv cÖKU †R¨vwZlkv‡ ¿ wVK
ZZwU bq| †R¨vwZlkv ¿ wKQy cwigv‡Y GwU‡K cÖKvk
K‡i _v‡K ˆewK| †hgb hLb `vwe Kiv nq gnvKv‡ki
wKQy NUbv Avi gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡mg~‡ni ga¨Kvi
GKwU cvwimsL¨vwbK m¤úK©‡K †h‡nZy cÖPwjZ
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ e¨envi K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡”Q bv,
Kv‡RB †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ mwVK n‡Z eva¨| G ai‡bi
hyw³‡K ejv nq ÔAv¸©‡g›U d«g BM‡bv‡iÝÕ A_©vr
AÁZv †_‡K cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡Póv| weÁvb hLb †Kv‡bv wKQy e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb †m AbymÜvb Pvjv‡Z _v‡K Avi
AcweÁvb Gi Av‡MB wm×v‡š— †cuŠ‡Q hvq| fveUv A‡bKUv G-
iKg : Ô†Kvb †eUv Pzwi K‡i‡Q †mUv hLb Rvbv hv‡”Q bv ZLb
gay †eUvB †Pvi!Õ G ai‡bi Kzhyw³i cwiYvg nj nvRvi eQi
a‡i Z_vKw_Z kv¯¿ PP©v Kievi ciI Gi `vwe¸‡jvi †cQ‡bi
KviY¸‡jvi Kvh©c×wZ ev †gKvwbRg wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
†R¨vwZlx‡`i Pjgvb Ki“Y e¨_©Zv|
W. Zvbfxi nvwbd: XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi mnKvix Aa¨vcK Ges
eZ©gvb wefvMxq cÖavb| Zuvi M‡elYvi welq †Kvqv›Uvg †¶ÎZË¡ I D”Pkw³i c`v_©weÁvb|
56
d«‡qW-ZË¡ wK weÁvbm¤§Z?
weiÄb ivq
1. f~wgKv
d«‡qW wb‡RB Zvi g‡bvwe`¨v‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb
Awag‡bvwe`¨v (Metapsychology) e‡j| Kv‡RB Avgv‡`i
wk‡ivbv‡g DÌvwcZ cÖkœwUi GKwU ¯úó bv-†evaK DËi †Zv
†c‡qB †Mjvg| ïi“‡ZB Avi evMwe —v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wK? wKš‘
g‡bvweÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ Ges gb —Ë¡
m¤^‡Ü mvavi‡Yi †ev‡a d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve e¨vcK| ZvB GKwU
my¯úó ÔbvÕ wee„wZ‡ZB cÖkœwUi DËi mgvß KivUv wVK n‡e bv|
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv d«‡q‡Wi Rxe‡bi GKwU †iLvwPÎ
Gu‡K Zvi ZË¡ eY©bv Kie| cici _vK‡e Zvi g~j¨vqb|
Dcmsnv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡bi ˆeÁvwbK avivi D��L Kie, †hb
weÁvbgb¯‹ cvVK Zvi AbymwÜrmv †mLv‡b PvwjZ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
2. Rxe‡bi †iLvwPÎ
d«‡qW R‡b¥wQ‡jb †gvivwfqv A‡ji wcÖei-†d«BeyM© kn‡i,
1856 m‡b| AÂjwU ZLb A‡÷ªv-nv‡½ixq mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb
wQj| eZ©gv‡b Zv †PKcÖRvZ‡š¿i Aš—M©Z| d«‡qWiv Rvg©vbfvlx
Bûw`| Zvi evev †d«Bey‡M©i KviLvbvq PvKzwi Ki‡Zb| 1859
m‡b KviLvbvwU eÜ n‡q †M‡j, wZwb RxweKvi †Luv‡R
mcwiev‡i †d«BeyM© †Q‡o A‡÷ªv-nv‡½ixq mvgªv‡R¨i ivRavbx
wf‡qbv‡Z cvwo †`b| ˆkkeKvj †_‡K cÖvq mvivUv Rxeb
d«‡qW gnv‡`kxq BD‡iv‡ci (Continental Europe) Ab¨Zg
cÖavb mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª wf‡qbv‡ZB KvwU‡q‡Qb|
¯‹zj Rxe‡b M¨v‡U (Zvi cÖK…wZwelqK iPbv gva¨‡g) Ges
WviDBb Zv‡K DØy× K‡iwQ‡jb cÖK…wZ-weÁvb Aa¨q‡b|
†mRb¨ wZwb wek¦we`¨vj‡q wPwKrmv kv¯¿‡K †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb|
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Zvi wk¶K wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx eª“K (Ernst
Brucke)| eª“K weL¨vZ †njg‡nvrm (Helmholtz) Gi mn‡hvMx
wQ‡jb| †njg‡nvrm wQ‡jb d«‡q‡Wi AvBWj| †njg‡nvrm I
Zvi mn‡hvMxiv †mB mgqKvi fveev`x `k©b AbycÖvwYZ
weÁvbx‡`i ÔRxebkw³Õ, ÔfvBUvj BjvbÕ, ÔAvZ¥vÕ BZ¨vw`
cix¶v wbix¶vi Abyc‡hvMx aviYvi wei“‡× wbijm msMÖvg
Pvjvw”Q‡jb| d«‡qW G‡`i cÖfv‡e wbixk¦iev`x I e ‘ev`x n‡q
c‡ob|
1881 m‡b d«‡qW wPwKrmvkv‡ ¿ Gg wW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
Zvi AvMÖ‡ni welq wQj mœvqyZš¿| G e¨vcv‡i Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv
M‡elYvcÎ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi welq mylygœv Kv‡Êi
(spinal cord) RvwZRwbK (phylogenic) Ges mylygœv kx‡l©i (medulla
oblongata) e¨w³RwbK (ontogenic) weKvk| d«‡q‡Wi B”Qv wQj
57
M‡elYv‡KB †ckv wnmv‡e †e‡Q †bqv| G‡Z Zvi wcZviI
m¤§wZ wQj| Zvi cwiev‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZv wQj bv| eZ©gv‡b
†hgb, †m mg‡qI †Kvb abx Kb¨vi cvwYMÖnY wQj Avw_©K
mgm¨vi GKwU mgvavb| wKš‘ d«‡qW cQ›` K‡iwQ‡jb GK
wbgœweË N‡ii †g‡q‡K| Gme we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi ïfvbya¨vqx
wk¶K Zv‡K M‡el‡Ki †ckv †Q‡o Wv³vwi cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z
†Rvi civgk© †`b| Zvi civgk© g‡Zv d«‡qW j¨ve‡iUwi †Q‡o
wK¬wbK¨vj †gwWwmb-G †hvM †`b| Gevi Zvi M‡elYvi †¶Î
nq wK¬wbK¨vj welq|
1886 m‡b wZwb e„wË wb‡q c¨vwi hvb ZrKvjxb †kªô
mœvh~‡ivM we‡klÁ kv‡K©v (Jean Martin Charcot)-Gi wK¬wb‡K
cÖwk¶Y wb‡Z| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b Zvi Dci kv‡K©vi cÖfve wQj
me‡P‡q Mfxi| kvixwiK AvNv‡Z mœvqyZ‡š¿i KvR e¨vnZ nq,
GwU wPwKrmvkv‡ ¿ cÖgvwYZ| kv‡K©v j¶¨ K‡ib Ôwnw÷wiqviÕ
†ivMx‡`i †¶‡Î GiKg †Kvb kvixwiK †ivM Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq
bv; eis gvbwmK AvNv‡Zi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| ZvB
wnw÷wiqvi KviY wnmv‡e kv‡K©v gvbwmK AvNvZRwbZ dynamic
trauma (MwZkxj AvNvZ) Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Zb| wKš‘ Gi ¯iƒc ev
Kg©cÖwµqv wK, Zv Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| aviYvwU d«‡qW‡K
Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
wf‡qbvq wd‡i wZwb wkï nvmcvZv‡j †hvM †`b Ges
cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm ïi“ K‡ib| G nvmcvZv‡j wZwb KvR K‡ib
1896 mb ch©š—| Zvici cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm-B nq Zvi
RxweKv|
d«‡q‡Wi †ivMx‡`i D��L‡hvM¨ AskB wQj wnw÷wiqvi
†ivMx| ewb©‡nBg (Hippolyte M. Bernheim) wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq
Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion) c×wZ e¨envi
Ki‡Zb| G c×wZ †kLvi Rb¨ d«‡qW 1889 m‡b d«v‡Ýi
bvb&wm‡Z hvb| kv‡K©vi wK¬wb‡K KvR Kivi mgqB Zvi
ÔwWbvwgK UªgvÕi Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e g‡bi A‡PZb cÖwµqvi
K_v g‡b G‡mwQj| evb©‡nB‡gi wK¬wb‡K cÖwk¶Y †bqvi mgq
kw³kvjx A‡PZb gvbwmK cÖwµqvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi
cÖZ¨q Av‡iv „p nq|
Gici wZwb wf‡qbvi wPwKrmK †hv‡md weªDqvi (Josef
Breuer) Gi m‡½ KvR ïi“ K‡ib| weªDqvi wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq
†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i †ivMxi g‡b †P‡c ivLv K_v cÖKvk
Kivi Awffveb w`‡Zb| †ivMx Pvcv Kó‡K DM‡i w`‡Z cvi‡j
†ivM †m‡i †hZ| Zv‡`i `yR‡bi †hŠ_ M‡elYvi dj 1895
m‡b ‘Studies on Hysteria’ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU d«‡q‡Wi
M‡elYv avivq bZzb euvK| GLv‡bB wZwb mœvqyZ‡š¿i Dci
A‡PZb gvbwmK wµqvi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib Ges
Zvi bZyb wPš—vavivi m~Pbv nq| DcwiD³ iPbvi f~wgKvq
ejv nq gvbwmK kw³ (psychic energy) hw` cÖKv‡ki c_ bv
58
cvq, Zvn‡j Zv g‡bvweKv‡ii Dcm‡M© iƒcvš—wiZ nq| GB
kw³‡K wbR¯^ c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ivM DcmM© `~i nq|
weªDqvi Gi m‡½ KvR Kivi mgq d«‡qW Gi Kv‡Q
m‡¤§vnb c×wZ‡Z wPwKrmvi wKQz mgm¨v aiv c‡o| †hgb me
†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î
Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi cÖfve `xN©¯’vqx nq bv| Gme ΓwU
KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free
association) c×wZ| cieZx© Rxe‡b wZwb G c×wZB e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| Aeva Abym‡½iB A½ wnmv‡e wZwb hy³ K‡ib ¯^cœ
mgx¶Y (dream analysis)| ¯^cœ wb‡q Zvi M‡elYvi djkÖ“wZ
'Interpretation of Dreams' †ei nq 1900 m‡b| GwUB Ôd«‡qWev‡`iÕ
cÖ_g cÖKvk| GLv‡b wZwb M‡elYvi cÖwZwôZ c×wZ, hv wZwb
wbD‡ivjwRK¨vj I wK¬wbK¨vj M‡elYvq cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb,
Zv †_‡K m‡i G‡m‡Qb| Zvi cieZx© M‡elYvmg~n hv
d«‡qWev‡`i A½, †m m‡eI wZwb G bZyb c×wZ Aej¤^b
K‡i‡Qb| D��L¨ d«‡qW cÖewZ©Z G M‡elYv c×wZ, hv
g‡bvweÁv‡bi mvB‡KvWvBbvwgK (psychodynamic) avivi A½,
GL‡bv cix¶vwfwËK g‡bvweÁv‡b ¯^xK…Z bq|
1887-1902 G c‡e© d«‡qW Zvi eÜz evwj©b Gi wPwKrmK
†d¬m (Witheim Fleiess) Gi mn‡hvwMZvq AvZ¥-mgx¶Y m¤úbœ
K‡ib| c‡i Zvi cÖewZ©Z mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci †_ivwc÷‡`i Rb¨
ÔAvZ¥-mgx¶YÕ GKwU c~e©kZ© iƒ‡c cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| d«‡qW Zvi
ZË¡ MV‡b AvZ¥mgx¶‡Y cÖvß AwfÁZv e¨envi K‡ib Ges
AvZ¥mgx¶‡Yi AwfÁZv‡KB Zvi Z‡Ë¡i mwVKZvi cÖgvY
e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| d«‡qW Gi ZË¡ MV‡b †d¬m Gi f~wgKv
¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
1902 m‡b d«‡qW 'College of Professors of the Faculty of
Medicine'-Gi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU KZ…©K 'Professor
Extra Ordinaries' (Associate Professor) c‡` e„Z nb| Aw÷ªqvi
cvj©v‡g›U Zvi ÔmvB‡Kv-GbvjvBwUKÕ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K
¯^xK…wZ †`q| 1903 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi 'Psychopathology of
Everyday Life' MÖš’| d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i A‰eÁvwbK cÖK…wZi Rb¨
weÁvbxgn‡j Zvi K`i nq wb| wKš‘ ¯^cœ m¤^‡Ü Ges cÖvZ¨wnK
Rxe‡bi fyjåvwš— m¤^‡Ü Zvi †jLv eB `ywU RbwcÖqZv cvq|
KviY gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK AwfÁZv‡K wb‡q mnR‡eva¨fv‡e
Ggb e¨vL¨vg~jK gb —‡Ë¡i eB Zvi Av‡M †KD wj‡Lb wb|
Gme eB‡q wZwb ïay i“Mœ g‡bi K_vB wj‡Lbwb-GKUv
mvwe©K I me©RbMÖvn¨ gvbwmK `k©b cÖYq‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e¨w³ gb †_‡K mgvR-gvbm I weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, wkí
BZ¨vw` me© e¨vcv‡ii gb —vwË¡K KviY wbY©‡q gb w`‡q‡Qb|
GKv‡WwgK c‡`vbœwZ, wPwKrmvq mvdj¨ Ges RbwcÖq
†jLvi Rb¨ d«‡q‡Wi L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o| Zi“Y wk¶v_x©iv Zvi
cv‡k R‡ov nq G avivq M‡elYv Ki‡Z, cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z,
wKsev cÖPvi Ki‡Z| G wkl¨e‡M©i g‡a¨ †Kej Wv³viivB
59
wQ‡jb bv-wQ‡jb wkíx, Kwe, †jLK cÖf„wZ wewfbœ †ckvi
†jvK| Zvi wkl¨ wbDBq‡K©i wPwKrmK weªj (A. Brill) Zvi
Rvg©vb fvlvi †jLv¸‡jv Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| d‡j Avš—
R©vwZK A½‡b Zvi cwiwPwZi c_ myMg nq|
1905 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi bZyb avivi M‡elYv mgx¶Y
'Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory'| 1909 m‡b Av‡gwiKvb
mvB‡KvjwRK¨vj G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi cÖwZôvZv ÷vbwj nj
(Stanly Hall) Gi Avgš¿‡Y d«‡qW wkl¨ Av‡gwiKv hvb K¬vK©
wek¦we`¨vj‡q e³…Zv w`‡Z| Zvi cÖfve Qwo‡q c‡o
Av‡gwiKvq, BD‡iv‡ci †P‡qI †ewkgvÎvq Ges †ewk
¯’vqxfv‡e|
1910 m‡b wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †hme mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK
†mvmvBwU M‡o D‡VwQj †mm‡ei mgš‡q MwVZ nq ÔAvš—
R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ|
1911 m‡b Zvi cÖ_g w`KKvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ GWjvi
(Alfred Adler) Zvi m½ Z¨vM K‡i wbR¯^ aviv ÔIndividual
Pschology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| Aek¨ GwU d«‡qWxq g~j cÖZ¨q
KvVv‡gvi (paradyme) evB‡i bq|
1913 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq 'Totem and Taboo'| GLv‡b d«‡qW
Zvi ZË¡‡K b„Z‡Ë¡ I mgvRZ‡Ë¡ we —…Z K‡ib| 1914 m‡b Zvi
Av‡iK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ Bqy½ (Carl Gustav Jung) Zvi m‡½ m¤úK©
wQbœ K‡i wbR¯ aviv 'Analytical Psychology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| GwUI
cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv‡Z d«‡qWxq|
1920 m‡b †ei nq 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle'| GZKvj
Zvi Z‡Ë¡ gvby‡li g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj 'Libido' ev
†hŠbvKv•¶vÑhv ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q ÔErosÕ ev
ÔRxebvKv•¶vÕi aviYvq cÖmvwiZ nq| Gevi Zvi Z‡Ë¡ Gj
ÔErosÕ-Gi wecixZ cÖeYZv ÔThanatosÕ ev ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕi aviYv|
RxebvKv•¶v Rxeš— e ‘‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq, giYvKv•¶v
ˆRe e¯‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z wew”Qbœ K‡i| Av‡MB wZwb
AvMÖvmb‡K (aggression) GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv wnmv‡e wPwýZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gevi ej‡jb ÔAvMÖvmbÕ Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q
ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕ|
1920 m‡b wZwb ÔProfessorÕ c‡` K…Z nb| Zvi cieZx© iPbv
'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' †ei nq 1921 m‡b|
G‡Z wZwb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi wfwˇZ MwVZ e¨w³ gb¯—‡Ë¡i
aviYvi mvnv‡h¨ MÖ“c Ges mvgvwRK gb —Ë¡ e¨vL¨vi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Avš—-e¨w³ Av‡eMMZ eÜb
Ômgwó gb¯—‡Ë¡iÕI mvigg©|
Zvi ZË¡xq K‡g©i †kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eB 'The Ego and the Id',
cÖKvwkZ nq 1923 m‡b| G‡Z wZwb Id, Ego, Superego msewjZ
cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi ZË¡MZ wfwËwU m¤úbœ K‡ib| Superego
D™¢‡ei cÖwµqvwUI G‡Z weKwkZ K‡ib wZwb| G eQiB Zvi
60
†Pvqv‡j K¨vÝv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g Acv‡ikb nq| G Rb¨ Zvi †gvU
23 evi Acv‡ikb n‡q‡Q|
d«‡qW 1930 m‡b cÖKvk K‡ib 'Civilization and Its
Discontents'| G‡Z Zvi 'Eros-Thanatos' ؇›Øi ZË¡wU‡KB mf¨Zvi
BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq e¨envi K‡ib|
1933 m‡b wØZxq wek¦hy× c~e© BD‡iv‡c hy× cÖwZ‡iv‡a
MwVZ eyw×Rxex ms‡Ni c‡¶ AvBb÷vB‡bi AvnŸv‡b Ôhy× †Kb
nqÕ G e¨vcv‡i Zvi gZ Rvwb‡q GKwU wbeÜ wj‡Lb| ms‡Ni
c¶ †_‡K AvBb÷vB‡bi wPwV Ges d«‡q‡Wi DËi 'Why War'
bvgK cyw —Kv AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| Zvi g‡Z g‡bi Aš—
wb©wnZ giYvKv•¶vB hy‡×i KviY| GwU gvbe-cÖK…wZi
Awe‡”Q`¨ AskÑZvB gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e bq| †KejgvÎ mf¨Zv-
ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb NwU‡q, giYvKv•¶vi wecixZ cÖe„wË
RxebvKv•¶v‡K cyó K‡i Ges gvby‡li AvZ¥‡ev‡ai we —vi
NwU‡qB hy× e‡Üi Avkv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1938 m‡b bvrwmiv Aw÷ªqv `L‡ji ci d«‡q‡Wi
cÖKvkbvjq m‡gZ mg — m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡i| Zv‡K e›`x
K‡i †N‡Uv‡Z iv‡L| Avš—R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK
G‡mvwm‡qkb d«‡q‡Wi gyw³i Rb¨ Zxeª Av‡›`vjb K‡i| †gvUv
As‡Ki gyw³c‡Yi wewbg‡q bvrwmiv d«‡q‡Wi cwievi‡K
jÛ‡b hvIqvi AbygwZ †`q| d«‡qW Zvi Pvi †evb‡K m‡½ †bb
wb wKsev wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| bvrwmiv Zv‡`i‡K M¨vm †P¤^v‡i nZ¨v
K‡i|
1939 m‡b jÛ‡bB d«‡q‡Wi g„Zz¨ nq| Zvi RxweZve ’vq
cÖKvwkZ †kl MÖš’ 'Moses and Monotheism' cÖKvwkZ nq 1939
m‡bB| G‡Z wZwb Zvi ZË¡xq Ae¯’vb †_‡K mvaviYfv‡e a‡g©i
DrcwË Ges we‡klfv‡e Bûw` G‡Kk¦iev‡`i DrcwË wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GwU Zvi 25 ermi Av‡M cÖKvwkZ 'Totem
and Taboo' MÖ‡š’iB m¤cÖmviY| Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl †jLvwU
Am¤ú~Y©| GwU Zvi g„Zz¨i ci 'An Outline of Psychoanalysis' bv‡g
cÖKvwkZ nq|
3. d«‡qW ZË¡
d«‡qW Zvi ZË¡ M‡o‡Qb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi (psychoanalysis)
gva¨‡g †ivMx wPwKrmvq AwR©Z AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ| wZwb Zvi
Kg©Rxeb ïi“ K‡ib ÔcÖ¨vKwUwms Wv³viÕ wnmv‡e| 41 ermi
eqm †_‡K evwK Rxe‡b ÔcÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUmÕ-B nq Zvi †ckv|
Zvi †ivMxiv evqy‡iv‡Mi (neurotic disorder) Ges wnw÷wiqvi
(dissociative disorder) †ivMx| Zvi wPwKrmv c×wZ g‡bvmgx¶Y|
wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB wZwb Gme †iv‡Mi KviY Ges Gme
wbivg‡qi Dcvq †ei Kivi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| Zvi mg‡q G
†¶Î¸‡jv wQj m¤ú~Y© ARvbv GK ivR¨| GRb¨ Zv‡K gvby‡li
e¨w³Z¡, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk, e¨w³‡Z¡i †cªlYv Ges e¨w³i
61
weKv‡ki mgm¨v-hv †ivM AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq, Gme m¤^‡Ü
GKwU mvwe©K ZË¡ M‡o Zzj‡Z nq| ZË¡ M‡o †Zvjvi ci G
ZË¡‡K wZwb wPwKrmvi MwʇZ mxwgZ bv †i‡L cÖ‡qvM K‡ib
b„ZË¡, ag©, mgvRZË¡ÑGme mvgvwRK wewfbœ wel‡qi e¨vL¨vi
Kv‡R| Avgiv Zvi c~Y© weKwkZ ZË¡wU‡K eY©bv K‡i Zvi
cÖ‡qvM eY©bv Kie|
3.1 —iwfwËK gb
cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK m‡PZbZvi †cÖw¶‡Z g‡bi Kv‡Ri
wefvR‡bi welqwU| g‡bi wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Avgiv m‡PZb
Ges wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Am‡PZb| g‡bi Kv‡Ri m‡PZb
Am‡PZb fvM eû cyiv‡bv I me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ d«‡qW
c~e©eZx© g‡bvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvq g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU ¸i“Z¡
cvq wb| d«‡qW g‡bi Kv‡Ri GB m‡PZb I Am‡PZb w`K‡K
g‡bi —i wnmv‡e Kíbv K‡ib| wZwb g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K
Avevi yfvM K‡ib, A‡PZb Ges cÖvK‡PZb| A‡PZb ZvB,
†Póv K‡iI hv m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb nIqv hvq bv| Avevi cÖvK‡PZb
Zv, hv m¤^‡Ü Avgiv Am‡PZb _vK‡jI †Póv Ki‡j m‡PZb
n‡Z cvwi| Gfv‡e d«‡q‡Wi Z‡Ë¡ gb wZb —i wewkó, A‡PZb
(Unconscious), cÖvK‡PZb (Preconscious) Ges m‡PZb
(Conscious)| d«‡qW ïay A‡PZb gb‡K M‡elYvq wb‡q Av‡mb
wb, wZwb G‡K gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi P~ovš— wba©vi‡Ki f~wgKvq
ewm‡q‡Qb| g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ avivq g‡bi Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri
¸i“Z¡ ¯xK…Z, wKš‘ Gi P~ovš— wba©viK f~wgKv ¯xK…Z bq|
3.2 cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb
d«‡qW gvbyl‡K GKwU
RwUj kw³Zš¿ (complex
energy system) wnmv‡e
Kíbv Ki‡Zb| Zvi
aviYv, Lv‡`¨ mwÂZ kw³
wecvK cÖwµqvq kvixwiK
kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| †mB
kvixwiK kw³ Avevi
iƒcvš—wiZ nq gvbwmK kw³‡Z| B & (Id) nj kvixwiK kw³i
gvbwmK kw³‡Z iƒcvš—‡ii ’vb|
d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb evB‡ii RMZ †hgb, Aš—R©MZI
†Zgwb Kvh©KviY wbqgvaxb| wZwb evB‡ii RMZ‡K ej‡Zb
e¯‘MZ ev —eZv (material reality) Ges Aš—R©MZ‡K gvbwmK ev —
eZv (psychical reality)| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †fŠZ weÁv‡bi
KvR †hgb evB‡ii RM‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi, †Zgwb
g‡bvweÁv‡bi KvR Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi| wKš‘ wZwb
evB‡ii RMZ I Aš—R©M‡Zi cvi¯úwiK ev Øvw›ØK
m¤úK©wU‡K ev` w`‡q, †KejgvÎ Aš—R©M‡Zi g‡a¨B
62
Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg AbymÜv‡b iZ nb| Zvi g‡Z Aš—R©M‡Zi
wbqg Avwe®‹v‡i Ôev —‡ei †evaÕ I ÔKíbvÕ Dfq‡KB mgvb
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡bvRM‡Zi Kvh©KviY wbqg‡K
wZwb gvbwmK wba©viYev` (psychic determinism) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡ib|
d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ iPbvi m~ÎcvZ —iwfwËK g‡bi Kíbvi Dci|
Zvici wZwb hy³ K‡ib cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYv| cÖ‡Kvô
wZbwU, B & (Id=It), B‡Mv (Ego=The me) Ges mycviB‡Mv
(Superego=The Conscience)| —iwfwËK gb Ges cÖ‡KvôwfwËK
gb Gi Avš—tm¤úK©wU †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wee„Z Kiv hvK|
B`& g‡bi A‡PZb —‡i Aew¯’Z| GwU g‡bi PvwjKvkw³,
gvbwmK kw³i (psychic energy) Avavi| GLvb †_‡KB gvbwmK
kw³ Ab¨ cÖ‡Kv‡ô PvwjZ nq| B & G gvbwmK kw³ wewfbœ
†cÖlYvi (motivation) AvKv‡i mwÂZ _v‡K| B & Gi †cÖlYv ev
AvKv•¶v c~iY bv n‡j g‡b †h cxob (tension) †`Lv †`q, Zv
`~i Kivi Rb¨ B & wb‡gœv³ `ywUi GKwU cÖwµqv †e‡Q †bq|
civeZ© wµqv (reflex action) †hgb wkïi gv‡qi —be„š— †Pvlv;
wKsev Kíbvi gva¨‡g B”Qvc~iY (primary process thinking)| B &
Gi Kg©bxwZ ÔmyL cvIqvÕ (pleasure principle)| d«‡qW mnRvZ
†cÖlYv wnmv‡e GKwU †cÖlYv‡KB wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv
†hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| Zvici wZwb Av‡iKwU †cÖlYvi cÖ —ve
K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmb (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q
wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡ib RxebvKv•¶vq (eros) hv
cÖwZwU Rxe‡Kvl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi †cÖiYv †hvMvq| Avi AvMÖvmb
iƒcvš—wiZ nq RxebvKv•¶vi wecixZ giYvKv•¶vq (thanatos)|
†h AvKv•¶v ˆRe e ‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiK Ki‡Z Pvq|
d«‡qW e¨vL¨v †`b, giYvKv•¶v wb‡Ri w`‡K avweZ n‡j B‡Mvi
AvZ¥i¶v †KŠk‡j Zv ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq A‡b¨i cÖwZ AvMÖvm‡b|
B‡Mvi we —vi g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb I A‡PZb —i Ry‡o|
B`& Gi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi †h `ywU cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q Zv Rxeb
avi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| me Lv`¨B ¯—be„‡š—i g‡Zv
mnRjf¨ bq; Kíbvq †cvjvI †L‡jI †cU f‡i bv| ZvB
B‡Mvi cÖ‡qvRb ev —ewfwËK wPš—v (secondary process thinking)| hv
B‡`i AvKv•¶v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c_ w ’i Ki‡e, Avevi
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZi m‡½ gvbvbmBI n‡e| nq †L‡U LvIqvi
UvKv †RvMvo Ki‡e, bq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wgwQ‡j †hvM w`‡q
†cvjvI Lv‡e| ZvB B‡Mvi Kg©bxwZ ev —eZvi bxwZ (reality
principle)| B`& Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z B‡Mv †h ev —e Kg©bxwZ
MÖnY K‡i, Zvi cÖwµqv P‡j g‡bi m‡PZb ¯—‡i| Gme †gUv‡Z
wM‡q mgvavb A‡hvM¨ Ø›Ø †`Lv w`‡j B‡Mv †h AvZ¥i¶v
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i, Zvi Ae¯’vb g‡bi cÖvK‡PZb ev
A‡PZb —‡i|
mycvi B‡Mvi we¯—viI g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb Ges
A‡PZb ¯—‡i| ÔwK Kiv AbywPZÕ mvgvwRK G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’
63
K‡i †h we‡eK‡eva M‡o D‡V Ges ÔwK Kiv DwPZÕ mvgvwRK
G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’ K‡i ÔAv`k©‡evaÕ M‡o D‡V; G `y‡qi
mgvKj‡bB mycvi B‡Mv MwVZ|
3.3.1 g‡bi wKsev e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk
d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb eq‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q kix‡ii wewfbœ
¯’v‡b †ewkgvÎvq †hŠbcxob Abyf~Z nq Ges †m cxob
wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ Hme ¯’vb‡K DÏxwcZ Kivi Zvobv Rv‡M|
Gme †hŠbcxobeûj AÂj¸‡jv‡K †hŠbcxob AÂj
(eratogenas zone) e‡j| e¨w³i weKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©vq‡K
wPwýZ Kivi nq, †m mg‡qi cÖavb †hŠbcxob A‡ji bvg
Abyhvqx|
gyL ch©vq (oral stage) : Rb¥ †_‡K AvVv‡iv gvm eqm ch©š—|
ZLb wkï Pz‡l ev Kvgwo‡q Z…wß cvq|
cvqy ch©vq (anal stage) : †`o †_‡K wZb Pvi eQi eqm ch©š—|
ZLb wkï gj AvU‡K †i‡L ev B”Qvbyhvqx Z¨vM K‡i Z…wß
cvq|
wkkœ ch©vq (phallic stage) : wZb Pvi †_‡K cuvP eQi eqm ch©š—|
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k GwU me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ch©vq| G ch©v‡q cxob
AÂj †hŠbv½| wkïiv ZLb G AÂj g`©‡bi gva¨‡g Z…wß cvq|
wKš‘ Gi †P‡qI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, wkï Pvq Zvi wecixZ wj‡½i wcZv
ev gvZvi m‡½ †hŠb m¤úK© Ki‡Z| ZLb †m mgwj‡½i wcZv
ev gvZv‡K Zvi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi evav wnmv‡e †`‡L| ZvB †m
Zv‡K kΓ †f‡e mwi‡q w`‡Z Pvq| wcZv ev gvZv nZ¨v Kvgbvi
Rb¨ Zvi g‡b Avevi Aciva‡evaI †`Lv †`q|
†Q‡j‡`i G RwUj †evawU‡K e‡j BwWcvm Kg��· Avi
†g‡q‡`iwU‡K B‡j±ªv Kg��·| †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ ZLb
Aciva‡ev‡ai m‡½ Ggb fq Rb¥vq †h, wcZv eywS Zv‡K
†LvRv evwb‡q †`‡e| GwU Castration Complex| †g‡q‡`i G fqwU
†bB| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i g‡Zv wkkœ †bB e‡j i‡q‡Q
†Q‡j‡`i cÖwZ GK ai‡bi Cl©vÑ Penis Envy| B & RvZ
AvKv•¶vi g‡ZvB Gme Kg��·I A‡PZb| wkï Amva¨
KvgbvwU mvab Ki‡Z bv †c‡i mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½
GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i AvswkK cwiZ…wß cvq| GRb¨ mgwj‡½i
wcZv ev gvZv‡K Av`k© wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨vejx
AvZ¥¯’ K‡i| Gfv‡eB Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖv_wgK wfwË ¯’vwcZ
nq|
cÖ”Qbœ ch©vq (latency period) : cuvP eQi †_‡K †hŠb m¶gZv
AR©b ch©š— Kvj| ZLb B`&-Gi Zvobvi cÖkgb N‡U| wkï Zvi
cwi‡ek †_‡K wk¶vjvf K‡i|
Rb‡bw› ªq ch©vq (genital stage) : eqtmwÜKv‡j Avevi
†hŠbvKv•¶v RvMÖZ nq| ZLb B & Gi AvKv•¶v‡K c~i‡Yi Rb¨
64
ev —‡ei `vve Ges mvgvwRK wk¶vq B‡Zvg‡a¨ MwVZ
mycviB‡Mv, G `y‡qi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z B‡Mv‡K cÖPÊ
Pv‡c _vK‡Z nq| Gfv‡eB µ‡g c~Y©v½ e¨w³Z¡ M‡o D‡V|
3.3.2 weKvk Aei“‡×i aviYv (the concept of fixation)
weKv‡ki †Kvb ch©v‡q wkïi AvKv•¶v AZ…ß _vK‡j ev
AwZZ…ß n‡j Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKvk †m ch©v‡q Aei“× n‡q hvq|
e¨w³‡Z¡i Aei“× `kvwUi Qvc c‡o Zvi cwiYZ e¨w³‡Z¡|
†Kvb ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“× n‡j e¨w³Z¡ †Kgb n‡e Gi GKwU
ZvwjKv w`jvg|
gyL ch©vq : Avkvev`x, wbf©ikxj, D`vi, bv‡Qviev›`v, KzwUj|
cvqy ch©vq : k„•LjvcivqY, wgZe¨qx, mgqvbyeZx©, GK¸u‡q,
we‡ ªvnx|
wkkœ ch©vq : Mwe©Z, AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, `vw¤¢K, fxZz, jvRyK|
GK ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“×Zvi Rb¨ GZ wfbœiKg dj nq
†Kb, Zv d«‡qW e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k ˆkk‡ei ¸i“Z¡ ÔweKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bÕ
(Developmental Psychology) ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ weKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi
†Kvb avivB d«‡qW Gi g‡WjwU MÖnY K‡i wb| d«‡qWxq avivi
g‡bvweÁv‡bI weKvk g‡WjwU wfbœ|
3.4 B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj (Ego defense mechanism)
g‡bi G ai‡bi Kg©cÖwµqv‡K Avwe®‹vi Ges wjwce× K‡ib
wewfbœ mvwnwZ¨K| d«‡qW Gme‡K m~Îe× K‡i Zvi Z‡Ë¡i A½
K‡ib| Gme‡K c×wZe× iƒc †`b Zvi †g‡q Avbv d«‡qW,
1936 m‡b 'Ego and the Mechanism of Defense' eB‡q|
ev —‡ei `vwe wgwU‡q, mycviB‡Mvi bRi`vwi‡K Gwo‡q, B &
Gi Kvgbv‡K Z…ß Ki‡Z wM‡q, B‡Mv hv‡Z AwZwi³ D‡ØM,
Aciva‡eva, †µva, Ø›Ø cÖf„wZ‡Z fvivµvš— bv n‡q c‡o,
†mRb¨ B‡Mv wbgœewY©Z AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i|
Gme †KŠkj e¨w³ Am‡PZbfv‡eB e¨envi K‡i| Z‡e
AvZ¥mgx¶Y wKsev mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci gva¨‡g Zv‡K G e¨vcv‡i
m‡PZb Kiv hvq| wb‡P wKQz AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj ewY©Z nj|
AvPiY‡K wfbœLv‡Z PvwjZ Kivi †KŠkjmg~n (Behaviour-
Channeling Defense)
GKvZ¥‡eva (identification) : weKv‡ki wkkœ ch©v‡q wkï wKfv‡e
Zvi mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wcZv ev
gvZvi cÖwZ Zvi N„Yv I fq‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i, Zv e¨w³‡Z¡i
weKvk cÖm‡½ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cwiYZ eq‡mI gvbyl Zvi †P‡q
†hvM¨ e¨w³i cÖwZ Cl©v †eva‡K A‡PZ‡b cvwV‡q w`‡q
m‡PZbfv‡e Zvi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ Gme
¸‡Yi weKvk NUvq|
65
¯’vbvš—iKiY (displacement) : D‡`vi wcwÊ ey‡avi Nv‡o Pvcv‡bv|
†hgb Avcbvi AvZ¥xq gviv †M‡j †`vl Pvcv‡jb Wv³v‡ii
Ae‡njvi Dci| Avcwb †h G e¨vcv‡i h_vh_ g‡bv‡hvM †`b
wb †mUv g‡b Ki‡Z PvB‡jb bv|
D`&MwZ (sublimation) : †hgb †hŠbvKv•¶v I AvMÖvmx
g‡bvfve‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ wPÎKjv I †Ljva~jvq
iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv|
cÖ_g ch©v‡qi ev —e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Primary Reality
Distorting Defense) : †Kvb D‡ØM D‡`ªKKvix Abyf~wZ ev NUbv
m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb bv nIqvB Gi j¶¨|
Ae`gb (repression) : g‡bi †hme Kvgbv we‡e‡Ki Kv‡Q
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq wKsev †hme ¯§„wZ we‡eK‡K cxwoZ K‡i †mme
Kvgbv I ¯§„wZ‡K g‡bi m‡PZb —i †_‡K A‡PZ‡b Pvjvb
K‡i †`qvB Gi KvR|
A¯xK…wZ (denial) : ewntev —‡ei †hme welq D‡ØM D‡`ªK K‡i,
†mme‡K g‡bi A‡PZb —‡i cvwV‡q †`qv| †hgb, Wv³vi
†NvlYv Kivi ciI Avcwb A¯xKvi Ki‡jb Avcbvi eo
†Kvb AmyL n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq ch©v‡qi ev —e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Secondary Reality
Distorting Defense) : G †KŠkjmg~n g‡bi ؛ظ‡jv‡K A‡PZ‡b
Pvcv w`‡qB ¶vš— nq bv; Gi Dci Av‡iv bZyb †KŠkj hy³
K‡i|
cÖZ¨ve„wË (regression) : weKv‡ki c~e©eZx© ch©v‡qi AvPi‡Yi
ai‡b wd‡i hvIqv| †Zgb †KD Pv‡c co‡j ev”Pv‡`i g‡Zv
ciwbf©ikxj AvPiY K‡i|
Awf‡¶c (projection) : G †KŠk‡j wb‡Ri Aš—w¯’Z wb‡RiB
AevwÃZ ˆewkó¨vejx‡K ïay A¯xKvi Kiv nq bv-Zv
Av‡ivc Kiv nq A‡b¨i Dci| †hgb ev¯—‡e Avcwb Ab¨‡K
Cl©v K‡ib, wKš‘ Abyfe K‡ib A‡b¨ Avcbvi cÖwZ Cl©vwš^Z|
cÖwZwµqv msMVb (reaction formation): g‡bi AMÖnY‡hvM¨
AvKv•¶vi wecixZ KvR †ewk gvÎvq Kiv| †hgb wb‡Ri
†hŠbvKv•¶v wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡”Q bv, ZLb †e‡Q
wb‡jb K‡Vvi c`©v|
hy³vf¨vm (rationalization): A‡hŠw³K AvPiY‡K hyw³ w`‡q
mvgvwRKfv‡e Ges wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kiv| nq‡Zv
KvD‡K Avcwb AvµgY Ki‡jb †µvavÜ n‡q| wKš‘ hyw³ `uvo
Kiv‡jb, G kvw — Zvi cÖvc¨|
d«‡qW B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjmg~n m~Îe× K‡iwQ‡jb
e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I g‡bv‡iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨vq| Gme †¶‡Î Zv
djcÖm~ nq wb| Z‡e †KŠkjmg~n Pv‡c cov gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b
AvPiY eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A_©vr ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU
66
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ B &, B‡Mv, mycviB‡Mv G wZb cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb
Ges B`&w¯’Z †hŠb wKsev AvMÖvmx AvKv•¶vi m‡½ mycviB‡Mvi
Ø›Ø Kíbvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| g‡bi Aš—؛ة ev evB‡ii Pvc †_‡K
D™¢~Z †bwZevPK Av‡eM wbim‡b e¨w³i Zvr¶wYK ¯^qswµq
Am‡PZb cÖwZwµqv eyS‡Z ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq|
3.5 mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc
wbD‡ivwUK I wnw÷wiqvi †ivMx‡`i mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Ki‡Z
wM‡qB d«‡qWxq ZË¡ M‡o D‡V Ges mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡ZB Zvi
cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM N‡U| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †ivMj¶Ymg~n †ivMxi g‡bi
A‡PZb —iw¯’Z AmgvwaZ ؇›Øi cÖKvk| B`&w¯’Z
AvKv•¶vmg~n mycvi B‡Mvi Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ bv nIqvi B‡Mv
Zvi ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ cÖ‡qv‡M Gme A‡PZb —‡i Pvcv
w`‡q‡Q| Gme Ø›Ø Avwe®‹vi K‡i Gm‡ei wbim‡bi gva¨‡g
†ivMx‡K †ivMj¶Ygy³ Kiv m¤¢e| m‡PZb gb-B hLb Gme
؛؇K Pvcv w`‡q †i‡L‡Q, ZvB m‡PZb wKsev hyw³hy³ wPš—vi
gva¨‡g A‡PZbw¯’Z Gme ؇›Øi mÜvb cvIqv m¤¢e bq| gb
†h‡nZz gvbwmK wba©viYev`x (psychic deterministic) bxwZ †g‡b
P‡j, ZvB Avgv‡`i K_vevZ©vi fyjPz‡K, fy‡j hvIqvi, ¯‡cœ
wKsev †ivMj¶‡Yi g‡Zv A‡hŠw³K, A_©nxb welq¸‡jvi
wcQ‡bI g‡bi Kvh©KviY wbqgwU Kvh©Ki| A_©vr DcwiD³
AvcvZ A_©nxb, hyw³nxb, D™¢U wKsev Zz”Q welq¸‡jvI
A_©en| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gm‡ei gva¨‡gB A‡PZb AvKv•¶v
QÙ‡e‡k m‡PZb cÖnix‡K duvwK w`‡q evB‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| ZvB
A‡PZb ؛؇K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ Gme AvcvZ A_©nxb,
Pzw³nxb, D™¢U, Zz”Q welqvejx‡K we��lY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G
KvR mgvavi Rb¨ d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free
association) I ¯^cœ mgx¶Y (dream analysis) c×wZ| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z
DcwiD³ welq¸‡jv‡Z hv cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv cÖZxKx| Gi Aš—
‡i GKwU M~p A_© _v‡K| Gme cÖZxK we��lYI d«‡qWxq
c×wZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K| Ô¯cœ mgx¶YÕ As‡k Zv
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
d«‡qW hLb mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc ïi“ K‡ib| ZLb Gi c×wZ
wQj Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion)| Gi ywU
mxgve×Zv wQj| me †ivMx‡KB m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges
A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î m‡¤§vnb Awffveb Gi dj `xN©¯’vqx nq
bv| ZvB m‡¤§vn‡bi weKí LyuR‡Z wM‡q d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡i
ÔAeva Abyl½Õ Ges Ô¯^cœ mgx¶YÕ c×wZi| Gme c×wZi
gva¨‡g Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi mgm¨v¸‡jvi A‡bKUv
mgvavb n‡jI Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi Kvh©Ki w`KwUi c~Y©
cÖwZ¯’vcb †h m¤¢e nq wb, G †eva d«‡q‡Wi †kl Rxeb ch©š—
envj wQj|
67
Aeva Abym½ c×wZ‡Z †ivMx GKwU Avivg †K`vivq ï‡q
Zvi g‡b hv Av‡m ZvB eY©bv Ki‡Z _v‡Kbцhgb Zvi ¯§„wZ,
¯^cœ Kíbv, Abyfe| †_ivwc÷ „wó‡iLvi evB‡i cv‡ki †Pqv‡i
e‡m Gme g‡bv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ †kv‡bb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU †bb|
†_ivwc÷ j¶¨ K‡ib, †Kvb welq eY©bvq †ivMx evav
(resistance) †eva Ki‡Qb| †_ivwc÷ a‡i †bb †ivMxi A‡PZb
gvbwmK Ø›ØwUi nw`m GLv‡bB cvIqv hv‡e| GLv‡bB wZwb
Zvi AbymÜvb‡K †K›`ªxf~Z K‡ib| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci mgq
†_ivwc÷ eyS‡Z cv‡ib, †ivMx †_ivwc÷‡K †ckvMZ
m¤ú‡K©i evB‡iI Ab¨ GKwU m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z Ki‡Z
PvB‡Q| †ivMx †_ivwc÷ Gi g‡a¨ Zvi AZxZ AwfÁZvi Ab¨
†Kvb e¨w³Z¡‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Q; †hgb wcZv, gvZv ev
†cÖgv¯ú`| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci fvlvq GwU cvÎvš—iY
(transference)| †_ivwc÷ GwUI eyS‡Z cv‡ib wZwb wb‡RI
