Download - Ica frutales ciat- 2011
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LOS FRUTALES Y SU ENFOQUE DE TRABAJO DESDE
LA PARTE FITOSANITARIA
REUNION DE FRUTALES CIAT
UNISAR 25 Y 26 DE NOVIEMBRE DEL 2010
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ALGUNOS DE LOS PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS
FITOSANITARIOS DE IMPORTANCIA EN
COLOMBIA EN FRUTALES
Antracnosis [Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ]
Mancha bacterial [ Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria ]
Marchitez bacterial [Ralstonia solanacearum ]
Moho blanco [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ]
Moho gris, añublo [Botrytis cinerea , Botryotinia fuckeliana ]
Nematodos del nudo radica [Meloidogyne arenaria , M. hapla, M. incognita , M.
javanica ]
Pudrición bacterial del tallo y del fruto [Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ]
Tizón, quemazón o gota [Phytophthora spp.]
Tizón temprano [Alternaria solani ]
Virosis: Mosaico del pepino [Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) género Cucumovirus],
Mosaicos del tabaco y tomate [Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) y Tomato mosaic virus
(ToMV) , género Tobamovirus], Marchitez moteada del tomate [Tomato spotted wilt
virus (TSWV), género Tospovirus]
Volcamiento y pudrición de raíces [Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Phytophthora spp.
Fusarium spp. Pythium spp.]
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PROBLEMAS FITOSANITARIOS DE IMPORTANCIA EN
COLOMBIA EN FRUTALES
Moscas blancas [ Bemisia tabaci – Trialeurodes vaporiariorum
Pasador del fruto [ Neulocinodes elegantialis ]
Acaros [Tetranychus sp – Polyphagotarsonemus lactus ]
Thrips [ Thrips tabaci, Frankiniella occidentalis– Trips palmi ]
Tierreros [ Agrotis sp- Spodoptera sp ]
Afidos [ Aphis gossipi - Myzus persicae- Brevicoryne brassicae]
Minadores [ Liryomiza huidobrensis- Melanagromyza lini ]
Comedores de Follaje [ Spodoptera frugiperda – Diabrotica sp Cerotoma sp ]
Desfoliadores [ Plutella xylostella – Scrobipalpula absoluta ]
Coleopteros o chisas [ Ancognata scarabaeiodes - Phyllophaga sp ]
Masticadores [ Trichoplusia ni – Pseudoplusia includes ]
Caracoles - Babosas
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PROBLEMAS FITOSANITARIOS DE
IMPORTANCIA EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA
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Ministerio de Agricultura. López H. 2009
PRINCIPALES FRUTALES EN COLOMBIA.
1983-2009
Especie 1983 2008 %
Cítricos 13.154 46.278 310.0
Piña 2.710 9.435 348.0
Aguacate 1.659 18.491 933.0
Guayaba 5.650 13.140 232.5
Banano 1.445 13.984 968.0
Papaya 1.624 3.710 288.0
Mango 1.465 13.893 948.0
Maracuyá 1.971 3.908 198.0
Mora 2.710 10.011 369.0
Tomate de árbol 3.250 7.686 236.5
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DEPARTAMENTOS CON MAYOR
PARTICIPACION-FRUTAS
(Millones de $)
Fuente: Dirección de Aportes 1997 - Octubre 2005
0
1,500
3,000
4,500
6,000
7,500 Cundinamarca
Valle
Antioquia
Tolima
Boyacá
Caldas
Santander
Quindío
Huila
Bolívar
Meta
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CAUSALES DE DISTURBIOS
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AGUACATE
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS FITOSANATIARIOS
EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA
AGUACATE
Persea americana
Pudricion de pie. Phytophthora cinnamonii
Antracnosis- Colletotrichum gloesporioides
Marchitez Verticillium dahali –V.alboatum
Muerte subita Cylindrocladium scoparium
Marchitez - Fusarium oxysporum-Rhizoctonia sp
Pudricion del fruto –Erwinia sp
Aranita roja - Tetranychus sp
Trips – Trips palmi- T. tabaci/
Pega Pega- Platynota sp
Pasadores del fruto Stenoma catenifer
Barrenadores de tallos- Capturomirus perseae
Pasador de ramas y frutos-Heilipus lauri
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MANCHA ANGULAR
Pseudocercospora purpurea
Cercospora purpurea
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MANCHA ANGULAR continuación
Esporas
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ANTRACNOSIS
Glomerella cingulata
Colletorichum gloesporioides
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ANTRACNOSIS
Síntomas
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PUDRICION DE RAICES
Phytophthora cinnamomi
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PUDRICION DE RAICES
Phytophthora cinnamomi
ACUOSO
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THRIPS
SINTOMAS
•Frankliniella gardeniae
•Selenothrips rubrocinctus
•Heliotrips haemorrhoidalis
•Thrips tabaci
•Thrips palmi
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BICHOS CANDELA
THRIPS
Thysanoptera-Thripidae
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PICUDO DEL AGUACATE
Heilipus lauri
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PICUDO DEL AGUACATE
Heilipus lauri
Beauveria bassiana
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PASADOR DEL FRUTO
Stenoma catenifer
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CITRICOS
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS
FITOSANATIARIOS EN EL VALLE
DEL CAUCA
Tristeza, declinamiento, acanaladuras del tallo,
amarillamiento de plántulas [Citrus tristeza virus
(CTV) género Closterovirus]
Leprosis [Citrus Leprosis virus, CIAV]
HLB Huanglonbing
Psorosis, Psoriasis [Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) nuevo
género Ophiovirus]
Xyloporosis = cachexia [Citrus cachexia viroid
(Hostuviroid)]
Exocortis [Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) (Pospiviroid)]
Gomosis y pudrición de las raíces [Phytophthora spp.]
