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Improved Cherenkov Threshold detectors for
heavy-ions experiment
P. Martinengo,CERN – High-pT Physics at LHC,Tokaj’08
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Can we extend the ALICE
PID for hadrons above 5 GeV/c ?
ALICE Club - May 2, 2005Paolo Martinengo
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What means “high-pT“ ?
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Evolution of the meaning of "high pT"
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
"Hig
h p T
" m
eans
> t
han
…
HMPID TDR
U. Wiedemann, Heavy Ions Forum, 10 February 2004
HMPID 3σ p/K limit
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Evolution of the meaning of "high pT"
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
"Hig
h p T
" m
eans
> t
han
…
HMPID TDR
yesterdayHMPID 3σ p/K limit
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Evolution of the meaning of "high pT"
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
"Hig
h p T
" m
eans
> t
han
...
HMPID TDR
yesterday
start of LHC
HMPID 3σ p/K limit
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Evolution of the meaning of "high pT"
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
"Hig
h p T
" m
eans
> t
han
...
HMPID TDR
yesterday
start of LHC
first HI collision ?
HMPID 3σ p/K limit
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Conclusion
The HMPIDis an excellent
detector with
a wrong name !
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•Identify hadrons with pT ≥ 10 GeV/c track-by-track
•Inclusive measurement, particle yields, especially protons
•Weak identification, i.e. Π,K – protons can be enough
Home work
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Material n Πthr(GeV/c)
Kthr(GeV/c)
Pthr(GeV/c)
θmax
(β=1)
Diamond 2.417 0.06 0.25 0.42 65o
Plexiglas 1.488 0.13 0.45 0.85 48o
Vodka 1.363 0.15 0.53 1.01 43o
Beer 1.345 0.15 0.54 1.03 42o
Water 1.332 0.16 0.56 1.07 41o
C6F14 1.29 0.17 0.60 1.13 39o
CF4
(liquid) 1.226 0.19 0.7 1.32 35o
Aerogel 1.05-1.01 0.4-1 1.5-3.5 3-7 18o – 8o
C4F10 1.00140 2.6 9 17 3o
Isobutane 1.00127 3 10 18 2.9o
Argon 1.00059 4 14 27 2o
CF4 (gas) 1.00050 5 16 30 1.8o
Methane 1.00051 5 16 30 1.8o
Air 1.00029 6 20 39 1.4o
Helium 1.000033 17 60 115 0.5o
Nγ (cm-1eV-1) ~ sin2θ(HMPID 1.5 cm liquid C6F14)
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~ 2m
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•LHCB RICH1 2.4 m•LHCB RICH2 2.0 m •BTeV RICH2 3.0 m•COMPASS > 3.0 m•CBM ~2.5 m
All fixed-target !
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“The examples set forth show the great importance which the radiation caused by particles moving at a speed greater than that of light has acquired in experimental physics. Even so, we have not by a long way exhausted all the possibilities for their practical use. There can be no doubt that the usefulness of this radiation will in the future be rapidly extended.”
End of Čerenkov’s Nobel lecture (1958)
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ITCImproved Threshold Cherenkov
or
TICThreshold Imaging Cherenkov ?
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Nice detector but
the radiator is too long
( 1m for <6> γ’s )
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The γ’s yield is too low but compact, simple layoutwell known and mastered technology
θc is not measured but γ’s are associated
to tracks robust w.r.t. high multiplicity, noise
Is it possible to improve the γ’s yield ?
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Yes, it is
C4F10
CaF2
IP
HMPID CsI photo-cathode
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Quartz cut-off
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The HADES RICH
HMPID’s brother, both sons of RD26
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1.5 m
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Radiator thickness 36 to 65 cm, 12 to 22 γ’s
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Momentum Detector resp.
Particle id.
< 3 GeV 0 Who cares?
3 < p < 9 1 Π
0 K,p
9 < p < 17 1 Π,K
0 p
> 17 GeV 1 Who knows ?
C4F10 radiator
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Can we do better ?
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Yes, we can
CF4
Window less !
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CF4 + CsI give 40 γ’s with 50 cm radiator !
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CF4 transparent down to 110 nm !
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Why not a GEM detector ? (perhaps with the ALTRO R/O)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 535 (2004) 324-329Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 523 (2004) 345-354
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Momentum Detector resp.
Particle id.
< 5 GeV 0 Who cares?
5 < p < 16 1 Π
0 K,p
16 < p < 30 1 Π,K
0 p
> 30 GeV 1 Who knows ?
CF4 radiator
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Interesting but not exactly
what we want …
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DOUBLE RADIATOR TIC
CaF2 window
C4F10CF4
Window less !
