IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CANOPY COON CANOPY CO22 AND HAND H22O O
EXCHANGE OF A TROPICAL EXCHANGE OF A TROPICAL RAINFOREST IN PENINSULAR RAINFOREST IN PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA, PASOHMALAYSIA, PASOHYoshiko Kosugi (Kyoto Univ.)Yoshiko Kosugi (Kyoto Univ.)
Satoru Takanashi (FFPRI)Satoru Takanashi (FFPRI)Makoto Tani (Kyoto Univ.)Makoto Tani (Kyoto Univ.)
Shinjiro Ohkubo (Kyoto Univ.)Shinjiro Ohkubo (Kyoto Univ.)Naoko Matsuo (Mie Univ.)Naoko Matsuo (Mie Univ.)
Masayuki Itoh (Kyoto Univ.)Masayuki Itoh (Kyoto Univ.)Shoji Noguchi (FFPRI)Shoji Noguchi (FFPRI)
Abdul Rahim Nik (FRIM)Abdul Rahim Nik (FRIM)
Pasoh
Pasoh
Month1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mon
thly
rai
nfal
l (m
m m
onth
-1)
0
100
200
300
400
5002003 (1895mm)2004 (1655mm)2005 (1649mm)
1983-1997 PasohDua average (1804mm)
Time of Day
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Am
ount
(m
m)
0
50
100
150
Occ
asio
n0
10
20
30
40
50
amount (mm/year)Occasion (time/year)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Objective : Evaluation of the impact of climate chan ge on evapotranspiration and canopy CO 2 exchange
Moderate dry and wet periods
Most rainfall occur in the evening
Annual rain fall : 1800mmBorder of ‘Tropical rainforest’
Flux Tower Sites in Southeast Asia
METHODMETHOD
Tower Flux Observation2002.9- now
CR1000CO2profile
50m
40m
30m
20m
10m
1m
5m
SR+PAR
Vaisala Ta &RH
Thermocouple
Tsoil(×4)
G(×3) Temsiomete
r(×14)TDR(×10)
Pasoh Tower EquipmentsLightning conductor and network
a lightning rod at tower topsheet line from tower top to the ground and their
network under the ground to induce the electricity
Commercial electricity lines100V line to the 30m corridor from the House.
Solar Panels and their systemsMain Solar 24V system (6 big panels, lines to and
from the House, 2 control boxes at tower top)Old 12V Solar system (2 panels, lines to and from
House, one control box at tower top)CR10-12V (a panel, line to CR10-Ptower、battery)Spectrometer-12V(2 panels, line to CR1000-
Specrto, 2 batteries) Data Loggers and Boxes
4 data loggers and 7 boxes at the top of tower2 data loggers at the HouseEarth lines from data loggers to the ground
Equipments (line to the tower top loggers)CR5000Eddy
SAT550, LI7500 Probe and BoxCR10-Ptower
Ta & RH Vaisala (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m, 20m)Pair, Wind (53m, 45m) and wind direction(53m)Rainfall gaugeSR (53m, upper & lower), LR (53m, upper & lower)PAR (53m, upper & lower)SR & PAR (30m, 25m, 20m, 15m)Thermocouple (45-53, 53m, 40m, 30m, 20m, 10m,
5m, 1m)CR10-Pbackup
SR(53m, upper & lower), LR(53m, upper & lower), PARdiffusive (53m), PAR (backup), Wind(53m)
CO2-Vaisala (30m, 53m) CR1000-Spectro
MS-700 Spectrometers (53m, upper & lower)Phenology auto camerasEquipments (line to the House loggers)CR10-PhouseTa & RH Vaisala (10m, 5m, 1m)SR & PAR (10m, 5m), SR (1m, upper & lower), PAR (1m, upper & lower)Soiltemp (A2cm, 10cm, B2cm, C2cm)G (A1cm, B1cm, C1cm), TDR(10), Tensiometer (14)CO2-Vaisala(10m, 1m)CR1000-CO2proCO2 sampling tube and filter (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m,
20m, 10m, 5m, 2m, 1m, 0.2m)
CR10-Ptower
LI7500Box
CR10Phouse
CR1000SpectroMS700control
Solar24V Box B
Solar 12V control
Solar24V Box A
CR5000Eddy&CR10 Backup
CR1000CO2profile
50m
40m
30m
20m
10m
1m
5m
SR+PAR
Vaisala Ta &RH
Thermocouple
Tsoil(×4)
G(×3) Temsiomete
r(×14)TDR(×10)
Pasoh Tower EquipmentsLightning conductor and network
a lightning rod at tower topsheet line from tower top to the ground and their
network under the ground to induce the electricity
Commercial electricity lines100V line to the 30m corridor from the House.