Antracnosis [Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman),
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ]
CITRICOS ( Citrus spp.)
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• Es un insecto:
– Orden: Hemíptera
– Familia: Psyllidae.
• Daños directos (Extracción savia)
• Daños indirectos (Fumagina, Vector
de la enfermedad Huanglongbing (en
chino: enfermedad del dragón amarillo,
Bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp”
Es una de las enfermedades más
graves que afectan a la
citricultura mundial.
En Colombia la enfermedad NO se
encuentra presente y por lo tanto
resulta de suma importancia evitar su
ingreso y/o detectar rápidamente su
aparición
Psilido asiatico de los citricos
PAC
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METODOLOGÍA DE MONITOREO.
Observación visual de ramas jóvenes y brotes tiernos.
Verificación en Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Fitosanitario.
Foto: ICA Carlos E. Gomez
Foto: ICA Carlos E. Gomez
Foto: ICA Carlos E. Gomez
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Foto: ICA William King
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Foto: ICA Carlos E. Gomez
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Foto: ICA Carlos E. GomezFoto: ICA Carlos E. Gomez
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS
FITOSANATIARIOS EN EL VALLE
DEL CAUCA
Picudos. Compsus sp
Orthezia praelonga
Escamas Unaspis citri
Acaro rojo Tetranychus sp
Acaro blanco Poliphagartomenus lactus
Acaro tostador Phyllocoltrura oleolivora
CITRICOS ( Citrus spp.)
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SINTOMAS
MANCHAS CIRCULARES CON CENTRO VERDE Y MARRON OSCURO
LESIONES CON HALOS CLOROTICOS , CENTRO VERDE ,CIRCULARES Y HENDIDAS
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SINTOMATOLOGIA
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TRISTEZA Y ACARO
TOSTADOR
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DIFERENTES TIPOS DE ACAROS
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CARACTERISTICAS TIPICAS DEL
ACARO ROJO
Brevipalpus abreviatus
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PICUDO DE LOS CITRICOS
Compsus sp
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GUANABANA
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS FITOSANATIARIOS EN
EL VALLE DEL CAUCA
Pudrición de las raíces [Phytophthora spp.]
Antracnosis [Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman),
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ]
Moho gris Botrytis cinerea
Roya Gynocornia sp
Muerte descendente Phoma sp, Ascochyta sp, Colletotrichum sp
Acaros rojo Tetranychus sp
Thrips Trips tabaci, Trips palmi
Barrenador de tallos Epialus sp
Mosca de las frutas Anastrepha sp
Nematodos Meloidogyne sp
GUANABANA
Anona sp
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ANTRACNOSIS
Colletotrichum gloesporiodes
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ESCAMA HARINOSA
Dismicoccus abreviatus
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MARACUYA
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS FITOSANATIARIOS
EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA
MARACUYA
Passiflora sp
Bacteriosis- Xanthomonas campestri
Mancha parda -Alternaria passiflorae
Costra- Cladosporium herbarum
Secadera- Fusarium oxysporum
Gusano cosechero - Agraulis sp
Mosca sonsa- Dasiops sp
Mosca de la fruta - Anastrepha sp
Aranita roja - Tetranychus sp
Virosis - Potyvirus
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SECADERA
MAL DEL PIE
MARACUYA
Fusarium oxysporium
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VIROSIS EN MARACUYA
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SIGNOS DE UN VIRUS
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GUAYABA
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS FITOSANITARIOS EN EL
VALLE DEL CAUCA
GUAYABA
Pestalotiasis Pestalotia vesicolor
Roya Puccinia psidi
Acaros Tegonotus guavae
Thrips: Trips tabaci, Frankiliella occidentalis Senotrips sp
Mosca frutas. Anastrepa striata- Anastrepha fraterculus
Gorgojo de la Guayaba- Conotrachelus psidii
Nematodos Meloidogyne incognita. M javanica. M arenaria
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ROÑA DEL FRUTO
CLAVO
Pestalotia vesicolor
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ACAROS
Tegonotus guavae
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EL GORGOJO DE LA GUAYABA
Conotrachelus psidii
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Huevo
LARVA
PUPA
ADULTO
4 – 6 días
25 – 156 días
77.71
7 -16
9.2
149 días
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BICHO CANDELA
Senotrips sp
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MOSCAS DE LAS FRUTAS
