istoria 9 istoriis saxelmZRvanelo mecxreklaselTaTvis
9istoria
nodar asaTiani, mariam lorTqifaniZe, farnaoz lomaSvili, roin metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe, giorgi oTxmezuri
saqarTvelos
moswavlis wigni
grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012)
sarCevi
qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
I
II
1.
8
2.
13
3. 19
4. 23
saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi da
istoriul-geografiuli daxasiaTeba
pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi. qvis xana.
eneoliTi
Sua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi
qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi
5. 28
6. 31
7. 34
8.
37
9. 40
10. 45
11. 51
12.
56
13. 60
14.
65
15.
69
16.
74
17. 78
18. 84
19. 89
20.
93
21. 97
22.
102
23. 105
daiaeni – diaoxi
kolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSi
kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi
egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo
Zv. w. VI-I saukuneebSi
farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa
saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSi
antikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura
feodaluri urTierTobis Casaxva da gavrceleba
saqarTveloSi
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba
qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg
IV s-is bolos da V s-is pirvel naxevarSi
vaxtang gorgaslis gamefeba da moRvaweobis
pirveli periodi
qarTlis brZola iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg
vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT
saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi
iranelTa gandevna qarTlidan
saqarTvelo VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi
arabebis pirveli gamoCena qarTlSi, `dacvis
sigeli~. arabebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelo arabTa batonobis xanaSi
saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba arabTa
batonobisagan
axali feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis
warmoqmna saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelo ZvelaRmosavlur da antikur xanaSi
saqarTvelo adrefeodalur xanasa da ganviTarebuli feodalizmis dasawyisSi (IV-XI ss)
III
13
19
31
33
60
67
69
78
87
saqarTvelos `oqros xana~
24. 110
25.
115
26.
118
27. 123
28. 136
29.
141
30. 146
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis wina periodi
qarTuli qveynebis erT saxelmwifod
gaerTianebis istoriuli pirobebi da
Taviseburebani
bagrat III – erTiani Suasaukunovani saqarTvelos
pirveli mefe
qarTuli kultura IV-X saukuneebSi
giorgi I. bagrat IV
saqarTvelo-selCukebis urTierToba XI
saukuneSi
ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanis kultura
III
IV 31. 153
32.
157
33. 161
34.
165
35.
169
36. 173
37. 177
38. 181
39.
185
40.
191
41.
193
daviT IV-is gamefeba
daviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebebi
amierkavkasiidan TurqTa gasadevnad
didgoris brZola da misi Sedegebi
saqarTvelo _ kavkasiis gamaerTianebeli
saxelmwifo
saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis
dros
Tamaris gamefeba da saSinao politikuri krizisi
saqarTvelos sagareo politika XII-XIII ss. mijnaze
saqarTvelo _ wina aziis uZlieresi saxelmwifo
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba XII s. da
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi
qarTuli kultura XII saukunesa da XIII s.
dasawyisSi
42.
198
43. 204
44.
212
45. 218
laSa-giorgis mefoba da jalal ad-dinis
Semosevebi. monRolTa batonobis damyareba
brZola monRolTa batonobis winaaRmdeg
giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis
aRdgena
qveynis daSla samefo-samTavroebad
qarTuli saxelmwifos degradacia da daSla
V
88
120
134
153
161
171
182
200
207
61.
306
62.
310
63. 315
64.
318
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi
Sedegebi
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis
politikuri Sedegebi
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba
saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba XIX s.-is 30-50-ian wlebSi
saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
VIII
46.
226
47.
233
48. 237
49. 244
50.
249
51. 252
52. 256
53.
262
54. 268
55. 272
56.
277
57. 281
58.
287
59. 292
60. 299
qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg XV saukunis bolos da XVI saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi
saqarTvelo XVI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVII
saukunis dasawyisSi
brZola yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg
muslimi mefeebis mmarTveloba qarTl-kaxeTSi
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
qarTuli kultura
vaxtang VI. qarTli XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi
samarTali da etiketi Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is erToblivi mefoba
qarTl-kaxeTi XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi
qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba.
urTierToba ruseTTan
solomon I
saqarTvelo ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg.
georgievskis traqtatis momzadeba
georgievskis traqtati
qarTuli kultura XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi
saqarTvelo XVI-XVII ss.-Si. brZola yizilbaSebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg
saqarTvelo XVIII saukuneSi
VI
VII
233
237
242
257
268
281
287
306
315
65. 320
66. 324
67.
328
68.