†ivMxi Dci Zvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi KvD‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Qb|
GwU cÖwZ-cvÎvš—KiY (counter transference)| †_ivwc÷ Zv‡`i
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©wU we��lY K‡i †ivMxi AZxZ m¤ú‡K©i
aib I Zvi AvPi‡Yi ΓwUmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb
g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi GB AwfÁZv‡K d«‡qWxq ZË¡ I cÖZxKv‡_©i
mvnv‡h¨ eySvi †Póv K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zvi g‡b †ivMxi e¨w³‡Z¡i
weKv‡ki evav¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Ges †ivMxi eZ©gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi
M~p A_© cÖm‡½ GKwU Aš— „©wó Rb¥vq| †_ivwc÷ G Aš— „©wói
Av‡jv‡K †ivMxi wbKU Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgm¨v Ges
GiB cÖKvk eZ©gvb mgm¨vmg~‡ni GKwU e¨vL¨v (interpretation)
nvwRi K‡ib| e¨vL¨vwU †ivMxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j †ivMx Zv
MÖnY K‡ib| ZLb Df‡q wg‡j G †_‡K DËi‡Yi †KŠkj
wba©viY Kiv nq| †ivMx Zvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b Gme cÖ‡qvM
K‡ib| Gfv‡e †_ivwci D‡Ïk¨ wm× nq|
d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ †hgb ewnR©MZ I Aš—R©MZ wew”Qbœ Ges
wew”Qbœ Aš—R©MZ wb‡qB ZË¡ Mov n‡q‡Q; †Zgwb d«‡qWxq
†_ivwc‡ZI †_ivwc‡÷i bRi †ivMxi Aš—©Ø‡›Øi cÖwZ,
cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ bq| myZivs cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b †_ivwci
D‡Ïk¨ bq, D‡Ïk¨ Aš—Ø©›Ø gy³ n‡q cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q
†bqv| Ab¨ fvlvq ej‡j, hš¿Yvi evB‡ii KviYwU‡K `~i K_v
bq, eis hš¿Yvi †evawU‡K †fuvZv K‡i †`qv|
d«‡q‡Wi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc c×wZ `xN©‡gqv`x| me †ivMxI
G‡Z Ask †bqvi Dchy³ bb| ZvB cieZx©‡Z ¯^í‡gqvw`
c×wZi weKvk N‡U‡Q| Gm‡e d«‡qW ZË¡ QvovI GB avivi
Ab¨ ZË¡ hy³ n‡q‡Q| Gme †_ivwc‡Z mgMÖ Rxe‡bi PvB‡Z
eZ©gvb mgm¨vi cÖwZB g‡bv‡hvM †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv nq| Gme
cwieZ©‡bi ciI d«‡qWxq avivi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc eZ©gv‡b
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci g~j aviv bq| ÔAvš—te¨w³ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwcÕ
(interpersonal psychotherapy) ÔÁvbvZ¥K-AvPiYev`x †_ivwcÕ
(cognitive behaviour therapy)ÑGmeB eZ©gv‡b †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
68
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z d«‡q‡Wi cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv ¯^xK…Z| Zvi
D™¢vweZ wewfbœ cÖKiY cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c eZ©gv‡bI e¨envi Kiv
nq|
3.6 ¯^cœ mgx¶Y
Rxe‡bi †iLvwP‡ÎB Avgiv †`‡LwQ ¯cœ mgx¶Y d«‡qWxq
Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖKvk| d«‡qWxq avivi †jLvq GKwU eo
Ask ¯^cœ mgx¶Y| g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWB cÖ_g ¯^‡cœi ¸i“Z¡
m¤^‡Ü `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ ¯^‡cœi D‡Ïk¨
ÔB”Qvc~iYÕ| hw`I Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv, †ewkifvM ¯^cœB
ÔB”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯cœÕ bq| G m¤^‡Ü ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvbI
†`wL‡q‡Q, gvby‡li ¯‡cœi mvgvb¨ AskB B”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯cœ|
d«‡qW Gi g‡Z B`& Gi †h Kvgbvmg~n mycviB‡Mvi
bRi`vix Gwo‡q g‡bi †PZb —‡i D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡i bv,
ZvivB Nygš— mycviB‡Mvi bRi Gwo‡q ¯cœ AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q|
GRb¨ d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z Ô¯^cœ A‡PZ‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi m`i iv —vÕ|
¯^‡cœI B`& Gi †h KvgbvwU cÖKvwkZ nq Zv †Lvjv‡gjv bq,
QÙ‡ekx| ZvB cÖwZwU ¯^‡cœiB i‡q‡Q GKwU ÔcÖKvwkZ iƒcÕ
(manifest content) Ges GKwU ÔcÖ”Qbœ gg©K_vÕ (latent content)|
¯^‡cœi cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡c GKwU Kvwnwb GKwU ev —e NUbvi g‡Zv
Ô¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎÕ G wZbwU welq Øviv mgwšZ iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ
nq bv| †mLv‡b GK NUbvi m‡½ Ab¨ NUbv RU cvwK‡q hvq,
¯’vb I Kvj hvq D‡ëcv‡ë RU cvwK‡q| d«‡qWxqiv Z‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K G¸‡jv‡K ¸wQ‡q †bb| Gfv‡e KvwnwbwU cybtwbg©v‡Yi
ciI hv `uvovq Zv cÖZxKx gvÎ| cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxK¸‡jvi
e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡gB ïaygvÎ ¯^‡cœi cÖ”Qbœ gg©K_v eySv m¤¢e|
¯^‡cœi †Kvb cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxKx Zvrch© wK, G m¤^‡ÜI
d«‡qWxq‡`i wbR¯^ D™¢veb i‡q‡Q-hv Zv‡`i ZË¡ wb‡`©wkZ|
mvaviYfv‡e ¯^‡cœ †`Lv cÖZxK¸‡jv d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †hŠbv½
ev †hŠbKv‡h©i cÖZxK| `ywbqvi hv wKQz j¤^v k³ wRwbm †hgb
QvZv, jvwV, †cwÝj, Kjg--meB cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| Zx¶è
aviv‡jv wRwbm, Qzwi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi; AvNvZ Kivi ¶gZv
Av‡Q hv wKQzi †hgb e›`yK wc —j--meB cyi“lv‡½i QÙ‡ek|
G‡iv‡cb, i‡KU G¸‡jv AwfKl©‡K Zz”Q K‡i AvKv‡k DV‡Z
cv‡i, myZivs G¸‡jvI H †Mv‡Î c‡o| `ywbqvi me gvQ I
mixm„c GB AvIZvq c‡o| evwo cyswj½, wKš‘ evwo‡ZB hw`
evi›`v BZ¨vw` _v‡K Z‡e †mUv ¯¿xwj½| Ab¨w`‡K, wkwk‡evZj,
LvbvL›`, ev·‡cuUiv, AwjMwj, ¸nv, †bŠKv, RvnvR-¯¿x
†hŠbv‡½i cÖZxK| cv‡cj, cxP BZ¨vw` KZz©jvKvi dj
bvixe‡¶i cÖZxK| j¨vÛ‡¯‹‡ci `„k¨ ¯¿x A½ wb‡`©kK| Avevi
RwUj hš¿cvwU cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| cÖZxK¸‡jv Avevi
myweavg‡Zv A`je`j Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖZxK¸‡jvi †Kvb
cix¶vg~jK cÖgv‡Yi †Zv m¤¢vebvB †bB; Dciš‘ Gm‡ei
wcQ‡b †Kvb GKK hyw³I Kvh©Ki bq| d«‡q‡Wi wjwe‡Wv ZË¡
69
†_‡K cÖZxK¸‡jv D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K ¯^cœ
mgx¶‡Y e¨envi K‡i wjwe‡Wv ZË¡ cÖgvY Kiv nq| GwU
e„ËvKvi hyw³i (circularity of logic) †`v‡l `yó|
¯^cœ‡K cybwbg©v‡Yi ci cÖZxKv‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ †h e¨vL¨v
`uvovj ZvB h_vh_ wK bv, Gi e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective)
gvcKvwV Kx--Gi DËi d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ †bB| d«‡qW ¯^‡cœi
cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci eY©bv cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, ¯^‡cœi NUbvmg~n ev¯—e
NUbvi Zzjbvq AwZwi³ cÖmvwiZ ev ms‡KvwPZ, weK…Z ev
¯’vbvš—wiZ Gme cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq| ¯^‡cœi G
cÖcÂg~jK (phenomenal) eY©bvwU h_vh_| ¯‡cœi KviY wnmv‡e
wZwb e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ B”Qvc~iY K‡i| GWjvi e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ ev —e
Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mnvqK| Bq~½ e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ gvbwmK
fvimvg¨ Av‡b| ¯^‡cœi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖm‡½ Zv‡`i G aviYv¸‡jv
†Kvb †Kvb ¯^‡cœi †ejvq mZ¨; me ¯^cœ cÖm‡½ mvaviY mZ¨
bq| Zv‡`i Gme aviYv GKÎ Ki‡jI ¯^cœ msMV‡b wµqvkxj
mvaviY cÖwµqvi †Kvb nw`m †g‡j bv| ¯^cœ‡K Nygš— gw¯—‡®‹i
we‡kl cÖwµqv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡jB †Kej G mvaviY
cÖwµqvi nw`m wgj‡Z cv‡i| ¯^cœ wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv
cvfj‡fi cÖ`wk©Z G c‡_B AMÖmi n‡”Q|
4.1 g~j¨vqb : Drm
4.1.1 Drm : A‡PZb
cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU cÖm‡½| d«‡qWc~e©
g‡bvweÁv‡b g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU D‡cw¶Z wQj| d«‡qW
ïaygvÎ Gi ¸i“Z¡‡K Zz‡j a‡ib wb; G‡KB gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi
wba©vi‡Ki Avm‡b ewm‡q w`‡q‡Qb| G e¨vcv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡b bv
_vK‡jI, `k©‡b Zvi c~e©m~wi i‡q‡Qb| Aóv`k kZ‡K
†jBewbR (Leibniz) g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K Zvi `k©‡bi
Av‡jvP¨m~wP‡Z wb‡q Av‡mb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z ÔA‡PZb
A‡hŠw³K B”QvÕ‡KB gvby‡li PvwjKvkw³i Avm‡b ewm‡q †`b
†kv‡cbnvIqvi (Schopenhauer) Ges bxU‡k (Nietzsche)| mß`k-
Aóv`k kZKx BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b Ôm‡PZb †hŠw³K gbÕ-Gi
Rq RqKvi| Ebwesk kZ‡K G‡m Zv ÔA‡PZb A‡hŠw³K
gbÕ-Gi weRq †NvlYvq ch©ewmZ nq| Gi Mfx‡i
Av_©mvgvwRK KviY i‡q‡Q| DcwiD³ cÖ_g `yB kZK wQj
cyuwRev‡`i weKvk Ges mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× Zvi weR‡qi Kvj|
wKš‘ Ebwesk kZ‡K weRqx cyuwRev‡`i Af¨š—ixY Ø›Ø
msK‡Ui iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K, hv cÖKvwkZ nq mvgvwRK Am‡š—vl
I Av‡›`vj‡b| cyuwRev` µ‡gB mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× msMÖv‡g
AwR©Z RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvimg~n‡K ms‡KvwPZ K‡i
ˆ¯^ivPvix iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K| wek kZ‡Ki bvrwm Rvg©vwb‡Z
bxU‡ki `k©bB n‡q `uvovq cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b| D��L¨, g‡bi
70
Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ vbKvix DcwiD³ wZb
`vk©wbKB Rvg©vb| d«‡qW wb‡RI Rvg©vbfvlx| Zvi Rxeb
AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Rvg©vb ms¯‹…wZ ej‡q|
4.1.2 Drm : cÖ‡Kvô wfwËK gb
g‡bi wZb cÖ‡Kv‡ôi aviYv BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b AwZ cyivZb|
��‡Uv Zvi ÔwicvewjKÕ MÖ‡š’i 4_© cy —‡K gvbmmËv‡K wZbwU
¯vaxb As‡k fvM K‡i‡QbÑdesiring, reasoning Ges spiritual| A_©vr
GKwU ÔAÜ-KvgbvÕ, GKwU ÔwePvi-we‡eKÕ Ges Av‡iKwU
ÔmsMÖvgxÕ| msMÖvg gv‡b, †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ GKvš—B hv KiYxq,
ZvB| `xN© ZK© Zz‡j ��‡Uv cÖgvY Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb G wZbwU Ask
¯vaxb I ¯qsm¤ú~Y©| wZbwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖej we‡iva I Ø›Ø|
we‡ivaUv Aek¨ me‡P‡q Zxeª IB AÜ-Kvgbv Avi wePvi-
we‡eK Gi g‡a¨B| msMÖvgx AskUv‡K ZvB cÖvqB G we‡iv‡ai
ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hw` ��‡Uvi g‡bi G wZbwU
Ask‡K h_vµ‡g B &, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
Kwi, Zvn‡jB d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYvwU †c‡q
hvB|
G cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©vÂj I Kg©
cÖwµqvi m¤Ü Kx, Zv d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ Aby��wLZ| ZvB Zvi gbwU
AvcvZ gw —®‹wfwËK g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Aej¤^bnxb|
Avgiv ˆRe I A‰Re c`v‡_©i cv_©K¨ m~PK ˆewkó¨ Rvwb|
hw`I ˆRe c`v_© A‰Re c`v_© w`‡qB MwVZ, Zey MVb web¨v‡m
RwUjZvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b Ggb wKQz ¸‡Yi D™¢e nq hv ˆRe
ˆewkó¨ wnmv‡e wPwýZ| bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e NU‡jI ˆRe c`v‡_©i
wfwˇZ wKš‘ imvqb I c`v_© we`¨vi wbqgvejx Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ imvqb I c`v_© weÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i
†ejv‡ZI| A_©vr e¯‘ wewfbœ —‡ii msMV‡b web¨ — nq, iƒcvš—
wiZ nq| msMV‡bi cÖwZwU —‡ii ˆewkó¨m~PK wKQz ¸Yvejx
_v‡K| Avevi msMV‡bi A‡c¶vK…Z mijZi I RwUjZi
ch©v‡qi m‡½ Zvi GKwU m¤úK©I _v‡K| g‡bi wKQz ¸Yvejx
i‡q‡Q hv ˆRe-c`v‡_©i ¸Yvejx †_‡K wfbœ I bZyb| wKš‘ G
¸Yvejxi m‡½ gw —‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi GKwU m¤^ÜI i‡q‡Q|
KviY gb gw —‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi cÖKvk| Avgiv †`Ljvg G
m¤ÜwU d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| c¶vš—‡i d«‡qW cÖwZwU
Rxe‡Kv‡li Rxeš— mewKQz‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z PvIqvq Ges
Rxeš— e ‘i A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nIqvi cÖeYZvq g‡bi
`yB wecixZgyLx PvwjKvkw³i mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| Gme `vk©wbK
`~i Kíbvi cÖKvk-ˆeÁvwbK AbyKí (hypothesis) bq| Avgiv
GwUI j¶¨ K‡iwQ, e¨w³ gbmg~‡ni wg_w¯Œqv‡Z D™¢~Z
mgwógb ev mgvRgb —‡Ë¡ †h bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U, †m
aviYvI d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| wecix‡Z d«‡qW e¨w³ gb —Ë¡
w`‡qB mgwógb —Ë¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
71
4.1.3 Drm : †cÖlYv
d«‡q‡Wi ch©‡e¶‡Yi welq wQj wbD‡ivwUK †ivMx‡`i AvPiY|
Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Gme A¯vfvweK AvPi‡Yi KviY wbY©q Ges
wPwKrmv Kiv| Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡ M‡ob Zv‡KB wZwb
cÖmvwiZ K‡ib me hy‡Mi me gvby‡li mvaviY gb —‡Ë¡| GRb¨
wZwb Zvi ch©‡e¶Y‡K wkï‡`i jvjb cvjb Ges gvby‡li
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b we —…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ZË¡ iPbvq ¯^xKvh©
wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb †m mg‡qi cÖK…wZweÁvb I b„Z‡Ë¡i
cÖPwjZ wKQz aviYv‡K| Gevi Avgiv G w`KwU‡Z bRi †`e|
Zvi mgq cÖK…wZ-weÁv‡b †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK kw³i aviYv
mycÖwZwôZ wQj| GB y‡qi AbyKi‡Y RxeweÁv‡bI ÔcÖvYkw³Õi
aviYvwU ZË¡ cÖ¯—ve AvKv‡i Pvjy wQj| c‡i GwU cwiZ¨³ nq|
d«‡qW Gm‡ei AbyKi‡Y ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi (psychic energy)
Kíbv K‡i G kw³i PjbcÖwµqv (psychodymics) wb‡qB ZË¡
iPbv K‡ib| g‡bvweÁv‡b Zvi cÖewZ©Z avivwU
ÔmvB‡KvwWbvwgKmÕ bv‡gB cwiwPZ| wKš‘ G gvbwmK kw³i
cÖK…wZwU Kx, Zv wZwb KL‡bvB e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|
ZË¡ iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q d«‡qW GKwUgvÎ †cÖlYv‡K
wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, GwU †hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| ïaygvÎ GKwU
†cÖlYv w`‡q me gvbweK AvPiY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q, wZwb
wjwe‡Wv-ZË¡‡K me©iwZev` (pansexualism) ch©v‡q wb‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡Z, jv½j w`‡q Rwg Pvl Gi g~j
PvwjKvkw³, ¶zav wbevi‡Yi j‡¶¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡PZb
B”Qv bq; Zv BwWcvm Kg‡��· ev gv‡qi m‡½ m½g K‡i
Zv‡K Mf©eZx Kivi A‡PZb AvKv•¶v| d«‡qW †h G D™¢U ZË¡
cÖYq‡b mvnmx n‡qwQ‡jb, Gi wcQ‡b ïay Zvi
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z jä AwfÁZvB KvR K‡i wb; KvR K‡iwQj
RxeweÁv‡b WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i mdjZvi D`vniY| WviDB‡bi
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡‡K cÖRbb mdjZvi fv‡l¨I cÖKvk Kiv
hvq| †h Rxe hZ †ewk cÖRbb mdj A_©vr hZ †ewk eskai
†i‡L †h‡Z cv‡i, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡b Zvi eskvYyi wU‡K _vKvi
m¤¢vebv Z‡ZvwaK| G ZË¡wU †_‡K d«‡qW A‡PZb
†hŠbvKv•¶v‡K gvby‡li GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³ wnmv‡e Kíbvi
mvnm †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ô†fŠZ kw³Õi aviYvwU‡K †hgb
ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi aviYvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv hvq bv, †Zgwb
RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb ZË¡‡K mivmwi g‡bvweÁv‡b Av‡ivc Kiv
hvq bv|
†hŠbvKv•¶vi ci d«‡qW Av‡iv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv‡K
wPwýZ K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki
cieZx© ch©v‡q wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K RxebvKv•¶v (eros) Ges
AvMÖvmb‡K giYvKv•¶v (thanatos) e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib|
RxebvKv•¶v aviYvwU mvaviYfv‡e ¯xK…Z, wKš‘ giYvKv•¶vi
ZvwË¡K Drm wK? GwU Zvi mg‡q kvixiweÁvb-G (Physiology)
72
cÖPwjZ w¯’iZvi bxwZ (Constany Principle)| G bxwZ Abyhvqx
mKj Rxeb cÖwµqvB A‰Re RM‡Zi w¯’iZvq cÖZ¨veZ©b
Ki‡Z Pvq| Avgiv Rvwb A‰Re RMZI w¯’i bq| e ‘Z †Kvb
RMZB w¯’i bq| w ’iZvi bxwZI AvR cwiZ¨³|
4.1.4 Drm : weKvk
Gevi Avmv hvK e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Z‡Ë¡| weKv‡ki gyL, cvqy I
wkkœ ch©vq Kíbvi g~‡j wKQz ch©‡e¶Y wbðqB i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g
†`o eQi PzlY Ges Kvgov‡bv wµqvwU wkïi cÖavb wµqv
e‡jB †Pv‡L c‡o| †`o †_‡K wZb/Pvi ermi eq‡m bvMwiK
mgv‡R wkï‡K gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi mvgvwRK wbq‡g Af¨¯— Kiv‡bv
nq| Pvi/cuvP eq‡m wkïi wk‡kœi cÖwZ †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M| G
mg‡q wkïi e¨w³‡Z¡i wKQz j¶YI †`Lv †`q| wKš‘ G
e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk †h G c_ a‡iB AMÖmi nq, Zv wbwðZ nIqv
hvq wK K‡i? d«‡qW e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki ZË¡ iPbvq, G
AbygvbwU AvniY K‡i‡Qb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡cÖ¯—ve Ges
GKwU b„ZvwË¡K wg_ †_‡K|
†m mgq Rvg©vb RxeweÁvbx Avb©÷ †n‡Kj (Ernst Haeckel)
Gi GKwU ZË¡cÖ —ve Pvjy wQj| weeZ©b mg_©K G ZË¡cÖ —vewU--
Ôe¨w³Rwb‡Z RvwZRwb cybive„Ë nqÕ (ontogeny recapitulates
phylogen y)| A_©vr †Kvb cÖvYx å“Y ch©v‡q, Zvi cÖRvwZwU
weeZ©‡bi †hme ch©vq AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q †mme AwZµg
K‡i| †hgb GKwU gvbewkï å“Yve¯’vq cÖ_‡g GK‡Kvlx,
Zvici eû‡Kvlx †MvjvKvi, Zvici grmvKvi, Zvici
†jRwewkó mixm„cvKvi, Zvici evbivKvi Ges †k‡l
gvbylvKvi aviY K‡i| G Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ wgj †i‡L gb¯—Ë¡ I
mgvRZ‡Ë¡ GKwU aviYv Pvjy wQj| Ôgvbe wkï gvbwmK
weKv‡ki cÖ_g ch©v‡q, gvbyl Zvi BwZnv‡m †hme ch©vq
AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q, †mme ch©vq¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i|Õ
d«‡q‡Wi fvlvq, cÖwZwU e¨w³ Zvi e„w× weKv‡ki mgq
Kg‡ewk Zvi RvwZi e„w× weKv‡ki ch©vq¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i,
cybive„wË NwU‡q c~Y©v½ cÖvß nq| d«‡q‡Wi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki
Z‡Ë¡i wfwË GB Abygvb|
†n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i AvcvZ `„k¨gvb wKQz cÖgvY _vK‡jI, Mfxi
ch©‡e¶‡Y Gi AmviZv aiv c‡o Ges cwiZ¨³ nq|
g‡bvweÁvb I mgvRweÁv‡bI †n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i Abymi‡Y iwPZ
ZË¡wU cÖgvYvfv‡e cwiZ¨³| GKwU wkï Rb¥vq cy‡ivcywi
ciwbf©i n‡q| R‡b¥i ci ïay —b †kvlY Qvov, Rxeb avi‡Yi
Ab¨ †Kvb Kv‡RB †m AcviM| `xN© mvgvwRK jvj‡bB †m
¯^wbf©i gvbyl n‡q D‡V| c¶vš—‡i gvbemgvR KL‡bvB
ciwbf©i bq| D™¢‡ei mgq †_‡K Aw —‡Z¡i msMÖv‡g Rqx n‡qB
†m eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB gvbemgv‡Ri weKvk
I e¨w³i weKvk Zzjbxq bq|
73
Gevi Avmv hvK gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnv‡mi cwie‡Z©,
d«‡qW †h b„ZvwË¡K wg_‡K Aej¤^b K‡i Zvi weKvk ZË¡
iPbv K‡i‡Qb †m cÖm‡½| G wg_ wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb ievU©mb
w¯§_ (Robertson Smith) Gi KvQ †_‡K| eZ©gv‡bi †Kvb
b„ZË¡we`B G‡K mZ¨ g‡b K‡ib bv| G‡Z d«‡qW wbe„Ë nb wb|
Zvi Z‡Ë¡i Rb¨ hv gvbvbmB ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| 'Moses and
Monotheism' G wZwb wjL‡Qb, ÔÔAvgvi eB‡qi (Totem and
Taboo) cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y Avgvi AwfgZ cwieZ©b Kwi wb e‡j,
Avgv‡K K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| KviY
m¤cÖwZ b„ZË¡we`iv webv e¨wZµ‡g ievU©mb w¯§‡_i ZË¡mg~n
cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb Ges h‡_ó wfbœiKg ZË¡ Øviv Gm‡ei
AvswkK cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ m‡e©vcwi, Avwg b„ZË¡we`
bB| Avwg GKRb g‡bvmgx¶K| g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b
b„ZË¡ †_‡K Avgvi cÖ‡qvRbgZ Z_¨ wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi
Avgvi i‡q‡Q| gb¯—vwË¡K wel‡qi we��l‡Y w¯§‡_i Z_¨mg~n
Avgv‡K g~j¨evb ms‡hvMm~Î †hvMvq| Zvi we‡ivax‡`i †jLv
m¤^‡Ü Avwg GUv ej‡Z cvwi bv|ÕÕ
w¯§_ Kw_Z wg_wUi d«‡qWxq fvl¨ GiKg -- A‡bK
A‡bKw`b Av‡M cÖv‰MwZnvwmK gvbyl wbg©g AZ¨vPvix
`jcwZi K‡Vvi kvm‡b w`b KvUvZ| †Mvôx M‡o D‡V wb,
†Uv‡Ug Pvjy nq wb, U¨veyi evjvB †bB| `‡ji mg¯— †g‡q‡`i
GKgvÎ †fvM ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix `jcwZ ev wcZv| †Q‡j‡`i eqm
evovi m‡½ m‡½B Zviv `j †_‡K weZvwoZ nZ; cv‡Q wcZvi
†fvM`L‡j Zviv evav m„wó K‡i| gvbegb †mmgq cï g‡bi
g‡ZvB AmsMwVZ| †PZb ZLbI A‡PZb †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q
hvq wb, mycviB‡Mvi Avfvm †bB, g‡bi g‡a¨ KZ©e¨-AKZ©e¨,
DwPZ-AbywPZ, b¨vq-Ab¨vq wb‡q †Kvb Ø›Ø †bB| Av`k© e‡j
†Kvb K_vB ˆZwi nqwb| cÖe„wËi AÜ Av‡eM‡K evav †`evi ev
Ae`g‡bi †Kvb Avš—g©vbwmK wewa e¨e¯’vB †bB| cÖe„wË Avi
Av‡eM‡K ekxf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ `jcwZi kvmb| gb
ALÊ Awef³-Ro RM‡Zi m‡½ GKvZ¥| gvbwmK Ø›Ø-
msNl© ARvbv| hv wKQz Ø›Ø, evB‡ii| msNl© jovB wb‡R‡`i
g‡a¨ A_ev cïi m‡½| Aš—Ø©›Ønxb GB hyM‡K d«‡qW AjxK
wek¦v‡mi hyM e‡j‡Qb| Zvici Hme †Lw`‡q †`Iqv †Q‡ji `j
GKw`b `j †eu‡a wd‡i Gj| `jcwZ wcZv‡K nZ¨v K‡i
AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZ‡kva wbj| ïay ZvB bq, Zvi gvsm w`‡q Kij
weivU †fv‡Ri e¨e¯’v| G‡ZB g‡b cÖ_g cvc‡ev‡ai mÂvi
NUj gvbeg‡b| B & Avi B‡Mvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cuvwPj Avw`g
cvc‡eva| GB cvc‡eva Rb¥ w`j †mÝi mycviB‡Mvi| b¨vq
Ab¨vq, cvcc~Y¨ BZ¨vw`i wePvi ïi“ nj gvby‡li g‡b|
Ae`gb n‡q DVj kw³kvjx gbb wµqv| G n‡jv
cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb D™¢‡ei Kvwnwb| Av`‡gi ¯^M©Pz¨wZi Kvwnwbi
m‡½ Gi cv_©K¨ ïay welqe¯‘‡Z|
74
d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z wkï Zvi weKv‡ki mgq gvb‡ewZnvm‡K
ms‡¶‡c cybive„wË K‡i| weKv‡ki gyLce© ¯^‡MvÎ †fvRbKvix
gvbwmKZvi Awfe¨w³ —i, cvqyce© c~e©cyi“‡li wnsmªZv I
DMÖZvi —i, Avi wkkœce© †Zv ÔBwWcvmÕ I ÔB‡jKUªvÕ bvgvw¼Z
wMÖK UªvwRK Kvwnbx‡Z wea„Z †cŠivwYK —‡ii cybive„wË|
d«‡q‡Wi ÔweKvk i“×ZvÕi aviYvI Ôcybive„wË Z‡Ë¡iÕ
Abywm×vš—| †n‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i G Abywm×vš—wUI ª“ZB RxeweÁvb
I mgvRweÁv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o, mvwnZ¨I G‡Z cÖfvweZ nq|
nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (Herbert Spencer) cÖ¯—vweZ mvgvwRK
WviDBbev` (Social Darwinism) †hgb cÖwZwµqvkxj I
mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i nvwZqvi n‡q D‡VwQj, weKvk i“×Zvi
aviYvwUI ZvB n‡q DVj| GK †kªwYi RxeweÁvbx †NvlYv
Ki‡jb, gvbe cÖRvwZi c~Y©v½ weKwkZ iƒc †k¦Zv½ cyi“l|
†kZv½ ¯¿x‡jvK Ges wkï Gi c~e©eZx© —i| gvbe weKv‡ki
wbgœZg —‡i AvU‡K i‡q‡Q K…òv½iv|
Avgiv d«‡qW ZË¡ eY©bvq e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgq weKvk
i“×Zvi djvdj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| g‡bv‡iv‡Mi e¨vL¨vi
Rb¨I d«‡qW Ôcybive„wËÕ Ges ÔweKvk i“×ZviÕ ZË¡ e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| d«‡q‡Wi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi Ab¨Zg Nwbô m½x nv‡½ixq
†d‡iwÂi (Sandor Ferenczi) m¤úv`bvi nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K cÖKvwkZ eB 'A Phylogenetic Fantasy'-†Z Gm‡ei eY©bv
i‡q‡Q| 1915 m‡bi 12B RyjvB wjwLZ wPwV‡Z d«‡qW
†d‡iw‡K wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔB`vbxsKv‡j evqy‡ivM ej‡Z Avgiv hv
†`wL, Zv GKmgq gvbemgv‡Ri BwZnv‡m gvbexq AvPiY
wQj| evqy‡ivM nj gvbe mf¨Zvi gvby‡li g‡bi weKv‡ki
mv¶x|ÕÕ e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgm¨vi †ejvq ïaygvÎ ÔweKvk
i“×ZvBÕ `vqx| my ’ e¨w³i gvbwmK †ivM nIqvi wcQ‡b,
AvZ¥i¶v †KŠk‡ji cÖZ¨ve„wË (regression) cÖwµqvwU Kvh©Ki|
A_©vr G‡¶‡Î e¨w³i weKv‡ki Av‡Mi —iwU‡Z Aebgb nq|
†n‡K‡ji cybive„wË ZË¡wU‡K RxeweÁv‡bi evB‡i G‡b,
gvby‡li g‡bi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨, jvgv‡K©i
(Lamarck) ZË¡wU ¯xKvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| A_©vr ¯^xKvi Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb, gvby‡li AwR©Z ˆewkó¨, A_©vr gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZI
eskMwZ‡Z ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq| bZzev gvbe BwZnvm wKfv‡e
e¨w³i weKv‡ki mgq cybive„Ë n‡e? ZvB d«‡qW ÔÔPhylogenetic
FantasyÕÕ-†Z wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔAvgiv mwVK hyw³i wfwˇZ `vwe
Ki‡Z cvwi, †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi RxebKv‡j AwR©Z ¸Yvejx
eskMwZ‡Z Zvi mš—vb-mš—wZi gvidZ cÖevwnZ K‡i|ÕÕ hw`I
Avgiv Rvwb, d«‡qW hLb GmKj ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Qb, ZLb
RxeweÁv‡b jvgv‡K©i ZË¡ cwiZ¨³ n‡q‡Q| 1935 m‡b
eskMwZ Ges WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i ms��l‡Y ÔweeZ©‡bi ms��wlZ
ZË¡Õ cÖKvwkZ n‡q ª“ZB cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| Zey d«‡qW
1939 m‡b cÖKvwkZ Moses and Monotheism eB‡Z wj‡L‡Qb,
ÔÔAwR©Z ¸Yvewj cÖvwYi eskMwZ gvidZ mÂvwiZ nq, GB
75
ZË¡ evwZj K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ mg — wKQz we‡ePbv K‡i
Avgvi g‡b nq, RxeweÁv‡bi e„w×-weKv‡ki cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z G
ZË¡wU evwZj Kiv DwPZ bq|ÕÕ
4.2 g~j¨vqb : c×wZ
Avgiv †`Ljvg, †fŠZ-Rxe-b„ G wZbwU weÁv‡bi KZK¸‡jv
AcÖgvwYZ I c‡i cwiZ¨³ aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i d«‡qW
Zvi ZË¡ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡RB †hŠw³K wePv‡i Zv fyj n‡Z
eva¨| wKš‘ GKwU Z‡Ë¡i cÖK…wZwU ˆeÁvwbK wK bv, Zv ZË¡wUi
fyj wKsev mwVKZv Øviv wbwY©Z nq bv| GKwU Z‡Ë¡i cÖK…wZ
ˆeÁvwbK wK bv, Zv wbwY©Z nq ZË¡wU iPbvq ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ
Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv Gi Øviv| GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡
(theory) †Kvb NUbvi Aš—iwbwnZ KviY wKsev wewfbœ NUbvi
g‡a¨ Aš—ijxb m¤úK© wel‡q GKwU wee„wZ| GKwU AbyKí
iwPZ nq Gme NUbv ch©‡e¶Y/cix¶‡Y (observation/
experiment) cÖvß hvPvB‡hvM¨ Z_¨/Dcv‡Ëi (fact/data) Dci
wfwË K‡i| ZË¡cÖ¯—ve †_‡K Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z †hme AbycÖ —ve
(inferance) MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e, hw` †m me ch©‡e¶Y/cix¶‡Y
mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ nq, Z‡e AbyKíwU Z‡Ë¡i gh©v`v cvq|
GB wbwi‡L d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ wePvi Kiv hvK| d«‡qW
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci mgq Aeva Abym‡½ Kw_Z †ivMxi ¯§„wZ,
wPš—v, Abyfe, ¯cœ †ivMxi cv‡k e‡m ïb‡Zb| †_ivwci ci
wZwb Zvi kÖ“Z welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hme Z_¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© g‡b nZ
Zv Uz‡K ivL‡Zb| †ivMxi ÔcÎvš—wiZÕ AvPiY‡K we��lY K‡i
ZvI wZwb bw_fy³ Ki‡Zb| myZivs Zvi msM„nxZ Z_¨ KZUzKz
Zvi ch©‡e¶Y, KZUzKz Zvi e¨vL¨v, Zv wbwðZ nIqv †hgb
m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb m¤¢e bq Gme Z_¨ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv| d«‡qW
Zvi msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K wKfv‡e Zvi Z‡Ë¡ †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb Zvi
eY©bv †`b wb| ZË¡ †_‡K wKfv‡e AbyKí Uvbv hv‡e Ges †mme
wKfv‡e hvPvB Kiv hv‡e, †mmeI Zvi †jLvq Abycw¯’Z|
d«‡qWxqiv, †hme Z_¨ †_‡K d«‡qW-ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Qb,
†mme‡KB Z‡Ë¡i cÖgvY wnmv‡e nvwRi Ki‡Z Pvb| GwU e„Ëve×
hyw³i †`vl`yó| Kv‡RB c×wZMZ we‡ePbvq d«‡qWZË¡ †Kvb
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ bq|
d«‡qWZË¡ weÁvbm¤§Z bv n‡jI g‡bvweÁvb weKv‡k GwU
¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| weÁv‡bi cÖwZwU †gŠwjK kvLv
weKv‡kiB wZbwU ch©vq i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU `k©bg~jK ev
Awawe`¨K (metaphysical), wØZxqwU ¸YvZ¥K ch©‡e¶Yg~jK
(qualitative observational), Z…ZxqwU cwigvYvZ¥K cix¶vg~jK
(quantitative experimental)| g‡bvweÁvb GLb wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq
—‡i wµqvkxj| ZvB GLb d«‡q‡Wi Awawe`¨K ZË¡‡K
ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i gh©v`v †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
76
GRb¨ weªwUk Oxford Text Book of Psychiatry d«‡qWZË¡‡K
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ bv e‡j mvwnZ¨ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q|
Zv‡`i g‡Z mvwnZ¨ †hgb gvby‡li PwiÎ m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i Aš—
`„©wó †hvMvq, d«‡qWZË¡I ZvB| weÁv‡bi ZË¡ †hgb NUbvi
Kvh©KviY‡K wee„Z K‡i, GwU Ggb bq| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡gwiKvb
Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry d«‡qW cÖewZ©Z
g‡bvmgx¶Y avivwU‡K 'Science of Psychoanalysis' bv‡g AwfwnZ
K‡i| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ weÁv‡bi m‡½ GB we‡kl weÁvbwUi m¤Ü
wK Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i bv| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve Zvi DrcwË ’j
BD‡ivc †_‡K Av‡gwiKv‡ZB †ewk we —…Z n‡qwQj| American
Psychiatric Association Gi gvbwmK †iv‡Mi †kªwYwefvM msµvš—
eB 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual' Gi cÖ_g `ywU ms¯‹i‡Yi
ZvwË¡K wfwË wQj d«‡qWZË¡| wKš‘ GwU ev —‡e K‡g©vc‡hvMx bv
nIqvq Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY †_‡K d«‡qWev‡`i cwie‡Z© Gi wfwË
nq AwfÁZvev` (empiricism) | cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸wj‡ZI G
aviv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|
d«‡qW hLb Zvi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc ïi“ K‡ib, ZLb gvbwmK
†iv‡Mi †Kvb Kvh©Ki †fŠZ wPwKrmv (†hgb, Ilya, ECT) wQj
bv| wKš‘ 1950 Gi `kK †_‡K †fŠZ wPwKrmvi my‡hvM evovi
m‡½ m‡½, †fŠZ cÖYvjxB g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmvq cÖ_g ¯’vb `Lj
K‡i wb‡q‡Q| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡ZI wewfbœ ZË¡wfwËK
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Pvjy n‡q‡Q| d‡j eZ©gv‡b g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmv
d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i ¯’vb cÖvš—xq| GL‡bv mviMÖvnx (eclectic)
GKv‡WwgwkqvbMY g‡b K‡ib d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvRb dzwi‡q
hvq wb| †Kvb M‡elK Zvi ZË¡ iPbvi d«‡qWZË¡ †_‡K †Kvb
Aš— „©wó †c‡ZI cv‡ib| wKš‘ Zvi ZË¡‡K ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i
ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡Z n‡j, Zv‡K Aek¨B ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ †g‡b
ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv ÔRxe‡bi †iLvwP‡ÎBÕ †`‡LwQ, d«‡qW cÖ_g Rxe‡b
ˆeÁvwbK avivi M‡elYvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| myZivs
Zvi ZË¡ †h ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ n‡q D‡V wb, GUv wZwb Rvb‡Zb|
Zey wZwb †h Avg„Zz¨ G Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ iB‡jb, Gi mg_©‡b
Zvi hyw³ ÒAvwg g‡b Kwi, m„wókxj Kíbv Qvov g‡bvweÁv‡bi
g‡Zv weÁv‡bi weKvk n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Avwg GBme
m„wókxj Kíbvi †Ljv †L‡jwQ, hv‡Z wbiš—i MVbg~jK
mgv‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡q Avmj mZ¨Uv †ewo‡q Av‡m|ÕÕ wKsev,
ÔÔgvbwmK †¶ÎwU‡K ˆRweK wfwËnxb evqy‡Z fvmgvb welq
wnmv‡e †i‡L †`qvi †Kvb AwfcÖvq Avgvi †bB| wKš‘ G
(ˆRweK wfwË- we.iv) m¤^‡Ü Avgvi G wek¦vmUzKz Qvov †Kvb
ZË¡xq ev wPwKrmv msµvš— Ávb †bB| Kv‡RB Avgv‡K Gfv‡e
AvMv‡Z n‡q‡Q, †hb Avgvi mvg‡b ïay gvbwmK †¶ÎB
i‡q‡Q|ÕÕ d«‡q‡Wi mvdvBwU AvswkK mZ¨| d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ iPbvi
Kv‡jB, cvfjf gw —‡®‹i D”PZi wµqvKjvc m¤^‡Ü Zvi
M‡elYvi dj cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| d«‡qW †h A‡PZb gvbwmK
77
†cÖlYv‡KB gvby‡li cÖavb PvwjKvkw³ wnmv‡e MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi wcQ‡b wµqvkxj Rvg©vb `k©‡bi GKwU avivi
K_v Avgiv Av‡MB D��L K‡iwQ| ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ ev` w`‡q
†h wZwb ZË¡ iPbvq AMÖmi n‡q‡Qb, Zvi wcQ‡bI GKwU
Rvg©vb fvev`k© wµqvkxj| †mwU Hermeneutic| †m avivq ejv nq,
Kvh©KviY m¤úK© bv cvIqv †M‡j, m„wókxj Kíbvkw³ w`‡q
BwZnv‡mi cybwb©g©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4.3 g~j¨vqb : cÖ‡qvM
†ivM wPwKrmvq d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM Gi g~j¨vqb Avgiv
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Ges ¯^cœ mgx¶Y Aa¨v‡q K‡iwQ| gvbwmK
†ivMx‡`i wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡b d«‡qW ZË¡ iPbv Ki‡jI, Zvi
ZË¡‡K wZwb cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK AvPiY †_‡K
ïi“ K‡i ag©ZË¡, b„ZË¡, mgvRZË¡ cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB| e¨w³g‡bi
Kvh©cÖYvwj GKevi wVK Kivi ci, wZwb ïay Gi gva¨‡g mg —
gvbweK welqvejx‡K e¨vL¨vi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| wPi
A‡PZbw¯’Z AÜ †cÖlYvB e¨w³i PvwjKvkw³, mgvR e¨w³i
ˆeix, A‡PZb m‡PZ‡bi Ø›Ø D`&MwZi gva¨‡gB mf¨Zvi
D™¢eÑGB n‡”Q Zvi cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv|
†iLvwP‡Î Ôhy× †KbÕ cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv‡ZB Avgiv †`‡LwQ,
hy‡×i wcQ‡b e¨w³i gbw ’Z G ؇›Øi evB‡i, †Kvb KviYB
wZwb †`L‡Z cvb bv| Gfv‡e d«‡qW gvby‡li fwel¨Z m¤^‡Ü
Avkvev`x n‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY gvby‡li PvwjKvkw³ A‡PZb
†cÖlYv Ges mgv‡Ri Ø›Ø mbvZbÑAZx‡Z †hgb wQj,
fwel¨‡ZI †Zgb _vK‡e| Zvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z `ywU m¤¢vebv cÖKU,
nq mgv‡Ri Pv‡c e¨w³ wbD‡ivwUK n‡e, bZzev e¨w³i AvMÖvmx
f~wgKvq mgvR jÊfÊ n‡e| GKwUgvÎ ¶xY Avkvi †iLv
Av‡Q, G ؛؇K D˜&MwZi gva¨‡g mf¨Zv wbg©v‡Y ev i¶vq
wb‡qvwRZ Kiv| wKš‘ GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwU e¨w³i
g‡bvmgx¶Y| Zv wK ev¯—evqb †hvM¨? d«‡qWB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb,
GwU ev —evqb †hvM¨ bq| wZwb Civilization and Its Discontents eB‡q
wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔmvgvwRK DØvqyZvi cÖLiZg we��lY-B ev wK
Kv‡R jvM‡e, hLb mgvR‡K †m †_ivwc wb‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡i, Ggb ¶gZv Kv‡iv †bB|ÕÕ Avi g‡bvmgx¶YI wK Lye
Kvh©Ki `vIqvB? d«‡q‡Wi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ Ges Avš—R©vwZK
mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK mwgwZi GK mg‡qi mfvcwZ †Rvb&m (E.