Solar Panels and their systemsMain Solar 24V system (6 big panels, lines to and
from the House, 2 control boxes at tower top)Old 12V Solar system (2 panels, lines to and from
House, one control box at tower top)CR10-12V (a panel, line to CR10-Ptower、battery)Spectrometer-12V(2 panels, line to CR1000-
Specrto, 2 batteries) Data Loggers and Boxes
4 data loggers and 7 boxes at the top of tower2 data loggers at the HouseEarth lines from data loggers to the ground
Equipments (line to the tower top loggers)CR5000Eddy
SAT550, LI7500 Probe and BoxCR10-Ptower
Ta & RH Vaisala (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m, 20m)Pair, Wind (53m, 45m) and wind direction(53m)Rainfall gaugeSR (53m, upper & lower), LR (53m, upper & lower)PAR (53m, upper & lower)SR & PAR (30m, 25m, 20m, 15m)Thermocouple (45-53, 53m, 40m, 30m, 20m, 10m,
5m, 1m)CR10-Pbackup
SR(53m, upper & lower), LR(53m, upper & lower), PARdiffusive (53m), PAR (backup), Wind(53m)
CO2-Vaisala (30m, 53m) CR1000-Spectro
MS-700 Spectrometers (53m, upper & lower)Phenology auto camerasEquipments (line to the House loggers)CR10-PhouseTa & RH Vaisala (10m, 5m, 1m)SR & PAR (10m, 5m), SR (1m, upper & lower), PAR (1m, upper & lower)Soiltemp (A2cm, 10cm, B2cm, C2cm)G (A1cm, B1cm, C1cm), TDR(10), Tensiometer (14)CO2-Vaisala(10m, 1m)CR1000-CO2proCO2 sampling tube and filter (53m, 45m, 40m, 30m,
20m, 10m, 5m, 2m, 1m, 0.2m)
CR10-Ptower
LI7500BoxLI7500Box
CR10Phouse
CR1000SpectroMS700control
Solar24V Box BSolar24V Box B
Solar 12V controlSolar 12V control
Solar24V Box ASolar24V Box A
CR5000Eddy&CR10 Backup
Seasonal/interannual variations in evapotranspiration and CO2 exchange at Pasoh, with the change in environmental condition s?
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
Rai
nfal
l (m
m m
onth
-1)
0
100
200
300
400
500
VS
WC
(m
3 m-3
)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4Rain VSWC
2003:1896mm 2004: 1655mm 2005:1649mm 200 6: 2059mm 2007: 2111mm 2008: 2235mm 2009: 1451mm
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
δδ δδe (
hPa)
0
5
10
Tem
pera
ture
(de
gC)
25
30
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1 Sd o
r R
n- G
- S (
MJ
m-2
day-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25S Available Energy, Rn-G-S
δδδδe, AverageTsoil2cm
Ta, Average
Ta, Maximum
A
B
C
RESULTS : MeteorologyRESULTS : Meteorology
Rainfall:1,451-2,235mm, Micrometeorology change wit h rainfall pattern
Rain, Soil water
Temperature, VPD
Solaer Radiation, Available Energy
Dry Wet&CloudyWet&Sunny
2009: 1451mmDriest Year with ENSO
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
H, l
E(M
J m
-2 d
ay-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
Rn- G
- S (
MJ
m-2
day-1
)
0
5
10
15
20lEHRn-G-S
C
Rn-G-S (MJ m- -2 day -1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
H, l
E (
MJ
m-2
day
-1)
-5
0
5
10
15
HlE
δδδδe (hPa)
0 5 10 15
lE (
MJ
m-2
day
-1)
-5
0
5
10
15
lE
A B
RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Stomatal closure regulates Evapotranspiration at high VPD
Excessive Energy partitioned more to H
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
(mm
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000 A
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
(mm
)
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000Rainfall - Evapotranspiration with Method 1∆∆∆∆ Storage water of 0-0.5 m soil
B
Cumulative E, Method 1Cumulative E, Method 2Cumulative E, Method 3 Cumulative Rainfall
RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Annual Evapotranspiration : 1300mm(Quite Stable!)