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Momentum
C4F10 CF4 Particle id.
< 3 GeV 0 0 Who cares?
3 < p < 5 1 0 Π
5 < p < 9 1 1 Π
9 < p < 16 1 1 Π
1 0 K
0 0 p
16 < p < 30
1 1 Π,K
1 0 p
> 30 GeV 1 1 Who knows?
C4F10 + CF4 radiators
But Čerenkov angles are very similar !( 3o and 1.8o)
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CF4C4F10
This would work but it is not elegant
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DOUBLE RADIATOR TIC
CaF2 window
C4F10CF4
Window less !
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C4F10
CF4
~2.5 cm
~ 10 cm
50 cm + 50 cm
~3 cm
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First results from “test beam”
C4F10
C4F10 + CF4
50 cm + 50 cm
# of photons Total charge
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Single radiator TIC
C4F10
CaF2
IP
HMPID CsI photo-cathode
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SIMULATION
Cherenkov photons
Mirror
chamber
(Giacomo Volpe)
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3 GeV/c pions, 189 charged pads 5 GeV/c pions, 366 charged pads
10 GeV/c pions, 564 charged pads
SIMULATION
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Blob diameter for C4F10, pad size = 0.8x0.8 cm2
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Nikolai Smirnov, Yale Univeristy
Y
Z
X
50 cm
50 cm
AeroGel, 10cm
UV Mirror, spherical shape in ZY
Double sided Read-out planeTriple GEM foils with CsI
CaF2 Window
C4F10 gas
CF4 gas
Particle track & UV photons
R position: 500 cm.Bz: 0.5 T
More ideas…
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Simulation for high Pt π+
R
Z
Flat mirrorSpherical mirror
In saturation: <N ph.e.> 25. (C4F10); 30. (CF4)
Double sided Read-out planeTriple GEM foils with CsI
CaF2 Window
UV Mirror, spherical shape in ZY
AeroGel, 10cm
C4F10 gas
CF4 gas
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Thick GEM with resistive electrodes (RETGEM)- a fully spark protected detector
A. Di Mauro et al, Presented at the Vienna Conf. on Instrum; to be published in NIM
Geometrical and electrical characteristics:Holes diameter 0.3-0.8 mm, pitch 0.7-1.2 mm,thickness 0.5-2 mm. Resitivity:200-800kΩ/□Kapton type: 100XC10E
30mmor70mm
Principle of operation
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Filled symbols-single RETGEM, open symbols –double RETGEMsStars-gain measurements with double RETGEM coated with CsI layer.
15 min continues discharge
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
0 1000 2000 3000
Voltage (V)
Gai
n
Ne
Ar
Ar+CO2
QE~30%at λ=120nm
0
200
400
600
1.00E+00 1.00E+02 1.00E+04 1.00E+06 1.00E+08
Rate (Hz/cm2)
Puls
e am
plitu
de (m
V)
Energy resolution ~30%FWHM for 6 keV
With increase of the rate the amplitude drop, but now discharges
Summary of the main results obtained with kapton RETGEMs
1 mm thick
Fully spark -protected
Discovery:kapton can be coated with CsI and have after high QE
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Thick GEMs work even with “unconventional”gas mixtures, i.e. pure Neon or Argon and
even in dry air !
(Vladimir Peskov + Budapest group)
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Anything wrong with dry air?
Cheap!Abundant!
Non flammable!~Correct refractive index!
Eigenshaften der Materie in Ihren Aggregatzustanden, 8. Teil Opische Konstanten, 1962
22
CO
22
Ar
24
5
O
22
N
C 0 torr 760air dry 6
10.80
068681.00003.0
82.73
050854.00093.0
003755.0275.2010496.5
12095.0
36.74
053191.07809.0
10)1(
2
2
2
o
n
+ 18 ppm Ne, 5.2 He, 1.5 CH4, 1.14 Kr, 0.5 N2O, 0.5 H2, 0.4 O3, 0.086 Xe
From Olaf Ullaland’s presentation at the CBM
workshop
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With a little bit of mixing of CF4 and Ne:Setting (n-1) 106 = 350 at 400 nmgives a mixing ratio of CF4:Ne = 67:33
22
6
10.61
091553.010)1(
nWell described by:
at 0 oC and 760 torr
‘The Dutch Chemist’, c 1780s. Copper engraving by J Boydell after a painting by J Stein.
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It may work !
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Conclusions (2)
It is possible to extend the PID capability of
ALICE up to 30 GeV/c making use of presently
available technologies at reasonable cost in
a reasonable time
But it is useless if we don’t
find a trigger !