Download - Isolation 2014
Dr . Ashraf SelimConsultant in Oral Surgery
Infection PreventionistMember in IFIC , ESIC , EDA
Principles of Hospital Isolation
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO)
In 1969, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)--first required hospitals to have organized infection control committees and isolation facilities
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2
Changing Demands on Infection Control programme
Today's ICP needs knowledge of epidemiology statistics, patient care practices, occupational health, sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation, infectious diseases, microbiology, education and management
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Staff Training in ICP
Education programs for employees are one method to ensure competent infection control practices.
It is a unique challenge since employees represent a wide range of expertise and educational background.
The ICP must become knowledgeable in adult education principles and use educational tools and techniques that will motivate and sustain behavioral change.
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CHAIN OF INFECTION
Pathogen
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
Modes of Transmission
Direct Transmission Direct Contact Droplet
Indirect Transmission Vehicle-borne Vector-borne Airborne
Vertical transmission (mother to infant)
Horizontal Transmission
INFECTIOUS DISEASE DETERMINANTS
1. Virulence (pathogenic properties)
2. Dose (number of microbes)
3. Resistance (body’s defense mechanism)
4. I C Procedures Affect ……?
October 18, 2000: 250-million-year-old bacteria revived
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Consideration of all patients as being infected with pathogens and therefore applying IC procedures to the care of all patients
Treat every patient as though infected with incurable disease
The Same IC Procedures Are Used For ALL Patients
Standard Precautions in Health Care Settings
1. Appropriate hand hygiene2. Barrier protective equipment:
– if splash, splatter, or sprays can be reasonably anticipated
– choose appropriate PPE as needed: gloves, gown, mask, eye protection (face shield, goggles)
3. Proper use and handling of patient care equipment
4. Proper environmental cleaning and disinfection.
5. Proper Handling of Linen
6. Adherence to Blood-borne Pathogens Standards
7. Proper patient placement
8. Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
9. Safe injection practices
Transmission of Infections
• Droplets: land directly on mucosal lining of nose, mouth, eyes of nearby persons or can be inhaled.• Highest exposures within 3-6 feet.
• Airborne: aerosols become smaller by evaporation; small aerosols (≤ 5 microns) remain suspended for longer periods, if inhaled travel deep into the lungs.
• Contact: Aerosols/ secretions contaminate nearby surface. Touch surfaces can infect self or others.
Relative contribution of three routes varies with agent.
Expanded Isolation Precautions:Transmission-based Standards
When standard precautions are not enough Additional measures based on mode of
transmission Contact Precautions Droplet Precautions Airborne Precautions
Modes of Transmission viaInfectious Respiratory Secretions
• Airborne: tuberculosis, measles, varicella, smallpox, SARS, avian influenza
• Droplet: meningococcal meningitis, rubella, pertussis, common cold, SARS, influenza*
• Indirect contact: (fomite) RSV, SARS• Influenza traditionally droplet, increasing
evidence for airborne component
Hierarchy of Infection Prevention and Control Measures
PPE
Engineering Controls
Protects only the wearer
Elimination of Potential Exposures
Administrative Controls
Protects most
people
Elimination of Potential Exposures
• Example: patients with mild influenza like illness stay home
Engineering Controls
• Physically separates the employee from the hazard
• Does not require employee compliance to be effective
• Examples:–Physical barriers at Triage–Airborne infection isolation room for patients
with known or suspect airborne infectious diseases
Administrative Controls/ Workplace Practices
• Policies, procedures, and programs that minimize intensity or duration of exposure– Examples: • signs on door of an airborne isolation room• triage, mask symptomatic patient• provide tissues/ masks/hand sanitizer to
public• Standard procedures/ behaviors in caring for
patients e.g. hand hygiene, HCW vaccination• Only as good as enforcement
Personal Protective Equipment
• Lowest level of hierarchy - requires employee compliance for efficacy
• Means higher elements of hierarchy fail to adequately protect employee
• May involve use of gowns, gloves, eye/splash protection or respirators
• Last line of defense
Face Masks vs. N95 Respirators• Loose fitting, not designed to
filter out small aerosols • Place on coughing patient
(source control)• HCW should wear mask to– protect patient during
certain procedures (e.g., surgery)
– protect HCW• droplet precautions• Mask + goggles for
anticipated spray/splash
• Tight fitting respirator, designed to filter the air
• Protects the wearer
• HCW should wear when concerned about transmission by airborne route
Contact Precautions
Personal Protective Equipment Gown & Gloves for all patient interactions Don PPE on entry, discard before exiting
room. (in addition to Standard Precautions)
Examples: MRSA, C difficile, Norovirus, other GI pathogens, RSV, antibiotic-resistant pathogens
Droplet Precautions
Single room preferred, no special ventilation Patient: Mask if transport necessary. Instruct on
respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette HCWs wear surgical or procedure mask within 6
feet of patient. Eye protection if splash, spray anticipated
(in addition to Standard Precautions)
Airborne Precautions Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) if available
Patient: Mask if transport necessary (as tolerated).