Water supply from 0-50cm layer at most periods
Water supply from deeper layer under drought
Rn-G-S (MJ m- -2 year -1)
4200 4400 4600 4800
E (
mm
yea
r-1)
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500E, Method 1'E, Method 1E, Method 2E, Method 3
Rainfall (mm year -1)
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
RESULTS : RESULTS : EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
Annual Evapotranspiration : approximately 1300 mm dependence with available energy, no dependence wit h rainfall
ENSO year
Volumetric soil water content (m 3 m-3)
0.2 0.3 0.4
Nig
ht-t
ime
NE
E, F
c, o
r S
c
( µµ µµm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
NEEFc
Sc
NEE linear regressionRE estimated from soil + leaf + trunk + CWD respiration
Fre
quen
cy
0
300
u*0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Nig
ht-t
ime
NE
E, F
c, o
r S
c
( µµ µµm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Vol
umet
ric s
oil w
ater
con
tent
(m
3 m-3
)
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
NEEFc
Sc
VSWC
Fre
quen
cy
0
300
BA
RESULTS : Nighttime RespirationRESULTS : Nighttime Respiration
RE related with soil water content
Volmetric soil water content (m3 m-3)
0.2 0.3 0.4
Soi
l Res
pira
tion
Rat
e (µ
mol
m-2
s-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
50*50m Plot2ha Plot
Nighttime NEE (=RE) versus Soil water content
Coinsided with the soil respiration related with soil water content (base on 8-year chamber observations)
Chamber Soil Respiration
-20-10
010
The
num
ber
of N
EE
dat
a po
ints
rej
ecte
d pe
r m
onth
be
caus
e of
rai
n
0
10
20
30
NEE, 7-year averageNEE, Monthly averageThe number of NEE data points rejected per month be cause of rain
-20-10
010
0
10
20
30
NE
Eda
ytim
e (
µµ µµmol
m-2
s-1
)
-20-10
010
0
10
20
30
-20-10
010
0
10
20
30
-20-10
010
0
10
20
30
-20-10
010
0
10
20
30
JAN FEB MAR APR M AY JUN JUL AUG SE P OCT NOV DEC
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
-20-10
010
0
10
20
302009
Daytime canopy CODaytime canopy CO22 exchangeexchangeNo seasonal/interannual change
Driest month
Wet&cloudy Wet&sunny
Daytime canopy CODaytime canopy CO22 exchangeexchangeRadiation did not govern daytime NEE.
Daytime NEE had an circadian rhythms independent of PPFD, and with clear decline in the afternoon.
No dependence of daytime-mean NEE on daily solar radiation
No dependence of daytime-mean NEE on soil water content
These results consist with those of leaf-scale gas exchange measurements at the study site(Takanashi et al, 2006; Kosugi et al, 2009)
Sd (MJ m -2 day -1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
NE
Eda
ytim
e.m
ean
( µµ µµm
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
PPFD (µµµµmol m -2 s-1)
0 500 1000 1500 2000
NE
Eda
ytim
e (
µµ µµmol
m-2
s-1
)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20All dataFeb2005Dec2007Nov2008
VSWC (m3 m -3)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
A B C
Sd (MJ m- -2 day -1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
GP
P (g
C m
-2 d
ay-1
)
0
5
10
15
A
GP
P
250
300 C
VSWC (m3 m-3)
0.2 0.3 0.4
GP
P (g
C m
-2 d
ay-1
)
0
5
10
15
B
RE
(gC
m-2
mon
th-1
)
250
300
2003/1 2004/1 2005/1 2006/1 2007/1 2008/1 2009/1 2010/1
NE
E
-40-20
02040
Daily/Monthly Daily/Monthly GPPGPP・・・・・・・・NEENEE・・・・・・・・RERE
Seasonal variation of GPP ・・・・RE were influenced by VSWC. At the dry period, canopy tended to absorb CO 2, caused by decrease of RE larger than that of GPP.
