University of Tehran
Iran recent past: From Ethnoarchaeology in 1960s to historical
archaeology in 2000s伊朗“不远的过去”：从20世纪60年代的民族考古学到21世纪的历史考古学
Professor Hassan Fazeli Nashli, University of Tehran, Iran伊朗德黑兰大学考古学系 哈桑·法兹里·纳什里
Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences
Peking University
翻译：常洋铭（北京大学西亚语言文化系）
Tappeh Guran,
Near Kermanshah
(ca. 7500 BC)顾兰丘
伊朗西部克尔曼沙赫附近约公元前7500年
Definition of Ethnoarchaeology 民族考古学
Modern nomad (recent past)现今的游牧民
The Neolithic transition in the Near East 近东（中东）的新石器转型BC 12,000 11,500 11,000 10,500 9500 10,000 8500 9000 7500 8000 6500 7000 60005200
A long, slow, complex process of change, enduring for ca. 4000 years from the end of the Last Glacial. 10,000 -5400 BC. •Transition from mobile hunter-foraging to sedentary farming and stock-keeping.
新石器时代
Neolith
ic
旧石器时代晚期
Epip
ale
olith
ic
Role of EthnoarchaeologyWhy ethnoarchaeology
The settlement of Hasanabad, near Kermanshah
克尔曼沙赫附近的哈桑纳巴德聚落
Detailed view of section of village
CASE STUDY: BAGHESTAN个案研究：巴盖斯坦
Ethnoarchaeological Project in Northeastern Iran
Lee Horne1976-1978
李·霍恩20世纪70年代在伊朗东北部主导的考古发掘
Baghestan village with domed-roof structures
巴盖斯坦的穹顶屋村落
Winter camp pens冬季营圈
Semi-Subterranean pens and corral
半地穴式圈栏
Front of houses and courtyard in Baghestan
Grain storage and animal barn
谷物储存和畜棚
Collecting water
集水
Time Depth of Ethnoarchaeology
Historical archaeology 历史考古学
Landlord Villages of the Tehran Plain德黑兰平原的地主村落
Professor Hassan Fazeli Department of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Tehran
Dr Ruth Young: School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester
Historical Archaeology of Iran New Approaches
伊朗历史考古新路径
Landlord villages of IranHorne (1994) points out villages in Iran are living entities, and not static sites representing a single stage
in human activity, and this is important in terms of placing these villages within a historical context.
Agricultural production in Iran was the result of five elements: land, labor, water, oxen and seed. The
person who owned and contributed each of the elements was then entitled to claim a proportionate share of
the resulting produce; thus if the landlord contributed land, water and seed he claimed three-fifths of the
produce at harvest time
Landlord village of Iran
White Revolution
• Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-1979) • 3 phases of land reform:
– 1st phase: January 1962 (Arsanjani, Minister of Agriculture)
– 2nd phase: 1963-1967– 3rd phase: 1969
• Completed September 1971
• Within 10 years of initiating land reform c. 92% of former sharecroppers had become ‘peasant proprietors’ (Hooglund 1982,3)
landlord villages were present across virtually all Iran
Aims and Objectives of landlord project of the Tehran plain
Kazemabad annotated plan
Wall separating landlord’s area of village from tenants
Hassan Rahimi
Farmer’s houses
Tenant houses, Kazemabad
Interviews and site visits: took the interviewees to villages, able to walk round and learn about function of different spaces
Khanoum Khouchak
Mr Haj Akbar Mr Haj Mohammad Zaeri
Khanoum UriyatMr Haj Hassan Rahimi & Khanoum Mahabadi
Mr Hassan Mohseni &
Mr Haj Hassan Rahimi
Archaeological excavation of Kazem-Abad landlord village
Archaeological excavation of Kazem-Abad 2008
Khanoum Khouchak and Jamileh, Kazemabad
Khanoum Khouchak, her daughter
Jamileh,
and Hengameh Ilkani at Kazemabad
Carpet weaving
Iranian woman, part of diaspora, born in 1930s, lived in rural Iran, memoirs