Jones) nZvk K‡ÉB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, Òc¶cvZnxb ch©‡e¶K
GB wePwjZKvix Z_¨ Øviv AvnZ bv n‡Z cv‡ib bv †h, eyw×i
e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î, g‡bvmgx¶K I mgxw¶Z e¨w³i m‡½
Amgxw¶Z e¨w³‡`i cv_©K¨ we¯§qKifv‡e bMY¨|ÕÕ
d«‡qW hLb Zvi ZË¡‡K gvbemgv‡Ri BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq
e¨envi K‡ib, ZLbI Zv nZvkve¨ÄK| hw`I b„ZË¡we`MY
Zv‡`i M‡elYvq d«‡qW ewY©Z G e¨vL¨vi mg_©b cvb bv|
b„Z‡Ë¡ d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM m¤^‡Ü b„ZvwË¡K †gwjbd&w¯‹
78
(Malinowski) gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔÔd«‡qW Zvi LyeB AvKl©Yxq wKš‘
DrKvíwbK Z‡Ë¡, GKwU Avw`g bi‡Mvôx‡K (Ebwesk
kZvãxi) BD‡ivcxq ga¨weË cwiev‡ii me ai‡bi cÖeYZv,
Amgš^qZv Ges e`‡gRv‡R mvwR‡q, cÖv‰MwZnvwmK R½‡j
†Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb|ÕÕ wj›Ub (Linton) gxW (Mead) cÖgyL K…wóev`x
mvB‡KvGbvwj÷iv d«‡q‡Wi eû gZ LÊb K‡i‡Qb| Avw`g
†Mvôxi g‡a¨ M‡elYv K‡i A‡bK g~j¨evb Z_¨ I DcvË
msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zviv d«‡qWxq c¨vivWvBgwU Z¨vM Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| ZvB Zv‡`i M‡elYv mxwgZ i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i —
b¨cvb, —b¨cvb Z¨vM, gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi Af¨vm BZ¨vw`
K‡qKwU mvgvwRK wµqvi g‡a¨| G‡Z Zv‡`i Z‡_¨i
Dc‡hvwMZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q, mvgvwRK b„ZË¡ ev gb —‡Ë¡i †Kvb
me©RbMÖvn¨ ZË¡ M‡o D‡V wb|
d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z mvgvwRK msnwZi KviY mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i
G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva| m`m¨iv †h ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ
GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i Zvi KviY, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgv‡Ri GKwU ÔwcZ…-
PwiÎÕi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i| A_©vr mvgvwRK msnwZi g~‡j
i‡q‡Q GKwU me©Rb gvb¨ wcZ…-PwiÎ| mvgvwRK HK¨ I
mvgvwRK †bZ…‡Z¡i g~jm~Î GwU| d«‡qW j¶¨ K‡ib, Zvi
mgmvgwqK mgv‡R HK¨ weavqK I †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix Ggb
wcZ…-PwiÎ †bB| G mgv‡Ri m`m¨iv ïaygvÎ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
GKvZ¥‡ev‡a msMwVZ| d«‡qW g‡b K‡ib mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri
Am‡š—v‡li Ab¨Zg KviY GwU| GKwU wcZ…-PwiÎi
cÖ‡qvRbKvgx Z‡Ë¡i dj AwP‡iB dj‡jv; Z‡e ZË¡iPwqZvi
Rb¨ ey‡givs n‡q| wcZ…-PwiÎ Ôdz‡qiviÕ wnUjv‡ii DÌvb nj|
G wcZ…-PwiÎi gva¨‡g msMwVZ mgvR d«‡qW‡K Zvi
AvR‡b¥i evm¯’vb †_‡K weZvwoZ Kij, Zvi Pvi †evb‡K
nZ¨v Kij|
4.4 `vk©wbK wePvi
BD‡iv‡c AvaywbK weÁvb I `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cw_K…r †i‡b
†`KvZ© (Rene Descartes)| wZwb wek¦‡K `yfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb,
e¯‘i RMZ Ges AvZ¥vi RMZ| e —yi RM‡Z hvwš¿KZvi wbqg
(mechanism), Avi AvZ¥vi RM‡Z ÔAwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`Õi
(rationalism) wbqg Kvh©Ki| AwfÁZvDש hyw³ev` g‡b K‡i,
†Kvb wel‡q M~p Ávb AvZ¥vq eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q| mÁv (intution)
Gi gva¨‡g G Ávb jvf Kiv m¤¢e| G Rb¨ †Kvb
cÖvK&AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| mÁvjä Ávb †_‡K Ae‡ivnx
hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgiv Ab¨ e¨envh© Áv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cvwi|
†`Kv‡Z©i wek¦vm, ¯’vbv‡¼i aviYvwU Zvi mÁvjä| wZwb G
aviYvwU †_‡K Ae‡ivnx hyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M ¯’vbv¼ R¨vwgwZ iPbv
K‡i‡Qb, hv AwfÁZvi `ywbqvq Kv‡R jv‡M| †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Z
AvZ¥v ïay gvby‡liB i‡q‡Q, gvby‡li gbb wµqvq Zv cÖKvwkZ|
Ab¨ cÖvwYiv RwUjZi hš¿gvÎ| gvby‡liI AvZ¥v wfbœ gw —®‹
79
m‡gZ kixi cÖvwY‡`i g‡ZvB hš¿er| ZvB gvby‡li gw —‡®‹I
hvwš¿KZvi wbqg Kvh©Ki| gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e civeZ©
(reflex) Gi aviYvI †`Kv‡Z©i D™¢veb| Zvi g‡Z †`‡ni m‡½
AvZ¥vi ms‡hvM N‡U gw —®‹w¯’Z wcwbqvj MÖwš’‡Z (pleal gland)|
Gfv‡e †`KvZ© e¯‘i RMZ m¤^‡Ü hvwš¿K e¯‘ev` (mechanical
materialism), AvZ¥v ev g‡bi RMZ m¤^‡Ü fveev` (idealism)
Ges G `ywU RMZ‡K ci¯úi wew”Qbœ ¯^vaxb mËvi ¯^xK…wZ
w`‡q, `vk©wbK Øqev` (dualism)Ñ G wZbwU `vk©wbK aviv
mg_©b K‡ib| AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b bZyb Avw½‡K Pvjy
Kiv G w·ebx †`KvZx©q `k©b-B AvR ch©š— cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri
cÖavb `k©b|
Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi aviYv wgwj‡q †`L‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWI ev —
eZv‡K Ôe¯‘MZ ev —eZvÕ I ÔgvbwmK ev —eZvÕ G `yfv‡M fvM
K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z ÔkvixwiK kw³Õ B`& G ÔgvbwmK kw³‡ZÕ
iƒcvš—wiZ nq| hw`I d«‡qW †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Zv gw —‡®‹i †Kvb
AÂj‡K wb‡ ©k K‡ib wb, wZwb kw³i iƒcvš—‡ii K_v
e‡j‡Qb Ges g‡bi wbqg wnmv‡eI e¯‘RM‡Zi wbqg
hvwš¿KZv (mechanism) †K e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb Øqev`x
bb, AØqev`x (monist)| wKš‘ wZwb ev¯—‡ei aviYv Ges
Kíbv‡K mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb, cÖZxK I wg_ Gi h‡_”Q
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡¶‡Î g‡bi wbqgwU‡K
e¯‘RM‡Zi wbq‡gi g‡Zv e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective) bv †i‡L
e³v mv‡c¶ (subjective) K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| d‡j Zv †`Kv‡Z©i
AwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`i g‡ZvB fveev`x iƒc wb‡q‡Q|
`vk©wbK we‡ePbvi d«‡qWZË¡ ˆRe wba©viYev`x (biological
deterministic)| G‡Z Rb¥jä A‡PZb ˆRweK †cÖlYvB gvby‡li
GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³| mvgvwRK wk¶v G‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z
cv‡i bv| GwU GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`x (reductionist) gvby‡li
wewPÎ RwUj mvgvwRK AvPiY‡K Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q mgmË¡
(homogeneous) `ywU ˆRweK †cÖlYv w`‡q| g‡bi Aat —i gw —‡®‹i
Mo‡b e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Rb¥MZfv‡e
e¨w³MY AmgmË¡ (heterogeneous)| mvgvwRK wk¶vq e¨w³i
g‡a¨ bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U| GKvwaK e¨w³i mgvKj‡b MwVZ
mgwó gb ev mgvR gb —‡Ë¡I bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U|
d«‡qWev‡` G ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi aviYvwU Abycw ’Z| hw`I
d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gbwUi Avavi †h gw —®‹ Zv a‡i
†bqv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Gi m‡½ gw —‡®‹i kvixi¯’vwbK-kvixie„wËK
m¤úK© wK Zv ewY©Z nq wb| GwU Aej¤^bnxb, inm¨gq|
Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡wU ˆRe wba©viYev`x n‡qI e¯‘m¤úK©nxb
fveev`x (idealist)|
d«‡qWev` BD‡iv‡ci †P‡q Av‡gwiKvq †ewk cÖfve we —vi
Kij †Kb? GRb¨ wewfbœ KviY `vqx| Avwg `vk©wbK KviYwU
we‡ePbv Kie| Av‡gwiKvq d«‡qWev` Avg`vwbi Av‡MB
cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁv‡bi PP©v ïi“ n‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z Zv wQj
80
WviDBb Ges BDwjqvg †Rgm (William James) cÖfvweZ
Kvh©ev`x (functionalist) avivq| µ‡g Zv AvPiYev`x (beheviourist)
avivq iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKv‡Z AvPiYev` I
d«‡qWev‡`i cÖmvi N‡U‡Q mgZv‡j| `vk©wbK wePv‡i G `ywU
aviv ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ n‡qI ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|
AvPiYev` AwZgvÎvq welqwbô (objective)| Zviv gb‡K
mivmwi cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hvq bv e‡j gb (mind) ev welqx‡K
(subject) †K Av‡jvP¨m~wP †_‡K ev` w`‡q w`‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i
d«‡qWev` AwZgvÎvq welqxwbô (subjective)| GLv‡b gvbwmK
RMZ‡K e¯‘i RMZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q| Ges Zv
M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q welqxwbô Aš— ©k©b
(introspection) c×wZi|
Avgv‡`i gvbweK RMZ †Zv welq (e¯‘) Ges welqxi
(e¨w³i) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨B Aw¯—Z¡gvb| Kv‡RB e¨w³‡K ev` w`‡q
e¯‘ wKsev e¯‘‡K ev` w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv †Zv
GK‡c‡kwg| GB GK‡c‡kwg KvUv‡ZB Av‡gwiKv‡Z
AvPiYev` I d«‡qWev` ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK n‡q‡Q| e¯‘
(welq) I fv‡ei (welqxi) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨i cÖwZdjK †Kvb
`k©b I c×wZ †mLv‡b M‡o D‡V wb| ZvB M‡elKiv nq hvwš¿K
e¯‘ev`x (†hgb AvPiYev`x) wKsev fveev`x (†hgb
d«‡qWev`x) g‡Wj e¨envi K‡ib| cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡b
GKv‡WwgK we‡klÁiv mviMÖvnx c×wZ‡Z `yÕavivi mvigg©
wb‡q †U·U eB iPbv K‡ib|
Gfv‡e Av‡gwiKvi GKv‡WwgK gn‡j hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`x ev
fveev`x (DfqB GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`xI e‡U), Ges
wk¶v‡¶‡Î mviMÖvnx fveaviviB cÖvavb¨| wKš‘ mvgvwRK †¶‡Î
cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b Kvh©wmw×ev` (pragmatism)| A_©vr †Kvb
gZev‡`i mZ¨Zvi gvcKvwV, Zv w`‡q Kvh©wmw× nq wK bv Zv|
ZvB kvmKiv RbMY‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †hgb AvPiYev`x
Acv‡i›U KwÛkwbs (operent conditioning) e¨envi K‡ib, †Zgwb
e¨envi K‡ib ÔKvgbvi Awe‡”Q`¨ KvivMv‡i e›`x gvby‡li
Amnvq‡Z¡iÕ d«‡qWxq aviYvi| `xN©KvjB kvmK‡`i mnvq,
agx©q wbqwZev`| hv RbMY‡K cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’v †g‡b wb‡Z
cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b RbM†Yi GKUv D��L‡hvM¨ As‡k
a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g Avmvq, agx©q wbqwZev‡`i ¯’jvwfwl³
n‡q‡Q ˆRe wba©viYev`|
†Kb ïay Av‡gwiKv‡ZB bq, mg — cyuwRev`x `ywbqv‡ZB
hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`, fveev`, LÊZvev`, mviMÖwnZv, Kvh©wmw×ev`Ñ
Gme `vk©wbK aviv¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨? Gi DËi `k©‡b wgj‡e bv|
Gi DËi wgj‡e mgv‡R| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi Dci
e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ Mov, gybvdvRxex I kªgRxex GB
`yB fv‡M Mfxifv‡e wef³ G mgv‡R, †Kvb HK¨e× `k©b
81
cÖvavb¨jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Dc‡i ewY©Z AvcvZwe‡ivax Gme
`vk©wbK aviv GK‡Î G mgv‡R w¯’Zve¯’v eRvq iv‡L|
4.5 d«‡qWev` RbwcÖq †Kb?
d«‡qWZË¡ GKv‡WwgK gn‡j ¯^xK…wZ cvIqvi Av‡MB mvavi‡Y¨
Av‡jvob Zz‡j‡Q| †m mgq cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁvb PP©vi m‡½
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †Kvb †hvM wQj bv| d«‡qWB cÖvZ¨wnK
Rxe‡bi mgm¨vÑ Zv †nvK †ivMwPwKrmv wKsev e¨w³i
AvPi‡Yi AbyavebÑZvi Av‡jvPbvq wb‡q Av‡mb| Zvi iPbv
bxim GKv‡WwgK wbe‡Üi g‡Zv bq; mim mvwnZ¨¸Y mg„×|
G‡Z ˆeÁvwbKZvi NvUwZ _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨i NvUwZ †bB|
wkí, mvwnZ¨, cyivY, cÖvZ¨wnK w`bhvcb, Gm‡ei Ac~e©
ms��l N‡U‡Q Zvi iPbvq| ïay GKv‡WwgK gnj bq, mK‡ji
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvwiZ Zvi iPbvq, †m mg‡qi cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai
cÖwZ GKwU P¨v‡jÄI wQj| d«‡qW †hme g~j¨‡ev‡ai we‡ivwaZv
K‡iwQ‡jb (†hgb †hŠbZv wel‡q AwZwi³ evavwb‡la), †mme
wQj ZrKvjxb ag©cÖfvweZ mvgš—ev`x ms¯‹…wZi Ae‡kl| hw`I
Zvi Z‡Ë¡I Gi wKQz wPý eZ©gvb (†hgb cyi“lZvwš¿KZv)| Zey
w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv G‡Z i“ó nq| d«‡qW ZË¡
cwieZ©bKvgx‡`i cÖwZev‡`i fvlv hywM‡q mvgvwRK Av‡jvob
m„wó K‡i|
d«‡qWev‡`i †m we�ex ch©vq eû c~‡e©B AewmZ|
GKv‡WwgK I kvmK gn‡j Zvi ¯^xK…wZ †Rv‡U †M‡Q A‡bK
Av‡MB| ZeyI Zv mvavi‡Y¨ RbwcÖq wK Kvi‡Y? cÖ_‡gB ejv
`iKvi, mvavi‡Y¨ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ aviv¸‡jv cwiwPZ bq|
ZvB A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q g‡bvweÁvb Ges d«‡qWZË¡ mgv_©K| Ab¨
GKwU KviY d«‡qWev‡`i mnR‡eva¨Zv| wicy (Kvg †µva †jvf
BZ¨vw`) Avgv‡`i Zvobv K‡i| we‡eK Avgv‡`i myc‡_ Pj‡Z
e‡j| Avgv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Avwg †Kvb c‡_ hve| GmeB
Avgv‡`i agx©q I ˆbwZK wk¶vi mvirmvi| Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi
B`&, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv‡K wgwj‡q †`Lyb| Avgv‡`i agx©q
wbqwZev‡`i m‡½ d«‡qWxq ˆRe-wba©viYev‡`iI mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv Avgiv GKUz AvZ¥-ch©‡e¶‡Yi
gva¨‡g mn‡RB Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i Gme
DcKiY mv¶vr †evaMg¨ n‡q †M‡j, Zvi A‡PZb g‡bi
wµqvKjvc‡K ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z AvcwË _v‡K
bv| Avgv‡`i g‡bi †h GKUv Am‡PZb w`K i‡q‡Q, ZvI †Zv
Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi| Gfv‡e G mgv‡Ri gvbyl d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ †hb
Zvi wb‡Ri cÖwZ”Qwe †`L‡Z cvq| GKevi d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i
KvVv‡gvUv AvqZ¡ n‡q †M‡j, wb‡R‡K g‡bvwe` fve‡ZI
Amyweav nq bv| KviY ZLb g‡b nq, Avgiv †h †Kvb gvbweK
welq‡KB Gi Øviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ I
ÔcÖZxKÕ Gi h‡_”Q e¨env‡ii D`vniY †Zv d«‡qWxqivB †i‡L
82
†M‡Qb| ZviciI hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, Zv A‡PZ‡bi wµqv
e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡jB n‡jv|
G ÔmnR-hvbÕ Gi weKí c_wU KwVb| G Rb¨
g‡bvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i PP©v Avek¨K| Gme Z‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iB mš‘ó _vKv hvq bv|
†`L‡Z nq Zv ev —‡ei m‡½ wg‡j wK bv| wKš‘ mZ¨ me mgqB
KwVb| mv¶vr Dcjwä m‡Z¨i wbðqZv †`q bv| m~h© †h c~‡e©
Dw`Z n‡q cwð‡g A¯— hvq, G mv¶vr Dcjwä Avgv‡`i
cÖwZw`bB nq| Zey Zv mZ¨ bq| c„w_ex †h wbR A‡¶i Pvicv‡k
Ny‡i, GUv KL‡bv Dcjä bv n‡jI mZ¨| GKBfv‡e Aš—
`©k©‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv g‡bi †hme welq Dcjwä Kwi, ZvI
AvswkK mZ¨ gvÎ| hv Aš— ©k©‡b Dcjä n‡”Q bv, Zv g‡bi
A‡PZ‡b Ges Rvbv hv‡e bv, Ggb fvevI wVK bq| ˆeÁvwbK
c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M ZvI Rvbv m¤¢e| g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae ’vi
Lei wb‡j Rvbv hv‡e Avgiv Gme KZUzKz Rvwb|
mnRZvi KviY QvovI mvavi‡Y¨ d«‡qWev` wU‡K _vKvi
Av‡iv KviY i‡q‡Q| w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv me mgq cÖPvi
K‡ib, gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e AÜ A‡hŠw³K Av‡eM PvwjZ
Rxe| Kv‡RB gvby‡li c‡¶ cwiKwíZ b¨vqvbyM mgvR Mov
m¤¢e bq| hviv cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq Amš‘ó, ZvivI cwieZ©‡bi
w`kv wKsev mvnm bv †c‡q, w ’Zve¯’vi mg_©K‡`i cÖPvwiZ
Avßev‡K¨ Av¯’v †i‡L mvš—¡bv Lyu‡Rb| wkí-mvwnZ¨ iPbv wKsev
ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbvq (Cultural Criticism) d«‡qWev‡`i RbwcÖqZv
cÖm‡½ ÔmnRhvbÕ Ges Ômvš—¡bvÕ ZË¡ AvswkK Kvh©Ki|
fvev`k©MZ msMÖv‡gi G †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z kvmK‡kªwYi cÖwZwbwaiv
d«‡qWev`‡K m‡PZbfv‡eB cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
5. Dcmsnvi
d«‡qW D™¢vweZ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci wKQz cÖZ¨q d«‡qWZË¡
wbi‡c¶fv‡e mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z M„wnZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi m~ÎvwqZ
ÔB‡Mv AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕI Zvi ZË¡ wbi‡c¶fv‡e g‡bvweÁv‡b
A½xK…Z| g‡bvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m d«‡q‡Wi f~wgKv LyeB
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wZwb g‡bvweÁv‡bi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A‡bK¸‡jv
mgm¨v‡K mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb; †hgb A‡PZb †cÖlYv, ¯^fvex
I A¯fvex gvbwmK wµqvi m¤úK©, g‡bi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj,
†hŠbZvi f~wgKv, eq¯‹‡`i AvPi‡Y ˆkk‡ei gvbwmK
AvNv‡Zi cÖfve, e¨w³‡Z¡i RwUj MVb Ges e¨w³i gvbwmK
KvVv‡gvi Af¨š—i¯’ Ø›Ø msNvZ| wKš‘ Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb
Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡cÖ —ve K‡ib, Zv‡Z a‡i †qv n‡q‡Q,
gb mgvR wehy³ ˆRe cÖK…wZi Aaxb Ges †PZb I A‡PZb
ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx (antagonistic)| G ywU aviYvB wewfbœ
M‡elYvq cÖvß Z‡_¨i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| Zvi ZË¡cÖ —v‡e
83
d«‡qW Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ GKwU gvbwmK wbY©vqK (factor),
ÔA‡PZb ˆRweK †cÖlYvÕ †K e¨w³i ˆRweK I mvgvwRK Dfq
Rxe‡bi wba©vi‡Ki (determinant) f~wgKvq ewm‡q w`‡q‡Qb|
gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ‡KI †m wbY©vq‡Ki Aaxb
K‡i, d«‡qW gvby‡li †cÖlYv Ges gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm
Dfq‡KB inm¨ve„Z K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡ cÖwZwµqvkxj
fvev`‡k©i mnvqK n‡q‡Q|
cyivY, `k©b, weÁvbÑG meB mvgvwRK †PZbvi cÖKvk| G
me¸wj‡ZB ev —eZvi GK ai‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U| wKš‘ m‡Z¨i
gvcKvwV‡Z meB Zzj¨g~j¨ bq| d«‡q‡Wi AvKv•¶v g‡bi
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ iPbv| wKš‘ †h c×wZ‡Z wZwb Zv iPbv K‡i‡Qb
Zv ˆeÁvwbK bq| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i eqvbwUI †cŠivwYK| g‡bi
wewfbœ KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvici G
wZb †kªwYi KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU PwiÎiƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i, g‡bi
MwZwe`¨v‡K G wZb Pwi‡Îi bvUKiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
Aš—ie ‘i w`K w`‡q GwU cyivY-AvwkªZ `k©b| ZvB g‡bvweÁvb
weKv‡k d«‡qWZË¡ GKwU HwZnvwmK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI
g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq Zv Kvh©Ki ZË¡ bq|
g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWxq avivi evB‡iI A‡bK aviv i‡q‡Q|
†mm‡ei cwiPq g‡bvweÁv‡bi †U·U eB‡q cvIqv hvq| GKwU
avivi D��L †mLv‡b †bB| †mwU ÔØvw›ØK-e ‘ev`Õ wfwËK
g‡bvweÁv‡bi aviv| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Gi m~Pbv I weKvk
n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ †K‡›`ª G avivq g‡bvweÁvb
PP©v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| G avivi wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖ¯’vb¯’j, 1.
cvfjf (I. P. Pavlov) Ges Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡bi Aat¯—i gw —
‡®‹i, D”PZi Kvh©Kjvc M‡elYvi aviv| G avivi GKRb
¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖwZwbwa †Zcjf (B. M. Teplov)| cvðv‡Z¨i †U·U
eB‡qi Kj¨v‡Y cvfjf e¨enviev`x (behaviourist) e‡j
cwiwPZ| G aviYv fyj| e¨enviev`xiv cvfjf Avwe¯‹…Z
mv‡c¶ civeZ© (conditioned reflex) Kv‡R jvMvq gvÎ| Zviv
cvfj‡fi mvgwMÖK M‡elYvi aviv I „wófw½i m‡½ mngZ
bq| 2. fvBMU&w¯‹ (L. S. Vygotsky) I Zvi mnKgx© jywiqv (A. P.
Luria) Ges wjIbwZ‡qf (A. N. Leontyev) m~wPZ wkï weKvk I
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki aviv| G avivi mwµqZvi ZË¡ (Cultural
Historical Activity Theory) eZ©gv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e PwP©Z ZË¡| 3.
g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR wb‡q DRbv`&‡R (D. Uznadze) Ges Zvi
Abymvix‡`i ¯‹zj| DRbv`&‡R-i ÔSet TheoryÕ me©Rb¯^xK…Z|
Avkv Kwi hviv K…wÎg in‡m¨ eyu` n‡q bv †_‡K g‡bi
mwZ¨Kvi inm¨ D˜NvU‡b AvMÖnx, hviv g‡bvweÁvb‡K
e¨envwiK Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Pvb, Zviv g‡bvweÁv‡bi
ˆeÁvwbK avivi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb|
84
cwiwkó :
Bqys (Jung), GWjvi (Adler), d«g (Fromm), jvKuv (Lacan) cÖgyL
g‡bvmgx¶YMY †NvwlZ ev A‡NvwlZfv‡e d«‡qW †_‡K ¯^Zš¿
n‡q Zv‡`i ZË¡ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †h g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmvi Rb¨
d«‡qWev‡`i Rb¥, †mLv‡b Zvi Ae¯’vb cÖvš—xq| wKš‘ b„ZË¡-
mgvRZË¡, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbv Gme fvev`k©MZ †¶‡Î
d«‡qWev` GL‡bv cÖfvekvjx| G K_vwU DcwiD³
g‡bvmgx¶K‡`i cÖm‡½ d«‡qW †_‡KI †ewk mZ¨| wb‡R‡`i
¯^vZš¿¨ m‡Ë¡I c×wZMZ I `vk©wbK wePv‡i DcwiD³
Ad«‡qWxqiv d«‡qWev‡`i evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib wb| Avgvi
cÖKvwkZe¨ ÔAd«‡qWxq d«‡qWev`xMYÕ cÖe‡Ü G‡`i m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
Z_¨m~Î :
1. Textbook of Psychology, Andrew B Crider et el, Scott, Foresman and Company, USA, 1983.
2. Sigmund Freud, An exhibition of Goethe Institute, Munich, 1972.
3. Theories of Personality, Hall and Lindzey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1970.
4. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.
5. Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.