No dependence of daily GPP on daily solar radiation
moderate decline of GPP at the dry period
GP
P (
gC m
-2 y
ear-1
)
3000
3200
3400
3600Method 1Method 2Method 3
Sd (MJ m- -2 year -1)
5800 6000 6200 6400 6600
NE
E (
gC m
-2 y
ear-1
)
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Rainfall (mm year -1)
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
VSWCannualmean (m3 m-3)
0.25 0.30 0.35
RE
(gC
m-2
yea
r-1)
3000
3200
3400
3600
Annual Annual GPPGPP・・・・・・・・NEENEE・・・・・・・・RERE
GPP
RE
NEE
Radiation Rainfall Soil Water
No increase of annual GPPwith solar radiation
GPP/RE increase with VSWC
mostly balanced annual NEE
Annual budget influenced lot by the method of gap f illing and correction. Cross check with ecological and ecophysiological dat a is needed.
GPP:30~36tC ha-1 yr-1
RE:30~36tC ha-1 yr-1
NEE:-2~2tC ha-1 yr-1
Observation Campaign of Ecosystem RespirationObservation Campaign of Ecosystem Respiration
2010.22010.2
SummarySummary
�� MicrometeorologyMicrometeorology::had moderate seasonal and had moderate seasonal and interannualinterannual variations influenced by rainfall pattern.variations influenced by rainfall pattern.
�� EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration:: moderately increased with moderately increased with available energy. Annual balanceavailable energy. Annual balance was stable with was stable with approximately 1300mm. A little decline at the ENSO approximately 1300mm. A little decline at the ENSO dry year.dry year.
�� Ecosystem RespirationEcosystem Respiration::increased with VSWC.increased with VSWC.�� DaitimeDaitime photosynthesisphotosynthesis::did not increase with PPFD. did not increase with PPFD.
Monthly averageMonthly average was stable during 7 years.was stable during 7 years.�� GPPGPP・・NEENEE・・RERE:: GPPGPP did not increase with PPFD, but did not increase with PPFD, but
increased with VSWC. Moderate seasonal and increased with VSWC. Moderate seasonal and interannualinterannual variation of variation of GPPGPP・・RERE・・NEENEE were caused were caused by VSWC.by VSWC.
�� Evapotranspiration and COEvapotranspiration and CO22 exchange at exchange at Pasoh Forest were very stable during these Pasoh Forest were very stable during these several years. several years.
�� StableStable≠≠ StaticStatic
�� In terms of In terms of stomatalstomatal regulation, photosynthetic regulation, photosynthetic ability, and ecosystem respiration, forest acted ability, and ecosystem respiration, forest acted sensitive to climate change. These reactions sensitive to climate change. These reactions compensated each other to produce very stable compensated each other to produce very stable output as a canopy of output as a canopy of PasohPasoh forest.forest.
Prediction for future climate change
� Decrease of Solar radiation ::::
[ET] [ET] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease 、、、、[NEE][NEE] →→→→→→→→ no change� Increase of rainfall ::::
[ET] [ET] →→→→→→→→ no change [GPP][GPP] ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑increase[RE] [RE] ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑increase[NEE] [NEE] →↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑→↑no change or increase(=CO 2 emit)
� Decrease of rainfall ::::[ET] [ET] →↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓no change or decrease [GPP][GPP] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease [RE] [RE] ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓decrease[NEE] [NEE] →↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓→↓no change or decrease(=CO 2 absorb)