336
69. 340
70. 345
71.
351
72.
356
75.
375
76. 380
77.
386
78. 390
79. 396
80. 403
81.
412
73. 362
74.
368
saqarTvelo XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi
qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
feodaluri wyobilebis krizisi ruseTsa da
saqarTveloSi
aWaris SemoerTeba da erovnuli moZraobis
xasiaTi XIX s-is II naxevarSi
glexTa moZraoba da xalxosnebi
qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
saqarTvelo ruseTis pirveli (1905-1907)
revoluciis periodSi
saqarTvelo ruseTis pirvel da meore
revoluciebs Soris
sabWoTa ruseTis mier demokratiuli
saqarTvelos dapyroba
sabWoTa reJimis damyareba
qarTveli xalxis brZola sabWoTa ruseTis
winaaRmdeg 1921-30 wlebSi
saqarTvelo da meore msoflio omi
saqarTvelo ssrk-Si meore msoflio omis Semdeg
qarTuli kultura sabWoTa periodSi
saqarTvelo gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~)
periodSi
saqarTvelo oqtombris gadatrialebis dros
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
Camoyalibeba
saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika
VIII
X
IX
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo
XI 82.
417
83.
422
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
saomari konfliqtebi
saqarTvelo damoukideblobis periodSi.
`vardebis~ revolucia. integracia
evrostruqturebSi
324
328
345
356
368
390
396
413
420
8
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vel
i
winareistoriuli xana
rogorc yvela xalxis, ise qarTveli xa-lxis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romelSic mas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi uxdeboda cxovreba. saqarTvelo ori didi kontinentis – evropisa da aziis Sesayarze mdebareobs. misi miwa atarebs im didi cvli-lebebis kvals, rasac Cveni planeta milio-nobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida.
erT dros kavkasiis mTeli teritoria zRviT iyo dafaruli. sxvadasxva geolo-giuri movlenis Sedegad xmeleTi ramden-jerme amoizida, iyo mZlavri vulkanuri amofrqvevebi. Semdeg miwis zedapiri kvlav qveviT iwevda da teritoriis did nawils isev zRva iWerda. daaxloebiT 25 milioni wlis win mTaTa warmomqmnelma Zalebma kvlav amoswia xmeleTi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmna kavkasiis qedis mTaTa sistema, xolo 10-15 milioni wlis win Camoyalibda aWara-TrialeTisa da sxva qedebis sistema, romlebic dRes qmnian samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTs. aRniS-nuli geologiuri movlenebis Sedegad kaspiis zRva mowyda Sav zRvas da maT Soris kavkasiis yeli gaCnda. am droidan iwyeba saqarTvelos teritoriis Tana-medrove reliefis Camoyalibeba. daaxloebiT 1 milioni wlis win saqarTvelos bunebrivma pirobebma TiTqmis iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric amJamad aris. adre hava SedarebiT ufro Tbili iyo, magram drodadro adgili hqonda gamyinva-rebas, romlis drosac maRalmTiani adgilebidan dablobisaken moemarTeboda myinvarTa uzarmazari masebi, rasac mohyveboda acieba da bunebrivi pirobebis Secvla. CvenSi gamyinvareba oTxjer ganmeorda. sabolood, ramdenime aTasi wlis win Camoyalibda saqarTvelos is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romel-Sic amJamad uxdeba adamians cxovreba.
saqarTvelos teritoriis bunebriv-geografiuli daxasiaTeba
CrdiloeTis mxridan saqarTvelos maRalmwvervalebiani da mudmivi myinva-rebiT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi esazRvreba, samxreTiT ki vrcladaa gaSlili mcire kavkasionis mTaTa sistema, anu saqarTvelos samxreTi mTianeTi. TviTon kavkasionidan samxreTisaken ramdenime SedarebiT mcire simaRlis qedi eSveba, romelTagan lixis, anu suramis qedi saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad hyofs. am mTebis maRlobebze SesaniSnavi sazafxulo saZovrebia, ufro qvemoT mTis kalTebi xSiri tyiTaa dafaruli. mTagoriani ad-gilebi TandaTan zegnebsa da dablobebSi gadadis. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis
1. saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli
pirobebi da istoriul-geografiuli
daxasiaTeba
I saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis
warmomavloba
guria
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mTaTa masivebs Soris moqceulia saqarTvelos bari. dasavleTiT kolxeTis bari samkuTxedis for-mi saa, romlis fuZe Savi zRviske-naa miqceuli. misi yvelaze da bali adgili – kolxeTis dablobi Zve-lad gauvali WaobiT iyo dafaru-li. kolxeTis dablobi mTebis mi-marTulebiT TandaTan maRldeba da zeganSi gadadis. es adgilebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo dasasaxleblad da meurneobis warmoebisaTvis.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bari Sedgeba ramdenime nawilisagan: Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlisa da kaxeTis bari. aqac es dablobi adgilebi zegne-bsa da maRlobebSi gadadis. hava dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT mSralia, amitom soflis meurneobisaTvis xelovnur morwyvas aq didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
saqarTvelos hava, iseve, rogorc misi reliefi, didi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. maRalmTian adgilebSi hava mkacria, dablobSi ki igi TandaTan rbildeba. zegnebsa da dablobebSi ZiriTadad zomieri hava batonobs, Tumca adgil-adgil aqac didad gansxvavebuli klimaturi raionebia. magaliTad, SavizRvispireTSi hava nestiani da subtropikulia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi zogan rbili da zomierad mSralia, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ki uda-bnos cxeli sunTqvac aRwevs.