6. Psychology In The Soviet Union, A. Petrovsky, Progress Publishers, 1990.
7. Christopher Caudwell, A Study in Bourgeois Psychology: Freud, In ‘The Concept of Freedom’, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1965
8. cvfjf cwiwPwZ, Wv: ax‡i› ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq, cvfjf
BÝwUwUDU, KjKvZv, 2000|
9. d«‡qW cÖm‡½, †`excÖmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyózc cÖKvkb,
KjKvZv, 1994|
10. mZ¨ ZvB hv iwP‡e Zzwg, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, gvbegb 46Zg
el©, 1g msL¨v, 2007|
11. fvBMUw¯‹ cwiPq, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,
KjKvZv, 2012|
12. g‡bvwe`¨vi Awfavb, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,
KjKvZv, 2011|
weiÄb ivq : †ckvq g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmK| Aa¨q‡bi welq cÖK…wZ I gvbyl Ges weÁv‡b,
`k©‡b, wk‡í Zvi cÖwZdjb| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡b hy³| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : †PZbvi
weÁvb : mvgvwRK †PZbvi gb —Ë¡, (2010, b¨vkbvj cvewj‡Kkb), XvKv|
85
weÁv‡bi Av‡jvq Ô†nvwgIc¨vw_Õ
KvRx gvneye nvmvb
“If homeopathy works, then obviously the less you use it, the stronger it gets. So the best way to apply homeopathy is to not use it at all”--Phil Plait "The findings of currently available Cochrane reviews of studies of homeopathy do not show that homeopathic medicines have effects beyond placebo.”--Edjard Ernst
cÖvK&K_b
2009 mv‡ji 20 AvM÷ wewewm I‡qe mvB‡U cÖKvwkZ
wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi (WHO) GKwU mZK©evYx w`‡q †jLvwU ïi“
KiwQ| wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’v GK †NvlYvq Rvwb‡q‡Q : Ôh¶v,
GBPAvBwf, g¨v‡jwiqvi, Bbd¬z‡qÄv, wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv g‡Zv
†ivM¸wj †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g †gv‡UI wbivgq nq bv| GBme
†ivM †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv †jvKRb‡K i¶v Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv, wPwKrmv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj‡Z
†gwW‡Kj ¯v¯’¨‡mevi e`‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y
¯v ’¨ †¶‡Î RbRxe‡bi wbivcËv SuywK A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|Õ
ms¯’vwUi h¶v wbivgq wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK W. gvwiI
ivwfMwjIwb (Dr. Mario Raviglione) e‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i ms¯’vi
h¶v wPwKrmvi Avš—R©vwZK gvbm¤úbœ ¯^xK…Z †h
wPwKrmve¨e ’v i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_i †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB|Õ
wkïiv Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡j we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB †nvwgI-
wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’vi wkï-
wK‡kvi‡`i ¯v¯’¨ I Dbœqb wefv‡Mi gyLcvÎ e‡jb,
†nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv cÖwZ‡iva ev wbivg‡qi
†Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| Bsj¨v‡Ûi i‡qj wjfvicyj BDwbfvwm©wU
nvmcvZv‡ji msµvgK †ivM we‡klÁ W. wbK wewPs e‡j‡Qb,
Ôg¨v‡jwiqv, GBPAvBwf, h¶v BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv msµvgK †ivM
wbivg‡qi †¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_i †_‡K †Kv‡bv ˆbe©¨w³K cÖgvY
cvIqv hvq wb| eis GBme †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya
e¨env‡i †ivMxi Rxeb AviI g„Zz¨-SuywKi g‡a¨ †V‡j †`q|Õ
(`ªóe¨ : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8211925.stm)|
wPwKrmv‡mev wb‡q hviv GKUz †LuvR Lei iv‡Lb, Zviv
mevB Rv‡bb we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_i
weÁvcb¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZwbqZ `vwe Kiv nq K¨vÝvi, g¨v‡jwiqv,
h¶v, GBPAvBwf, Wvqwiqv BZ¨vw` g‡Zv †ivM¸wj Abvqv‡m
mviv‡bv hvq †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g| ïay ZvB bv wewfbœ ai‡bi
RwUj I cyivZb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvI bvwK Kiv hvq
†nvwgIc¨vw_ w`‡q| wek¦¯^v¯’ ms¯’vi g‡Zv GKwU e„nr Avš—
R©vwZK wPwKrmv †mev ms¯’v †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv‡K
86
AZ¨š— hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y ÔcÖgvYnxYÕ Ges ÔA‰eÁvwbKÕ wnmv‡e
wPwýZ K‡i evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Q g~javivi wPwKrmv‡mev
wnmv‡e Gi bvbv A‡hŠw³K `vwe¸‡jv‡K| wKš‘ GiciI we‡k¦i
cÖPzi †jvK †R‡b wKsev bv-†R‡b cÖwZw`bB †nvwgIc¨vw_i
Øvi¯’ nb G‡`i Z_vKw_Z wPwKrmv‡mev MÖn‡Yi Rb¨| G‡Z
†ivM wbivgq †Zv `~‡ii K_v, A‡_©i †hgb AcPq n‡”Q
ïayïay, †Zgwb †ivMxi RxebI µ‡g SuywKi g‡a¨ c‡o hv‡”Q|
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wb‡q weÁvbwfwËK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨
AvR‡Ki GB cÖe‡Üi m~ÎcvZ| A‡b‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K
Ô¸iZ¡c~Y©Õ †ivMDckgKvix Ilya-e¨e ’v g‡b Ki‡jI Av`‡Z
Gi †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| eis GwU Avm‡j QÙweÁvb ev
my‡Wvmv‡q‡Ýi Aš—f©y³ GKwU c×wZ, hv `xN©w`b a‡i mn‡R
wek¦vmx gvbyl‡K †evKv evwb‡q Avm‡Q| †nvwgIc¨vw_i
g~jbxwZ, GB msµvš— bvbv M‡elYv¸‡jvi djvdj I
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv-c×wZ ev c¨vUv‡b©i Dci Av‡jvPbv
we —„Z n‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔQÙweÁvbxq PwiÎÕ cwi®‹vifv‡e
dz‡U DV‡e|
BWRvW© Avb©÷ (Edzard Ernst)-Gi
†ek wKQy M‡elYv-wbe‡Üi Dci wfwË
K‡i Avgvi GB cÖeÜwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q,
†m Kvi‡Y Avb©‡÷i cwiPq m¤‡Ü
AwMÖg wKQy e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †eva
KiwQ| Rvg©vb es‡kv™¢~Z BWRvW© Avb©÷ †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv
weKí wPwKrmv-c×wZ‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i Zvi †ckvMZ
Rxeb ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb wgDwb‡Li GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_
nvmcvZv‡j| c‡i 1999 mv‡j wZwb weªwUk bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY
K‡ib Ges G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kw¤ú‡g›Uvwi
†gwWwm‡bÕi Aa¨vcbvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡qwQ‡jb (D��L¨ G wel‡q
†Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡q GUvB wQj cÖ_g †Kvb Aa¨vc‡Ki c`)|
Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e mgv`„Z `yBwU wPwKrmvwelqK M‡elYv
Rvb©v‡ji m¤úv`bvi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jb wZwb| GQvov `xN©w`b
a‡i M‡elYv I †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡g Aëvi‡bwUf I
Kw¤ú‡g›Uvwi †gwWwm‡bi bvbv `vwe ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY wbf©i
wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨e‡”Q` K‡i Avm‡Qb| Zvi
mgv‡jvPbvc~Y© bvbv M‡elYv wbeÜ cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡KB weKí
wPwKrmvi mg_©Kiv (we‡kl K‡i †nvwgIc¨v_ Nibvi
†jv‡Kiv) Zv‡K ÔweKí wPwKrmvi Rb¨ AwfkvcÕ wnmv‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
2005 mv‡j A_©bxwZwe` wµ÷dvi ¯§jDW weªwUk
ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨ wcÖÝ Pvj©m-Gi e¨w³MZ c„ô‡cvlKZvq
cÖKvwkZ GKwU wi‡cv‡U© (Ô¯§jDW wi‡cvU©Õ bv‡g hv cwiwPZ)
weªwUk b¨vkbvj †nj&_ mvwf©‡m †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv weKí
wPwKrmv‡K hy³ Kiv‡K Ôe¨emvkªqxÕ wnmv‡e gZvgZ †`b| GB
wi‡cvU© ˆZwii Kv‡Ri ïi“‡Z Avb©÷ mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e
87
_vK‡jI cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Zvi bvg cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb Lmov
wi‡cvU©wU covi ci| wZwb `vwe K‡ib ¯§jDW †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK
cÖgvY ev M‡elYv wbeÜ ch©v‡jvPbv QvovB we‡kl wKQz weKí
wPwKrmv‡K mg_©b K‡i †M‡Qb| Zvi GB Ae ’v‡bi K_v Zvi
¯^fvemyjf ¯úóevw`Zvq cwÎKv‡Z wPwV wj‡L Rvwb‡q †`b|
wKš‘ wPwVwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Avb©÷‡K †ek mgm¨vq co‡Z nq|
cÖfvekvjx‡`i Pv‡c G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Zv‡K
GKiKg eva¨ Kiv nq c`Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨| Zvi M‡elYvi mg —
Aby`vbI cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv nq| Ae‡k‡l 2008 mv‡j wZwb
wmgb wms‡K wb‡q †hŠ_fv‡e †j‡Lb †ek Av‡jvob m„wóKvix
GKwU M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔTrick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on
TrialÕ| GB eB‡q †jL‡Kiv weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ eQi 500
wgwjqb cvDÛ ÔAcÖgvwYZ wPwKrmv c×wZÕ‡Z Ace¨q Kivi
welqwU wb‡q †Rviv‡jv cÖkœ Zz‡jb| eBwU Avevi gRv K‡i
DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q wcÖÝ Pvj©m‡K, weªwUk ivR cwiev‡ii g‡a¨
†nvwgI-wPwKrmvi cÖwZ whwb we‡klfv‡e Abyi³|
†nvwgIc¨vw_mn wewfbœ weKí wPwKrmvi Z_vKw_Z Aev¯—e
weåvwš—Ki cÖZviYvg~jK `vwe¸‡jvi cÖwZ Avb©÷ I wmg‡bi
wb‡g©vn AbymÜvb I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c×wZMZ ch©v‡jvPbv¸‡jv
wbtm‡›`‡n †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q m‡›`nev`x‡`i
Rvbvi †¶ÎwU cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q A‡bKUzKz| Avb©‡÷i eB †_‡K
GKwU D×…wZ w`‡q †kl KiwQ GB AskwU :
ÒIf homeopathy is correct, much of physics, chemistry, and
pharmacology must be incorrect.... To have an open mind about homeopathy or similarly implausible forms of alternative medicine (eg, Bach flower remedies, spiritual healing, crystal therapy) is therefore not an option. We think that a belief in
homeopathy exceeds the tolerance of an open mind.Ó
hw` †nvwgIc¨vw_ mwVK nq, Z‡e c`v_©we`¨v,imvqb Ges
Ilya weÁvb Gi cÖgvwYZ A‡bK wKQz Zvn‡j mwVK bq;
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wKsev GKB ai‡bi Am¤¢e ai‡bi wKQz weKí-
wPwKrmv (†hgb, evL d¬vIqvi †i‡gwW, w¯úwiPz¨qvj wnwjs,
wµ÷vj †_ivwc) m¤^‡Ü †Lvjv gb ivLv †m Kvi‡Y m¤¢e bq|
Avgiv g‡b Kwi †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wek¦vm GKwU †Lvjv g‡bi
mnb‡hvM¨ mxgv‡KI AwZµg K‡i|
f~wgKv
ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmv-c×wZi evB‡i Z_vKw_Z ÕweKíÕ ev
ÔAëvi‡bwUfÕ bvgavix wPwKrmv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKUv RbwcÖq
¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q †nvwgIc¨vw_| Aek¨ mg‡qi wnmv‡e Pxb
ev fvi‡Zi mbvZb wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jv †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_
wKš‘ Zzjbvg~jK mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi GKwU Avwe®‹vi| cÖvq 200
eQ‡ii GKUz †ewk mgq a‡i †nvwgIc¨vw_ we —vi jvf K‡i‡Q
mviv we‡k¦| GQvov eZ©gvb hy‡M ÔweKí wPwKrmvÕ m¤ú‡K© M‡o
IVv bZzb †KŠZ~n‡ji mydjI †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K my‡hvM K‡i
88
w`‡q‡Q Gi wek¦e¨vcx we —„wZ‡Z| †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔwbivgqÕ¸‡jv
ev hv‡K †nvwgIc¨v_iv Ilya wnmv‡e `vwe K‡ib, †m¸‡jv
m¤¢eZ GKgvÎ ÕnvZz‡oÕ ev Õ†KvqvKÕ `ªe¨ hv AvBbMZfv‡e
eû‡`‡k ÔIlyaÕ wnmv‡e weµq nq| Ggb Kx Ilya wbqš¿‡Yi
Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvb hy³iv‡óªi ÔdzW A¨vÛ W«vM A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkbÕ
(FDA) †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ôwbivgq `ªe¨¸wjÕ‡K cÖkªq w`‡q Avm‡Q
Ab¨vb¨ Ily‡ai †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bvbv KwVb wbqgKvbyb¸‡jv
wkw_j K‡i|
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Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j, GK kZvãxiI wKQy mgq Av‡M|
evsjv‡`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kw_Z ÔwPwKrmK‡`iÕ msL¨v Avm‡j
KZ Lyu‡R †`Lvi cÖ‡Póvq I‡qe mvBU NvU‡Z wM‡q Rvbv †Mj,
Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖvq 40wU †nvwgIc¨vw_K †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I
nvmcvZvj Av‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ GKwU miKvwi| me¸‡jv
†nvwgIc¨vw_K K‡jR wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q GKwU miKvwi cÖwZôvb,
evsjv‡`k †nvwgIc¨vw_K †evW©, Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
†nvwgIc¨vw_K †gwWwmb I mvR©vwii mœvZK wWwMÖwU cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K| GQvovI †nvwgIc¨vw_i Dci wW‡cvgv †Kvm©I Pvjy
i‡q‡Q G‡`‡k|
evsjv‡`‡k `yB ai‡bi †nvwgIc¨vw_ ÔwPwKrmKÕ i‡q‡Qb,
hviv wWwMÖ cÖvß ev ejv nq †Kvqvwjdv‡qW †nvwgIc¨v_ Avi
hv‡`i †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB ev Avb‡Kvqvwjdv‡qW, gv‡b ¯^wkw¶Z
†nvwgIc¨v_, Avi mv¤cÖwZK GKwU M‡elYv ej‡Q †`‡k GB
ai‡bi †nvwgIc¨v_-PP©vKvixi msL¨vB †ewk| M‡elYv¸‡jv
†_‡K Av‡iv Rvbv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ 10,000 gvby‡li Rb¨
cÖvq 6 Rb †nvwgIc¨v_ ÔwPwKrmKÕ Av‡Qb| MÖv‡gi Zzjbvq
kn‡ii †nvwgIc¨v_ wPwKrm‡Ki msL¨v †ewk (7/10,000)|
we‡kl K‡i Lyjbv (cÖvq 9/10,000), ivRkvnx (cÖvq
8/10,000) Ges wm‡j‡Ui (6/10,000) knivÂj¸‡jvq|
GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_ msµvš— evsjv‡`wk I‡qe mvB‡Ui
Z_¨vbyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 30 †_‡K 40 kZvsk gvbyl bvwK
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| hw`I evsjv‡`‡k
¯^v¯’ ‡mevi Dci cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_
mvaviYZ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ_vMZ-wPwKrmvi mv‡_ †kªYxfy³ K‡i
†`wL‡q‡Q| Avm‡j A¨v‡jvc¨vw_K ev †mB msµvš— AvswkK-
wkw¶Z Avi Avav-†ckvRxexivB Avgv‡`i g~j wPwKrmv‡mev
cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Qb `xN©w`b a‡i| Ges welqwU GKB mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z wkw¶Z ¯^v¯’ Kg©x‡`i wekvj
AcÖZzjZvi welqwUI Bw½Z Ki‡Q| Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae ’vb
†hLv‡b †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv wKfv‡e n‡e Zvi GKwU cÖavb
wbqvgK, †mLv‡b wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ ÔweKí wPwKrmvÕ
wn‡m‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_I Ab¨Zg f~wgKv ivL‡Q †m wel‡q †Kvb
m‡›`n †bB| G Kvi‡Y nq‡Zv evsjv‡`k miKvi 2011 mv‡j
RvZxq ¯^v ’ bxwZi 28Zg †KŠk‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_, Avqy‡e©w`K
89
I BDbvwb, GB wZbwU kvLv‡K Av‡iv ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ (hvi gv‡b
bxwZwba©viKivB fv‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb!) Kivi Dci †Rvi
w`‡q c×wZ¸‡jv‡K RvZxq bxwZ‡Z Aš—f©y³ Kivi cÖ —ve †`qv
n‡q‡Q|
wKQy mywbw ©ó Kvi‡Y ÔweÁvbm¤§ZÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv
wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ab¨Zg weZwK©Z
GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ| †nvwgIc¨vw_ wb‡q cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ
M‡elYvi wm‡÷g¨vwUK ev c×wZMZ we��l‡Y GLbI ch©š—
†nvwgIc¨vw_ †i‡gwW ev wPwKrmvi †Kvb Kvh©KvwiZv cÖgvY
Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| wbw`©ófv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q †Kv‡bv Amy‡Li
wPwKrmv wnmv‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv, g~javiv wPwKrmvq
e¨eüZ cixw¶Z Ab¨ †Kvb Ilya Ges Ô��াwm‡evÕ ev IlyaKí
†_‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †ewk Kvh©Ki bv| (��াwm‡ev ev IlyaKí
Avm‡j †Kv‡bv Ilya ev dvgv©‡KvjwRi ¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ †Kvb
WªvM bq, wewfbœ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj ev M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kivi
mgq M‡elKiv i¨vb‡Wvgfv‡e ev Awbw ©ófv‡e Zzjbv Kiv
m¤¢e Ggb K‡qKwU MÖæc †ivMx‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wbe©vPb K‡i
_v‡Kb, †hLv‡b GK `j †ivMx‡`i †`qv nq c¨vwm‡ev ev
IlyaKíwU †`qv nq cix¶vaxb Ily‡ai weKí wnmv‡e, D‡Ïk¨
GUv cÖgvY Kiv †h cix¶vaxb IlyawU weKí c¨vwm‡ev ev
IlyaKí, cÖvqB G Avm‡j wPwb Qvov wKQz bq| M‡elYvq hv‡Z
gvbwmK cÖwZwµqvcÖvß djvdj‡K cÖfvweZ bv Ki‡Z cv‡i,
†mRb¨ †ivMx‡`i‡K Aek¨B Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv M‡elK‡`iI
hv Rvbv‡bv nq bv Kv‡K †Kvb IlyawU †`qv n‡”Q, †hgb Wvej
�াBÛ ÷vwW)|
cÖKvwkZ me M‡elYvi †gUvA¨vbvjvBwmm †_‡K †`Lv
hv‡”Q, †Kv‡bv cÖ¯—vweZ †nvwgI IlyaB ��াwm‡ev ev IlyyaKí
†_‡K †ivMxi kix‡i my¯úó ev wfbœ †Kv‡bv wK¬wbK¨vj djvdj
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, hv wKbv cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb Avgiv
GLv‡b 2003 mv‡j †gwW‡Kj Rvb©vj Thorax-G cÖKvwkZ
GKwU M‡elYvi K_v D��L Ki‡Z cvwi| †nvwgI-Ily‡ai
Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q 93 Rb A¨vRgvq Avµvš— wkïi Dci
Bsj¨v‡Ûi †cwbbmyjv †gwW‡Kj ¯‹z‡ji W. A¨vwWªqvb †nvqvBU
GKwU M‡elYv K‡ib| W. †nvqvB‡Ui M‡elYvi djvdj n‡”Q
GKgvÎ Mfxifv‡e wek¦vmwbf©i (Ab¨v‡_© ��াwm‡ev) wµqv Qvov
†mLv‡b †nvwgI-Ily‡ai Avi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv j¶¨ Kiv hvq wb|
wKš‘ `ytLRbK Lei n‡”Q Bsj¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv DbœZ †`‡kI wkïiv
A¨vRgv ev k¦vmK‡ó Avµvš— n‡j †nvwgIc¨v_ wbivgq MÖnY
Kivi cÖeYZv Lye †ewk| †hgb GKwU M‡elYv ej‡Q †m †`‡k
cÖvq 15% wkï-wK‡kvi †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv †c‡q _v‡K| W.
†nvqvBU M‡elYvi Rb¨ Zxeª A¨vRgvq Avµvš— †_‡K ïi“ K‡i
nvjKv A¨vRgv Avµvš— 5 †_‡K 15 eQi eqmx 93 Rb
90
wkï‡K †e‡Q †bb| Zv‡`i‡K GKvwaK `‡j fvM Kiv nq|
GKwU `j‡K Bb‡njvimn wPwKrmvi cÖPwjZ ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv
AbymiY Kiv nq| Av‡iKwU `j‡K GK eQi a‡i Qq wKw —‡Z
†nvwgI †i‡gwW cÖ`vb Kiv nq| me©‡kl `jwU‡K †nvwgI-
Ily‡ai e`‡j ��াwm‡ev (wPwbi U¨ve‡jU) cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Uvbv
GK eQi a‡i GB Kvh©µg Pj‡jI †`Lv †M‡Q †nvwgI-Ily‡ai
†Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB A¨vRgv Dck‡gi †¶‡Î| eis †hme wkï
¯^vfvweK wPwKrmvi e`‡j †nvwgI †i‡gwW MÖnY K‡iwQj Zviv
Av‡iv cÖejfv‡e A¨vRgvq Avµvš— n‡q‡Q| (`ªóe¨ :
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2903029.stm)|
A_P hw` Avcwb mvaviY †ivMx‡`i e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi
K_v †kv‡bb, Zvn‡j m‡›`n †bB wekvj msL¨K gvbyl AZ¨š—
ÔwbðqZvÕi mv‡_ `vwe Ki‡eb, Zviv
cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv e¨e ’vi Øvi ’ n‡q hLb
DcK…Z nb wb, ZLb †nvwgIc¨vw_
wPwKrmvq nq my ’ n‡q‡Qb, bq‡Zv DcKvi
†c‡q‡Qb| Gevi ¯fveZ cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i
g‡b| Zvn‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_ wK Avm‡jB
KvR K‡i?
GB cÖkœwU‡Z Avevi wd‡i Avmv hv‡e Z‡e Zvi Av‡M GKUv
welq †R‡b †bqv fv‡jv GB †h ÔDcKvixÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv
wPwKrmv-c×wZUv Avm‡j wK?
†nvwgIc¨vw_i D™¢e I m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb :
Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_ c×wZwU Avwe®‹vi
K‡iwQ‡jb Rvg©vb wPwKrmK m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb (Christian
Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann)| 1755 mv‡j Rb¥ n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi
ˆkke KvwU‡q‡Qb Rvg©vwbi †gB‡mb kn‡i| Gici cÖ_‡g
jvBcwRM Gici wf‡qbv n‡q 1779 mv‡j Gijv‡½b
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf
K‡ib| wPwKrmK wnmv‡e †ckvMZ Rxe‡bi cÖ_g 15 eQi
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e †ek jovB Ki‡Z n‡qwQj n¨vwbg¨vb‡K,
Aek¨ cieZ©x Rxe‡b Zvi Ae ’vi cwieZ©b N‡U| 1843 mv‡j
88 eQi eq‡m c¨vwi‡m GKRb abvX¨ e¨w³ wnmv‡e wZwb
g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi mgmvgwqK wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jv wQj
kix‡ii bvbv wnDgi ev Zij c`v‡_©i (Humor-j¨vwUb kãwUi
A_© ÔZijÕ) fvimvg¨ i¶v Kivi gva¨‡g bvbv Amy‡Li wbivgq
Kiv| fvimvg¨ ev Z_vKw_Z my ’Zv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ †ek
wKQy ¯’~j †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv †mmgq| †hgb wkiv †K‡U
wbqwš¿Zfv‡e i³cvZ NUv‡bv (Venesection ev blood letting),
i³‡kvlK †RuvK (†hgb Hirudo medicinalis) e¨envi (leeching),
Mig K¨vc e¨envi K‡i Pvgovq †dvmKv m„wó Kiv (Blistering)
hyw³
91
wKsev Lye welv³ Ilya (hv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvqB cvi` _vK‡Zv) w`‡q
wPwKrmv Kiv BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i †ivMxi kix‡i
AwZwi³ Nvg, gy‡Li AZ¨vwaK jvjv m…wó Kiv ev †Rvic~e©K
ewg Kiv‡bv, Wvqwiqvi (purging) D‡ ªK Kiv, BZ¨vw` wQj g~j
D‡Ïk¨| wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GBme Kjv‡KŠkj Avm‡j
†ivMx‡`i DcKv‡ii †P‡q AcKviB †ewk Ki‡Zv|
n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi †ckvMZ Rxe‡b ïi“‡Z j¶¨ K‡iwQ‡jb
†ivMx‡`i Avm‡j G ai‡bi †Kvb fq¼i wPwKrmv †`evi
PvB‡Z bv-w`‡j cÖvqB fv‡jv djvdj cvIqv hvq| wKQzUv †m
Kvi‡Y 35 eQi eq‡m n¨vwbg¨vb cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZi
Dci exZkª× n‡q wPwKrmv †ckv Z¨vM K‡ib| msmvi
Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bb bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wgkªY
cÖ¯‘Z I Abyev` Kiv| eû fvlvq cvi`k©x wQ‡jb n¨vwbg¨vb|
Kw_Z Av‡Q 1790 mv‡j weL¨vZ ¯‹wUk wPwKrmK DBwjqvg
Kv‡j‡bi GKwU †flR wPwKrmvi eB Bs‡iwR †_‡K Rvg©vb
fvlvq Abyev` Kivi mgq Kv‡j‡bi GKwU gš—e¨ Zvi bR‡i
c‡owQj| Kv‡jb e‡jwQ‡jb wmb‡Kvbv (Cinchona) Mv‡Qi
(China officalis) evKj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z `ªeYwU g¨v‡jwiqv wbivgq
Ki‡Z cv‡i KviYwU Gi ÔwZ³ZvÕ| cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv †R‡bwQ
wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi evK‡j Avm‡j A¨vjKvj‡qW _v‡K hvi g~j
Dcv`vb n‡”Q KzBwbb| g¨v‡jwiqv wPwKrmvq KzBwb‡bi GLbI
cÖPjb Av‡Q| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Kv‡Q e¨vcviUv cÖ_‡g A‡hŠw³K
g‡b nq, KviY Ab¨ †Kvb wZ³ ¯^v`hy³ wKQy †Zv †mfv‡e
g¨v‡jwiqv wbivgq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †KŠZ~nj e‡kB n¨vwbg¨vb
wb‡R †ek K‡qK †WvR wmb‡Kvbv MÖnY K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ my¯’
kix‡i GwU Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j Zv j¶¨ Kiv| wZwb
†`L‡jb my ’ kix‡i wmb‡Kvbv wVK g¨v‡jwiqvi gZB †ivM-
j¶Y m„wó K‡i| Z‡e g~j g¨v‡jwiqv †ivM †_‡K hv †ek wKQyUv
g„`y; †mB Kuvcywb w`‡q R¡i Avmvi e¨vcviUv †mLv‡b NU‡Q bv|
Avi n¨vwbg¨vb wVK GLvb †_‡K Zvi weL¨vZ aviYvwU †c‡q
hvb|
n¨vwbg¨vb `vwe K‡ib wmb‡Kvbv g¨v‡jwiqv wbivg‡q
Kvh©Ki Zvi KviY n‡”Q GwU †h †ivM wbivgq Ki‡Q wVK †mB
†iv‡Mi gZB GwU my¯’ kix‡i DcmM© m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g|
DrmvwnZ n¨vwbg¨vb Gici ax‡i ax‡i Av‡iv †ek wKQy cÖPwjZ
Ilyya Ges ivmvqwbK c`v_© GKBfv‡e wb‡Ri Dci cix¶v
K‡i †`‡Lb| my ’ kix‡i Zv‡`i cÖfve j¶¨ K‡ib, Kx ai‡bi
DcmM© ˆZwi Ki‡Q, Ges GKB ai‡bi DcmM©hy³ †iv‡Mi
wbivg‡q Zviv KZUzKz Kvh©Kix| wb‡Ri mvd‡j¨ AvZ¥wek¦vmx
n‡q wZwb Zvi Laws of Similar ev m …k¨Zvi m~ÎwU cÖYqb K‡ib
Zvi cÖ —vweZ †ivM-wbivgq c×wZi Rb¨ mvaviY GKwU
g~jbxwZ wnmv‡e| †mB aviYvwU 1796 mv‡j wZwb cÖKvk K‡ib
ÔEssay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Power of DrugsÕ
kxl©K GKwU wbe‡Ü| GLv‡b wZwb Zvi cÖ —vweZ wPwKrmv-
92
c×wZwU e¨vL¨v †`b| wZwb hvi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔHomeopathyÕ
(†nvwgIc¨vw_)|
g~javivi wPwKrmv c×wZi mv‡_ †nvwgIc¨vw_i cÖ_g
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ n‡”QÑGwU Ggb GKUv wPwKrmv-c×wZ,
†hLv‡b `vwe Kiv nq †Kv‡bv Amy‡Li Rb¨ me‡P‡q DËg
wPwKrmv n‡e †mB IlyawU, hv wKbv †Kvb my ’ gvby‡li kix‡i
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †mB †iv‡Mi gZ GKB ai‡bi wKQz g„`y DcmM©
m…wó K‡i| †mRb¨ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb
†nvwgIc¨vw_ (Homeopathy)| †nvwgIc¨vw_ kãUvi Drm `ywU wMÖK
kã, ÔHómoiosÕ hvi A_© m`…k ev GKB iKg ev like Ges ÔpáthosÕ
hvi A_© Kó ev AmyL ev Suffering| GLv‡b e‡j ivLv fv‡jv
ÔA¨v‡jvc¨vw_Õ (Allopathy) cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZi Av‡iKwU
bvg, †mwUI wKš‘ n¨vwbg¨v‡biB †`qv| 1810 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ
nq Zvi me‡P‡q weL¨vZ iPbv ÔThe Organon of The Healing ArtÕ,
†h eBwU GL‡bv †nvwgIc¨vw_ wk¶vi g~j wfwË| IB mg‡qi
cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZ †hgb wbqwš¿Z i³cvZ NUv‡bv, †RuvK
w`‡q i³ †kvlY Kiv‡bv BZ¨vw`i †P‡q †ivMxevÜe wbivc`
c×wZ wnmv‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_ AvKl©Y K‡iwQj eû wPwKrmK‡K|
1797 mv‡j wPwKrmv †ckvq Avevi wd‡i Av‡mb n¨vwbg¨vb|
Z‡e GKRb †nvwgIc¨v_ wnmv‡e|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi GKUz we —vwiK e¨vL¨v †`qv
hvK|
mv`„k¨Zvi m~Î ev The law or Principle of Similarity ev like cures
like : Av‡Mi Aby‡”Q‡` †hgb D��L Kiv n‡q‡Q n¨vwbg¨vb
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †Kv‡bv GKwU †ivMxi †ivM mviv‡bv hv‡e Ggb
†Kvb Ilya w`‡q, hv †Kvb my ’ gvbyl †meb (Ilya) GKB
Amy‡Li gZB g„`y Amy ’Zvi KviY n‡e| †hgb hw` †Kv‡bv
†ivMxi AmyLwU nq Zxeª ewg ewg fve, Zv‡K Ggb GKwU Ilya
†`qv n‡e hv †Kv‡bv my¯’ gvbyl †meb Ki‡j g„`y ewg ewg fve
n‡e| GQvov Av‡m©wbK my ’ gvby‡li k¦vmKó ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GRb¨ k¦vmK‡ói wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Av‡m©wbK e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| n¨vwbg¨vb Gfv‡e GKwU `xN© ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb
wewfbœ ai‡bi c`v_© e¨envi K‡i, hv wZwb bvbv Amy‡Li
Kvh©Kix wPwKrmv wnmv‡e `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi cÖ —vebv
Abyhvqx †ivMxi Amy‡Li Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ †Kvb Ily‡ai m„ó
DcmM© wgwj‡q wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Kvh©Kix Ilya w`‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e Rb¥ n‡qwQj †nvwgIc¨vw_Õi weL¨vZ cÖePb ÔLike cures
likeÕ ev cwiwPZ Ôlaw Õ ev ÔPrinciple of SimilarityÕ| wZwb D`vniY
wn‡m‡e GWIqvW© †Rbv‡ii Mi“i emš— (KvD c·) e¨envi
K‡i ¸wU em‡š—i wPwKrmvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| wKš‘ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
†m-mgq †ivMRxevYy wKsev Avgv‡`i †ivMcÖwZ‡iva Zš¿
msµvš— †Kv‡bv aviYv _vKvi K_v bv|
93
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi g‡Z, Ôkix‡ii wbR¯ wbivgq kw³i †Kv‡bv
Aw ’wZkxjZv‡KB Avm‡j cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q †Kv‡bv bv †Kvb
GKwU AmyL Ges wbivg‡qi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ GKwU w÷gyjvm ev
cÖ‡Yv`bvi cÖ‡qvRb GB wbR¯ wbivgq kw³i cÖwµqvwU ïi“
Kivi Rb¨|Õ cieZ©x‡Z wZwb bvbv ai‡bi ÔIlyaÕ (wewfbœ
ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_©, LwbR, †flR c`v_©) ˆZwi K‡i my¯’
†¯”Qv‡meK‡`i w`‡q Zv‡`i kix‡i GB Ilya¸‡jv wK ai‡bi
DcmM© m„wó K‡i Zv bw_fy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| IB cÖwµqv‡K wZwb
ej‡Zb ÔProvingÕ (g~j Rvg©vb kã ÔPrüfungÕ, Bs‡iwR‡Z n‡”Q
test), AvaywbK †nvwgIc¨v_iv G‡K e‡jb ÔHuman pathogenic trialÕ|
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z ÔProvingÕ n‡”Q †mB cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g
†nvwgI-Ily‡ai †cÖvdvBj wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB
cÖwµqvq GKRb my ’ gvbyl †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cix¶vaxb
c`v‡_©i Lye mvgvb¨ cwigvY †meb K‡ib| Zvici GB
c`v_©wUi Kvi‡Y m„ó mKj DcmM© I kvixwiK-gvbwmK mKj
cÖwZwµqv wjwce× Kiv nq| Gfv‡e n¨vwbg¨vb I Zvi
Abymvixiv †Kvb Amy‡Li Rb¨ †Kvb wPwKrmv Ôfv‡jvÕ KvR
Ki‡e Zv cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb e‡j `vwe K‡ib| n¨vwbg¨vb I Zvi
Abymvixiv Gfv‡e cÖvq GKkZÕi Dci bvbv c`v_© wb‡R‡`i
Dci cix¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| hw`I Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv Ily‡ai
Kvh©KvwiZv cix¶v Kiv Avm‡jB e¨vL¨vZxZ Ges †m Kvi‡Y
GwU Z‡K©i E‡aŸ© bv| Gici n¨vwbg¨vb †Póv K‡ib Amy ’
†ivMx‡`i Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ Gme Ily‡ai m„ó DcmM©¸‡jv
wgwj‡q †mB Amy‡Li wPwKrmv-e¨e¯’v ˆZwi Kiv| Gfv‡e
proving-Gi gva¨‡g msMÖn Kiv AwfÁZv¸‡jv w`‡q n¨vwbg¨vb
cieZ©x‡Z Ôg¨v‡Uwiqv †gwWKvÕ ev Ô†nvwgI dvg©v‡KvwcqvÕi
wfwË iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
†nvwgI dvg©v‡KvwcqvÕi ZvwjKvfy³ Ilya¸‡jv †Kv‡bv
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq wb| GwU Kiv
n‡q‡Q Z_vKw_Z ÔcÖ“wfsÕ-Gi gva¨‡g, Ges †ewkifvMB
m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q GK kZvãxi †ewk mgq Av‡M| ¯úóZ GB
cÖ“wfs cÖwµqv¸‡jv †Kv‡bv Av`k© ˆeÁvwbK gvb`‡Êi wfwˇZ
Kiv nq wb| cÖwµqvMZfv‡e `ywU GKB c`v‡_©i cÖ“wfs
cÖwµqviI cvi¯úwiK wgjI †Zgb wQj bv cÖvq me‡¶‡Î|
KviY GKRb †nvwgIc¨v_ †_‡K Ab¨ †nvwgIc¨v‡_i Kiv
cÖ“wfs¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj; †hgb †Wv‡Ri cv_©K¨, KZw`b
a‡i Zv LvIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi cv_©K¨ Ges c`v_©wUi Nb‡Z¡i bvbv
ZviZg¨ †Zv wQjB| †nvwgI dvg©v‡Kvwcqv eBwUi mv¤cÖwZK
ms¯‹i‡Y GK nvRv‡ii †ewk G ai‡bi cÖ“wfs‡qi gva¨‡g
wbe©vwPZ Ily‡ai weeiY Av‡Q| wVK †Kvb AmyL ev Dcm‡M©i
Rb¨ †Kvb IlyawU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv †mLv‡b wKš‘ †jLv
†bB| GUv wbf©i K‡i †nvwgI-wPwKrmK ev Ilya cÖ¯‘ZKvi‡Ki
Dci| myZivs †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya bv‡gi ewo, ¸ov ev Zij
94
c`v_©¸‡jv‡K ÔIlyaÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv n‡jI Av`‡Z G‡`i ÔIlyaÕ
e‡j ¯xK…wZ †`evi †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv †bB|
wgqvRgv :
1828 mv‡j n¨vwbg¨vb ÔwgqvRgÕ (Miasm ev Miasma) aviYvwU
cÖ —ve K‡ib A‡bK cwiwPZ †iv‡Mi g~j KviY wnmv‡e| GB
k‡ãi DrcwË wMÖK fvlv †_‡K, hvi A_© `~lY ev `~wlZ Kiv|
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wgqvRgv n‡”Q Avgv‡`i g~j cÖvY kw³ ev Vital
force-Gi Amy ’Zvi KviY| n¨vwbg¨vb wbw ©ó Amy‡Li mv‡_
wgqvR‡gi KviY hy³ K‡ib, Ges GKB wgqvRg‡K wPwýZ
K‡ib bvbv †iv‡Mi KviY wnmv‡e| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi g‡Z cÖvq mKj
`xN©‡gqv`x Amy‡Li KviY n‡”Q wgqvRgv| Zvi g‡Z cÖ_g hLb
wgqvRgvi gy‡LvgywL nq Avgv‡`i kixi GwU ’vbxq DcmM©
†hgb Pg©‡ivM, †hŠb‡ivM m…wó K‡i| GB DcmM© ‡jv hw`
Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv nq †P‡c ivLvi Rb¨, †hgbUv cÖPwjZ
wPwKrmvq Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv e¨_© n‡e| KviY GwU wU‡K _vK‡e
kix‡ii Mfx‡i, `xN©‡gqv`x Amy ’Zv wnmv‡e| †mB Mfxi
AmyLUv‡K Av‡M wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡`i fvBUvj
†dvm©‡K Zvi Av‡Mi Ae ’vq wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|
cÖv_wgKfv‡e n¨vwbg¨vb wZbwU wgqvRgvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|
hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖavb n‡jv ÔPsoraÕ ev †mviv (wMÖK kã, hvi
A_© PzjKvwb)| G‡K A‡bK †iv‡Mi KviY e‡j n¨vwbg¨vb
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| †hgb g„Mx‡ivM, K¨vÝvi, RwÛm BZ¨vw`|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi DËim~wiiv cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iv wewfbœ ai‡bi
ÔwgqvRgvÕi cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Qb, Ggb Kx hLb †ivM m„wói KviY
m¤‡Ü mgmvgwqK wPwKrmvweÁvb †ek wKQyUv AMÖmi n‡qwQj
ZLbI| n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z wPwKrmv-c×wZ AvcvZ`„wó‡Z
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ÔAvaywbKÕ g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb †ivMx
Abyhvqx bvwK †iv‡Mi Rb¨ mwVK IlyawU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
wPwKrmv †`qv nq †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z| wKš‘ ïf¼‡ii duvwK n‡”Q,
n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z †nvwgI wPwKrmv-c×wZ n‡”Q DcmM©¸‡jvi
(†ivM-j¶Y) ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx wPwKrmv Kivi GKwU †Póv,
wKš‘ †h g~j Amy‡Li Kvi‡Y DcmM©¸‡jv m„wó (gv‡b †ivM-
j¶Y ˆZwi n‡”Q kix‡i) n‡”Q †m Abyhvqx wPwKrmv †`qv nq
bv| GB welqwU AvR‡Ki AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmv-c×wZi
mv‡_ †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKUv eo cv_©K¨| GKUv D`vniY †`qv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi fvBivm ev RxevYyi Avµg‡Y
Avgv‡`i †`‡n wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM-j¶Y †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| R¡i
nIqv, †cU e¨v_v, ewg ewg fve, wKsev kix‡i A¨vjvwR©mn
hš¿Yv, BZ¨vw`| GLb GBme †ivM-j¶Y‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v
we‡ePbv K‡i †ivM wbivg‡qi †Póv Pvjv‡j mwVK dj cvIqv
hv‡e bv| hw`-bv †ivMx‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Wvqv‡Mvbwmm K‡i IB
¶wZKviK RxevYy wPwýZ K‡i Zvi cÖwZ‡laK kix‡i †`qv nq|
95
Avm‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z AvaywbK wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi AZ¨š—
¸i“Z¡c~Y© ÔRxevYy-ZË¡Õ (Rvg© w_Iwi) e‡j wKQy †bB|
¶z`ªZg gvÎv I A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv msL¨v :
cÖ_g w`‡K n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ“wfs Kivi mgq cÖPwjZ Ily‡ai
AígvÎvi †WvR †meb Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z †mBme c`v_©
AwZgvÎvq ZijxKiY K‡i jNy Nb‡Z¡i ev nvjKv `ªeY ˆZwi
Kiv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi GB wm×v‡š—i ¯^c‡¶ wZwb `vwe
K‡ib, ÔhZ †ewk nvjKv Nb‡Z¡i Zij n‡e ev `ªe‡Y ªexf~Z
†mB `ªewUi (†nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Ilya) cwigvY hZ Kg n‡e G‡Z
bvwK Ily‡ai Kvh©Kix cÖfve ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e|Õ GwU
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Av‡iKwU cÖ¯—vebv, hv †nvwgIc¨vw_i ¸iZ¡c~Y©
Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ| cÖ —vebvwU ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ wnmv‡e
cwiwPZ| ejv wb®cÖ‡qvRb, †nvwgIc¨vw_i we¯§qKi GB m~ÎwU
ev n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB cÖ —vebvwU G hverKv‡j my¯úófv‡e
cÖgvwYZ AvaywbK weÁvb wKsev dvg©v‡KvjwRÕi cÖwZwôZ
Ô†WvR †imcÝÕ (Ily‡ai gvÎv I Gi cÖfve) m¤ú‡K©i
G‡Kev‡iB wecixZ| Ges m½Z Kvi‡YB GB A‰eÁvwbK
bxwZwU †nvwgIc¨vw_i me‡P‡q weZwK©Z welq hv GLbI
†nvwgIc¨v_iv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ m~Îvbyhvqx ÔcÖ —vweZ
†nvwgI-Ilya wnmv‡e wPwýZ †Kvb mwµq Dcv`vb `ªe‡Yi
mv‡_ hy³ Kivi ci ªeYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e hZB jNyKiY
ev nvjKv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb (mvaviYZ 1t10 ev 1t100 ªve¨
I `ª‡ei AbycvZ Kiv nq avivevwnKfv‡e), ªexf~Z Dcv`vbwU
Zvi Kg©¶gZv nviv‡e bv|Õ GB A™¢yZ `vwei ¯c‡¶ n¨vwbg¨vb
Aek¨ †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †`evi cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡ib wb| Zvi
wb‡Ri Ôwek¦vmÕB G‡¶‡Î h‡_ó g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| my¯úófv‡e
hw`I n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ_g GB KvRwU ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb cÖ“wfs
cÖwµqvi mgq wewfbœ e¯‘i welv³Zv ev ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv n«vm
Kivi Rb¨ Z‡e c‡i wZwb Gi ¯c‡¶ `vwe K‡ib GUv Avm‡j
GKai‡bi †cv‡UbvB‡Rkb (Potenization) cÖwµqv hv
Dcv`vbwUi g~j mËv ev w¯úwiU ev cÖvYkw³‡K †ei K‡i Av‡b
`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB aviYv Pig A‰eÁvwbK
cÖgvwYZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi AbyivMx-Abymvixiv weÁv‡bi me
ai‡bi g~jbxwZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡i GL‡bv cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ †Póv
K‡i hv‡”Qb| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rxe‡bi †k‡li w`‡K gwjKzjvi
WvBjykb ev AvYweK jNyKi‡Yi mxgv wb‡ ©kKvix
A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v Avwe®‹vi nq| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b c…w_exe¨vcx
†nvwgIc¨v_iv `vwe K‡i G‡m‡Qb ÔA¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v
A‡c¶vI Kg ZijxKi‡Y m„ó †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK Kg©¶gZv
nvivq bv|Õ GB GKwU Aev¯—e `vwei d‡jB †nvwgIc¨vw_ I
96
Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q †h †Kv‡bv weÁvbgb¯‹-hyw³ev`x gvby‡li
g‡b gvivZ¥K m‡›`n-msk‡qi Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i|
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡K AjxK-weåvwš—Ki wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi
Rb¨ GB GKwU e³e¨B h‡_ó|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i †i‡gwW¸‡jv mvaviYZ ˆZwi Kiv nq
LwbR-†flR ev Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe-A‰Re Dcv`vb w`‡q| hw` cÖ —
vweZ g~j Dcv`vbwU `ªve¨ nq Z‡e Zvi GK (1) Ask, (9)
Ask ev wbivbeŸB (99) Ask wWw÷ì ev cvwZZ cvwb wKsev
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq Ges †ek †Rv‡i †Rv‡i
SuvKv‡bv nq| hv‡K ejv nq Succussion Kiv| Avi hw` `ªve¨ bv
nq Z‡e †mwU mgcwigvY cvDWvi ev ¸ov j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri
(Lactose n‡”Q `y‡ai kK©iv) mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| Gici GB
`ªeY/wgkÖYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡iv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv
nq hZ¶Y bv chš— GwU †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Z_vKw_Z Kvw•¶Z
Nb‡Z¡ bv †cuŠQvq| 1 †_‡K 10 gvÎvi jNyKiY‡K
mvs‡KwZKfv‡e †ivgvb nid X w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb 1x
= 1/10, 3x = 1/1000, 6x = 1/1000000| Avevi 1 †_‡K
100 ZijxKiY‡K mvs‡KwZKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq C w`‡q|
†hgb 1C = 1/100, 2C= 1/10,000, 3C= 1/1000000|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i †ewki fvM †i‡gwW ev wPwKrmv mvaviYZ 6X
†_‡K 30X-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Z‡e †nvwgIc¨v_iv Ô`vweÕ K‡ib
30C ev Zvi †_‡KI †ewk jNyK…Z Ilya-I bvwK evRv‡i cvIqv
hvq!
