1.

if and then E1 else E2 endif

if then if then E1 else E2 endifelse E2endif

(1)(boolean expression)ANDOR(operator)(2)ADACPascal

(1)a.(short circuit evaluation) (a)A and B AfalseA and Bfalse(b)A or B AtrueA or Btrueb.(complete circuit evaluation) (a)A and B AfalseBfalse(b)A or B AtrueBtruec.

(2)a.ADAandorand thenor elseb.Cc.Pascal

C(optimization compiler)(boolean operator)(sub-expression)

C

(recursive call)

SNOBOLAPLLISPPascalFORTRANCOBOL

(1)FORTRANPascalCOBOL(2)SNOBOLAPLLISPPascal

(1)(static type binding)(dynamic type binding)(2)FortranPascalLispAPLSmalltalk

(1)FortranPascal(2)LispAPLSmalltalk

(variable)5-tupletuples

(1)name(2)scope(3)type(4)l-value(5)r-value

1.(attribute)(binding)(A)(dynamic binding) (B)(static binding) (C)(early binding) (D)(random binding)

2.(Attribute)(binding)(A)(dynamic binding) (B)(static binding) (C)(early binding) (D)(random binding)

3.(variables) (A)(name) (B)(value) (C)(error message) (D)(attribute)

4.(data binding)(compile time)(A)LISP (B)PROLOG (C)Pascal (D)APL

5. (A)APL (B)BASIC (C)C (D)PL/16.(dynamic binding type) : LispSchemeC++Java(A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4

7.(array)(heap dynamic)(A)FORTRAN 77 (B)Pascal (C)Ada (D)FORTRAN 9O8.APLL1,2,3,4,5,6L38(storage binding)(A)(static) (B)(static dynamic) (C)(explicit-dynamic variable) (D)(implicit-dynamic variable)

9.(static binding type)ADACFORTRANAPL (A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4 10.(expression)(type checking)(coercion)(A)ADA (B)C (C)C++ (D)FORTRAN