saqarTveloSi mravladaa didi da mcire mdinareebi. isini saTaves iReben rogorc kavkasionis mTavar qedze da mis ganStoebebze, ise samxreT mTianeTSi. mdinareebi aTeulobiT xevebs qmnian da Semdeg erTvian ufro did mdinareebs – mtkvars, rions, Woroxs, alazans da sxv., an uSualod zRvas uerTdebian. es didi mdinareebi (mtkvari, rioni) Zvel droSi sanaosnodac iyo gamoyenebuli.
saqarTvelo mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT: madneuliT, saTbobiT, saSeni masaliT. madneulidan aRsaniSnavia spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebi, romlebsac didi mniSvneloba hqondaT aq metalurgiis adreve warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas Cven SevxvdebiT istoriul-geografiul saxelwodebebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos esa Tu is kuTxe an mxare atarebda garkveul periodSi. istoriuli movlenebis swori da TvalnaTeli warmodgeni-saTvis unda vicodeT am mxareebis (anu qarTuli `qveynebis~) adgilmdebareoba da istoriuli sazRvrebi. drodadro maTi saxelwodebebi icvleboda, sazR-vrebi ufro vrceli xdeboda, farTovdeboda, zogjer ki piriqiT, mcirdeboda – `qveyana~ ufro patara kuTxeebad iyofoda.
saqarTvelos centraluri mxarea qarTli. misi saxelwodebidan momdinare-obs `qarTveli~ da `saqarTvelo~. qarTli Sedgeba calkeuli nawilebisagan: Sida, qvemo da zemo qarTlisagan. Sida qarTls dasavleTiT lixis qedi esazR-vreboda, CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari qedi, aRmosavleTiT – md. aragvi,
svaneTi
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samxreTiT – TrialeTis qedi. qvemo qarTli ki TrialeTis qedis samxreTiT mdebareobda da mdinareebis – algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavda. igi da-savleTiT javaxeTis, xolo samxreTiT bambaki-erevnis qediT iyo SemosazRvru-li. zemo qarTli anu mesxeTi, aerTianebda md. mtkvris Semogarens, mdinaris saTavidan taSiskaramde da Woroxis auzs – saTavidan aWariswylis xeobamde.
qarTls aRmosavleTiT kaxeT-hereTi esazRvreboda. adre kaxeTi md. ivrisa da alaznis zemo wels moicavda, hereTi ki – am mdinareebis Sua da qvemo wels. XV saukunidan es ori qveyana erTianad kaxeTad iwodeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelo uZveles xanaSi egrisad moixseneba. XI-XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos am mxares imereTi daerqva. TandaTanobiT imereTi dasavleT sa-qarTvelos erT nawils ewoda, romelic lixis qedsa da md. cxeniswyals, raWis qedsa da mesxeTis qeds Soris iyo moqceuli. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT anakofia-mde odiSi anu samegrelo mdebareobda. nikofsiis (dRevandeli axali aTonis) Crdilo-dasavleTi ki afxazeTs ekava. XVIII s. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvarma md. enguramde gadmoiwia.
mdinare rionis samxreTiT, mesxeTis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris, guria mdeba-reobda. ukidures samxreT-dasavleTiT ki aWara da lazeTi, anu WaneTi mdeba-reobda.