†nvwgIc¨v‡_i fvl¨vbymv‡i 30X Gi A_© n‡”Q †h g~j
Dcv`vbwU‡K Ggb gvÎv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h
†mwU 1030 gvÎvq i‡q‡Q| hw` aiv hvq GK Nb †mw›UwgUv‡i
15 †duvUv cvwb _v‡K Z‡e Ggb GKwU wekvj msL¨vi cvwbi
†duvUvi Rb¨ RvqMv jvM‡e c…w_exi †P‡q AvKv‡i 50 ¸Y eo
GKwU cvÎ| Gevi wPš—v Ki“b GK †duvUv jvj iO Ggb †Kv‡bv
eo †Kv‡bv cvwbi cv‡Î †djv n‡jv GB Avkvq †h GwU
mgvbfv‡e wgwkªZ n‡e cy‡iv `ªe‡Y| †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of
infintsimalÕ `vwe Ki‡Q hv Zv n‡jv A‡bKUv GiKg : GB cvÎ
†_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GK †duvUv cvwb msMÖn Kiv †nvK bv †Kb,
†mB †duvUvwU IB jvj iO Gi g~j mËv ev G‡mÝ aviY K‡i
ivL‡e| Av‡gwiKvi wdwRK¨vj †mvmvBwUi cÖL¨vZ
c`v_©weÁvbx wiPvW© Gj cvK© D��L K‡iwQ‡jb †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv
`ªe‡Y me‡P‡q Kg cwigvYwU n‡”Q g~j mwµq Dcv`v‡bi
Kgc‡¶ Aš—Z GKwU AYyi Dcw ’wZ, A_©vr †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i
`vwe Kiv GKwU 30C `ªe‡Y Kgc‡¶ 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU
k~b¨ em‡e) cvwbi AYy‡Z GK AYyy g~j Dcv`vbwU ªexf~Z
_vK‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j GB `ªeY avi‡Yi Rb¨ c„w_exi †P‡q 30
wewjqb eo AvKv‡ii cvÎ cÖ‡qvRb| Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`qv
†h‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡e 1 wgwjwjUvi ªeY hv‡K 30C gvÎvq
97
jNyK…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e 1054 NbwgUvi cvwb‡Z
1 wgwjwjUvi ªei GKwU `ªeY, hvi AvqZb n‡e 1018 wgUvi
cÖwZ cv‡k, hv cÖvq 106 Av‡jvKe‡l©i mgvb, hLb †MvjvKvi
nq, Zvn‡j GwUi e¨m n‡e 131.1 Av‡jvKel©; Avi †m Kvi‡Y
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv mvaviY †cv‡UwÝ ev gvÎvq †Kvb
m‡›`n †bB cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvnj, ev myMvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ilya
bq Ggb Dcv`vb Qvov Avi wKQzB _v‡K bv|
Occillococcinum n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Z_vKw_Z †nvwgI-Ilya
hv Bbd¬z‡qbRvÕi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z bvwK
i‡q‡Q 200C Dcv`vb| GB Ily‡ai Rb¨ †h ÔjNyKiYÕ Kiv nq
e‡j `vwe Kiv nq Zv Av‡iv we¯§qKi| IlyawUi Z_vKw_Z
mwµq Dcv`vbwU ˆZwi Kiv nq m`¨ RevB Kiv nuv‡mi KwjRv
I ürwcÊ hv 40 w`b ch©š— K…wÎg Zv‡c (BbwKD‡eU) †i‡L
†`qv nq| GLvb †_‡K †h ZijwU cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwiï×
K‡i Avevi wngvqb Kiv nq| VvÊvq fv‡jv K‡i R‡g †M‡j
Gici cvwb‡Z †gkv‡bv nq Ges evievi ZijxK…Z K‡i wPwbi
mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| hw` nuv‡mi KwjRv I ürwc‡Êi GKwU
AYy‡K GB ZijxKiY cÖwµqvq wU‡K _vK‡Z nq Z‡e Gi
NbZ¡ n‡e cÖwZ 10400 (A_©vr 1-Gi ci 400 k~b¨) AYy‡Z
1wU| GB msL¨vwU (10400) hv mg¯— gnvwe‡k¦ †h cwigvY AYy
(cÖvq 1 ¸Mj A_©vr 1-Gi ci 100wU k~b¨) Av‡Q e‡j aviYv
Kiv nq, Zvi‡P‡qI A‡bK A‡bK †ewk, myZivs Am¤¢e
GKwU e¨vcvi| hy³iv‡ó«i wbDR A¨vÛ Iqvì© wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx
eQ‡i Occillococcinum Ilya ˆZwi Ki‡Z gvÎ 1wU nuvm RevB
Ki‡jB P‡j| 1996 mv‡j GB IlyawUi †gvU wewµi cwigvY
wQj cÖvq 20 wgwjqb Wjvi| cwÎKvwU †mB nZfvMv nuvmwUi
bvg w`‡qwQj Ô20 wgwjqb Wjvi WvKÕ|
imvq‡bi m~Î ej‡Q jNyKi‡Yi GKUv mxgv Av‡Q Gici
†mB ªe‡Y `ª‡ei Dcw ’wZ Avi _vK‡e bv| GB mxgv
A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi msL¨v e‡j cwiwPZ| hv †nvwgI ZijxKi‡Yi
12C ev 24X-Gi mgZzj¨| imvq‡b `¶ n¨vwbg¨vb wKš‘ wVKB
eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zvi AwZgvÎvi Gme jNyK…Z ÔIly‡aÕ
mwµq Dcv`v‡bi †Kvb Aw —Z¡ _vKv m¤¢e bv| Zey wZwb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb Lye fv‡jv K‡i SuvKv‡bvi (Succussion) mgq (†i‡gwW
hw` Zij bv nq Z‡e Lye …pfv‡e G‡K ¸ov Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡K
e‡j Trituration) mwµq Dcv`vbwUi w¯úwiU ev G‡mÝ ev g~j
mËvwU ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e| A_©vr †kl `ªe‡Y hw` †Kv‡bv
AYyI bv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î Gi KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡e
bv| ªveK Zij wVKB g‡b ivL‡e †mB Dcv`vbwU‡K, hv‡K
ejv nq †g‡gvwi Ae IqvUvi ev cvwbi ¯§„wZ| ZvB hw` n‡Zv
Zvn‡j `ªveK Zi‡ji (†hgb cvwb) ms¯ú‡k© Avmv me
Dcv`vb‡KB g‡b ivLvi K_v Ges wbðqB †mUv AcÖZ¨vwkZ
cÖfve †dj‡e mwµq †nvwgI Dcv`vbwUi Kv‡R| c`v_©weÁvbx
cv‡K©i g‡Z †KD hw` †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i 30X †Kvb wcj ev ewo
98
†_‡K GK AYy Z_vKw_Z mwµq Dcv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvb
Zvn‡j Zv‡K cÖvq 2 wewjqb wcj †L‡Z n‡e| hvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
cÖvq nvRvi Ub bvbv Aweï× Dcv`vbmn j¨vK‡UvR|
†nvwgI-mg_©K‡`i A‡b‡K GB wPwKrmv¸‡jvi mv‡_
f¨vw·b ev UxKvi Zyjbv K‡ib wKš‘ ZyjbvwU †gv‡UI wVK bv|
KviY f¨vw·‡b mwµq Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY A‡bK †ewk Ges
†mLv‡b Kx cwigvY mwµq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv cwigvc‡hvM¨|
GQvov †h cÖwZ‡laK i‡³ A¨vw›UewW m„wó K‡i Zvi NbZ¡
cwigvc Kiv hvq| wKš‘ AwZgvÎvi jNyK…Z †Kv‡bv †nvwgI-
Ilya¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi cwigvc‡hvM¨ cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi K‡i bv|
nwjRg Ges DcmM© ‡jvi †gvU ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wba©vwiZ
wPwKrmv :
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK
me‡P‡q †ewk KvR K‡i hLb †Kv‡bv †ivMxi DcmM©¸‡jvi
mvwe©K ev †gvU ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx (†iv‡Mi ˆewkó¨m~PK
DcmM©vbyhvqx bv) Zv‡`i wPwKrmv Kiv nq| †hgb †Kv‡bv
†ivMx hvi cÖavb DcmM© n‡”Q †PvL w`‡q cvwb cov, †PvL jvj
n‡q R¡vjv‡cvov Kiv, bvK w`‡q cwi®‹vi cvwbi gZ wbtmiY,
G‡¶‡Î †ivMx‡K wPwKrmv †`qv nq †cuqv‡Ri (Allium cepa)
wbh©vm †_‡K ˆZwi wbivgq w`‡q| Avevi hw` †Kv‡bv †ivMx,
Ggb DcmM© wb‡q Av‡m †hgb Nb nj‡` i‡Oi bv‡Ki mw`©
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q, hvi ¶yav-Z…òv K‡g †M‡Q Ges VvÊv cwi®‹vi
evZvm hvi Kvg¨, †mB †ivMxi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e cvc©j
(Purple cone) †Kv‡bv dy‡ji wbh©vm w`‡q (Pulsatilla)| `yRb †ivMxi
†ivM wKš‘ GKB, ïay wfbœ Dcm‡M©i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i wPwKrmv
Kiv nq wfbœ wfbœ †nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv cÖwµqvq| welqwU
†nvwgIc¨vw_ msµvš— †h †Kv‡bv wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡j mgm¨v
ˆZwi K‡i| KviY cÖPwjZ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡ji gZ
mywbw ©ófv‡e wbe©vwPZ ˆewkó¨ mvaviY †nvwgI Uªvqvj¸‡jvq
_v‡K bv| Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i U«vqv‡j AskMÖnYKvix
†ivMx‡`i evQvB Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó gvbwbqš¿Y cÖwµqv
eRvq bv †i‡LB MZ yB kZvãx a‡i AmsL¨ g¨vwPs (DcmM©,
AmyL I †nvwgI-Ilya) cÖwµqvi D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb
†nvwgIc¨v_iv|
AwZ gvÎvq jNyK…Z hyw³ :
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya‡K ÔKvh©KiÕ `vwe Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i KvR
Kivi GKwU ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ cÖwµqv _vK‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ GL‡bv ch©š— †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya¸‡jv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
†mB welqwU Rvbv hvq wb| hw` Avgiv †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i `vwe
Abyhvqx †g‡b †bB Zv‡`i GB Ilya¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q Zvn‡j
Zviv Aek¨B c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb, Ges dvg©v‡KvjwRi mKj
cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK m~·K e„×v½ywj †`wL‡q KvR Ki‡Q ev
99
Zv‡`i KvR Kivi Dcvq Ggb †Kv‡bv wKQy hv GLbI Kv‡iv
c‡¶ Avwe®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKRb
mgv‡jvP‡Ki fvlvqÑÔhw` n¨vwbg¨vb wVK nb Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i
weÁvb Ges we��lY c×wZ me fyj, Avi hw` wZwb fyj nb
Zvn‡j Zvi gZev` A_©nxb|Õ
†Kvb mwµq Dcv`vb‡K avivevwnKfv‡e jNyKiY Kiv n‡j
Lye `ª“Z GwU AZ¨waK ZijxK…Z `ªe‡Y Zv cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Avevi ZijxKiY Zvi †kl mxgvq hLb †cuŠ‡Q hvq ZLb
`ªe‡Y †mB ªve¨wUi Avi †Kv‡bv AYyi _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
GB mxgvUv hw`I GKwU wekvj msL¨v Z‡e Amxg bq| mywbw ©ó
msL¨K AYy _v‡K GK †gŠj †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©| †gvj n‡”Q †Kv‡bv
c`v‡_©i AvYweK IRb, hv MÖv‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| GK †gvj
†Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i †gvU AYyi msL¨v 6.022 X 1023| hv
Av‡fvM¨v‡W«vi msL¨v (Avogadro’s number) wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
c~‡e© wKQyUv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †nvwgIc¨vw_i wPwKrmv
wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq Ggb Ilya¸‡jv hv mvaviY jNyKiY
Kiv nq 10 ev 100 ¸wYZK nv‡i| X ev D gv‡bi †Kv‡bv jNy
`ªeY ˆZwi Kiv nq 1:10 Gi avivevwnK ZijxKiY cÖwµqvi
gva¨‡g Ges C jNy gv‡bi Ilya¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv nq 1:100 Gi
avivevwnK ZijxKiY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv Ily‡ai
Mv‡q hw` †jLv _v‡K C30 Zvn‡j †evSvq GwU 1:100 nv‡i GwU
ZijxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q 30 evi| myZivs mnR MwYZB ej‡Q
C12 ev D24 ZijxKiY ch©v‡q ev Gi Dc‡i †Kv‡bv
ZijxKi‡Y cÖ¯‘Z Ily‡a †mB mwµq Dcv`vbwU _vKvi †Kv‡bv
m¤¢vebv †bB| Avi g~j Dcv`vbwUB †nvwgI-Ily‡a hLb
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Z‡e GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv Kíbvi Dci
†Q‡o †`qv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB|
GiciI †nvwgIc¨v_iv bvbv ai‡bi ÔcÖ —veÕ K‡i‡Qb
mwµq Dcv`vb bv _vK‡j Kx n‡e, Zviv bvwK wPý †i‡L hvq
`ªe‡Y! †hgb `vwe Kiv nq, ’vqx AvBm ev ei‡di ùwUK ˆZwi
K‡i ev cvwbi Pz¤^Kxq cÖK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i wKsev cvwb‡Z
†cÖvwUb †Lvjm ˆZwi Kivi gva¨‡g cvwbi ¯§„wZ‡Z †_‡K hvq
mwµq Dcv`v‡bi wbh©vm| cvwbi AYy AZ¨š— †cvjvivBR, G
Kvi‡Y RxeweÁv‡b Gi we‡kl GKUv f~wgKv Av‡Q| Z‡e
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya ˆZwi Kivi mgq †h †Rv‡i †Rv‡i SuvKzwb
†`qv nq, †mLv‡b wKfv‡e KwíZ RwUj ei‡di ùwU‡Ki b¨vq
†Kv‡bv wKQy A¶Z _v‡K †mUv mn‡R Aby‡gq| GQvov GB
KwíZ MVbwU †h KvR K‡i e‡j `vwe Kiv nq Zvi †Kv‡bv
cÖgvYI cvIqv hvq wb| GQvovI †nvwgIc¨v_ mg_©K wKQy
cÖ —vebv hv Av‡iv Amg_©b‡hvM¨| †hgb `vwe Kiv nq Ô†nvwgI-
Ily‡ai wPwKrmv c×wZ ev‡qvjwRK¨vj g¨vM‡bUvB‡Ui mv‡_
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e RwoZ|Õ wKš‘ g¨vM‡bUvB‡Ui
Avwe®‹viKB GB e³‡e¨i mgv‡jPbv K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔG
ai‡bi cÖ¯—ve g¨vM‡bUvB‡Ui MVb m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i AÁZv‡K
100
cÖKvk K‡i| Ges cvwb †gv‡UI †d‡ivg¨vM‡bwUK (ferromagnetic)
bq|
†nvwgIev`xiv (A™¢yZfv‡e) `vwe K‡ib, jNyKi‡Yi d‡j
cvwb ev ªe‡Y †Kv‡bv mwµq Dcv`vb bv _vK‡jI IB `ªe‡Yi
g‡a¨ Gi mwµq Dcv`vbwU GKwU ’vqx wPý †i‡L hvq, A_ev
Ôcvwb g‡b iv‡LÕ Zvi MVbwU, hv‡K ÔMemory of WaterÕ ev cvwbi
¯§„wZ e‡j| mZ¨ n‡”Q cvwbi ¯§„wZ a‡i ivLvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv
MVbMZ cwieZ©b n‡j cix¶vi gva¨‡g Zv †`Lvi cÖhyw³
eûw`b a‡iB we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| †hgb U«vÝwgkb B‡j±«b
gvB‡µv‡¯‹vwc, †¯úK‡U«v‡¯‹vwc, Avë«vfv‡qv‡jU U«vÝwgkb
K¨v‡i±vwiw÷Km, G·‡i I Avë«vmvDÛ BZ¨vw`| hw` Avm‡jB
Ôcvwbi ¯§„wZÕi Aw —Z¡ _vK‡Zv Z‡e Aek¨B †nvwgIc¨vw_i
Ily‡a `ªe‡Yi MVbMZ cwieZ©b kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e nZ †h
†Kv‡bv GKwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡iB| wKš‘ cvwbi ¯§„wZi †Kv‡bv
cÖgvYB cvIqv hvq wb| eis K‡qKwU Avë«vm‡bvMÖvwdK cix¶v
Øviv †`Lv †M‡Q mvaviY cvwb I †nvwgI-Ily‡ai g‡a¨ Avm‡jB
†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| Ggb Kx cix¶vg~jKfv‡e †Lv`
†nvwgIc¨v_ wPwKrmK I †ivMxiv Avjv`v K‡i ywU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
cÖK…wZi ev cÖfve †d‡j e‡j `vwe Kiv Ggb †nvwgI-IlyaI
Avjv`v Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q cÖvq 9 eQi a‡i cwiPvwjZ GKwU
M‡elYvq|
c`v_©we`¨vi …wó‡Z LyeB jNK……Z cvwb‡Z †Kv‡bv MVbMZ
cwieZ©b mvab Kiv Lye Am¤¢e GKwU e¨vcvi| cvwb ev
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wgkª‡Yi cix¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q GB ai‡bi
cwieZ©b¸‡jv ¯’vbxq I ¶Y ’vqx| GUv wbf©i K‡i ZvcgvÎvi
Dci Ges Lye mvgvb¨ mgq Zv Kvh©Ki _vK‡Z cv‡i| GQvov
A‡bK c`v‡_©i Rb¨ ’vbxq MV‡bi mwbœ‡ek ev AW©vi
Zijve ’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY n‡”Q GbUªwc| wKQy
e¨wZµg hw`I Av‡Q, †hgb wjKzBW wµ÷vj| Gi †ek
`xN©vK…wZi AYy¸‡jv GKevi ˆZwi n‡jI Zviv wKš‘ †ewk
bvovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hLb Zijve ’v m„wó nq| Avevi GLb
ch©š— †Kv‡bv cix¶vq ev ZvwË¡Kfv‡e †`Lv m¤¢e nq wb ev
mvgvb¨ AvfvmI cvIqv hvq wb †h, cvwb Avm‡j wjKyBW
wµ÷vj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†nvwgIc¨v_iv Aek¨ GUvI e‡j‡Qb, †Kv‡bv †fŠwZK ev
c`v_©we`¨vi m~Î bv †g‡bB Zv‡`i ˆZwi Ô`ªeYÕ KvR K‡i| ZvB
¯^vfvweKfv‡e ejv hvq, G ai‡bi KwíZ aviYvi †Kv‡bv
cix¶vg~jK cÖgvY †bB Ges weÁvbxivI GLb ch©š— Ggb
†Kv‡bv c`v_© cvb wb hv G ai‡bi AvPiY K‡i _v‡K| myZivs
†Kv‡bv AcÖgvwYZ cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx‡K e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ ARvbv
m~‡Îi †`vnvB †`qv weÁv‡bi AvBbwm× cš’vq c‡o bv|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i GB Zij `ªeY µgvš‡q hy³ Kivi jNyKiY
cÖwµqvq Av‡iv GKwU we¯§qKi mgm¨v, hv Gi mg_©Kiv
101
e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb Zv n‡jv Zv‡`i †ek wKQz IlyaÑwcj ev
KwVb AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq Ôj¨vK‡UvR U¨ve‡jUÕ; cÖ —vweZ
†nvwgI WvBjykb ev jNyKiY cÖwµqv †nvwgI wc‡ji †¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨ nq ïay hviv evnK (`ªeY,†hgb cvwb) wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ ZijxK…Z `ªeYwU‡K ev®úxf~Z n‡Z n‡e
cvDWv‡ii gZ IlyawUi GKwU wgkÖY cvevi Rb¨| GLv‡b
Zvn‡j cÖkœ I‡V, Zij `ªeYwU hv wKbv ev®úxf~Z n‡q D‡o
hvq ZviiciI wKfv‡e Gi Z_¨wU wc‡j ’vbvš—wiZ K‡i|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i AwZ jNyK…Z wgkªY wb‡q Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
cÖkœ n‡jv, wgkªYwU †Kb ïay mwµq Dcv`v‡bi Ôwbivgq
¶gZvÕ‡K g‡b iv‡L, Gi m¤¢ve¨ Ab¨vb¨ cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv¸‡jv
ev` w`‡q? A_ev †KbB ev cvwb Zvi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv Ab¨
Dcv`vbmg~n‡K we‡klfv‡e fy‡j hvq? Avmj mZ¨ n‡”Q GB
AwZgvÎvq ZijxK…Z †nvwgI-Ilya wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zvi
†Kv‡bv †evaMg¨ cÖwµqv AvRI eY©bv Kiv m¤¢e nq wb, d‡j
†Kv‡bv cixw¶Z Dcv‡qB †nvwgI-Ily‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv cÖgvY
Kiv m¤¢e bv| †m Kvi‡Y †`Lv hvq, †nvwgI-Ilya¸‡jv wKfv‡e
KvR K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v bv w`‡q †ewkifvM Ô†nvwgI-M‡elYvÕ ïay
Zv‡`i djvdj Av‡jvPbvq e¨¯— _v‡K|
1988 mv‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_ Av‡iv GKevi gvivZ¥K weZ‡K©i
gy‡LvgywL n‡qwQj GB jNyKiY `ªe‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q|
¯^bvgab¨ weÁvb Rvb©vj †bPvi-G GKwU wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ nq|
divwm †nvwgI-M‡elK R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷ I †R. A¨vgvivmn
K‡qKRb M‡el‡Ki wjwLZ IB wbe‡Üi wk‡ivbvg wQ‡jv
ÔHuman Basophil Degranulation Triggered by Very Dilute Antiserum
against IgEÕ| wbe‡Ü †jL‡Kiv `vwe K‡ib weï× cvwb †Kv‡bv bv
†Kv‡bvfv‡e ¯§„wZ a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i, gv‡b IB cvwb‡Z c~‡e© wK
wQ‡jv †mUv ¯§iY ivL‡Z cv‡i| R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷Õi e³e¨
Abyhvqx, ÔwZwb gvby‡li kix‡i A¨vjvwR©i mv‡_ RwoZ GK
ai‡bi A¨vw›UewW ÔIgEÕ-†K †e‡mvwd‡j `ªe‡Y wb‡q AwZgvÎvq
jNy Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GK mgq GB `ªe‡Y ïay weï× cvwb Qvov
Avi wKQy wQj bv| ZLb †eb‡fwbw÷ GB ªeY‡K RxweZ
†Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k© cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j A¨vjvwR©i cÖwZwµqv (G‡¶‡Î
†e‡mvwdj wWMÖvby‡jkb) j¶¨ K‡ib|Õ Gfv‡e †eb‡fwbw÷
`vwe K‡ib †h wbðqB cvwbi ¯§„wZ a‡i ivLv ¶gZv Av‡Q!
wKš—y mgm¨v n‡jv GB M‡elYv hw` mwZ¨ nq Z‡e Avgv‡`i
c`v_©weÁvb-imvq‡bi m~Îvejx bZzb K‡i iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
†bPvi Rvb©v‡ji m¤úv`KgÊjx cÖv_wgKfv‡e GB ai‡bi
e³‡e¨i NvUwZ Luy‡R †c‡Z e¨_© nb, Z‡e wbe‡Üi wb‡P GKwU
m¤úv`Kxq †bvU †hvM Kiv nq| †bv‡U ejv nq ¯^vaxb
AbymÜvbx `j Øviv †eb‡fwbw÷Õi cix¶vwU ch©‡e¶Y Kiv
n‡e| AZtci †bPvi GKwU AbymÜvbx `j d«v‡Ý †cÖiY K‡i
†hb †eb‡fwbw÷Õi j¨v‡e wM‡q mivmwi Zv‡`i †mB A™¢yZ
`vwe¸‡jv ¯^P‡¶ hvPvB Kiv hvq| AbymÜvbx `jwU‡Z †bPv‡ii
102
m¤úv`K Rb g¨vW· wb‡RI wQ‡jb| AviI wQ‡jb L¨vwZgvb
imvqb weÁvbx Iqvëvi ÷zqvU© I Av‡gwKvi AcweÁvbwe‡ivax
Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav †Rgm i¨vwÛ| †ckvq Rv yKi †Rgm i¨vwÛ
wewfbœ AwZcÖvK…Z `vweÕi inm¨ Lʇbi Rb¨ †ek weL¨vZ
mgMÖ cwðgvwe‡k¦|
hv‡nvK, AbymÜvbx `jwU Lye ZvovZvwo eyS‡Z cv‡ib
†eb‡fwbw÷Õi cix¶v-Kvh©µgwU †gv‡UI wek¦vm‡hvM¨ wQj
bv| †MvUv cix¶vq †ek wKQy fyj Z‡_¨i mgvnvi Kiv n‡q‡Q
Ges cix¶v †_‡K cÖvß †bwZevPK DcvË D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e
ev‡i ev‡i eR©b K‡i‡Qb M‡elKivÑGgb cÖgvYI msMÖn K‡ib
AbymÜvbx `j| †k‡l AbymÜvbx `jwU IB j¨v‡e GKB
hš¿cvwZ I GKB Dcv`vb wb‡q cybivq wbqwš¿Z cix¶v
Pvwj‡qI †eb‡fwbw÷Õi `vweK…Z †mB djvdj¸‡jv cybive„wË
Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| AbymÜvbx `jwU Gevi wbwðr nb †nvwgI-
M‡elK‡`i Z_vKw_Z cix¶Y-Kvh©µ‡g fyj wQj| Ges G
wb‡q m`m¨iv GKvwaK wi‡cvU© cÖKvk K‡ib| †bPvi Rvb©v‡ji
AbymÜvbx wi‡cv‡U©i Kvi‡Y R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷ d«v‡Ýi g~j
avivi weÁvb-A½b †_‡K wQU‡K co‡Z eva¨ nb| wKš‘
ag©¸i“i g‡Zv †eb‡fwbw÷ 2004 mv‡j g„Zz¨i AvM ch©š— Zvi
`vwe‡K ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j wek¦vm I cÖPvi K‡i †M‡Qb|
cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_i AbyivMxiv ïi“ †_‡K
R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷i `vwei cÖwZ Mfxi Av¯’v Rvbv‡jI cvwbi
¯§„wZ a‡i ivLv wb‡q weZK© Pj‡Z _v‡K †ekwKQy w`b a‡i|
GKgvÎ R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷i j¨ve †_‡KB GB weZwK©Z
djvdjwU G‡m‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki weÁvbxivI †nvwgI-
M‡el‡Ki `vwe g‡Zv cix¶v Pvwj‡q djvdj †c‡Z e¨_© nb|
ZvB GB ai‡bi `vwe‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib g~javivi weÁvbxiv|
Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvi ciI divwm †nvwgI-M‡elKiv wb‡R‡`i
fyj ms‡kva‡b D‡`¨vMx nb bv| R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷ iYf½ bv
w`‡q Avevi wWwRev‡qv (DigiBio) bv‡gi GKwU cÖwZôvb ˆZwi
K‡ib| 1998 mv‡ji w`‡K G‡m †eb‡fwbw÷ cybe©vi Av‡iK
Af~Zc~e© D™¢U `vwe K‡ibÑÔcvwb ïay ¯§„wZ a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i
ZvB bv, GB ¯§„wZ‡K wWwRUvjvBR Kiv m¤¢e Ges Zv
B›Uvi‡bU, †Uwj‡dvb I wW‡¯‹i gva¨‡g †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e|Õ
Av‡gwiKvi wW‡dÝ A¨vWfvÝ wimvP© cÖ‡R±m& G‡RwÝ
(ms‡¶‡c DARPA) AvMÖnx n‡q ÔwWwRev‡qvÕi `vwe¸‡jv cix¶v
K‡i †`‡L‡QÑÔI¸‡jv fuvIZv Qvov Avi wKQy bq, cvwbi †Kv‡bv
¯§„wZ a‡i ivLvi ¶gZv †bB Ges GB ¶gZv‡K wWwRUvj
wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvš—i Kivi cÖkœB D‡V bv|Õ wWwRev‡qvÕi GB
ai‡bi Pig ÔweÁvb-we‡ivaxÕ `vwei wei“‡× g~javivi weÁvb-
A½‡b AveviI Zxeª cÖwZwµqv nq| divwm M‡elYv KZ©…c¶I
eva¨ nq weÁv‡bi bv‡g AcweÁvb-PP©vKvix IB cÖwZôvbwU
eÜ K‡i w`‡Z| mv‡_ we‡k¦i wewkó weÁvbx‡`i †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K
ÔAcweÁvbÕ wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷Õi `v‡qi
103
Kiv gvbnvwbi gvgjvI Av`vjZ LvwiR K‡i †`q| (G wel‡q
AvMÖnxiv Skeptical Inquirer Rvb©v‡j (13:142-46) cÖKvwkZ
†Rgm i¨vwÛi ÔThe Case of the Remembering WaterÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi
†jLvwU c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib) A_ev 2008 mv‡ji 25 RyjvB
wewewmÕi I‡qe mvB‡U cÖKvwkZ ÔCould water really have a
memory?Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi wmgb wms-Gi †jLv wbeÜwU co–b GLvb
†_‡K : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7505286.stm)|
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wK ��াwm‡ev †_‡K Kvh©Ki?
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Avm‡jB KvR K‡i wKbv Zv cix¶vi Rb¨
mvaviYZ wZbwU cÖwµqvi Avkªq †bqv nq| cÖ_gZ
†nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv ev Ily‡ai Kvh©KvwiZvi mv‡_
�াwm‡evÕi (hv‡`i Ily‡ai weKí wnmv‡e †`qv nq wKš‘ g~jZ
†Kv‡bv Ilya bq, †hgb wPwbi U¨ve‡jU) Zzjbvg~jK M‡elYv,
wØZxqZ, †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó AmyL ev wK¬wbK¨vj KwÛk‡bi
†¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ily‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv, Z…ZxqZ, bvbv
gvÎvq ev †cv‡Uw݇Z Gi Kvh©KvwiZv msµvš— j¨ve‡iUwi-
wbf©i M‡elYv we‡kl K‡i AwZgvÎvq Kg Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY ev
Avë«vnvBWvBjyk‡bi †¶‡Î| cÖ_gwUi †¶‡Î Avgiv Z_¨ cvB
wewfbœ ai‡bi †nvwgIc¨vw_K wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj †_‡K| we‡kl
K‡i �¨vwm‡evmn wbqwš¿Z (i¨vbWgvBRBW) K‡›Uªvj
U«vqvj¸‡jvi we��lY Ges †gUvA¨vbvjvBwm‡mi gva¨‡g| G
ai‡bi we��ষ‡Y †`Lv nq †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv hviv cv‡”Q
Ges hviv wPwKrmv wnmv‡e �¨vwm‡ev ev IlyaKí †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ Avm‡jB Zyjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q wK bv?
GLv‡b wewfbœ MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ bvbv Amy‡Li wPwKrmvq M„nxZ
U«vqvj¸‡jv wbe©vPb Kiv nq ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨| wØZxq
†¶‡Î A_©vr we‡kl †Kv‡bv Amy‡Li †¶‡Î mvaviYZ GKB
ai‡bi †ivMx‡`i wb‡q Kiv Uªvqvj¸‡jvi djvdj we��lY Kiv
nq| Avi Z…Zxq †¶‡Î bvbv gvÎvi ev †cv‡UwÝi †nvwgIc¨vw_
Ilya¸‡jvi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q M‡elYvi †¶‡Î j¨ve‡iUwi
cix¶vi gva¨‡g we‡kl cwi‡e‡k M‡elYv¸‡jv Pvjv‡bv nq|
wK¬wbK¨vj Uªvqv‡j ev M‡elYv¸‡jvq †nvwgIc¨vw_i
Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q weZK© †nvwgIc¨vw_i Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB P‡j
Avm‡Q| mv¤cÖwZK `kK¸‡jv‡Z †`okÕi †ewk K‡›U«vjW
wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj n‡q‡Q †nvwgIc¨vw_i wPwKrmv wb‡q hv
wewfbœ ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GBme M‡elYvi
me djvdj †hgb BwZevPK bq Avevi me djvdjI
†bwZevPK bq| G Kvi‡Y Gme †¶‡Î cÖvqB †Kv‡bv
ch©v‡jvPbvKvix M‡el‡Ki wbR¯ cÖvKaviYv †gvZv‡eK
cQ›`bxq M‡elYv¸‡jv evQvB Kivi m¤¢vebv i‡q hvq| GB
c~e©wba©vi‡Yi mgm¨vUv fv‡jvfv‡e KvUv‡bv hvq hw`
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ cÖgvY¸‡jv‡KB ïay h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
104
GLv‡bB wm‡÷g¨vwUK wiwfDi ev c×wZMZ ch©v‡jvPbvi
AvMgb| ZviciI †`Lv hvq wm‡÷g¨vwUK wiwfDi ch©v‡qI
†nvwgIc¨vw_ m¤^‡Ü djvdj memgq GK nq bv| †hgb 1997
mv‡j ¯^bvgab¨ †gwW‡Kj Rvb©vj j¨v‡ÝU-Gi GKwU wiwfD‡Z
ejv n‡qwQj †nvwgIc¨vw_i wK¬wbK¨vj mvdj¨ cy‡ivcywi
c¨vwm‡ev cÖfv‡ei Rb¨ bq| 2005 mv‡j Aci GKwU wiwfD
†_‡K †`Lv hvq †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv ��াwm‡ev cÖfv‡ei
Rb¨B N‡U| 2002 mv‡j BWRvW© Avb©÷ Gi GKwU wiwfD‡Z
(hv cÖvq 17wU cÖavb wm‡÷wgK wiwfDi GKwU wiwfD) ejv
n‡q‡Q †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv msµvš— G hveZ cvIqv me
cÖgvY ej‡Q AvaywbK wPwKrmv-c×wZ‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_i
e¨envi †Kvb BwZevPK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv `vwe Kivi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L
bv| KviY †nvwgI-Ily‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv �¨vwm‡ev †_‡K wfbœ bq|
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hvq †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z ��াwm‡evi AwZwi³ †Kvb cÖfve †bB
A_©vr Ilya wnmv‡e cÖ`Ë †nvwgI wPwKrmvi mv‡_ Ilya bq
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weÁvbm¤§Z bq|
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cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv M‡el‡Ki M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZ
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n‡q‡Q| Gme djvdj ej‡Q �¨vwm‡evÕi AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
cÖfve †djvi †Kvb cÖgvYB †nvwgIc¨vw_i ¯c‡¶ †bB| Aek¨
†nvwgIc¨v_iv GwU A¯xKvi K‡i G‡m‡Qb evi evi| hw`I
Zviv Gi c‡¶ ye©j cÖgvY hywM‡q hv‡”Qb w`‡bi ci w`b|
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†bwZevPK M‡elYv¸‡jv|
G ai‡bi wm‡÷‡gwUK wiwfD m‡Ë¡I †nvwgIc¨v_iv `vwe
K‡ib Ô†ek wKQy ch©‡e¶Yg~jK M‡elYv Av‡Q hv Gi
Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖgvY enb K‡i|Õ Ges Zv‡`i wfwËnxb GKwU
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Rb¨ Dchy³ bq| ïaygvÎ ch©‡e¶Yg~jK M‡elYv¸‡jvB cv‡i
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖgvY Ki‡Z| m¤¢eZ G ai‡bi
cÖ —v‡ei †hŠw³K KviY n‡”Q †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î
mywbw ©ó bq Ggb wKQy cÖfv‡ei d‡j m„ó BwZevPK
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KLivb wiwfD¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU †hgb Kvmve I Zvi
mn‡hvMxiv (2009) cÖv_wgK we��l‡Y †nvwgIc¨vw_i
Kvh©KvwiZv i‡q‡Q e‡j †`L‡Z cvb| GB ai‡bi KviY Avm‡j
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jNyKi‡Yi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ †nvwgI-Ily‡a †Kvb Kvh©Kix ev
dvg©v‡KvjwRK¨vwj mwµq †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb _vKvi K_v bv Z‡e
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†hgb †KD PvB‡j A¨vmwcwi‡bi GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_K `ªeY
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †nvwgIc¨vw_i wbqg †g‡bB jNyKi‡Yi
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†bB G ai‡bi Ily‡ai Aek¨B wKQy cÖfve _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
GB ai‡bi †nvwgI-wPwKrmvi Dcv‡Ëi Dci wfwË K‡i ejvUv
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bvbv ai‡bi wPwKrmv-c×wZ msµvš— M‡elYvq ci¯úi
we‡ivax djvdj cvIqvUv bZyb †Kv‡bv welq bv| Av‡MB †hgb
D��L Kiv n‡q‡Q GB ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi GKwU Dcvq
n‡jv mwVKfv‡e wbqg †g‡b Kiv M‡elYv¸‡jvi wm‡÷g¨vwUK
wiwfD I †gUvA¨vbvjvBwmm Kiv| 1997 mv‡j wjÛ I Zvi
mn‡hvMxiv cÖ_gZ †mB KvRwU K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i
106
†gUvA¨vbvjvBwmm aviYv †`q †nvwgIc¨vw_ c¨vwm‡ev †_‡K
wKQyUv †ewk| Z‡e †jLKiv GI e‡jwQ‡jb Ggb †Kv‡bv
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��াwm‡evi Zzjbvq †ewk Kvh©Ki| GB M‡elYvi Lei QvovI
†mLv‡b Av‡iv K‡qKwU c×wZMZ mgm¨v _vKv ¯‡Ë¡I
wek¦e¨vcx †nvwgIc¨v_iv †ek D”Q¡wmZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i
wPwKrmv-c×wZi ÔˆeÁvwbK cÖgvYÕ wg‡j‡Q Ggb GKwU
AvZ¥cÖmv‡`| †ek `ª“Z †nvwgIc¨vw_ mg‡Ü AvMÖn †e‡owQj|
Av‡iv wKQy wm‡÷g¨vwUK wiwfD wbf©i ˆeÁvwbK wbeÜI
Gici cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| 1997 mv‡ji ci †_‡K cÖKvwkZ
†mBme M‡elYv wbeÜ wb‡q cieZ©x‡Z BWRvW© Avb©÷ Avevi
GKwU mvwe©K ch©v‡jvPbv I we��lY K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ †nvwgI-
Ilya¸‡jvi wK¬wbK¨vj Kvh©KvwiZv wePvi| GB bZyb we��l‡Y
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mvgwMÖKfv‡e †Kv‡bv BwZevPK djvdj‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z e¨_©
nq me ai‡bi cÖPwjZ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡ji gvb`‡Ê| GKwU
we��lY cÖgvY K‡i †gUvA¨vbvjvBwm‡mi cÖv_wgK BwZevPK
djvd‡ji KviY Avm‡j Ôcvewj‡KkÝ evqvmÕ A_©vr †h
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GKwU †nvwgI-Ilya ÔAvwb©KvÕ, GUvI ��াwm‡ev †_‡K †ewk
Kvh©Kix bq| Bbd¬y‡qÄv cÖwZ‡iva Avi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
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j¶¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ÷vwW‡Z †mLv‡b GB BwZevPK
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Uªvqvj¸‡jvi wiwfD BwZevPK djvdj †c‡q‡Q we��l‡Yi
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mgq wKš‘ G-†¶‡Î wKQy mgm¨vi K_v gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e Zv
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we‡��lY K‡i‡Q, Zviv LvwbKUv BwZevPK djvdj †c‡q‡Q,
wKš‘ Zv‡`i GB djvd‡j †cuŠQv‡bvi cwimsL¨vb cÖwµqvwU
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djvdj Lye mvgvb¨ BwZevPK hv w`‡q XvjvIfv‡e †nvwgI
wPwKrmv‡K e¨envi Kivi cÖ —ve Kiv hvq bv| mvgwMÖKfv‡e
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Ggb †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †`q bv| hw` wcÖwK¬wbK¨vj DcvË-I
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq, †mLv‡bI cÖKvwkZ cÖvq 120wU
M‡elYvc‡Îi wm‡÷‡gwUK wiwfD‡Z M‡elKiv †`‡L‡Qb
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cybtcix¶v K‡i GKB djvdj cÖgvY Kiv hvq wb| GQvov
c×wZMZ fyj I ci¯úi we‡ivax djvdj †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
wm×vš— †bevi c‡¶ cÖavb Aš—ivq| A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi msL¨viI
†ewk `ªexf~Z †Kv‡bv †nvwgI-Ilya †h KvR Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L
ev ivL‡Z cv‡i welqwU G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gwUK
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g‡Z †m Kvi‡Y jNyK…Z †nvwgI-`ªe‡Y g~j †nvwgI-Dcv`vbwU
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cÖgvwYZ nq Zv m‡Ë¡I GB ÔmwjDU K¬v÷viÕ ev Ôb¨v‡bvevejÕ
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M‡elYv n‡Z cv‡i? †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i y‡Uv wfbœ `„wófw½ KvR
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Ki‡Q GLv‡b| GK`j ej‡Qb mywbw`©ófv‡e wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj
Kiv DwPr hv wPiKv‡ji gZ Ø›ØwUi Aemvb Ki‡e Ges Gi
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A¨vbvdvBj¨vKwUK ev A¨vjvwR©K k‡Ki NUbvI N‡U| 1996
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Kv‡Q msµvgK †ivMe¨vwa cÖwZ‡iva I wbivg‡qi †¶‡Î
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me©‡¶‡ÎB m~² PvZzwi I †ivMx‡`i wek¦vmcÖeYZvi Dci
wbf©ikxj| eû cÖgvwYZ wi‡cvU© ej‡Q †nvwgIc¨v_iv †ivMx‡`i
Amy ’Zvq Kvh©Kix Ily‡ai Z_¨ Dc ’vcb bv Kivq ev weK…Z
Dc ’vcb Kivi cÖeYZvq Avm‡jB ¶wZ Ki‡Q †ivMx‡`i|
myZivs Avi hvB †nvK bv †Kb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K
wbivc` wPwKrmv-c×wZ ejv hvq bv|
†Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi g‡Zv
†nvwgIc¨vw_ cÖ‡kœI ˆbwZKZvi welqwU gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e|
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv c×wZ †hLv‡b †Mvov‡ZB cÖkœwe×
†mLv‡b wek¦vmcÖeY Amy ’ gvbyl‡K †nvwgI-wPwKrmvi
cix¶vg~jK cÖK…wZi welqwU bv Rvwb‡q wPwKrmv KivUv
Aek¨B ˆbwZK †Kv‡bv KvR bq| Ges GUv AviI †ewk
A‰bwZK KvR n‡q `uvovq hLb †ivMxi †mB Ae¯’vi Rb¨
Kvh©Kix I cÖgvwYZ wPwKrmv c×wZ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv
wPwKrmKB ÁvbZ I ˆbwZKfv‡e †Kv‡bv †ivMxi `y‡f©vM
evov‡Z cv‡ib bv| GB AwaKvi †Kv‡bv wPwKrm‡KiB †bB|
Avi †nvwgIc¨v_iv hw` wb‡R‡`i ÔwPwKrmKÕ e‡j `vwe K‡ib
Zvn‡j bxwZMZfv‡e Zv‡`iI `vwqZ¡ cÖ‡qvRbxq M‡elYvi
gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡`i wPwKrmvi Kvh©KvwiZvi e¨vcviwU cÖgvY
Ki‡eb hyw³m½Z I ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q| bq‡Zv †Kv‡bv †ivMx‡K
cÖgvwYZ weÁvbm¤§Z wPwKrmv-c×wZ †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivLvi
†Kv‡bv ˆbwZK AwaKvi Zv‡`i †bB|
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cwi‡kl
†nvwgIc¨vw_ m¤‡Ü ˆeÁvwbK ch©v‡jvPbv¸‡jvi GKwU
mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq cÖvqB| †mwU n‡jv †nvwgIc¨vw_ GB
hy‡M Avm‡j wVK wK, †mUv mwVKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv| KviY
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Ac‰eÁvwbK Pwi‡Îi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó
me©¯^xK…Z iƒc †bB| GRb¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K ÔThere are as many
homeopathies as there are homeopathsÕ| GQvov †nvwgIc¨v_iv †Lv`
†nvwgIc¨vw_i RbK n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GKK e¨w³i DcmM©wbf©i
wPwKrmvi g~jbxwZUv‡K AeÁv K‡ib hLb †nvwgI-Ily‡ai
MYDrcv`b‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †nvwgIc¨v_iv wb‡R‡`i‡K
¯^we‡ivwaZv K‡ib hLb Zviv e‡jbÑÔA¨v‡jvc¨vw_ hLb
DcmM© Abyhvqx wPwKrmv †`q †ivMx‡K, †nvwgIc¨vw_ ZLb
cy‡iv †ivMxi wPwKrmv K‡iÕ (treat the whole patients)| A_P Zv‡`i
wPwKrmvbxwZi g~j `k©b n‡”Q †ivMxi DcmM© kbv³ K‡i
DcmM© Abyhvqx wPwKrmv †`evi K_v|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i mv‡_ AvaywbK wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi GKwU
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ilya A¨vmwcwi‡bi DrcwË I avivevwnKZvi GKwU
gRvi Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| eû eQi a‡i gvbyl Rvb‡Zv
DB‡jv Mv‡Qi evKj wPev‡j e¨v_v I cÖ`vn (Inflammation) `~i
nq| GB Mv‡Qi evKj †_‡K A¨vmwcwi‡bi mwµq Dc`vbwU
(hvi Avw` bvg ÔSalicinÕ) c„_KxKiY Kiv n‡qwQj 1823 mv‡j|
A_©vr †nvwgIc¨vw_ Avwe®‹v‡ii Lye †ewk w`b c‡ii NUbv bq|
1899 mv‡j m¨vwjwm‡bi Kvh©Kix Dcv`vb ÔAcetylsalicylic acidÕ
Avwe®‹„Z nq Ges cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv e¨vcKfv‡e Gi Drcv`b
I wecbb ïi“ nq| Gi cÖvq cÂvk eQi ci AvaywbK
wPwKrmvweÁvb Rvb‡Z cv‡i A¨vmwcwib Avm‡j wKfv‡e KvR
K‡i| GB g~j Z_¨wU cyuwR K‡i weÁvbxiv eû ai‡bi e¨v_v I
cÖ`v‡n Dc‡hvMx-DcKvix non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Ilya
Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| †mB avivevwnKZvq mv¤cÖwZK Avwe®‹vi
n‡jv Cox-2 inhibitors| GB hvÎvq Ae`vb AmsL¨ M‡elK-
weÁvbxi wbijm cwikªg Avi AbymÜvb| hv GL‡bv Ae¨vnZ
Av‡Q|
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Kvh©Ki e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| wKfv‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_ KvR K‡i
†mwU GL‡bv ARvbv| wPwKrmvi g~jbxwZ, Gi D™¢ve‡Ki †mB
mgqKvj †_‡K GLbI AcwiewZ©Z Ges Gi e¨enviKvixiv
Gi g~j aviYvi mv‡_ e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨ hyw³m½Z †Kv‡bv wKQyB Avi
†hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| hw`I †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K ÔweÁvbm¤§Z
wPwKrmvc×wZÕ wnmv‡e `vwe Kiv nq, wKš‘ mZ¨ n‡”Q GwU
Av‡`Š mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡”Q bv| GKwU gvÎ mvaviY
e¨vL¨vB †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv m¤‡Ü ejv m¤¢eci
n‡q‡Q, †mwU n‡jv, GwU n‡”Q GKwU �¨vwm‡ev ev
wek¦vmcÖeYZvi Dci wfwËkxj KwíZ Ilya| GQvov †Kv‡bv
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hw` GUv ïaygvÎ Ô��াwm‡evÕ cÖfve n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Gi ÔIlyaÕ
wKfv‡e KvR K‡i †m msµvš— †Kv‡bv †fŠZcÖwµqv Luy‡R
cvIqvi Avkv Kiv e„_v|
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wK¬wbK¨vj Uªvqvj¸‡jv cÖvqk weåvwš—Ki, nZvkvRbK Ges
cybtcÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e bq Ggb djvdj m…wó K‡i| KviY GB
U«vqvj¸‡jv g~jZ GKwU ��াwm‡evi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU ��ািস‡eviB
Zyjbv K‡i gvÎ| AwZgvÎvq jNyK…Z †nvwgI-Ilya Ôwbivc`Õ
nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK KviY Zviv ïay cvwb ev cvwb-
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wgkªY ev j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri U¨ve‡jU| †nvwgIc¨v_iv
wbtm‡›`‡n Gi cÖwZev` Ki‡eb, Ôlohš¿-ZË¡Õ Luy‡R †eov‡e
wKš‘ AvcvZZ M‡elYvi †h djvdj Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k
i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Gi †P‡q hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v Avi †bB| hw`
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Avm‡jB Kvh©Kix wPwKrmv wnmv‡e cÖgvwYZ nZ
Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv ˆea g~javivi wPwKrm‡Ki c‡¶ G‡K D‡c¶v
KivUv hyw³m½Z n‡Zv bv Ges Zviv †mUv Ki‡ZbI bv| Ges
Aek¨B Gi cvk¦©cÖwZwµqvnxb AwZ jNygvÎvi Ilya¸‡jv Lye
mn‡R AvaywbK wPwKrmKiv MÖnY K‡i wb‡Zb hw` Zviv Av‡`Š
Kvh©Kix nZ| †Lvjv g‡b cÖgvwYZ †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K MÖnY Kiv
weÁv‡bi we‡kl ˆewkó¨| ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmvweÁv‡b bZyb
Kvh©Kix wPwKrmvi ª“Z AvZ¥xKiY Lye wbqwgZ GKwU e¨vcvi|
cÖPzi M‡elYv I cÖgvY K‡i‡Q g~javivi wPwKrmv-c×wZi
wPwKrmKiv weKíavivi wPwKrmv-c×wZi wPwKrmK‡`i †P‡q
A‡bK Kg †Muvovwgi cwiPq †`b| wewkó weÁvb †jLK Kvj©
mvMv‡bi fvlvq : Ô...weÁv‡bi wVK †K‡› ª Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q
GKwU Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvcvZ …wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax
„wófw½ÑhZ A™¢yZ Avi A¯vfvweK †nvK bv †Kb †h †Kv‡bv
bZyb aviYv‡K MÖnY Kivi g‡Zv D`viZv I cy‡iv‡bv wKsev
bZzb mKj aviYv‡K wbwe©‡k‡l AZ¨š— `…p m‡›`‡ni mv‡_
cix¶v K‡i †`Lvi gvbwmKZv| Avi Gfv‡eB Mfxi †Kv‡bv
A_©nxb aviYv †_‡K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mwZ¨‡K c…_K Kiv m¤¢e|Õ
†nvwgIc¨vw_ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e KvR K‡iÑ Zv‡`i GB
cÖ —vweZ nvB‡cvw_wmm ev AbyK‡í †Kvb mgm¨v †bB| †mUv
hZB e¨vL¨vZxZ †nvK bv †Kb| Z‡e ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vi gva¨‡g
GB AbyK‡íi cwieZ©b nIqvUv wKš‘ A¯^vfvweK bq| †nvwgI-
wPwKrmvi mwVK Uªvqvj wKš‘ mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e| †m¸‡jv
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†fŠZcÖwµqvi cÖ —vebv Ki“K bv †Kb †nvwgI-Ilya ˆeÁvwbK
cix¶vq KL‡bvB Kvh©Kix cÖgvwYZ nq wb| bv gvby‡li
wPwKrmvq, bv cï‡`i wPwKrmvq| we`¨gvb cÖwZwôZ I
cÖgvwYZ Ilya ev wPwKrmv-c×wZ †_‡K †nvwgc¨vw_ †Kv‡bv
As‡k †ewk Kvh©Kix ZviI †Kv‡bv cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wb|
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cÖ‡Z¨K wPwKrmKB AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ Zvi wPwKrmv‡mev
†mev w`‡Z Pvb| Ges Zv Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Zvi e¨enviK…Z
wPwKrmv-c×wZi Dci Aek¨B wek¦vm _vK‡Z n‡e| wKš‘
ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmv-c×wZi wfwË wnmv‡e ïay Ôwek¦vmÕ KL‡bvB
ˆea †Kv‡bv wfwË n‡Z cv‡i bv| Dciš‘ †KD hw` Zvi gb
e`jv‡Z Pvb wZwb †Kv‡bv c×wZ ÔmwVKÕ e‡j g‡b K‡ib,
†mRb¨I h‡_ó KviY _vK‡Z n‡e| Aek¨B ïaygvÎ Ôwek¦vmÕ
GLv‡b h‡_ó bv| hviv ˆeÁvwbK I ˆbwZKZvi mv‡_
wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ RwoZ Zviv Zv‡`i †ivMx‡`i
Dci cÖ‡qvMK…Z †h †Kv‡bv Ilya ev wPwKrmv-c×wZi
Kvh©KvwiZv I wbivcËvi wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖgvY Aek¨B `vwe K‡i
_v‡Kb| †m Kvi‡Y cÖkœUv AgxgvswmZ †_‡KB hvq, hw`
†nvwgIc¨vw_i wPwKrmv wbivc` Avi Kvh©Kix n‡qB _v‡K
Zvn‡j GB c×wZi cÖ‡qvMKvix †nvwgIc¨v_ wPwKrmK Ges
G‡K weÁvbm¤§Z `vwe Kivi cÖ¯—veKiv †KbBev Awb”QyK
wKsev A¶g GwU‡K Kvh©Kix cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
mwVK c×wZMZ Uªvqvj I M‡elYv Kivi †¶‡Î?