Anastrepha striata
Anastrepha fraterculus
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MOSCAS DE LAS FRUTAS
Anastrepha fraterculus
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NEMATODOS
•Meloidogyne sp
•Pratylenchus sp
•Helicotylenchus sp
•Criconema sp
Complejo
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MORA
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Botrytis cinerea
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MOHO GRIS EN FRUTOS
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Colletotrichum sp
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OIDIUM
(Mildeo Polvoso)
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CENICILLA
Oidium sp
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PAPAYA
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PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS FITOSANATIARIOS
EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA
PAPAYA
Carica sp
Pudricion del pie- Pythium sp Phytophthora sp, Rhizoctonia sp
Mildeo Velloso. Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Mildeo polvoso. Oidium sp
Pudricion radicular- Fusarium oxysporum-Pythium sp
Pudricion del tallo – Phytophthora palmivora
Antracnosis- Colletotrichum gloesporioides
Aranita roja - Tetranychus sp
Trips – Trips palmi- T.tabaci
Afidos o pulgones- Aphis spp, Myzus persicae
Moscas blancas- Trialeurodes variabilis
Mosca de la papaya Toxotrypana curvicauda
Virosis: Mancha anular de la papaya (Papaya ringspot potyvirus),
Marchitez moteada (Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus), potyvirus y otros
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Virus de la Mancha Anular de la Papaya
(PRSV)
• Miembro del género Potyvirus (Fam. Potyviridae).
• Transmitido por áfidos en forma no persistente.
• Causa serios daños en la producción de Papaya en muchos países.
• Puede llegar a generar perdidas hasta el 100%
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VIROSIS EN PAPAYA
VIRUS DE LA MANCHA ANULAR
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VIRUS DE LA MANCHA ANULAR
PAPAYA (PVRS)
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SINTOMAS DE LA MANCHA
ANULAR Y PARTICULAS VIRALES
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SINTOMAS SEVEROS DE LA
MANCHA ANULAR
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ANILLOS VIRALES SOBRE EL
FRUTO
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RESIST. VARIETAL
CONTROLQUÍMICO
CONTROL CULTURAL
CONTROL BIOLÓGICO
MIP
MONITOREO
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Control Químico
F F
F
ESTRATEGIA DE MANEJO INTEGRADO
PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES
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MALLAS ANTI-INSECTOS
MEDIDAS FUTURISTAS
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BIOSEGURIDAD
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INGRESO A EE.UU.TRÁNSITO POR LOS
PUERTOS DE EE.UU.
HACIA TERCEROS PAISES
EXPORTACIONES DE COLOMBIA
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EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGO
MITIGACIÓN DE RIESGO
PROCESO NORMATIVO
EXPORTACION DE UN PRODUCTO NO
INCLUIDO EN LA LISTA DE
AUTORIZADOS
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Evaluación de Riesgo de Plagas
Es un documento en el que se
determinan las plagas
cuarentenarias del país
exportador y se evalúa el
daño potencial que éstas
podrían causar al país
importador, así como las
medidas de mitigación a ser
implementadas.
Importation of Fresh Papaya
into the Continental United States from
Colombia
A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment
October, 2003
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Commodity Risk Assessment Staff
1017 Main Campus Drive
Raleigh, NC 27606-5202
Establecido por la OMC (1994):
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TLC
•POLITICAS DE GOBIERNO
•APERTURA ECONOMICA
•COMPETITIVIDAD
•NEGOCIADORES
•GLOBALIZACIÓN
•ARANCELES FITOSANITARIOS MSF
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TLC
AGRICULTURA
HORTOFRUTICOLA Y OTROS PRODUCTOS
Para Colombia:
Frutas y Hortalizas:
Consolidación de las preferencias contenidas en el ATPDEA.
Países que ya tienen TLC con Estados Unidos como Chile han visto en las frutas y hortalizas el segmento en los que más ha crecido su oferta agrícola de exportación.
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VALORES AGREGADOS
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RICA
VIT. A/B/C/
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ACCESO A NUEVOS NICHOS DE MERCADOS
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MUCHAS GRACIAS
POR SU
ATENCION