Health care workers (HCWs):
N95 respirator prior to entry into room, discarded after exit.
Hand hygiene before & after don/doff. Alert others if need to transfer
(in addition to Standard Precautions)
Isolation
Separation of a person or group of persons infected or believed to be infected with a contagious disease to prevent the spread of infection (usually associated with hospital setting) ( Source Isolation .
Protective Environment is a special type of isolation to protect immunocompromised patient.
Goal of Isolation (Protection of / from)
HCWs Other Patients
Environment
Visitors (Communit
y)
AIIRAirborne infectious Isolation
Room
PATIENTPE
Protective Environment
Management of Environmental Surfaces
1. Cleaning and disinfecting non-critical surfaces in patient-care areas are part of Standard Precautions.
2. In general, these procedures do not need to be changed for patients on Transmission-Based Precautions.
3. The cleaning and disinfection of all patient-care areas is important for frequently touched surfaces, especially those closest to the patient.
4. Also, increased frequency of cleaning may be needed in a Protective Environment to minimize dust accumulation.
5. In general, use of the existing facility detergent/disinfectant is sufficient to remove pathogens from surfaces of rooms where colonized or infected individuals were housed this includes those pathogens that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents (e.g. MRSA , VRE.
6. Certain pathogens (e.g., rotavirus, noroviruses, C. difficile) may be resistant to some routinely used hospital disinfectants so higher concentrations may be needed.
Airborne Infectious Isolation Room AIIR
1. Negative Pressure room (suit ) with or without Anteroom and inside bathroom .
2. Minimum Differential Difference ≥ 2.5 Pascal (CDC 2007).
3. 12 ACH .4. Minimum leakage maximum 1 inch under room
door.5. Air is exhaust to outside (No Recirculation ) OR
must pass through HEPA filter in case of recirculation .
6. Pressure sensor with alarm is a must .
Isolation Area
The optimum number of isolation rooms per facility ranges from 1 per 30 / 100 bed in general hospital .
In Acute care 1 per 5 bed ( ICU , NICU )
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Verifying Negative Pressure1- Smoke Tube Test2- Tissue Test A thin strip of tissue should be held parallel to the gap between the floor and bottom of the door. The direction of the tissue‘s movementwill indicate the direction of air movement.3-Manometer
Protective Environment Positive IR
It is the engineering and design intervention that deceases the risk of exposure to environmental fungi for severely Immunocompromised Allogenic Hematiopoietic stem cell Transplant (HSCT) during their highest risk phase usually the first 100 day and solid organ transplant.
1. Positive pressure room in relation to corridor with inside bathroom with minimum 8 Pascal .
2. > 12 ACH is required .3. Well sealed room.4. Supply air must pass through HEPA filter.5. Directed room airflow with air supply on
one side of the room that moves air across the patient bed and out through an exhaust on the opposite side of the room.