Z_¨m~Î Edzard Ernst (wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzard_Ernst (weKí wPwKrmv
wb‡q Av‡b©‡÷i GKwU mvBU : http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/edzardernst) Syed Masud Ahmed, Md Awlad Hossain, Ahmed Mushtaque Raja Chowdhury, Abbas
Uddin Bhuiya. The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix and inequitable distribution., Human Resources for Health 2011, 9:3 (http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/9/1/)
Syed Masud Ahmed, Department of Public Health Science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Explorong the health seeking behaviour of disadvantaged populations in Rural Bangladesh,
Wayne B. Jonas, Ted J. Kaptchuk, and Klaus Linde, A Critical Overview of Homeopathy. Ann Intern Med. 4 March 2003;138(5):393-399
Barrett S. Homeopathy: Much Ado about little or nothing. Nutrition forum (1997);15.3 (May-June 1998):p17
Edzard Ernst, Ted J. Kaptchuk, Homeopathy Revisited. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(19):2162-2164.
Barrett S. Homeopathy: the ultimate fake, Quackwatch, Quackwatch, retrieved 2007-07-25 David W. Ramey, Mahlon Wagner, Robert H. Imrie, Victor Stenger. Homeopathy and
Science: A closer look. (To be published in The Technology Journal of the Franklin Institute) http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vst enger/Medicine/Homeop.html)
Irvine Loudon. A Brief History of Homeopathy. J R Soc Med. 2006 December; 99(12): 607–610.
Maddox J, Randi J, Stewart WW. “High-dilution” experiments a delusion. Nature. 1988; 334; 287-91
Ernst E. Homeopathy: what does the "best" evidence tell us? Med J Aust. 2010 Apr 19;192(8):458-60.
Ernst E. Homeopathy, past present future. Br J Clin Pharmacol.1997; 44: 435–437. Linde, K., et al. Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of
placebo-controled trials. The Lancet 1997; 350: 834-843 Ernst E, Pittler MH. Re-analysis of previous meta-analysis of clinical trials of
homeopathy. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 1188 (letter). E. Ernst.A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy; Br J Clin Pharmacol
54, 577–582 Barnes J, Resch KL, Ernst E. Homeopathy for postoperative ileus? A meta-analysis. J Clin
Gastroenterol. 1997; 256; 28-33 Barnes J, Resch KL, Ernst E. Homeopathy for Postoperative Ileus. J Clin Gastroenterol
1997; 25: 628–633. Vickers AJ, Smith C. Homeopathic oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza
and influenza–like syndromes. Cochrane Library 2001; 1: 1–10. Baum M, Ernst E (November 2009). Should we maintain an open mind about homeopathy.
Am. J. Med. 122 (11): 973–4. Homeopathy (Homeowatch) (http://www.homeowatch.org/index.html) Homeopathy (Wikiperdia) (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy) Homeopathy (Rational Wiki) (rationalwiki.org/wiki/Homeopathy)
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Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡jv wKfv‡e?
d«vwÝm‡Kv Avqvjv
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n‡q‡Q| weÁvbxiv GB welq¸‡jv wb‡q Rv‡bb, Zvi gv‡b Kx
c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Gi Avgiv
mewKQyB †R‡b †d‡jwQ? Avm‡j cy‡ivcywi Zv bq| hw`I
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114
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Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv †_‡K GKvwaK e‡Y©i wbw`©ó µg mvwR‡q
GKwU mywbw`©ó ÔA_©‡evaK kãÕ cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡li g‡a¨Kvi
†h hš¿¸‡jv ivmvqwbK wewµqv (wecvKwµqv) NUvq Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ ÔGbRvBgÕ (evsjvq hv‡K e‡j ÔDr‡mPKÕ) i‡q‡Q|
GbRvBg¸‡jv g~jZ GK ai‡bi †cÖvwUb| Giv cÖvq wbLyuZfv‡e
ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ges mwZ¨ ej‡Z gbyl¨-m„ó
†h †Kvb h‡š¿i †P‡qI `ª“Z MwZ‡Z wewµqv NwU‡q †dj‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi †cÖvwUb n‡”Q wekwU wewfbœ iK‡gi Dcv`v‡bi
j¤^v Zš‘ w`‡q ˆZwi hv‡`i‡K ÔA¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmWÕ ejv nq|
GKwU Rxe‡Kv‡l A‡bK ai‡bi Dcv`vb Av‡Q †hgb
i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi nvRv‡iv GbRvBg| G¸‡jv AZ¨š—
Ô`¶ZvÕ I Ôˆbcy‡Y¨iÕ mv‡_ AmsL¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqv
cwiPvjbv K‡i| GB GbRvBg¸‡jvi A‡b‡K Avevi
ivmvqwbK wewµqvi avc¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wba©viY K‡i †`q|
†Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY GB ivmvqwbK Kvh©µg‡K wP‡Îi mv‡_
Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB‡j Zv AZ¨š— RwUj Ges e„nr Rv‡ji g‡ZvB
†`Lvq| †hgb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvwe©K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
GKwU mvgwMÖK wP·K †hfv‡e †`Lv hv‡e| Av‡gwiKv‡Z i‡q‡Q
Avš—tcÖ‡`kxq Ges cÖv‡`wkK moK-gnvmoK, me ai‡bi
Avbylvw½K moK, weKí moK, WªvBfI‡q I ms‡hvM moK|
G‡`i mv‡_ AviI †hvM n‡e †Z‡ji Lwb, †Zj †kvabvMvi I
M¨vm-†÷kb, †gvUiMvwo, UªvK, †gvUimvB‡Kj I Ab¨vb¨
hvbevnb Ges KviLvbv¸‡jv †hLv‡b G¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
AviI i‡q‡Q b`x, Rjc_, mgy`ªe›`i Ges me ai‡bi †bŠKv
I wegvbe›`i, AvKvkc_, E‡ovRvnvR Ges G‡`i wbg©vYKvix
115
KviLvbv| Av‡gwiKvi AZ¨š— RwUj GB †hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’v
wbtm‡›`‡n †Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb I
cÖwµqv¸‡jvi we¯—xY© RvwjKv †_‡K †ewk RwUj bq|
GLb gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi
†hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’vi m~ÎcvZ
wKfv‡e NU‡jv, GB
cÖkœwUi DËi wPš—v Ki“b|
m¤¢eZ Avgiv cÖ_‡g wPš—v
Ki‡ev MÖv‡gi mvaviY
†g‡Vvc‡_i K_v, †h¸‡jv
cieZ©x‡Z cï I gvjevnx
Mvwo PjvP‡j Dc‡hvMx
KuvPvcvKv iv —vq cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki hy‡M GUv nq‡Zv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv KwVb
n‡e me©cÖ_g †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq ˆZwi n‡qwQj, †Kvb †Kvb
MÖvg ev kni¸‡jv‡K G¸‡jv mshy³ K‡iwQj Ges G‡`i
Ab¨vb¨ ˆewk󨸇jv wK wQj? Avgiv GUv Rvwb DËi
Av‡gwiKvi cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡qwQj K‡qK
nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| Aciw`‡K c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ
N‡UwQj nvRvi wgwjqb eQi c~‡e©| myZivs wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi
m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj Zv wba©viY Kiv Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk KwVb
KvR|
Rxe‡bi D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡jv Zv eyS‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i‡K
cÖ_‡g mij cÖv‡Yi MVbKvix Avw`g Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K kbv³
Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡M †hgbUv ejv n‡q‡Q G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i ÔwWg
Av‡M bv gyiwM Av‡MÕ bvgK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wWGbG-AviGbGÕi g‡Zv Z_¨enbKvix
AYy, †h¸‡jv †Kvb GbRvBg‡K ms��l Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e †m ÔZ_¨Õ gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K f~wgó‡Kv‡l
enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ GB wWGbG ev AviGbG
AYy ‡jv‡K ms��l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| hvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
wecvKwµqv Ges Rxeš— ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv|
Kw¤cDUv‡ii Dcgvq Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK| ev¯—‡e
GKwU Kw¤cDUvi ˆZwii wb‡`©kbv mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨
msiw¶Z _v‡K, wKš‘ GB mdUIq¨vi (a‡i wbjvg ÔeskMwZi
Dcv`vbÕ) Avevi Kw¤cDUvi (a‡i wbjvg ÔwecvKwµqv
cwiPvjbKvix hš¿Õ) Qvov cwiPvwjZ nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB
GKevi Kw¤cDUvi Aw —Z¡kxj n‡q †M‡j Avi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v
_v‡K bv| mgm¨vUv n‡jv cÖ_g Kw¤cDUviwU‡K wKfv‡e cvIqv
hv‡e|
1953 mv‡j wkKv‡Mv BDwbfvwm©wUi imvqb wefv‡Mi
mœvZKel©xq QvÎ ÷¨vbwj wgjvi GKwU evqywb‡ivaK Kvu‡Pi
cÖv‡Yi Drm wb‡q ÷¨vbwj wgjv‡ii
116
cv‡Î c„w_exi Rb¥j‡Mœi cieZ©x mgqKvi Abyiƒc GKwU
K…wÎg cwiw ’wZi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb G‡Z wKQz A‰Re
†hŠM †hgb, A¨v‡gvwbqv, wg‡_b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm I
Rjxqev®ú †hvM K‡ib Ges we y¨r ¶i‡Yi gva¨‡g
eRªwe y¨‡Zi m„wó K‡ib| GK mßvn ci cÖvK…wZKfv‡e
GKgvÎ Rxe‡`‡n cÖvß A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Ges BDwiqvi g‡Zv
Dcv`vb GB cix¶vm¤cbœKvix 5 wjUv‡ii KuvPcv‡Î cvIqv
†Mj| G †_‡K wgjvi `vwe Ki‡jb GbRvB‡gi cÖfve QvovB
ˆRe-†hŠM ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| Avw`g c„w_exi mv‡_ Av‡iv
mv`„k¨c~Y© cwiw ’wZ ˆZwi K‡i Pvjv‡bv cieZ©x cix¶v¸‡jv
wbwðZ K‡i‡Q †h, mvaviY ˆRe-†hŠMmg~n ¯Ztù‚Z©fv‡e ˆZwi
n‡Z cv‡i| AmsL¨ cix¶vi ci GB m¤¢vebvwU eZ©gv‡b ¯^xK…Z
n‡q‡Q| Gi wcQ‡b AviI KviY n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z AvNvZKvix
DévwcÊ, a~g‡KZz Ges gnvRvMwZK a~wj‡g‡NI GB mvaviY
ˆRe-†hŠM¸‡jvi Aw —Z¡ cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|
†h cÖkœwU i‡q †Mj Zv nj, GB MVbKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv
wKfv‡e GKwÎZ n‡q GbRvBg, wWGbG, mRxe‡Kv‡li g‡Zv
Av‡iv RwUjZi AYy‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv| GKwU myweavRbK
wPÎKí n‡jv †h, c„w_ex h‡_ó VvÊv n‡q gnvmvMi m„wó nevi
Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V| wgjvi Ges Ab¨vb¨‡`i cix¶vq ˆRe-
AYyi GK ai‡bi my¨c (Avw`g my¨c) ˆZwi nq| G‡K hw`
h‡_ó mgq cÖ`vb Kiv nq (wgwjqb eQi mgq nv‡Z wQj),
Zvn‡j AYy‡`i wKQz wbw`©ó ms‡hvM m„wó n‡e| G‡`i
A‡bK¸‡jv Avevi Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq †ewkw`b wU‡K _vK‡Z
mdj n‡e| Gi d‡j ¯^xq cÖwZwjwcKi‡Y m¶g wKQz MV‡bi
m„wó n‡e hv‡`i †_‡K Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj e‡j AvR
Avgiv Rvwb|
wWg Ges gyiwMi mgm¨vwU GLbI i‡q †Mj| Rxe‡bi
avivevwnKZv A_©vr eskMwZi Dcv`vbmg~n †h¸‡jv
GbRvB‡gi ms��lY wb‡ ©kbvi gva¨‡g cÖvY avi‡Yi
cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i, GbRvBg m„wói c~‡e© G‡`i‡K
Avgiv wKfv‡e †cjvg| 1980 mv‡j GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ
NU‡jv hLb _gvm Avi. †PK Ges wmWwb Avëg¨vb
c„_Kfv‡e Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †h, wKQz AviGbG-AYyi
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv AbyNU‡bi m¶gZv i‡q‡Q hviv Avevi
wb‡R‡`i ms��lY NUv‡ZI m¶g| G Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ Zviv
1989 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| GB Avwe®‹viwU ÔwWg
I gyiwMÕi mgm¨vi mgvav‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡LwQj| GLvb
†_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q, AviGbG AYy¸‡jv ivB‡ev‡mv‡g cwiewZ©Z
n‡q eskMwZ Ges wecvKwµqv DfqB m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i
†h¸‡jv wKbv g~jZ `ywU wfbœ AYy wWGbG I †cÖvwUb Øviv
eZ©gvbKv‡ji Rxe¸wj‡Z m¤cbœ n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK weÁvbxB
GLb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, cÖvY GKwU AviGbG-cÖfvevaxb
mg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q hv‡K ÔAviGbG-wek¦Õ ejv
117
n‡q _v‡K| GwU eZ©gvb wWGbG RM‡Zi c~e©mywi, †hLv‡b
ˆRweK eskMwZ wWGbG AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨B me©`v msiw¶Z
_v‡K|
Avw`g c„w_ex‡Z ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi f‚wgKv cvjbKvix
AviGbG AYy¸‡jv wKfv‡e ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e MwVZ n‡q
AviGbG RM‡Zi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q †Rvi
M‡elYv Pj‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ AviGbG-AYy¸‡jvi g‡ZvB
ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi A, C, G, U Øviv wb‡`©wkZ Pvi ai‡bi
wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q hv‡`i K_v c~‡e©B E��L Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi Lye mxwgZ msL¨K wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q, `yB
WR‡bi g‡Zv| wKš‘ wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jvi wb‡R‡`i MVb Avevi
mij bq| Giv wZbwU AvYyex¶wYK Dcv`vb Øviv ˆZwi| GKwU
ivB‡evm myMvi, dm‡dU Ges Ab¨wU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em| GB
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †emB GKgvÎ Dcv`vb †hwU wbDwK¬IUvBW †f‡`
wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv A,
C, G, U wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jv‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i _v‡K| weÁvbxiv
mv¤cÖwZKmg‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, ivB‡evm myMvi wKfv‡e
¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e C Ges U bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †e‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hwU me‡P‡q ÔKwVb avcÕ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
AviGbG AYy¸‡jv †h¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi K‡i
eskwe —vi Ki‡Z cv‡i, bZzb AviGb AYy¸‡jvi ms��l‡Yi
†¶‡Î Giv wKQz †¶‡Î ÔfzjÕ K‡i _v‡K, hv‡K Avgiv
wgD‡Ukb e‡j _vwK| G‡¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb N‡U hv AviI
e¨vcK AvYweK RwUjZv ˆZwii gva¨‡g †Kv‡li Rb¥ †`q,
cÖ_‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖvß mij †Kvl Ges cieZ©x‡Z cÖvYx,
Dw™¢` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rx‡ei A‡c¶vK…Z DbœZ
†Kvl| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb n‡jv eskMwZi weKí cÖKiY¸‡jvi
(variant) c„_K eske„w×| Avw`g †Kvl¸‡jv hLb eske„w×i
m¶gZv AR©b Ki‡jv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz †Kvl Ab¨‡`i
Zzjbvq AviI wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbb Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| A‡c¶vK…Z
Kg wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl‡`i wejywßi wecix‡Z GB
wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl¸‡jvi ˆewk‡ó¨i e„w× cv‡e| Gi
†cQ‡bi hyw³ nj †h, †mme †Kvl †ewk wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbb
Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv‡`i mwVK eskMwZ i‡q‡Q Ges hviv Av‡iv
`¶fv‡e wecvKwµqv NUvq|
myZivs Avgiv wK Rvwb, wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ
n‡qwQj? bv, Avgiv Rvwb bv| Avgiv hv Rvwb Zv n‡jv cÖv‡Yi
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Avw`g c„w_exi m¤¢ve¨ cwi‡e‡k ¯^Ztù‚Z©
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq ˆRe-c`v‡_©i D™¢e NU‡Z cv‡i hv‡`i
A‡bK¸‡jv Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK MVbKvix Dcv`vb| G‡`i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q wbDwK¬wqK GwmW hviv eskMwZ aviY K‡i Ges
wecvKwµqvi Rb¨ `vqx GbRvBgmg~n| D`vniY¯iƒc
†cÖvwUb¸‡jv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq AbyNU‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i mKj Rxeš— cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K mPj iv‡L| cÖv‡Yi D™¢e
118
†cQ‡b †Kvb ÔA‡jŠwKK mËvÕ cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj, GwU fvevi
†Kvb KviY †bB|
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi D`vni‡Y Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK|
Avgiv GLb Rvwb, cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv wKfv‡e ˆZwi
n‡qwQj Ges DbœZ iv —v¸‡jv G‡`i †_‡K wKfv‡e weKwkZ
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb bv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq
ˆZwi n‡qwQj wKsev Zviv wVK wKfv‡e ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Avgiv
Av‡iv Rvwb c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi D™¢e GKeviB N‡UwQj, A_ev
hw` G‡Ki AwaKevi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e GKwU ev‡` evwK
me¸‡jvB wejyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
Avgiv Rvwb mKj RxweZ cÖvYxB GKB mvaviY Drm
†_‡K weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| KviY c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b emevmKvix
cÖwZwU Rxe KZ¸‡jv Awfbœ mvaviY †gŠwjK cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡Z
Rxeb aviY K‡i, †h¸‡jv ïaygvÎ GKwU Drm †_‡KB D™¢e
n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvYyex¶wYK Rxe †_‡K
ïi“ K‡i cÖvYx, Dw™¢` Ges QÎvK Z_v mKj Rxe KZ¸‡jv
Awfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| GB ˆewk󨸇jvi ZvwjKv wekvj
Ges wfbœ AvK…wZMVb jv‡fi ciI mKj Rx‡eB G‡`i g‡a¨
HK¨ we`¨gvb|
Avgiv GB ZvwjKvwU ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi mKj Rx‡eB
we`¨gvb eskMwZi Dcv`vb wWGbG w`‡q| Ab¨vb¨
wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK m¤¢ve¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Giv me©`vB
Awfbœ PviwU wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv MwVZ nq| cÖwZwUi Rxe‡`‡ni
nvRv‡iv msL¨K ˆewPΨc~Y© †cÖvwUb¸‡jv wekwU A¨vgvB‡bv
Gwm‡Wi ˆ`‡N¨©i cÖKiY Abymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q ms‡kwlZ n‡q‡Q| mKj †cÖvwUb Ges mKj Rx‡e
GB A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW¸‡jv Awfbœ| hw`I cÖK…wZ‡Z Av‡iv
kZvwaK A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi Aw —Z¡ i‡q‡Q| †h RwUj hš¿vw`i
gva¨‡g eskMwZi Z_¨¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †Kv‡li g~j
†`‡n †cuŠQvq, Zv mKj Rx‡ei †¶‡Î GKB| wWGbG‡Z
Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi µg¸‡jv c~i‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjbKvix
AviGbGi cÖwZwjwc µ‡g cwiYZ nq (messenger RNA), hv
A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi wbw`©ó wKQz µ‡g ÔAbyevw`ZÕ nq, †h-
¸‡jv Rxe‡bi cÖwµqvq cwiPvjbKvix †cÖvwUb Ges
GbRvBg¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Abyev‡` wbw ©ó msL¨K
AviGbG-AYy (transfer RNA) Ges AviGb †cÖvwUb †hŠMmg~n
(ribosome) e¨eüZ nq, †h¸‡jv wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|
†R‡bwUK †h kãfvÊvi wWGbG µg †_‡K A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
µg‡K Abyev` K‡i †`q, †mwUI wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|
Rxe‡bi wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ ˆewk󨸇jv‡K AviI
m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡bi HK¨ †_‡K mKj Rx‡ei
eskMwZi µgvšwqKZv I GKB mvaviY Drm †_‡K D™¢‡ei
cÖgvY †g‡j|
119
†mŠiRM‡Z m¤¢eZ c„w_exB GKgvÎ MÖn †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b
cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ weivRgvb| Avgv‡`i Qvqvc‡_ cÖvq 100 wewjqb
b¶Î i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i A‡bK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ †mŠiRMZ i‡q‡Q|
GQvov mgMÖ gnvwe‡k¦ cÖvq 100 wewjqb M¨vjvw· i‡q‡Q| d‡j
Lye m¤¢eZ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q| hw`
ZvcgvÎv, ivmvqwbK wgkªY Ges Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx
Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨ †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e mgMÖ gnvwek¦ Ry‡o wKQz MÖ‡n
cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡ i‡q‡Q, nq‡Zv Zviv msL¨vq AmsL¨| M¨vjvw·,
b¶Î Ges MÖ‡ni Acwi‡gq msL¨v †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Zv m¤¢e
e‡jB g‡b nq| c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e N‡U KviY Avgv‡`i MÖ‡n
cÖv‡Yi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| Abyiƒc cwi‡e‡k Ges A‡bK
hyM c‡i, Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡nI m¤¢eZ cÖv‡Yi D™¢e NU‡e|
Ab¨ †Kv_vI hw` cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡ †_‡K _v‡K, Z‡e Zv Dc‡i
ewY©Z ˆewk󨸇jvi AwaKvix n‡e bv, hv †_‡K †evSv hvq
c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e ¯^Zš¿ I AwØZxq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvI wfbœ| Kve©b QvovI wmwjKb †gŠjwUI
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb¸‡jv M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| GgbI
NU‡Z cv‡i †h, K‡qK `kK wKsev K‡qK kZvãx c‡i
Avgv‡`i fwel¨r cÖRb¥ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw —Z¡
Avwe®‹vi Ki‡e| wbwðZfv‡e Zviv ZLb c„w_ex‡Z ¯^Kxq
ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix cÖv‡Yi D™¢e wKfv‡e NUj †m m¤c‡K©
Avgv‡`i †_‡K Av‡iv †ewk Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
d«vwÝm‡Kv †R. Avqvjv : Av‡gwiKvi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
cÖwZ‡ek I weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK|
wcGBP.wW K‡i‡Qb cÖwm× RxeweÁvbx
w_I‡Wvwmqvm WeSvbw¯‹i Aax‡b| weÁvbx gn‡j
Aa¨vcK Avqvjv ÔWviDbxq weeZ©‡bi †i‡bmuvm
gvbylÕ e‡j cwiwPZ| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi
cvV¨m~wPi Rb¨ †jLv‡jwL Qvov mvaviY gvby‡li
Kv‡Q weeZ©b‡K mnR‡eva¨ fvlvq †evSv‡bvi Rb¨
cÖPzi msL¨K eB wj‡L‡Qb wbijmfv‡e| Av‡jvP¨
cÖeÜwU A¨vcK AvqvjvÕi eB ÔAm I a Monkey?: Six
Big Questions about EvolutionÕ-Gi (2010) cÂg
Aa¨v‡qi Abyev`| [cÖeÜwU Abyev‡` Aa¨vcK
Avqvjv I cÖKvkK `¨v †RvÝ ncwKÝ BDwbfvwm©wU
†cÖm KZ©„c¶ AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kivq we‡kl K…ZÁZv
cÖKvk KiwQ|]
wm×v_© Kzgvi ai : wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
m`m¨, weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDwÝj|
120
cÖeÜ
nvi“b Bqvwnqv : PKPK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bv!
Abš— weRq `vk
1.
WviDBb hLb (1859 mv‡j) RxeweeZ©‡bi ÔcÖvK…wZK
wbe©vPbÕ ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb, ZLb nq‡Zv wZwb wb‡RI
Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb Kv‡ji cwiµgvq Zvi GB ZË¡wU
G‡ZvUv weK…wZ Avi wb›`vi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i| hw`I
i¶Ykxj‡`i Avµg‡Yi gy‡L ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eB‡qi
wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Yi f~wgKvq AvZ¥c¶ mg_©b K‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb :
ÒG eB‡q ewY©Z „wófw½ †Kb GKRb e¨w³i
ag©vbyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ Ki‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv Dchy³
KviY Avwg Luy‡R cvB bv| wKš‘ GUvI Rvwb
gvbemf¨Zvi me‡P‡q D��L‡hvM¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg (wbDU‡bi) ÔAwfKl© m~‡ÎÕi
we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb divwm `vk©wbK
jvBewbR| Zuvi fv‡l¨ GwU bvwK ÔHkxev`x
a‡g©i wei“‡× bvkKZvÕ| ...Ó
AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB cÖKv‡ki †`ok eQi AwZµvš—
n‡q‡Q| WviDB‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡wU B‡Zvg‡a¨ eûfv‡e
cÖgvwYZ| weMZ kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K RxeweÁvb †evSvi
†¶‡Î ÔweeZ©bÕ GKwU Avewk¨K welq n‡q D‡V‡Q| Z_vwc
wewfbœ †`‡k ÔweeZ©bxq RxeweÁvbÕ‡K weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi
gZ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V wb mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨|
Gi GKUv Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q ag©xq wek¦vm‡ev‡ai cÖwZ
K~cgyÊyK `„wófw½ Avi RxeweeZ©b wb‡q `ywbqv Ry‡o
weÁvbwe‡ivax‡`i wg_¨v cÖPviYv| weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †hgb
ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvb, wbDwK¬qvi wdwR·, †Kvqv›Uvg
†gKvwb·, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, ˆRecÖhyw³, cÖwZi¶vLv‡Zi
weÁvb I Gi ev —eZv BZ¨vw` welq MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î †Zgb
GKUv AvcwË †`Lv hvq bv, wKš‘ weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi
Avwe®‹vi I Gi ev —eZv †g‡b wb‡Z A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ AvcwË
dz‡U D‡V|
WviDBbxq RxeweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© hviv AeMZ Av‡Qb Zviv
Rv‡bb weÁv‡bi Avi †Kv‡bv kvLv ev wel‡qi cÖwZ ag©ev`x‡`i
WviDB‡bi Rb¥wØkZ evwl©Kx Ges AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi
†`ok eQi c~wZ© Dcj‡¶ Aemi cÖKvkb †_‡K Abš— weRq `vk
m¤úvw`Z WviDBb : GKzk kZ‡K cÖvmw½KZv Ges fvebv (2011)
eBwU ªóe¨|
121
G‡ZvUv we‡Øl-N„Yv-Kzrmv iUbv j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv| hw`I mZ¨
n‡”Q weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| Ø›ØI †bB
mivmwi| GwU wbDUbxq wdwR· wKsev †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb‡·i
g‡Zv weÁv‡bi GKwU welq| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i Rxeb-RM‡Zi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GB weÁvb‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q
†evaMg¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii gZ †`qvj Zz‡j `uvwo‡q
Av‡Q weÁvbwe‡ivax KwZcq †Mvôx| WviDB‡bi mgqKvj
†_‡K GB cÖeYZv wKQy i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡jI
weMZ K‡qK `kK a‡i wn› y-gymwjg Dfq Rb‡Mvôxi
i¶Ykxj ag©ev`x‡`i g‡a¨I Zv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
2.
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x mgq n‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †hgb
DˇivËi Dbœqb Avi cÖmvi NU‡Q wVK GKB mg‡q Avgiv
j¶¨ Kwi weÁvb-we‡ivax cÖPviYv Avi QÙweÁv‡bi KvimvwR
wewfbœ iƒ‡c nvwRi Kiv n‡”Q| G †hb cÖ`x‡ci wb‡P AÜKvi!
wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸wji g‡a¨ Av‡gwiKv‡Z weeZ©‡bi wei“‡× †Rvi
†cÖvcvMvÛv Pvjvq wLª÷vb †gŠjev`xiv| BD‡iv‡c Giv G‡ZvUv
kw³kvjx bq| MZ kZvãxi 80-Gi `kK †_‡K gymwjg
we‡k¦I GB ai‡bi ZrciZv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi DrcwË ev
weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb PP©v †Zgb GKUv wQj bv gymwjg-
cÖavb †`k¸wj‡Z| Gme †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e ’vq ev RxeweÁvb
msµvš— eyw×e„wËK M‡elYvq welq wn‡m‡e ÔWviDBbxq
weeZ©bÕ Dn¨B wQj ejv hvq| Ges kZ eQi a‡i cvV¨µ‡g
m„wóev`x aviYvi cÖvavb¨ wQj †ewk|
WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi cuvPwU Aa¨vq
cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Aviwe‡Z Abyev` K‡ib wgk‡ii (Kvq‡iv)
BmgvBj gvRnvi (mn‡hvwMZvq BqvKze †mi“Dd) 1918
mv‡j| c‡ii PviwU Aa¨vq Abyev` K‡i wØZxq ms¯‹iY
cÖKvwkZ nq 1928 mv‡j; Ges 1964 mv‡j c~Y©v½ Abyev‡`
Aviwe‡Z ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq Kvq‡iv
†_‡K|
Avgiv hw` GKUy †cQ‡bi w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j †`wL eû
c~‡e© wZD‡bkxq es‡kv™¢~Z gbxlx Be‡b Lv‡j`yb (1332-
1406) RxeRMr D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b weeZ©bxq aviYvi K_v wKQyUv
fvmv fvmv n‡jI Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb m„wóKZ©vi Ae`v‡bi
K_v ¯^xKvi K‡iI e‡j‡Qb Rxe‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q LwbR
Dcv`vb †_‡K| Gici weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Dw™¢`ivwR Ges †mLv‡b
†_‡K cÖvYxKzj|
Lv‡j`y‡bi fvlvq :
Ò It should be known that we— May God guide you and us—
notice that this world with all the created things in it has a certain order and a solid construction. It shows nexuses between causes and things caused, combinations of some parts of creation with others, and transformations of some existent things into others, in a pattern that is both remarkable and endless. ...Each one of the elements is prepared. It started out from minerals and progressed,
122
in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants...The last stage of plants is connected with the first stage of animals. ... The word "connection" with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the
first stage of the next group...Ó [`ªóe¨ : Ibn Khaldun AR. The
Muqaddimah. An introduction to history, vol 1. Rosenthal F,
translator. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967, pp 194-5]
ga¨hy‡Mi ¸wUK‡qK `vk©wb‡Ki g‡a¨ Be‡b Lv‡j`yb
GKRb, whwb gvby‡li DrcwË ÔGcÕ (bievbi) †_‡K n‡q‡Q
e‡j gZcÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb : The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man after the world of monkeys. This is as far as our physical observation
extends. [m~Î : c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 195]|
WviDBb hy‡M Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Avj-AvdMvwb (1839-
1897) cÖ_‡g weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z
ÔKhatirat Jamal ad-Din al-AfghaniÕ eB‡q cÖv‡Yi DrcwË, RxeRM‡Z
weeZ©‡bi ¸i“Z¡ †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb| gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZI AvnŸvb
Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb ZvivI †hb GB ZË¡wU ey‡S †bq| Z‡e gvby‡li
weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g‡a¨ AvcwË wQj| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb
gvby‡li AvZ¥v Av‡Q Ab¨ cïcvwL‡`i †mUv †bB| ZvB
cïcvwLiv weewZ©Z n‡jI gvbyl weeZ©‡bi dmj bq|
hv‡nvK, Avj-AvdMvwbi g‡Zv mK‡ji †mŠfvM¨ wQj bv|
1873 mv‡ji w`‡K ZzwK© mvsevw`K I †jLK Avn‡g` wgZnvZ
B‡dbw` Zuvi †jLvq WviDB‡bi weeZ©b wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z ¶zä n‡q gymwjg ag©xq †bZviv B‡dbw`i
wei“‡× d‡Zvqv †`b| Ôbvw¯—KÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|
wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m ivóª e¨e ’vi Dci †_‡K ag©xq
†bZv‡`i cÖfve I wm×vš— cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv A‡bKvs‡k K‡g
†M‡Q| Zvi e`‡j RvqMv wb‡q‡Q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I cwðgv
ivóªbxwZi aviYv| Z_vwc A‡bK Bmjvwg †bZv wek¦vm
K‡i‡Qb RxeRM‡Z ÔweeZ©bÕ cÖwµqvi Avm‡j †Kv‡bv Aw —Z¡
†bB| GKgvÎ Hkx wb‡ ©k e¨ZxZ Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv weKvk N‡U
bv| †Kvivb kwi‡d Ôwe‡kl m„wóev‡`Õi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
mywbw ©ó K‡i gvby‡li m„wó wb‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi
DrcwËi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K Zviv cy‡ivcywi fyj g‡b K‡ib|
A‡bK gymwjg wPš—vkxj e¨w³i Kv‡QÑÔWviDBbxq weeZ©b
GKUv fyj w_Iwi| GUv ag© I ˆbwZKZv aŸs‡mi cwðgv
lohš¿|Õ
3.
†Lv` Av‡gwiKv‡Z i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡biv WviDBbxq weeZ©b‡K
Ôag©we‡ivaxÕ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avðh©RbK
n‡jI mZ¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Rwic †_‡K †`Lv
†M‡Q A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q †ewk Av‡gwiKvb
123
wek¦vm K‡ib Ôgvbyl weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢~Z nq wb| gvÎ `k
nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl Zvi eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡ZB m„wó n‡q‡Q|Õ
RxeweÁvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡gwiKvi MY‡PZbvq wekvj NvUwZi
my‡hv‡M i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡biv evB‡ejxq m„wóev`x aviYv‡K
weÁv‡bi Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvb, Ges WviDBbxq weeZ©b‡K
Z_vKw_Z ÔˆbwZKZv-weaŸsmxÕ e‡j cÖPviYv Pvjvb|
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j G iKg Ae¯’v gymwjg †`k¸wj‡ZI j¶¨
Kiv hv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i Zzi‡¯‹| we‡k¦i nv‡Z ¸bv K‡qKwU
†mKz jvi I MYZvwš¿K gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzi¯‹ n‡”Q
Ab¨Zg| gymwjg †`k¸wji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvaywbK, wk‡ívbœZ
I BD‡ivc‡Nulv e‡j hvi cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i 99 fvM
hw`I gymjgvb wKš‘ we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi gZ
ÔA‡_©vW·Õ Bmjv‡gi PP©v Zzi‡¯‹ †`Lv hvq bv| ga¨cÖv‡P¨i
A‡bK †`‡k †hgb kwiqv AvBb ejer i‡q‡Q wKsev ivóª I
ag©‡K GK K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªag© †NvlYv
K‡i| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ eis mvsweavwbKfv‡e wbwl× i‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv
ai‡bi ag©xq AvBb miKvi I mgv‡Ri Dci Pvwc‡q †`qv
hv‡e bv| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †mKz¨jvi †`k¸‡jvi gZ Zzi‡¯‹I
ivóª I ag©‡K c„_K ivLv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i msweav‡bi AvwU©‡Kj-
2 aviv Abymv‡i [ms‡kvwaZ 1982]|
cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡q ZzwK©i ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq
mvgªv‡R¨i cZb N‡U| †gv —dv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡
cÖRvZš¿x miKvi MwVZ nq 1923 mv‡j| bZzb cÖRvZš¿x
miKvi cyiv‡bv ag©Zvwš¿K e¨e ’v‡K nwU‡q w`‡q ms¯‹vi KvR
ïi“ K‡i| ivóªe¨e ’v cwiPvjbv †_‡K ag©xq-cÖfve `~i Ki‡Z
bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| †hgb bvixi mgvb AwaKvi i¶vq
AvBb Kiv nq| wk¶ve¨e¯’vq ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ c~‡e©i
eva¨Zvg~jK ag©xqwk¶v‡K evwZj Kiv nq| cvV¨cy —K †_‡K
Bmjvwg m„wóev‡`i eY©bv ev` †`qv nq| RxeweÁv‡b ÔweeZ©bÕ
Aa¨vq mshy³ Kiv nq| AvZvZzK© wb‡R gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji
RbwcÖq cvV¨eB BwZnvm Ges mf¨Zvi ÁvbÕi (Tarih ve Medeni
Bilgiler) Rb¨ K‡qKwU Aa¨vq wj‡L w`‡qwQ‡jb| 1928-1948
mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i Ávb-weÁv‡bi mgmvgwqK hZ cÖwm× eB
i‡q‡Q †hgb †Kvqv›Uvg w_Iwi, Av‡cw¶KZv ZË¡, weeZ©b,
wek¦mvwnZ¨, AvaywbK I wPivqZ wk‡íi eB¸‡jv‡K ZzwK©
fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq| DbœZ cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zzi‡¯‹i
eyw×Rxex, AvBbRxex, weÁvbx, ivRbxwZwe`‡`i BD‡iv‡c
(we‡kl K‡i d«vÝ I Rvg©vwb‡Z) †cÖiY Kiv nq| cÖwk¶Y †k‡l
Zviv †diZ G‡j †`‡ki ˆe�weK cybM©V‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvM
†`qv nq| cÖv_©bvi mgq †Kvivb cv‡Vi Rb¨ Aviwe fvlv
e¨env‡ii cÖPjb DwV‡q wbR¯ fvlvq (ZzwK© fvlvq) covi
wbqg Pvjy Kiv nq hv‡Z mvaviY RbMY eyS‡Z cv‡i Zviv wK
cvV Ki‡Q| KÆicš’x wKQy ag©xq wk¶vcÖwZôvb‡K G mgq
wbwl× Kiv nq| c~‡e©i ag©wfwËK AvBb¸‡jvi cwieZ©b K‡i
124
BD‡ivcxq †mKz¨jvi I MYZvwš¿K Av`©‡ki wfwˇZ bZzb
AvBb cÖPjb Kiv nq| gvÎ 10 eQ‡ii gv_vq †`kwUi Awfbe
cwieZ©b N‡U| wek¦Ry‡o bZzb cwiwPwZ, bZzb Av`k©| 1938
mv‡j Kvgvj AvZvZzK© hLb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib B‡Zvg‡a¨
Zzi‡¯‹i miKvwi, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK wekvj cwieZ©‡b
A‡bK `~i GwM‡q hvq| ej‡Z †M‡j 1950 mvj ch©š— G hvÎv
Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cieZ©x mg‡q Wvbcš’x i¶Ykxj ivR‰bwZK
`j I ag©xq †bZviv †RvU ev‡ab| ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq
mvgªv‡R¨i Kw_Z Ô¯^Y©hy‡MÕ wd‡i hvevi Avkvq Zviv kw³ mÂq
ïi“ K‡ib| 1980-Gi w`‡K ¶gZvq Av‡mb i¶Ykxj
mvgwiK Rvš—v †Kbvb Bf‡ib| ivóªcwZ c` AwaMÖnY K‡ib
wZwb| Zzi‡¯‹i ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †gŠjev`x Ges
Bmjvgcš’x‡`i Rb¨ GB mgqUv GKUv gvBj djK wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq| 1983 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavbgš¿x nb nvwjj
Zzi¸Z IRvj| IRvj wb‡R KÆicš’x Bmjvwg msMV‡bi
mwµq Kg©x wQ‡jb GKmgq| (1989 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Bf‡ib
c`Z¨vM Ki‡j bZzb ivóªcwZ nb IRvj| 1993 mvj ch©š—
GB c‡` wQ‡jb wZwb|) G mgqKv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i ag©wfwËK
`j¸‡jvi †cvqvev‡iv Ae¯’v ˆZwi nq| `xN©w`b c‡i
ivóª¶gZvi ØvicÖv‡š— †cuŠ‡Q hvq Zviv| †mKy¨jvi ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jvi mv‡_ msNl© ev‡a †gŠjev`x `j¸‡jvi| G mgq
wfbœgZvej¤^x nvRvi-nvRvi mvsevw`K, weÁvbx, †ckvRxex,
mvaviY RbZv wbcxwoZ nq †gŠjev`x Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi
nv‡Z|
weMK K‡qK `kK a‡i Zzi‡¯‹ weÁv‡bi RM‡Z ag©xq n —
‡¶‡ci NUbvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k †hgb
†jevbb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, cvwK¯—vb, wgk‡ii ag©evwZKMÖ —
†jvK‡`iI Av‡jvwoZ Ki‡Q| DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q GKB ai‡bi
Kvq`vKvbyb Abymi‡Yi| cwð‡gi †hme †`‡k AwaKmsL¨K
Awfevmx gymjgvb evm K‡ib (†hgb hy³ivR¨), ZvivI
A‡b‡K GLb RxeweÁv‡bi K¬v‡m ÔZzwK© auv‡PiÕ Bmjvwg
m„wóev` cov‡bvi `vwe Zzj‡Qb|
D��L¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jv‡Z Qwo‡q cov Bmjvwg m„wóev`
Avm‡j Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i evB‡ejxq m„wóev‡`iB Ôgymwjg
fvm©bÕ| †Kvivb wb‡R Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i ag©MÖ‡š’i Hkxevw`Zv
¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| hw`I evB‡e‡ji †R‡bwm‡mi g‡Zv
Av`g-nvIqvi we —„Z eY©bv †Kviv‡b †bB| evB‡e‡ji gZ
†Kviv‡b 6 w`‡b AvKvk, c„w_ex, cÖvY m„wói K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| (
`ªóe¨ : myiv AvÕivd (7), AvqvZ 55, myiv BDbym (10),
AvqvZ 3)| †Kiv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx Av�াn cÖ_‡g gvwU ˆZwi
K‡ib, Zvici cvnvo-ce©Z, Av‡jv, cïcvwL Ges †k‡l
Av`g| ( ªóe¨ : myiv wnRi (15), AvqvZ 26-29, myiv Rygvi
125
(39), AvqvZ 6, myiv Zvnv (20), AvqvZ 116-119, myiv
evKviv (2), AvqvZ 31-36, myiv Avivd (7), AvqvZ 19)|
†Kviv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx Av`g‡K gvwU w`‡q Av�াn ˆZwi
K‡i‡Qb| GKUv m~² cv_©K¨ Aek¨ i‡q‡Q| Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `j Ôbexb c„w_exÕi (evB‡ej Abymv‡i c„w_exi
eqm gvÎ Qq nvRvi eQi) aviYvq wek¦vm K‡i| gymwjg
m„wóev`x‡`i g‡a¨ GB wek¦vm wKQzUv Kg †`Lv hvq| Zviv
ÔcÖvPxb c„w_exÕi m„wóev‡` wek¦vmx| †Kvivb kwi‡d c„w_exi
eqm m¤úwK©Z cwic~Y© †Kv‡bv aviYv †Zgb cvIqv hvq bv|
gymwjg m„wóev`x‡`i †KD †KD e‡jb Ôf~ZvwË¡Kiv c„w_exi
eqm mv‡o Pvi‡kv †KvwU eQi †ei K‡i‡Qb| †Kvivb kwi‡d
hw`I Qq w`‡b wek¦ m„wói K_v ejv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ H w`b¸wji
ˆ`N©¨ m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nqwb|Õ
4.
wek¦e¨vcx cwiwPZ Av‡gwiKvwfwËK RwicKvix ms¯’v n‡”Q
wcD wimvP© †m›Uvi| cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z Zviv Av‡gwiKv,
BD‡ivc, ga¨cÖvP¨, `w¶Y Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k
RbgZ hvPvB K‡i _v‡K| wKQyw`b Av‡M (30 GwcÖj, 2013)
wcD wimvP© †m›Uvi Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv Ges BD‡iv‡ci 39wU
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MYRwi‡ci c~Y©v½ djvdj cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| MYRwi‡ci wel‡qi
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gymwjg RbZvi gZvgZ| Rwi‡ci Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q
2008 †_‡K 2012 mv‡ji g‡a¨| wcD wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii
cÖKvwkZ GB wi‡cv‡U©i bvg Ô`¨v Iqvì©m& gymwjgm& :
wiwjwRqb, cwjwU· GÛ †mvmvBwUÕ| wi‡cv‡U© D��L Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h wZbwU gnv‡`‡ki cÖvq 38 nvRvi e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K
mivmwi mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(Avgv‡`i evsjv‡`kI GB Rwi‡ci ZvwjKvq Av‡Q|) c~‡e© GB
MYRwi‡ci djvdj LÊvsk AvKv‡i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q bvbv
mg‡q| Z‡e GeviB c~Y©v½ wi‡cvU©wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i
GB wbe‡Üi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K nIqvq wcD wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii
Rwi‡ci wKQy Z_¨ GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Rwi‡c GKUv welq n‡”Q ag© I AvaywbKZv| gvj‡qwkqv
(23%) I B‡›`v‡bwkqvi (21%) RbZv ag© I AvaywbKZv
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avie em‡š—
i m~Pbv NUj †h †`k †_‡K, †mB wZDwbwkqv 50 kZvsk †jvK
؇›Øi welqwU ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Avi bv e‡j‡Qb 46%| GKB
cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Zzi‡¯‹i 38% DËi`vZv Rvwb‡q‡Qb AvaywbKZv
I ag©MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø i‡q‡Q, Avi 49 kZvsk c~‡e©i e³‡e¨i
mv‡_ wØgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Avðh©RbK n‡jI mZ¨ Avgv‡`i
126
evsjv‡`‡ki 59% kZvsk †jvK ag© I AvaywbKZvi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø
i‡q‡Q e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Avi A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb 39%|
ga¨ Gwkqvi †`k Zzi‡¯‹ 40% †jvK gZ w`‡q‡Qb weÁvb I
a‡g©i g‡a¨I Ø›Ø i‡q‡Q Avi 44% †jvK †ZgbUv g‡b K‡ib
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†jvK †Kv‡bv gš—e¨ K‡ib wb ev Zviv welqwU m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb
bv| ga¨cÖvP¨-DËi Avwd«Kvi g‡a¨ †jevb‡b me‡P‡q †ewk
msL¨K †jvK ag© I weÁv‡b ˆewiZv i‡q‡Q e‡j Rwi‡c
gZcÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| msL¨vUv n‡”Q 53 fvM| wec‡¶ gZ
w`‡q‡Qb 46 fvM| A_P GB msL¨vUv me‡P‡q Kg wdwjw —b
f~L‡Ê| gvÎ 14 fvM †jvK ag© I weÁvb‡K ci¯ú‡ii we‡ivax
e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb weivU msL¨K Rb‡Mvôxi|
kZKiv 78 fvM GgbUv g‡b K‡ib bv|
RxeweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj 22wU †`‡ki gymwjg
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨| djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, Gi g‡a¨ 13wU
†`‡ki kZKiv A‡a©K msL¨K †jvK Rvwb‡q‡Qb gvbylmn
Ab¨vb¨ Rxe mg‡qi mv‡_ weewZ©Z nq| wKš‘ ga¨ Gwkqvi
g‡a¨ Zzi‡¯‹i Ae¯’vb me‡P‡q wb‡P| kZKiv 35 fvM RbZv
RxeweeZ©b‡K (gvbylmn mKj cÖvYxi) ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
A¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb, gv‡b c„w_exi ïi“ †_‡K Rx‡eiv mevB
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cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj| Avi bv e‡j‡Qb (A_©vr RxeRM‡Zi weeZ©bxq
cÖwµqv wek¦vm K‡ib bv) 55% RbMY| A_P cv‡ki Av‡iKwU
†`k KvRvLv —v‡bi 79% RbZv weeZ©b‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
†mLvbKvi Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ RxeweeZ©b gv‡bb bv Ggb
msL¨v †gv‡U 16 kZvsk| ga¨cÖvP¨-DËi Avwd«Kvi †`k¸wji
g‡a¨ †jevb‡bi Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ RxeweeZ©b ¯^xKvi K‡ib
Ggb †jv‡Ki msL¨v me©vwaK| Kgc‡¶ cÖwZ `kR‡bi Qq Rb
(78%) †jevwbR gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei weeZ©b ¯xKvi
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weeZ©b‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib e‡j wcD wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii Rwic †_‡K
Rvbv †M‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡Z weeZ©b N‡U bv e‡j Rwi‡c gZ w`‡q‡Qb
IBme †`‡ki Ggb e¨w³i msL¨v µgvš^‡q n‡”Q 21%, 28%
I 29%| Ab¨w`‡K RwicK…Z †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Biv‡K
m‡e©v”PmsL¨K e¨w³ weeZ©b‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| 67% fvM
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wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii Kiv ga¨cÖvP¨-DËi Avwd«Kv A‡ji
†`k¸‡jvi ZvwjKvq Biv‡Ki Ae¯’vb me©wb‡gœ| cÖm½Z
RxeweeZ©b ¯xKvi K‡ib Ggb BivwKi msL¨v n‡”Q kZKiv
gvÎ 27 fvM| RxeweeZ©b cÖ‡kœ RW©vb I wZDwbwkqvi
127
bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ wefw³ †ek ¯úó| cÖvq A‡a©K msL¨K
(52%) RW©vwb RxeweeZ©b gvb‡jI A¯^xKvi K‡ib Ggb
bvMwi‡Ki msL¨v n‡”Q 47%| Avi wZDwbwkqvi kZKiv 45
fvM †jvK RxeweeZ©b cÖwµqvq wek¦vm Ki‡jI 36% †jvK
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26 kZvsk RbZv RxeweeZ©b gv‡bb e‡j gZcÖKvk K‡i‡Qb
Avi µgvš^‡q 37, 38 I 62 kZvsk RbZv Rvbv‡”Qb Zviv
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5.
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RxeweeZ©b weÁv‡bi Avewk¨K welq wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ wQj|
Zzi‡¯‹i RvZxq wk¶v gš¿Yvjq cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ch©v‡q
cvV¨cy —K cÖYq‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K| gva¨wgK †kªYxi
RxeweÁv‡bi cvV¨cy —‡Ki 1983 mv‡ji ms¯‹i‡YI †`Lv
hv‡”Q RxeweeZ©b welqwU ¯^Zš¿ Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e †ek ¸i“‡Z¡i
m‡½ mshy³ wQj| Avi GKB eB‡qi 2011 mv‡ji ms¯‹i‡Y
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RxeweÁvb eB‡qi GKwU Aa¨v‡qi bvg n‡”Q ÔRxe‡bi ïi“
Ges weeZ©bÕ, wKš‘ GB As‡k weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv eY©bv †bB|
Zvi e`‡j i‡q‡Q Bmjvwg m„wóev`x eY©bv| D��L¨ MZ
kZvãxi Avwki `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q ag©xq wk¶v‡K cÂg
†_‡K Øv`k †kªYx ch©š— eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2011 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i 75 Rb RxeweÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x‡`i
Dci cwiPvwjZ GK Rwic †_‡K Rvbv hvq 44% wk¶v_©x
weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© wbwðr bq| 68% wk¶v_©x Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zviv
weeZ©b‡K weÁv‡bi cÖgvwYZ welq e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| Aek¨
Rwic †_‡K GUvI cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q weÁv‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
hv‡`i aviYv Kg Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weeZ©b‡K ev` †`evi cÖeYZv
†ewk| Gi Av‡Mi eQi (2010) Ab¨ Av‡iKwU Rwic
cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q 11wU cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 1098 Rb
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27.8% wk¶v_©x RxeweeZ©b‡K weÁvbm¤§Z I cÖgvwYZ e‡j
128
gv‡bb| 20.7% wk¶v_©x weeZ©b‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e
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iv‡Lb bv, ZvB Zviv welqwU m¤ú‡K© wbwðr bb| ( ªóe¨ : Zehra Sayers and Zuhal Özcan, Attitudes towards teaching evolution in
Turkey, ‘APS’ (American Physical Society), June 2013, Volume 22,
Number 6. www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201306/international.cfm)|
Zzi‡¯‹i wek¦we`¨vjq-co–qv wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ RxeweeZ©‡bi
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†_‡K Avgš¿Y †c‡q Zzi‡¯‹ Av‡mb Av‡gwiKvb Bqs Av_©
(bexb c„w_ex) wµ‡qkwb÷ `‡ji †bZv †nbwi g¨vwWmb gwim
(1918-2006) Ges Wyqvb UjevU© wMm (1921-2013)| B —
v¤^y‡j Av‡qvwRZ m„wóev`x Kbdv‡i‡Ý Zviv e³e¨ iv‡Lb|
AvBwmAviÕi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U †nbwi gwim Gici AviI
K‡qKevi Zzi¯‹ ågY K‡i hvb Ges Zv‡`i Ôby‡ni †bŠKvÕ
†LuvRvLyuwRi Kv‡R cÖZ¨¶ mnvqZv K‡i dvD‡ÛkbwU| 1998-
Gi GwcÖj I Ry‡b †ek K‡qKwU Bmjvwg m„wóev`x mfv
AbywôZ nq B —v¤^y‡j I AvsKvivq| `vIqvZ †c‡q A‡bK
Av‡gwiKvb m„wóev`x Dcw¯’Z nb mfvq| dvD‡ÛkbwU Zzi‡¯‹i
136
cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †QvUeo kn‡i Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q|
Gme mfv †_‡K AvBwmAvi Ges AKZv‡ii wewfbœ
QÙweÁvbm¤úwK©Z e³e¨ cÖPvi Kiv nq| gv‡S gv‡S GgbI
cÖPvi Pvjv‡bv nqÑÔAvaywbK weÁvb bvwK weeZ©b‡K evwZj
K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ges m„wóev`‡K yB nvZ Ly‡j MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Q!
G Rb¨ Zviv cÖvq mgq D`vniY †U‡b ej‡Zv wWm‡Kvfvi,
mv‡qw›UwdK Av‡gwiKvb, mv‡qÝ, †bPvi cÖf„wZi gZ cÖ_g
†kªYxi weÁvb Rvb©v‡j m„wóev`‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q Ges
weeZ©b‡K ÔAev —eÕ e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q! GUv Lye ¯vfvweK
e¨vcvi Zzi‡¯‹i mvaviY RbM‡Yi GBme weÁvb Rvb©vj covi
my‡hvM Lye mxwgZ| ZvB AKZv‡ii e³‡e¨i mZ¨-wg_¨vi
cv_©K¨ wbi“c‡Y Zviv wQj Avm‡jB AcviM| AvBwmAvi †h
AKZv‡ii cÖwZôvb‡K Rb¥jMœ †_‡K eB-cy —K †_‡K ïi“ K‡i
wewfbœ ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q G‡m‡Q GUv I‡cb wm‡µU|
AKZv‡ii cÖwZôvb †_‡K †nbwi gwi‡mi Ômv‡qw›UwdK
wµ‡qkwbRgÕ, Wyqvb wM‡mi †jLv ÔEvolution: The Fossils Still Say
No!Õ (1995) BZ¨vw` RxeweeZ©bwe‡ivax eBmn AvBwmAviÕi
wewfbœ cÖKvkbv bvbv mg‡q Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q|
9.
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cÖRvwZB weewZ©Z n‡q Ab¨ cÖRvwZ‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nq
bv| Av�াn c„w_ex Ges cÖvY GK mv‡_B m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
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eQ‡i hZ ˆeÁvwbK Z_¨-DcvË msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q Zvi
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n‡q‡Q Zvi mewKQy †_‡K cwi®‹vi n‡q‡Q mewKQyi
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cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKmv‡_ m„wó n‡q‡Q| weÁvb B‡Zvg‡a¨
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cÖvY m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
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m~Î D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i wb, †hLvb †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq
137
†nv‡gv †mwc‡q݇`i mv‡_ G‡ci †Kv‡bv AvZ¥xqZvi
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
(4) WviDBbxq weeZ©b (cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb) hZUv bv
ˆeÁvwbK Zvi †_‡K †ewk Av`k©MZ| WviDBbev`xiv
G¸‡jv‡K i¶v K‡i P‡jb KviY Zviv nq‡Zv
cÖ‡Z¨‡K KwgDwb÷ gZv`k© aviY K‡ib, wKsev Zviv
e¯‘ev`x, kqZv‡bi Dcvmbv K‡ib A_ev eY©ev`x wPš—
vfvebv jvjb K‡ib| hviv weeZ©b‡K mg_©b K‡ib
Zviv Avm‡j gvbwmKfv‡e ye©j| KviY Zviv mKj
ˆeÁvwbK cÖgv‡Yi evB‡i wM‡q Ggb `vwe Ki‡Qb|
(5) RxeRM‡Z weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv ev¯—eZv †bB| KviY
†Kviv‡b G m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv wKQy ejv nq wb| †Kvivb
n‡”Q c„w_exi me©‡kªô ag©MÖš’| †Kviv‡bB i‡q‡Q
we‡k¦i me©‡kl weÁvb| ZvB †Kv‡bv wKQyB Gi mv‡_
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(6) eZ©gvb hy‡M AvaywbK †mKz¨jvi e¨e ’v n‡”Q
kqZv‡bi cÖ‡ivPbv Ges duv`| †mKz¨jvi AvaywbK
weÁvb PP©v Kiv gv‡b kqZvb‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
G‡¶‡Î †Kvivb I kwiqvB GKgvÎ LuvwU I Av`k©
c_| weÁvb PP©v Ki‡Z n‡j GB LuvwU I Av`k© c‡_
_vK‡Z n‡e|
AKZv‡ii weeZ©bwe‡ivax GBme cÖPviYv Avm‡j wLª÷vb
m„wóev`x msMVb AvBwmAviÕi Bmjvwg fvm©b gvÎ|
AvBwmAviÕi e³‡e¨ ÔM‡WÕi RvqMvq Av�াn, Avi evB‡e‡ji
RvqMvq †Kviv‡bi ewm‡q fvlY ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GUv
Aek¨B D��L Ki‡Z n‡e GB `yBUv MÖ“‡ci Kvh©vewji g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ wKQy j¶Yxq| Av‡gwiKvi gZ wk‡ívbœZ †`‡k
kw³kvjx weÁvb-KwgDwbwU _vKvq AvBwmAviÕ‡K weeZ©‡bi
we‡ivwaZvq cÖvq mgq gvwR©Z fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| hZUv
m¤¢e Rb‡eva¨ ÔweÁv‡bi cwifvlv¸‡jvÕ e¨envi K‡i e³e¨
ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ weÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb KL‡bv
G iKg kw³kvjx mgv‡jvPK‡`i nv‡Z c‡o wb| ZvB Zv‡`i
e³‡e¨ fvlvi cÖ‡qv‡M AcwiYvg`wk©Zv j¶Yxq|
MZ kZvãxi 90 `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K AKZvi Zvi
cÖv_wgK Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡ib, webvg~‡j¨ wewfbœ RvqMvq eB
weZiY K‡i| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z †M‡j Zzi‡¯‹i cÖw_Zhkv
weÁvbx-M‡elK‡`i AwaKvskB G welqwU‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½
†bb wb| Zviv GB welqwU‡K cÖ_‡g cvËv w`‡Z Pvb wb| eiÂ
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK wKsev †gwW‡Kj
mv‡q‡Ýi M‡elKiv †f‡e‡Qb AKZv‡ii GBme Ô†Q‡jgvbywlÕ
weeZ©bwe‡ivax m„wóev`x e³‡e¨i Reve w`‡j jvB †c‡q †h‡Z
cv‡ib| BwZnv‡mi Kx wbg©g cybive„wË, 80-Gi `k‡Ki c~‡e©
Bmjvwg †gŠjev`xiv hLb `je× n‡Z ïi“ Ki‡jv, kw³ mÂq
138
K‡i cÖKv‡k¨ evûej cÖ`k©b ïi“ K‡iwQj ZLbI Zzi‡¯‹i
D��L‡hvM¨msL¨K eyw×Rxex †gŠjev`x‡`i DÌv‡bi welqwU‡K
¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z Pvb wb| Zviv nq‡Zv †f‡ewQ‡jb Zzi‡¯‹i gZ
†mKz jvi †`‡k GB ai‡bi †gŠjev`x Avùvjb †ewkw`b
wUK‡e bv| wKš‘ mnmªv‡ãi †kl j‡Mœ G‡m eyw×Rxex,
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K, M‡elK, weÁvbxiv hLb eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb cv‡qi Zjvq Gevi Avi gvwU †bB ZZw`‡b ¶gZvi
g~j †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z P‡j G‡m‡Q Bmjvwg †gŠjev`xiv| Avi nvi“b
Bqvwnqvi jvMvgnxb AccÖPv‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi GKUv weivU
AskI wek¦vm K‡i wb‡q‡QÑÔweÁv‡bi RMr †_‡K
weeZ©bwe`¨vi cZb N‡U †M‡Q|Õ Ggb wK A‡bK weÁvb
msMVbI Av`bvb AKZvi I Zvi dvD‡Ûk‡bi
weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi aib †`‡L wKsKZ©e¨weg~p n‡q hvb|
10.
Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv weÁvbx, †hgb d‡ibwmK wefv‡Mi (B —
v¤^yj wek¦we`¨vjq) cÖv³b Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb Ges
RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK (wgwWj B÷ †UKwbK¨vj wek¦we`¨vjq,
AvsKviv) AvqKzZ †Kbwm GK`g ïi“ †_‡K AKZv‡ii
weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| RbZv‡K weÁv‡bi
g~j welq¸wj mnR fvlvq Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ wbijmfv‡e KvR
K‡i †M‡Qb|
1998 mv‡j Av‡qvwRZ ÔweÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡ÛkbÕi
Kbdv‡i‡Ýi ci ZzwK© weÁvbx Ges weÁvb-cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Mv
Suvov w`‡q DVvi †Póv K‡i| Bmjvwg wµ‡qkwb÷‡`i
avivevwnK mgv‡jvPbvi Rev‡e Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb I
AvqKzZ †KbwmÕi D‡`¨v‡M GKwU ¯^vaxb Kwgkb MVb K‡i
cvëv cÖPviYv ïi“ K‡ib| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ZzwK©m GKv‡Wwg
Ae mv‡q‡Ým (TUBA) Ges ZzwK©m mv‡qw›UwdK GÛ
†UKwbK¨vj wimvP© KvDwÝj (TÜBİTAK)-Gi D‡`¨v‡M wewfbœ
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 2 nvRvi wk¶K, weÁvbx, M‡elK GK hy³
wee„wZ‡Z AKZv‡ii msMVb¸‡jvi weÁvbwe‡ivwaZv (we‡kl
K‡i weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv) Avi Bmjvwg m„wóev` bv‡gi
QÙweÁv‡bi DÌv‡b Mfxi D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡ib| weÁvbx‡`i GB
mw¤§wjZ Ae¯’v‡b AKZv‡ii dvD‡ÛkbwU ZLb wKQyUv
w`‡knviv n‡q c‡o| wµ‡qkwbRg bv‡gi QÙweÁv‡bi RvwiRywi
duvm n‡q hvIqvq Zviv ZLb †e‡Q †e‡Q RxeweÁvbx‡`i
wei“‡× AccÖPvi ïi“ K‡i| †gŠjev`x‡`i Zid †_‡K A‡bK
Aa¨vcK‡K ZLb ûgwK †`qv nq, bv‡Rnvj Kiv nq|
RxeweeZ©b cov‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK Aa¨vcK‡K ÔKwgDwb÷Õ,
ÔgvIev`x, Ôbvw —KÕ BZ¨vw` e‡j Dcnvm K‡i| K¨vwi‡KPvi
ai‡bi Qwe mshy³ K‡i ey‡jwUb Qvcvq dvD‡ÛkbwU| G¸‡jv
Avevi nvRvi nvRvi Kwc mywcÖg †KvU©, A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji
Awdm, †mbvevwnbxi m`i `ßi, cywjk m`i `ßi, miKvwi
139
Awdm¸‡jv‡Z †cÖiY Ki‡Z _v‡K| AKZv‡ii dvD‡Ûk‡bi
jvMvZvi AcÖPv‡i AwZô n‡q Aa¨vcK AvqKzZ †Kbwm,
Aa¨vcK Bqvgvb Iim, Aa¨vcK BwmK e‡K‡mv, Aa¨vcK
w`bmvi ¸‡jb, Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb, Aa¨vcK mvinvZ
IwRqvi ZzwK©i wmwfj Av`vj‡Z gvbnvwbi gvgjv K‡i| 1999
mv‡ji †g gv‡m Av`vjZ dvD‡Ûk‡bi wei“‡× ivq †`q Ges
cÖ‡Z¨‡K ev`x‡K 6 nvRvi Wjvi K‡i ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi wb‡ ©k
†`b| Av`vj‡Z †n‡i wM‡q dvD‡ÛkbwU K‡qKUv w`b wbðzc
_vK‡jI †gŠjev`x cÎcwÎKv¸‡jv GK‡hv‡M weÁvbx‡`i
wei“‡× Ôbvw —KZvÕi Awf‡hvM Zz‡j cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z
_v‡K| Zzi‡¯‹i †gŠjev`x‡`i gyLcÎ ˆ`wbK Akit AKZv‡ii
c¶ wb‡q RxeweeZ©‡bi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bqv Aa¨vcK‡`i bvg-
wVKvbv Qwe cÖKvk K‡i (6 wW‡m¤^i, 1999)| cwÎKvwU
Aa¨vcK‡`i wei“‡× Bmjvwg Av`k© I ˆbwZKZvwe‡ivax
cÖcvMvÛv Pvjv‡bv Ges bvw —K¨ev` cÖPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Av‡b|
2002 mvj †_‡K ¶gZvq Av‡Q KÆicš’x i¶Ykxj `j
ÔRvw÷m GÛ †Wfjvc‡g›U cvwU©Õ (G‡Kwc)| dvD‡ÛkbwU
GLb Av‡iv †ewk AvµgYvZ¥K| G‡KwcÕi cÖkª‡q Zviv Av‡iv
†ewk †e‡cviqv| d‡j c~‡e© †hUzKz wQ‡U‡duvUv cÖwZev` n‡q‡Q
GLb †Kv‡bv weeZ©bwe`B dvD‡Ûk‡bi weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi
wei“‡× gyL Lyj‡Z mvnm K‡ib bv| KviY †gŠjev`x gymwjg‡`i
†_‡K †hgb cÖZ¨¶ Avµg‡Yi fq Av‡Q †Zgwb weÁvb
M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb †_‡KI AcgvwbZ I bv‡Rnvj n‡Z
cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î D��L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Aa¨vcK AvqKzZ
†Kbwmi K_v| wek¦we`¨vj‡q weeZ©b cov‡bvi Rb¨ hv‡K
`yBevi Ôag©‡ ªvwnZvÕi Awf‡hvM G‡b Av`vj‡Zi gy‡LvgywL
K‡i‡Q AKZv‡ii dvD‡Ûkb| mv‡_ †gŠjev`x‡`i ûgwK-
avgwK †Zv Av‡QB| GKB ai‡bi cwiw ’wZi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb
Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqbI| wKš‘ wZwb Aek¨ †`k Z¨vM K‡i
Av‡gwiKvi DBmKbwmb †gwWmb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbD‡ivjwR
wefv‡M †hvM`vb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb| mvwqb e‡jb,
ÔAKZv‡ii cÖwZôvbwU weeZ©b‡K Bûw`-Av‡gwiKvb
mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i lohš¿ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, Gi gva¨‡g
bvwK bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’vq d¨vwmev`x kvmb Kv‡qg ivL‡Z Pvq
mvgªvR¨ev`xiv| eûj cÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y Zzi‡¯‹i weivU msL¨K
gvbyl GB ai‡bi AvR¸we e³e¨ wek¦vmI K‡i|Õ 2001 mv‡j
¯^bvgab¨ mv‡qÝ Rvb©vj (AKZv‡ii) weÁvb M‡elYv
dvD‡Ûkb‡K DËi Av‡gwiKvi evB‡i me‡P‡q kw³kvjx
RxeweeZ©bwe‡ivax msMVb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
AKZv‡ii Ô†Kvivbxq m„wóev`Õ cÖPviYvi evB‡i Avi GKUv
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Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ wZwb Avg`vwb K‡i‡Qb|
mvgªvR¨ev`we‡ivax †bZv wn‡m‡e
Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Ô¶zãÕ
140
gymwjg RbZvi Kv‡Q| †hgb AKZv‡ii GKUv Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ
n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o kvmb-†kvlY Avi AvwacZ¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
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K‡i wLPzwo evbv‡bvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v| AevK Kiv e¨vcvi n‡”Q
GB ai‡bi nheij gvK©v Ôlohš¿ Z‡Ë¡Õi Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb
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Av`bvb AKZvi| †hgb RxeweeZ©b ZË¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i
†jLv AKZvi Zvi ÔThe Evolution DeceitÕ eBwUi 10 nvRv‡ii
AwaK Kwc wbR †`‡k webvg~‡j¨ weZiY K‡i‡Qb e‡j †kvbv
hvq|
11.
AKZv‡ii eûj mgv‡jvwPZ ÔThe Atlas of CreationÕ eBwUi cÖ_g
LÊ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 2006 mv‡j| cÖKvkK †Mvevj
cvewjwks, B —v¤^yj, Zzi¯‹| GB cÖKvkbvi KY©aviI AKZvi
wb‡R| wØZxq I Z…Zxq LÊ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2007 mv‡j|
1117 BwÂi Ges 6 †KwR IR‡bi m¤ú~Y© †Mvwm KvM‡R
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wek¦we`¨vjqmn Av‡gwiKv-BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq me¸‡jv †gwW‡Kj
¯‹zj, wewfbœ cvewjK jvB‡eªwi, eyK÷j, cÎcwÎKv, bvgKiv
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AKZvi| d‡j K‡qK nvRvi Kwc weZiY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zv
mn‡RB Aby‡gq| cvj©v‡g›Uvwi A¨v‡m¤^wj Ae BD‡iv‡ci
Ôms¯‹…wZ, weÁvb Ges wk¶vÕ welqK KwgwU Zv‡`i ÔThe dangers
of creationism in educationÕ kxl©K GK wi‡cv‡U© (cÖKvwkZ 8 Ryb,
2007) D��L K‡i‡Q, ÔGB eB‡qi †Kv‡bv e³e¨B ˆeÁvwbK
cÖgvYwfwËK bq ei RxeweeZ©b‡K A¯xKvi Ki‡Z wM‡q
†jLK GK`g Avw`g m„wóev`x eY©bvB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb ïay|Õ
(`ªóe¨ : http://bit.ly/1701wbj)|
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁvbx †Kwfb
c¨vwWqvb ÔA¨vUjvm Ae wµ‡qkbÕ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb, Ôhv‡`i Kv‡Q GB eB‡qi Kwc †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zviv
141
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Lye wew¯§Z n‡q‡Qb eBwUi AvKvi Ges Drcv`b
Li‡Pi K_v wPš—v K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ GB eB‡qi wfZ‡ii
gvjgkjv †`‡LI Zviv hvicibvB AevK n‡q‡Qb| AKZv‡ii
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m¤ú‡K© weÁvbxiv wKfv‡e wbwðZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡Qb ZvI
wZwb Rv‡bb bv| AKZvi hw` GKwU KuvKovi dwmj †`‡Lb,
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fiv Z_¨¸‡jvi K‡qKwU †`wL‡q w`‡j AKZvi Pig w¶ß n‡q
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7.5 wUªwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi! Wjv‡ii wnmveUv wb‡q Zzjbv
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142
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hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i †X‡j mvRv‡Z e¨q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡k‡l
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†h‡Z cv‡i|Õ
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wj‡L †d‡j‡Qb! Avgiv Rvwb AKZv‡ii cÖ_g eBwU cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q 1986 mv‡j| IB mgq †_‡K AvR‡Ki 2013 mvj
ch©š— MYbvq a‡iI hw` wnmve Kwi, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q MZ
27 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb cÖwZ eQ‡i M‡o 7wU K‡i eB wj‡L
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cwðgv MYgva¨‡gi Kv‡Q AKc‡U cÖKvk K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| weªwUk
Rvb©vj ÔNew HumanistÕ-Gi cÖwZwbwa nvwjj Avi‡`i (Halil Arda)
mv‡_ GK K‡_vcK_‡b evK© e‡jb, ÔAKZv‡ii GKUv AbyMZ
`j Av‡Q hviv UvKvi wewbg‡q Zvu‡K eB wj‡L †`q| Ges
cÖ‡Z¨K eB‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq cwðgv wLª÷vb
m„wóev`x‡`i eB wKsev iPbv †_‡K| we‡kl K‡i AbyKiY Kiv
nq Av‡gwiKvi wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i eB¸‡jv| GBme eB‡qi
†hme Aa¨vq, c¨vivMÖvd AKZv‡ii Bmjvwg-m„wóev‡`i mv‡_
Lvc Lvq Zv wKQyUv fvlvMZ w`K Gw`K-†mw`K K‡i ewm‡q
†`qv nq| Gici GBme †jLvq Qwe mshy³ Kiv nq| †Kviv‡bi
AvqvZI emv‡bv nq myweavg‡Zv| gv‡Sgv‡S nq‡Zv †Kv_vI
†Kv_vI UxKvfvl¨ mshy³ Kiv nq| wKš‘ GBme †¶‡Î
143
AKZv‡ii †Kv‡bv AskMÖnY †bB|Õ (`ªóe¨ : New Humanist,
Volume 124, Issue 5, September/October 2009)| evK© wb‡RI GKmgq
AKZv‡ii GB †jLK-MÖ“‡c RwoZ wQ‡jb|
12.
AKZv‡ii
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Avi Pzc K‡i e‡m _vK‡Z cvi‡jb bv! †NvlYv w`‡jb cwðgv
†Kv‡bv MYgva¨g hw` Zvi mv¶vrKvi wb‡Z Pvq Z‡e †mB
mvsevw`‡Ki B —v¤^y‡j Avmv-hvIqv, _vKv-LvIqvi hveZxq
e¨qfvi wZwb enb Ki‡eb| ïay †NvlYv bq, ¯^bvgab¨ weÁvb
Rvb©vj †bPvi, weªwUk ˆ`wbK MvwW©qvbmn Av‡iv cwðgv A‡bK
cwÎKv-mvgwqKx‡Z `vIqvZcÎI cvwV‡q‡Qb| (m~Î :
http://bit.ly/3FQKe2)| weÁvb wel‡q AKZv‡ii A‡bK e³e¨
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Av‡gwiKvÕmn AviI wKQy cwðgv wgwWqvq AKZv‡ii
mv¶vrKvi cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
cwðgv wgwWqvq AKZv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ †`‡L ga¨cÖv‡P¨i
A‡bK †`‡kI AKZvi‡K GLb eogv‡ci eyw×Rxex, weÁvbx,
`vk©wbK BZ¨vw` Awfavq f~wlZ Kiv ïi“ K‡i‡Q| †hgb
KvZv‡ii Avj RvwRivi g‡Zv wUwf P¨v‡b‡j Rvqbev`x‡`i
AcZrciZv, mš¿vmev` wb‡q e³„Zv-wee„wZ w`‡Z AKZvi‡K
cÖvqB WvKv nq| GQvov wgk‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv RvZxq ˆ`wbK,
Biv‡bi †cÖm wUwf, †iwWI D¤§vn, †iwWI ivgv`vb-G wbqwgZ
nvwRi nb AKZvi|
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wb‡q †Rvi m‡›`n i‡q‡Q| hw`I wZwb `vwe K‡ib Zvi me
Kvh©µg bvwK Aby`v‡bi UvKvq P‡j|
wKš‘ Kviv w`‡”Q G‡Zv eo As‡Ki
Aby`vb Avi †KbBev w`‡”Q G wel‡q
AKZvi Ges Zuvi dvD‡Ûkb wbðzc|
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†emiKvwi ch©v‡q A_©vfv‡e weÁvb
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gvbwmK nvmcvZv‡j wPwKrmvKvjxb mg‡q nvi“b Bqvwnqv
144
M‡elYvq wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, †mLv‡b GBme
AcweÁvb Avi lohš¿ ZË¡ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ †KvwU †KvwU UvKv
Aejxjvq LiP Kiv n‡”Q †`‡L ¯^vfvweKfv‡e A‡b‡Ki g‡b
cÖkœ Rv‡M| j¶¨ Kx Zvn‡j AKZv‡ii ¯cœc~iY? 2001 mv‡j
9/11-G UzBb UvIqv‡i mš¿vmx nvgjvi ci cwiewZ©Z wek¦
cwiw ’wZ‡Z AKZvi Zvi gvwK©b mvgªvR¨ev` Avi
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†c‡q‡Qb K‡qK RvqMv †_‡K| Av‡gwiKvb Ks‡MÖ‡mi
AemicÖvß wm‡bUi w÷f wmgm AKZvi m¤ú‡K© ÔZzi‡¯‹i
Zi“Y RbM‡Yi Dci weivU cÖfvewe —viKvixÕ e‡j D��L K‡i
cÖksmvevYx †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| wZwb GLb Zzi‡¯‹i Avš—tag©xq
msjv‡ci cÖavb †bZv| Z‡e Zvi `xN©w`‡bi GKwU jvwjZ ¯^cœ
GUv GLb I‡cb wm‡µUÑZzi‡¯‹i Dmgvbxq hy‡Mi Av`‡j
bZzb mvgªvR¨ Kv‡qg Kiv| BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi gZ Zzi‡¯‹i
†bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ n‡e ÔBmjvwgK BDwbqbÕ| hvi we¯—„wZ n‡e c~e©
ivwkqv †_‡K cwðg bvB‡Rwiqv ch©š—|
1996 mv‡j dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K ÔMYnZ¨vi wg_¨vPviÕ
(Soykırım Yalanı) cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB eB‡q `vwe Kiv nq :
ÔRvqbev`xiv Avgv‡`i‡K †h BwZnvm †kLvq Avm‡j Zv N‡U
wb| wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j bvrwm evwnbx lvU j¶ Bûw`‡K nZ¨v
K‡i wb| IB mgq wKQy Bûw` bvMwiK gviv wM‡qwQj ��M
†iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q Avi hy‡× Rvg©vwb civwRZ nevi ci †h
ywf©¶ †`Lv w`‡qwQj Zvi Kvi‡Y|Õ eBwU cÖKv‡ki ci Zxeª
cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q ZzwK© eyw×Rxex gn‡j| L¨vwZgvb wPÎwkíx
I eyw×Rxex †ew`ª †eK¨vg (Bedri Baykam) ms¶zä n‡q
Av`vj‡Zi Øvi¯’ nb| BwZnvm weK…wZKi‡Yi Awf‡hv‡M
Av`vjZ eBwUi †jLK AKZvi‡K mZK© K‡i †`q| Aek¨
gvgjvwU c‡ii eQi LvwiR K‡i †`qv nq| wKš‘ Awek¦vm¨
n‡jI mZ¨ 2007 mv‡j 20 AvM÷ AKZvi weª‡U‡bi
MvwW©qvb cwÎKvi m‡½ GK mv¶vrKv‡i GK`g †fvj cv‡ë
†d‡jb| `vwe K‡ib ÔMYnZ¨vi wg_¨vPviÕ eBwU Avm‡j Zvi
†jLv bq| Der Spiegel cwÎKvq (26 A‡±vei, 2008 Zvwi‡L
cÖKvwkZ) wZwb wb‡RB wb‡Ri ¸‡gvi duvm K‡i e‡jb
dvD‡Ûk‡bi Ab¨ GKRb m`m¨ wb‡Ri bvg †Mvcb †i‡L
MYnZ¨vi wg_¨vPvi eBwU wj‡L‡Q| wZwb ïay D‡`¨vM wb‡q
†jLK wn‡m‡e Ônvi“b BqvwnqvÕ bvgwU ewm‡q eB cÖKvk Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb| Gi †ewk wKQy K‡ib wb|
13.
AKZvi ïay †h Bmjvwg wµ‡qkwbRg wb‡qB c‡o Av‡Qb Zv
bq| Zvi Rxe‡bi DÌv‡bi ïi“ †_‡K mwµq gw —®‹ e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ RvqMvq| G iKg K‡qKwU NUbvi K_v GK
SjK †`‡L †bqv hvK| 1986 mv‡ji MÖx‡®§ AKZvi‡K
145
†MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj ag©xq wRwMi Zz‡j †gŠjev`x Av‡›`vjb
Pv½v Kivi Awf‡hv‡M| Gmgq wZwb cÖvq 19wU gvm †R‡j
wQ‡jb| †R‡j _vKvKvjxb mg‡q
fwZ© n‡qwQ‡jb evwKiKq
gvbwmK nvmcvZv‡j|
K¤úvjwmf wWmAW©vi I
wm‡Rv‡d«wbqvi wPwKrmv n‡qwQj
Zvi| cyiv‡bv eÜz I GKmg‡qi
Bmjvwg Av‡›`vj‡bi mv_x Bwic
RyK‡kjI wQ‡jb GKB mv‡_
GKB †R‡j| RyK‡kj AKZv‡ii
ZrKvjxb gvbwmK-wPwKrmv MÖnY wb‡q ¸i“Zi m‡›`n †cvlY
K‡i e‡jb Av`vj‡Zi wePvi †_‡K †invB †c‡Z AKZvi GB
bvUK K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡K ÔwWwjDkbvj g¨vwbqvKÕ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i RyK‡kj Av‡iv e‡jb, †m wb‡R‡K ÔBgvg
gvnw`Õ e‡j wek¦vm K‡i! 1991 mv‡j AKZvi cybe©vi †MÖdZvi
nb gv`K `ªe¨ †Kv‡Kb ivLvi `v‡q| wKQyw`b †Rj †L‡U gyw³
cvb AKZvi| 1999 mv‡j K‡qKRb mn‡hvMxmn wZwb
†MÖdZvi nb dvD‡Ûk‡bi Kvh©µg‡K e¨w³¯^v‡_© Ges
A‰eafv‡e e¨env‡ii Rb¨| wfbœgZ‡cvlYKvix‡`i ûgwK-
fqfxwZ cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Zvi wei“‡× gvgjv nq| eQi `y‡qK
Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Pjvi ci GwU GKmgq evwZj n‡q hvq|
2008 mv‡j c~‡e©i gvgjvwU Avevi mPj nq| Gevi Zvi
wei“‡× ûgwK cÖ`vb I e¨vK‡gB‡ji Awf‡hvM hy³ nq|
GKmg‡qi cwiwPZ I d¨vkb g‡Wj Beª“ wmg‡mK AKZv‡ii
gZv`‡k©i mv‡_ wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡j Zv‡K †nb¯’v Kiv nq
AZ¨š— RNb¨fv‡e| wmg‡mK‡K Ô†hŠbKg©xÕ D��L K‡i bMœ Qwe
Qvwc‡q wewfbœ cÎcwÎKv, wUwf P¨v‡bj, eoeo e¨emvqx
cÖwZôvb, we‡`wk ~Zvev‡m cvVv‡bv nq dvD‡Ûkb †_‡K| †Kb
GB N„Y¨ AvPiY? Rvbv †M‡Q AKZv‡ii mv‡_ †hŠbm¤úK©
¯’vc‡b ivwR nb wb e‡jB wmg‡mK‡K GiKg Acgvb Kiv nq
mvgvwRKfv‡e| GQvov Av‡iv Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q, dvD‡Ûk‡bi
bvix m`m¨‡`i‡K w`‡q wewfbœ miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi
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†ckvi †jvK‡`i g‡bvićbi †Uvc †Mjv‡bv n‡Zv| Zvici
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n‡Zv| †hme m`m¨ AKZv‡i msMVb †_‡K †ei n‡q †h‡Z
PvB‡Zv Zv‡`i wfwWI †Uc evRv‡i †Q‡o †`evi ûgwK w`‡q gyL
eÜ Kiv n‡Zv| 2008 mv‡ji 29 †deª“qvwi Av`vjZ
AKZv‡ii wei“‡× AvbxZ mKj Awf‡hvM †kv‡bb| AKZv‡ii
mv‡_ ÔweÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡ÛkbÕ-Gi Av‡iv 17 Rb m`m¨I
cÖZviYvi Awf‡hv‡M AvUK nb| Av`vjZ e¨w³¯^v‡_© A‰ea
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cywj‡ki nv‡Z a„Z nvi“b Bqvwnqv
146
D”P Av`vj‡Z Avwcj K‡ib Awfhy³iv| 2010 mv‡ji †g
gv‡m cÖZviYvi gvgjv †_‡K Qvov †c‡q‡Qb AKZvi Msiv|
14.
Rxeb-RMr m¤ú‡K© ˆeÁvwbK Ávb Qvov Avgiv Amnvq|
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148
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a~Z©Zvi mv‡_ G¸‡jv‡K dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Q| ZdvrUv
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Avwef©ve N‡U P‡j‡Q|
149
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150
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cÖvq 250 †KwRi g‡Zv| Qwe ywUi bx‡Pi eY©bv n‡”Q :
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wgwjqb eQi cyivZb Ges Gi mv‡_ AvR‡Ki
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152
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co–b GLvb †_‡K : http://bit.ly/10WWzeF| Ges Palaeontologica
Polonica Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ mymvb Bfv‡Ýi M‡elYv wbeÜwU co–
b GLvb †_‡K : http://bit.ly/13PofQh|ÑAbyev`K]
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cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Qb gvbe weeZ©‡b †Kv‡bv ai‡bi µgiƒcvš—
‡ii ev weKv‡ki Qvc †bB| Zuvi m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡qi GK`g
†k‡li w`‡K gvbe weeZ©‡bi dwm‡ji cÖgvY wb‡q wKQy e³e¨
w`‡q‡Qb| GB e³‡e¨i cy‡ivUvB wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i KvQ
†_‡K avi Kiv| cÖZœb„weÁvb‡K wZwb AvµgY K‡i‡Qb g~jZ
PviwU c‡q‡›U| (Avi GLv‡b Av`bvb AKZvi ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb
ïf¼‡ii duvwK!)
(1) wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj GKUv †auvKvevwR| A‡bK
cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx GB dwmj wb‡q cÖZviYv K‡i‡Qb|
Avevi A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡ci LwÊZ dwmj‡K
fyjfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †hgb ivgvwc‡_Kvm
(Ramapithecus)| Ggb Kx †cKvwi ev eb¨ k~Ki‡KI
(Hesperopithecus) gvby‡li c~e©cyi“l e‡jI wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| ZvB cÖwZwôZ weÁvbxiv †K wK ej‡jb
G¸‡jv‡K G‡Zv ¸i“Z¡ †`qvi wKQy †bB|
(2) A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm (wP‡Î B I C Lywj) ïayB Gc
wQj, †hgb eZ©gvb mg‡qi Gciv m¤ú~Y©B Gc|
Gc‡`i g‡Zv A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i wQj `xN© evû Avi
†QvU cv| GQvov Gc-m`„k AviI A‡bK ˆewkó¨I
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| d‡j Zviv †Kv‡bvfv‡e gvby‡li mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z bq|
(3) †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D) Ges †nv‡gv
i“‡Wvj‡dbwmmivI (E) eû‡¶‡Î Gc-m „k wQj|
A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡`i †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi (MY)
Aš—f©y³ bv K‡i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³
K‡i‡Qb| d‡j A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i Ges AvR‡Ki
hy‡Mi Gc‡`i g‡Zv ZvivI g~jZ Gc wQj|
(4) †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) Ges †nv‡gv B‡iKUvm
(G) `y‡UvB GK Ges Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mwZ¨Kv‡ii
wmwgqvb ˆewkó¨ wQj bv| GUv cy‡ivcywi gvbylB wQj|
Lye †ewk Gc-m „k †nv‡gv cÖRvwZ †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)
I †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) Gi GKB mgqKv‡j
†nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) evm Ki‡Zv| ZvB G‡`i‡K
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm Ges †nv‡gvÕi ga¨eZ©x (UªvwÄkbvj)
dwmj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Dcmsnvi
n‡”Q gvbyl me©`vB gvbyl wQj Ges Gciv me©`vB Gc
wQj|
AKZv‡ii eB‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jv‡P¨i g‡Zv GB
e³e¨¸‡jv Aek¨ wg_¨v ev‡bvqvU fvl‡Y ficyi bq| GLv‡b
ïay fyj e³e¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| d‡j G¸‡jv Lye mn‡R LÊb Kiv
hvq| cÖ_g c‡q›U †_‡K ïi“ Kiv hvK| GLv‡b ïay `~i †_‡K
159
gvbe weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK e³‡e¨i HK¨g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv
Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ GUv †Kv‡bv †Mvcb e¨vcvi bq wKsev we¯§qKi
wKQyI bq, Avi cÖvq mevi g‡Zv weÁvbxivI A‡bK mgq fyj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GUv ¯vfvweK NUbv| (wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj
wb‡q Bsj¨v‡Û MZ kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K
fuvIZvevwRi NUbv N‡U Ges GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c aiv c‡o cÖvq
Pি�k eQi c‡i| GB RvwjqvwZi mv‡_ Bsj¨v‡Ûi A‡ckv`vi
GK dwmj msMÖnKvix Pvj©m W¨vmb‡K g~j Kzkxje wn‡m‡e
m‡›`n Kiv nq| m½x wn‡m‡e m‡›`n Kiv nq K‡qKRb
L¨vwZgvb b„weÁvbx‡K| hviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K B‡”QK…Zfv‡e A_ev
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e weåvš— n‡q weÁv‡bi cÖwZ
A‡ckv`vimyjf g‡bvfve wb‡q wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj wb‡q
†Rv”Pzwii NUbvq RwoZ wQ‡jb|ÑAbyev`K)| wKš‘ Av`bvb
AKZvi Zuvi GB e³‡e¨ †h mZ¨ †Mvcb K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡”Q
dwmj msµvš— GBme mywbw`©ó fyj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ges ms‡kvab
K‡i‡Qb GKgvÎ weÁvbxivB| (G Kv‡R m„wóev`x‡`i †Kv‡bv
f~wgKv †bB|) weÁvbxiv wb‡RivB DrmyK n‡q Luy‡R †ei
K‡i‡Qb, RbM‡Yi mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i c~e©m~wi ev
mnKg©x KZ©„K K…Z †Mvcb fyj¸‡jv|
wØZxq c‡q‡›Ui Z‡_¨i Drm LuyR‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †Mj
AKZvi †mB Pি�k eQi cyiv‡bv †mvwj RvKvig¨v‡bi (1904-
1993) †m‡K‡j wbe‡Üi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| RvKvig¨vbB
me©‡kl Gwel‡q AewnZ weÁvbx wQ‡jb whwb Ab¨ weÁvbx‡`i
mv‡_ wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i ej‡Zb A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv
gvby‡li †P‡q Avwd«Kvb Gc‡`i mv‡_B †ewk Nwbôfv‡e
m¤úwK©Z| (Ashton and Zuckerman 1950; Zuckerman 1966)|
AKZv‡ii g‡Zv RvKvig¨vbI g‡b Ki‡Zb
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv eûw`K †_‡KB Gc-m`„k| ga¨eZ©x
cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨ GiKg ˆewkó¨ †`L‡Z cvIqvi Avkv Avcbviv
Ki‡ZB cv‡ib| weÁvbxiv GLb †gvUvgywU GKgZ †h (wP‡Î
D��wLZ) Lywj (C) †_‡K A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k ˆewkó¨
i‡q‡Q Lywj (B)-G| Avevi Lywj (C) A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k
Lywj (D) I Lywj (E) †_‡K| Lywj (E) Avevi Lywj (F) I Lywj
(G) †_‡K †ewk Gc-m`„k| Lywj (H) †_‡K Lywj (G) †ewk
cwigvY Gc-m „k Ges Gfv‡e P‡j‡Q| Z‡e weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨
gZwfbœZv i‡q‡Q Lywj (D) gv‡b †nv‡gv †nwewjm I Lywj (E)
gv‡b †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm cÖRvwZ wb‡q| G‡`i‡K
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm bvwK †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³ Kiv n‡e G
e¨vcv‡i ˆeÁvwbK weZK© i‡q‡Q| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq G `ywUi
dwmj bgybv‡Z Dfq wRbv‡mi cÖPzi ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q|
RwR©qv †_‡K GKB mgqKv‡ji Lywj I nvo cvIqv †M‡Q,
hv‡`i‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv b„weÁvbx †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)
cÖRvwZi e‡j †kªYxweb¨ — Ki‡Z Pvb Avevi †KD †KD
G¸‡jv‡K †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) cÖRvwZi mv‡_ †kªYxweb¨ —
160
Ki‡Z Pvb| dwmj¸‡jvi ˆ`wnK MVbvK…wZ‡Z ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨
_vKvi Kvi‡YB GB weZ‡K©i D™¢e| hw` GBme dwm‡ji g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi UªvwÄkbvj ev ga¨eZ©x MVb ˆewkó¨ bv _vK‡Zv,
Z‡e GB weZK© A‡bK Av‡MB dzwi‡q †hZ|
†evSv hv‡”Q AKZvi I Zuvi mnKvix-†jLKiv cÖvPxb-
gvbe wb‡q wjL‡Z wM‡q wKQyUv cÖ ‘wZg~jK KvR Av‡MB
†m‡i‡Qb| mgZj c„w_exi e³viv †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wfwË
QvovB RxeweeZ©b‡K A¯xKvi K‡i _v‡Kb †mB Zzjbvq
AKZvi‡`i GB e³e¨¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk †KŠkjx I
Z_¨vwfÁ| wKš‘ Av`bvb AKZvi‡`i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm I
†nv‡gv m¤ú‡K© `vwe¸‡jv A‡bKUv GiKgÑÔmKj K”QcB
Awfbœ KviY mK‡jB †Zv K”Qc!Õ Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kv‡mi K¼vjZ‡š¿i †h gvbe-m „k ¯^vZš¿m~PK
ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq KviY GUv †Zv †kl ch©šÍ
GKUv Gc-B! Avevi Lywj (F) ev †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi-Gi Lywji
g‡a¨ †h cÖvK-gvbweK (subhuman) ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q †hgb Lywj I
gyLgʇji eo AvKvi Ges I cÖmvwiZ evB‡ii w`K BZ¨vw`
†mme Zv‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY (Zv‡`i g‡Z) GUvI
†kl ch©šÍ GKUv gvby‡li Lywj Qvov wKQy bq! Avmj K_v
n‡”Q Av`bvb AKZvi Zuvi AvKvw•¶Z Dcmsnvi Av‡MB
†U‡b †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi Av‡iKwU e³e¨ n‡”Q †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi
(F) KL‡bv †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡i
bv KviY `ywU Lywji †WwUs‡q GKB eqm †`Lv‡”Q| Av`bv‡bi
GB e³e¨Uv A‡bKUv GiKg hyw³ nvwRi Ki‡Q †h gvwK©b
†cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgv †Kwbqv‡Z emevmKvix Zuvi `vw`i
es‡kv™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡ib bv KviY Df‡qB †Zv GL‡bv RxweZ
Av‡Qb!
AÜZ¡ †gvPb
m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡q cÖPzi my›`ifv‡e iw¶Z dwm‡ji Qwe
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z G‡`i wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv mn‡R †`‡LB
Avgv‡`i g‡b GB aviYv nq- Qwei GB Rxe¸‡jv my² I
wbLyuZ Askmg~‡ni mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q| Qwe¸‡jv †`‡L †hb
Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nB - me©kw³gvb Ck¦i mKj
Rxe‡KB cwic~Y© I wbLyuZ iƒ‡c m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †hgb GKUv
e³e¨ n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †PvL bvwK AZ¨š— wbLuyZ wWRvB‡b ˆZwi|
wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i Kv‡Q GB e³e¨wU AZ¨š— cQ‡›`i|
†ifv‡iÛ DBwjqvg c¨v‡j Ck¦‡ii ˆZwi m„wó‡Z wbLuyZ
wWRvB‡bi cÖgvY `vwe K‡i GB e³e¨wU Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|
(Paley 1802)| wKš‘ †Pv‡Li MV‡bi PgrKvi weeZ©bxq e¨vL¨v
i‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Av‡jv‡K weeZ©b Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv
Awf‡hvRbB wbLuyZ bq|
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb cÖwµqvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i
(eskMwZi m~‡Î cvIqv) c~e©cyiy‡li eskvbyµwgK GB
161
ˆewkó¨vejxi Dci, hv mgmvgwqKKv‡j Rx‡ei eZ©gvb
Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Av`k© bq| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖPzi D`vniY i‡q‡Q
hv Avgv‡`i mvg‡b ev‡R (Acwic~Y©) cwiKíbvi bgybv Zz‡j
a‡i| hvB †nvK, ev‡R cwiKíbv kãØq Avgv‡`i gv‡S weåvwš—
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB weåvwš— wKš‘ ev‡R kãwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y
bq, eis Gi g~j KviY n‡”Q cÖK…wZ‡Z Avm‡j †Kv‡bv
wWRvBb (cwiKíbv) †bB|
GiciI yf©vM¨ Avgv‡`i, gvbyl wKfv‡e welqwU‡K †`L‡Q
Zv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨| mixm„c, cvwL‡`i (GKwU
mywbw ©ó `ªó‡e¨i w`‡K) `„wó wbe× Kivi †KŠkj gvby‡li †P‡q
A‡bK Kvh©Kix I DbœZ| gvby‡li †PvL mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb
c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx n‡jI †gv‡UI we‡klfve `¶Zvc~Y© bq| 40
eQi eq‡mi ciB †`Lv hvq gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©KvwiZv Av‡¯—
Av‡ — K‡g hvq, d‡j †Kv‡bv wKQy cvV Ki‡Z ev †`L‡Z evav
m„wó nq wKsev Avgiv Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z nB|
Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb Ggb KviY (AvR‡Ki AwaKvsk —
b¨cvqx‡`i g‡ZvB) Avgiv †h Avw`g —b¨cvqx cÖvYx †_‡K
D™¢~Z n‡qwQ hv‡`i wQj †QvU †PvL Ges †mB †Pv‡Li `„wó
wbe× Kivi mvg_©¨ †Zgb DbœZ wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡`i
†Pv‡Li †dvKvm †KŠk‡j †QvU †QvU cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb wµqvkxjZvi Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ GLb GB
welqwU‡K hw` (me©kw³gv‡bi) cwiKíbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kwi Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li �wU I mxgve×Zv
Ck¦wiK ¶gZvi A‡a©K wedjZv wn‡m‡e Zvui mybvgnvwb NUvq|
wKš‘ G‡K hw` Avgiv cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Drcv`b wn‡m‡e
†`wL Z‡e G‡K PgKcÖ` mvdj¨ e‡jB g‡b nq| [cÖK…wZ‡Z
†hme †gi“`Êx-A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYxi †PvL i‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i †Pv‡Li
MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi w`K w`‡q A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
AvaywbKKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i Zzjbvq Avw`gKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨
†Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZv AZ¨š— `ye©j| Gi gva¨‡g GUv
†evSv hvq ûU K‡i GK`g cwic~Y© †PvL cÖvYx‡`‡n D™¢~Z nq
wb| `xN©w`‡bi µgweKvkg~jK cÖwµqvq GKUz GKUz
f¨vwi‡qk‡bi wfZi w`‡q cÖvYx‡`‡n †PvL MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖvYxRM‡Z gvbyl n‡”Q †gi“`Êx cÖvYx‡`i —b¨cvqx †kÖYxi|
c„w_ex‡Z cÖvY‰ewP‡Î¨i †h eqm-mxgv i‡q‡Q (cÖvq mv‡o wZbk
†KvwU eQi) †mLv‡b gvby‡li Ae¯’vb GK`g bexb (gvÎ `yB
†_‡K GK j¶ eQi gvÎ)| A_©vr gvbyl Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
AvaywbK| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi †P‡q †Ku‡Pv
RvZxq A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYx d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb I
Kvh©KvwiZv A‡a©‡Ki †P‡qI Kg| d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †`‡n ïay
Av‡jvKms‡e`x ¶z`ª ¶z`ª `vM i‡q‡Q| mvgyw ªK cÖvYx bwUjv‡mi
(Nautilus) GKUz DbœZ MV‡bi †PvL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zvi †Pv‡Li
MV‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi cv_©K¨I i‡q‡Q|
d¬¨vUIqvg© I gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q
162
bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li MVb| cÖvYxweÁvbxiv †`‡L‡Qb bwUjv‡mi
wcb‡nvj K¨v‡givi g‡Zv †Pv‡Li †h MVb Zv
Av‡jvKms‡e`bkxj| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i w`‡K ZvKv‡j Qvqv ˆZwi
n‡e (wWg jvB‡Ui Av‡jv‡Z †`L‡Z †hiKg jv‡M) wKš‘ e¯‘i
c~Y©v½ Qwe Zvi `„wó‡Z ˆZwi nq bv| bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li Zzjbvq
d¬¨vUIqv‡g©i †Pv‡Li MVb Av‡iv `ye©j| Zvi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv e¯‘i
c~Y©v½ Qwe ˆZwi nq bv, QvqvI ˆZwi nq bv| ïay Av‡jvi cÖwZ
Gi mœvqy¸‡jvi wKQy cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi nq| Avw`g A‡gi“`Êx
cÖvYx †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eZ©gvbKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i †Pv‡Li MV‡bi
Ges Kvh©KvwiZvi †h wfbœZv I ˆewPΨ cÖvYxRM‡Z
i‡q‡QÑG¸‡jv wbðqB †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK eyw×`xß mËvi ax‡i
ax‡i `¶Zv e„w× Avi µgvš^‡q DbœwZi dj wn‡m‡e †KD `vwe
KivUv †hŠw³K n‡e bv|ÑAbyev`K]
wiPvW© WwK‡Ýi I‡qe mvBU eÜ K‡i †`qvi AvwR© Rvwb‡q
AKZv‡ii AvBbRxex ZzwK© Av`vj‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb WwK‡Ýi
Amf¨ AvPiY Av`bvb AKZv‡ii g‡Zv m¤§vwbZ Ges gvwR©Z
e¨w³i mybvgnvwb NwU‡q‡Q| Zuvi g‡°j Av`bvb AKZv‡ii
†jLv wewfbœ wel‡qi wZbkZ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, GBme eB‡q wewfbœ
wel‡q cÖPzi gZvgZ i‡q‡Q wKš‘ G¸‡jvi †Kv_vI GKUvI
Am¤§vbRbK kã Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| Ggb Kx Zuvi GK
WR‡biI Dci I‡qe mvBU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI Ggb GKwU
kãI †bB| (`ªóe¨ : http://bit.ly/16e44CA)| Avwg Aek¨ wZbkZ
eB‡qi me¸‡jv c‡o †`wL wb| wKš‘ †h¸‡jv c‡owQ Zv‡Z
weÁvbx, e ‘ev`x Ges m‡e©vcwi Pvj©m WviDB‡bi wei“‡× cÖPÊ
†¶vf Avi we‡Ø‡li mgvnvi †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ| Zuvi m„wói
gvbwPÎ eB‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K WviDBb‡K evwZj K‡i †`evi
AwfcÖv‡q wj‡L‡Qb :
Pvj©m WviDB‡bi `vwei Aek¨B †Kv‡bv
weÁvbm¤§Z cÖgvY ev wfwË †bB| wKš‘ hLb
†_‡K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb Ges cÖhyw³i DbœwZ NU‡Z
_vK‡jv GK`g cÖv_wgK gvÎvq †mB mgq
†_‡KB WviDB‡bi nvm¨Ki Ges Aev¯—e
`vwe¸‡jv w`‡bi Av‡jvi mvg‡b Avi wU‡K
_vK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| (c„ôv 14)|
Avgvi †ek g‡b a‡i‡Q AKZvi Zuvi cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ÔAek¨BÕ
kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb! †KD hw` WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae
w¯úwmR MÖš’wU Lye Mfxifv‡e cvV bv K‡iI ïay `ª“Z cvZv
Dwë‡q hvq Zey †m †Ui cv‡e WviDBb Zuvi e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b
Kx Mfxi cwigvY I `xN© AbymÜvb Kvh© Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wKš‘
Avgvi G e³e¨ w`‡q Aek¨ cÖgvwYZ nq bv WviDBb mwVK
wQ‡jb| wKš‘ AKZvi m¤ú~Y© a„óZvi mv‡_, †evKvi g‡Zv I
wKQyUv JׇZ¨i mv‡_ `vwe K‡i‡Qb ÔWviDB‡bi w_Iwi
Aek¨B †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY e¨wZ‡i‡K ˆZwi
n‡qwQj|Õ Zuvi GB e³e¨ ïay fyj bq eis cy‡ivcywi m‡Z¨i
163
wecixZ| A‡bKUv GiKgfv‡e ejv hvq †h Zuvi wb‡Ri eBwUI
ÔAek¨BÕ †Kviv‡bi cÖwZ Akª×vkxj|
hw` (AKZvi †hgbUv e‡j‡Qb) RxeweeZ©‡bi AbyKíwU
cy‡ivcywi fyj, wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Avw`g `„wófw½ Avi AvaywbK
ˆeÁvwbK cÖhyw³i NvUwZi Dci wfwË K‡i GwU M‡o DV‡Zv|
Zvn‡j Avgiv Avkv Kwi weÁvbxiv G‡Zvw`‡b Av‡iv gvwR©Z
cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i, fv‡jv w_Iwi I cÖPzi Z_¨-DcvË w`‡q
WviDB‡bi KvR¸‡jv b`©gvq Quy‡o †d‡j w`‡Zb| wKš‘ Avmj
K_v n‡”Q mZ¨ Gi wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| hZB weÁvbxiv
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Cartmill M, Smith FH. 2009. The Human Lineage. New York: Wiley Blackwell.
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Yahya H. 2007c. The Miracle of Electricity in the Body. Istanbul: Global Publishing. Available from: http://www.harunyahya.com/books/science/electricity/electricity_01.php
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Ab¨Zg wQj 280 eQi Av‡Mi me‡P‡q eo Lv`K (predator)
Dimetrodon Gi †XD‡qi gZ wcV, ev”Pv‡`i Kv‡Q †Ljbv
WvB‡bvm‡ii Kvi‡Y †ek cwiwPZ, hw`I GUv Av‡`Š
WvB‡bvmi wQj bv| Dimetrodon Gi eo I avivj †Q`b `vuZ Ges
—b¨cvqx‡`i gZ LywjI wQj|
cieZ©x 80 wgwjqb eQ‡i Synapsida iv ভা�ক Ges †bK‡oi
gZ wkKvix cÖvYxi cvkvcvwk k~K‡ii gZ Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvYx‡ZI
weewZ©Z nq| GB mg‡q Zviv —b¨cvqx‡`i AviI A‡bK
ˆewkó¨ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ D��L‡hvM¨ nj †Pvqv‡ji evowZ
†cwk hv wPev‡bvi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i; gy‡Li wfZ‡i AwZwi³
Zvjy hv Zv‡`i GKB mv‡_ †L‡Z Ges k¦vm wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
GKvwaK ¯—‡i mw¾Z Pe©b `vuZ hv Lv`¨ mivmwi wM‡j †djvi
Av‡M wPev‡bvi Kv‡R jv‡M; eo gw — ‹ Ges h_vh_ k¦vm-
170
cÖk¦v‡mi Rb¨ cuvR‡ii Pvicv‡ki †cwk| G‡`i †`‡n †jvg
_vKvi cÖgvY ch©š— cvIqv ‡M‡Q, hv wbwðZfv‡eB —b¨cvqx‡`i
ˆewkó¨| Pxb, `w¶Y Avwd«Kv I †U·v‡m cvIqv 200 wgwjqb
eQi Av‡Mi mwZ¨Kv‡ii —b¨cvqx cÖvYxi dwm‡jI Dcw¯’wZi
gva¨‡g Synapsida-†`i NUbv †kl nq|
wewfbœ cÖvYxi wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji dwmj ch©‡e¶‡Yi Øviv
—b¨cvqx‡`i weeZ©‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b¸‡jv j¶¨
Kiv hvq| mixm…c I Avw` Synapsida-†`i evg I Wvb
Dfqcv‡ki wb‡Pi †Pvqvj¸‡jv nvo Øviv MwVZ, hvi †Kv‡bvwU
Avevi `vuZ‡KI a‡i iv‡L| Synapsida-†`i weeZ©‡bi mv‡_
†Pvqv‡ji nvo¸‡jv eo n‡Z _v‡K Ges †k‡l gv_vi Lywji
mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| mixm„c‡`i †Pvqv‡ji GKwU nvo
m¼ywPZ n‡Z n‡Z G‡Kev‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| Ab¨ nvo `ywU
mi‡Z mi‡Z ga¨K‡Y© P‡j hvq †hLv‡b Zviv †bnvB I nvZywoi
gZ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv Kv‡bi c`©vq kã Drcbœ K‡i hv
w÷ivc nvo n‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠu‡Q hvq| Avcbviv hw`
mixm…c‡`i kã †kvbvi cÖwµqv m¤‡Ü bv Rv‡bb Z‡e
nvo¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri Ggb cwieZ©b Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Q A™¢yZ
jvM‡Z cv‡i| mixm…c‡`i †¶‡Î kã wb‡Pi †Pvqvj †_‡K
gv_vi Lywji ga¨ w`‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠuQvq| Kv‡bi c`©vq Gmgq
†h K¤úb Abyf~Z nq Zv †Kv‡bv e¯—y‡K hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
Ab¨vb¨ †Mvôxi †¶‡ÎI GLb A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ôwgwms
wj¼Õ †`Lv hvq| A‡bK cÖRvwZi dwmj GLb Wvq‡bvmi †_‡K
cvwLi weeZ©‡bi wPÎwU AviI ¯úó K‡i| 150 wgwjqb eQi
cyiv‡bv RyivwmK hy‡Mi dwmj †iK‡W© cvIqv Archaeopteryx-Gi
D`vniY GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv hvq| Px‡bi Lower Cretaceous †_‡K
cvIqv 140 eQi cyiv‡bv dwm‡jI cvwLi ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq|
†hgb Sinornis Gi fuvR Kievi gZ Wvbv wQj, _vev w`‡q
aievi Dc‡hvMx cv wQj, †j‡Ri nvo¸‡jv me GKmv‡_ wg‡k
GKwU nv‡o cwiYZ n‡qwQj| `vuZwenxb †VuvU Avgiv cÖ_g
†`wL Confuciusornis-G| †¯ú‡bi cÖvq 130 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv
Lower Cretaceous wkjv †_‡K cvIqv hvq Iberomesornis, hvi †ek
gReyZ ey‡Ki nvo wQj hv Dovi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †cwk‡K AvU‡K
ivLZ| GB cÖvYxwUi Avevi Wvq‡bvm‡ii gZ Avw`g cÖK…wZi
†gi“`ÊI wQj|
GB ai‡bi cvwL‡`i dwmj¸‡jv‡K GLb AvKv‡k D‡o bv
Ggb Wvq‡bvmi‡`i ZvwjKvq †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Microraptor ev
Caudipteryx-Gi dwmj¸‡jv‡Z †ek DbœZ ai‡bi cvjK †`Lv
‡M‡Q| G †_‡K †evSv hvq I¸‡jv Doevi Dc‡hvMx nIqviI
A‡bK Av‡M AviI wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nZ| [ †`Lyb
ÔBird's-eye ViewÕ by Matthew T. Carrano and Patrick M. O'Connor,
Natural History; May 2005, Vol. 114 Issue 4, p42]|
171
Av‡iKwU cUcwieZ©b hvi c‡¶I GLb h‡_ó
Z_¨cÖgvYvw` cvIqv †M‡Q Zv nj DfPi cÖvYx‡`i Wv½v weRq
(Awf‡hvRb)| `k‡Ki ci `kK a‡i gvQ I DfPi‡`i
ga¨eZ©x GKgvÎ dwmjwU wQj wMÖbj¨v‡Û cvIqv 360 wgwjqb
eQi cyi‡bv †Wfwbqvb hy‡Mi Ichthyostega| DfPi cÖvYx‡`i
mv‡_ Ichthyostega †`i bvbv mv`„k¨ †hgb myMwVZ cv, Kvu‡a
c~Y©v½ KwUeÜ, †gi“`‡Êi mv‡_ hy³ wbZ‡¤^i nvo _vKv m‡Ë¡I
G‡`i gy‡Li Dci cvwbi wfZ‡ii e —yKYv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨
gv‡Qi gZ Kvb‡Kv wQ ª Ges gv‡Q‡`i gZB cvLbvIqvjv j¤^v
†jR wQj|
mv¤cÖwZK Avwe®‹vi¸‡jv †hgb GKB A‡j cvIqv
Acanthostega, GB wPÎwU‡K AviI RwUj I AvKl©Yxq K‡i
Zy‡j‡Q| Acanthostega Gi Kv‡bi nvoI wQj hv cvwbi wfZ‡i
kã †kvbvi Dc‡hvMx wQj| Ichthyostega A‡c¶v eo cvLbvhy³
†jR Acanthostega Gi †`‡n †`Lv hvq| DbœZZi Kvb‡Kvi
Kvi‡Y Acanthostega, Ichthyostega Gi †P‡q AviI †ewk Avw`g I
AviI †ewk RjR ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix wQj| Acanthostega †`i
Pvi cv‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z 5wUi ¯’‡j 8wU K‡i AvOyj wQj hv
Avw`gKv‡ji PZy®ú`x cÖvYx‡`i †¶‡Î Av`k© wQj| Gi
Dcv½¸‡jv muvZvi KvUvi cvkvcvwk Rjvk‡qi Zj‡`‡ki Dci
w`‡q nuvUvi Dc‡hvMx wQj, Wv½vq nvuUvi Dc‡hvMx bq|
DfPi‡`i cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Wv½vq PjvP‡ji Rb¨ (Lv‡`¨i
bZyb Dr‡mi mÜv‡b), cÖPwjZ Ggb Kvwnwbi mv‡_ GUv
mvsNwl©K cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q cvwbi wbP w`‡q nuvUvi R‡b¨
(†ewkifvM m¨vjvg¨vÛviiv AvRI hv K‡i P‡j)| Zvici Zviv
Wv½vq Pjvi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V KviY †mB ¶gZv Zviv †c‡q
wM‡qwQj|
GLb †mB weeZ©‡bi K_vq Avwm hv Avgv‡`i cÖRvwZ
Homo sapiens MV‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| wKQyw`b Av‡MI
gvbe‡Mv‡Îi dwm‡ji msL¨v AZ¨š— mxwgZ wQj| 1912 mv‡j
wcëWvDb g¨vb bv‡g cwiwPZ GK cÖeÂbvg~jK dwm‡ji
Kvi‡Y mewKQy‡ZB AwbðqZv I weå‡gi GK gvqvRvj ˆZwi
nq| wKš‘ MZ wZb `k‡K mKj Avwe®‹viB Av‡jv‡Z wb‡q
G‡m‡Q| Avwd«Kvi Pv` cÖRvZš¿ †_‡K 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi
cyi‡bv Sahelanthropus Gi dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Bw_‡qvwcqvq 2
†_‡K 5 wgwjqb cyi‡bv †iK‡W© bZyb MY Ardipithecus I
Australopithecus-Gi bZyb `yBwU cÖRvwZi (A. Anamensis I A.
Bahrelghazali) dwmjI †ei Kiv m¤¢e nq| Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i
cÖvq 2 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv MY Homo GiI †ek wKQy cÖRvwZ
wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq gvby‡li dwmj †iKW© GLb A‡bK †ewk
mg…× I m¤ú~Y©| bZyb D×viK…Z bgybv¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jv
Avevi †ek we¯§qKi| †hgb cyi‡bv b…weÁvbx‡`i K_vi
we‡ivwaZv K‡i dwmj¸‡jv Avgv‡`i †`Lvq `yB cv‡q `uvov‡bvi
172
NUbvUv gw¯—‡®‹i AvKvi e…w×i Av‡MB N‡U‡Q| gvbe weeZ©‡bi
A‡bK c‡ii ch©v‡q gw¯—‡®‹i AvKv‡ii e…w× N‡U‡Q|
†gi“`Êx‡`i DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i dwmj †iK‡W© GKmgq
nZvkvRbK duvK i‡q wM‡qwQj| RxeweÁvbxiv wewfbœ RxweZ
cÖvYx‡KB (†hgb, lancelets, sea squirts) A‡gi“`Êx I
†Pvqvjwenxb gv‡Qi ga¨Kvi ms‡hvM e‡j cix¶v Pvjv‡Zb|
hZw`b bv 480 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv A‡W©vwfwmqvb hy‡Mi
ïi“i w`‡Ki †ek Kvh©Ki wKQy dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Z‡e
†m¸‡jv ïay wKQy fv½v nvo Avi ��U Qov‡bv Ae¯’vq wQj|
Z‡e Pxb †_‡K cvIqv 510 wgwjqb †_‡K 500 wgwjqb
eQi Av‡Mi ga¨ K¨vgweªqvb hy‡Mi wKQy dwmj lancelet Gi
c~e©m~wi wn‡m‡e ïay we‡ewPZ nq wb, big kix‡ii AviI wKQy
bgybv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †gi“`Êx cÖvYx wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| Gi
gva¨‡g †gi“`Êx‡`i c`v¼ †mB K¨vgweªqvb hy‡MI cvIqv hvq,
hLb AvaywbK cÖvYxRM‡Zi wewfbœ kvLvi m…wó n‡qwQj|
WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi hLb †`ok eQi
†cwi‡q hv‡”Q, cÖvß dwm‡ji wb`k©b¸‡jv †`L‡j g‡b nq
WviDB‡bi g‡b `ytL ev Aciva‡eva bq, eis †MŠie †eva
Ki‡Zb| weeZ©bxq-RxeweÁvbxiv GLb Av‡iv wKQy Avwe®‹v‡ii
w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡ib| hvi KZ¸wj †QvU gw —‡®‹i `y †c‡q
†nvwgwbW‡`i gZ we¯§q RvMv‡e, Avevi KZ¸wj weeZ©‡bi
NUbv m¤‡Ü dwmjwe`‡`i aviYvi †gvo Nywi‡q †`‡e| ZvB
dwmj †iKW© RxeweeZ©b e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ WviDB‡bi mg‡qi gZ
GLb Avi weo¤bvi KviY bq|
†Wvbvì †cÖv‡_‡iv : Av‡gwiKvi Aw·‡W›Uvj K‡j‡Ri f~ZË¡we`¨vi
Aa¨vcK| ÔThe fossils say yes!Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki
AbygwZµ‡g Natural History g¨vMvwRb (2005, 114 (9):
52-56) †_‡K msM„nxZ|
AfxK `vm : weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDw݇ji m`m¨| wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|