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi svaneTs, leCxumsa da raWas ekava (raWa-leCxums Zvelad Takvers eZaxdnen). saqarTvelos sazRvari kavkasionis qedis iqiTac gadadioda, sadac mdebareobda xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, nawilobriv xev-sureTi, piraqeT – mTiuleTi, fSavi da xevsureTis didi nawili. fSav-xevsureTi adre fxovis saxeliT iyo cnobili.
quTaisi
zugdidi
axalqalaqi
TbilisiTelavi
soxumi
axalcixe
kaxi
foTi
baTumi
gori
saqarTvelos
istoriul-geografiuli mxareebi
p i r o b i T i a R n iSv n e b i
dedaqalaqi
dasaxlebuli punqti
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove
sazRvari
© M.Shekiladze, 2012
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wya ro 1
vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieri
– istorikosi da geografi:
`matiane ganarCevs keTilsa da borotsa, matiane aRamaRlebs
keTilis qmnulebasa da hgmobs ukeTurT qmnulebasa, matiane
metyvelebs WeSmaritsa da ara scbis da mowmobs sxvaTa da
sxvaTa, matiane ganamxnobs kacsa da erTgul hyofs qveynisad,
matiane acnobebs naTesavT Camomavlobasa da dasdebs Tavsa
sarwmunoebisaTvis da moyvarul hyofs moyvassa moyvasisa
mimarT~.
ilia WavWavaZe:
`daviwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT
moSlisa, darRvevisa da warwymedisac. warsuli mkvidri
safuZvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momavlisa. romelia
simagre Cveni cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste,
amas axsnis xolme marto istoria. da Tu igi daviviwyeT,
maSin dagviviwynia Cveni cxovrebis saTave, Cveni cxovrebis
saZirkveli da Tu es asea, raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo,
Cveni mermisi?~
ivane javaxiSvili:
`saWiroa xalxma icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis istoria... unda icodes, rasakvirvelia, utyuari,
WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~.
gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweni `saqarTvelos istoriis~ mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb:
wya ro 2
wya ro 3
r matiane – vaxuSti
bagrationi aq `matianes~
istoriis mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs.
r ara scbis – ar ayalbebs.
leqsikoni
1. romeli qedi yofs saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelod?
2. saqarTvelos romeli didi mdinareebi ekuTvnis Savi zRvis auzs?
3. sad iRebs saTaves da romel zRvas uerTdeba md. mtkvari?
4. wyaroebSi motanili mosazrebebis daxmarebiT gadmoeciT, ra mniSvneloba
aqvs saqarTvelos istoriis Sewavlas.
klasSi samuSao
1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moxazeT istoriuli qveynebisa da
kuTxeebis sazRvrebi: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis, odiSis (samegrelos),
guriis, aWaris, afxazeTis, svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, fSav-xevsureTis)
sazRvrebi.
2. daxazeT saqarTvelos sqematuri istoriuli ruka aRniSnuli mxareebis
saxelebiT. Semdeg gakveTilebze gamoiyeneT Tqven mier daxatuli ruka.
saSinao davaleba
kavkasionis erT-erTi ulamazesi mwvervali – uSba
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paleoliTi, neoliTi, eneoliTi
ukanaskneli xanis gamokvlevebiT dad-genilia, rom adamiani warmoiSva 2 milion-ze meti xnis win afrikis kontinentze. adamians danarCeni cocxali arsebebidan ganasxvavebda mTavari – iaraRis damza-debis unari. am uZvelesi adamianis mier masalad ZiriTadad qva iyo gamoyenebuli. qvis iaraRis gaumjobeseba da pirvelyo-fili adamiani fizikurad Tav dapirvelad Zalian nela viTardeboda. mecnierebi am xanas paleoliTs uwodeben.
uZvelesi adamianis universalur iaraRs Tavdapirvelad uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis xelnajaxi warmoadgenda. TandaTan, xangr-Zlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad igi am iara-Rebs aumjobesebda, ufro mravalferovans xdida maT. qvis xelnajaxTan erTad igi ukve amzadebda qvis danebs, safxekebs, wveta-nebs. qvis iaraRebis ganviTareba TviT ada-mianebsac cvlida, uviTarebda azrovnebas. garegnuladac sul ufro uaxlovdeboda Tanamedrove adamians.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrga-naa aRmoCenili pirvelyofili adamianis cxovrebis nakvalevi. ukanasknel xans na-qalaqar dmanisis teritoriaze aRmoCnda uZvelesi adamianis winapris (`hominidis~) sadgomi, sadac misi Zvlovani naSTebi (Ta-vis qala, qveda yba kbilebiT da sxv.) da qvis primitiuli iaraRebi iyo napovni.
dmaniseli `adamiani~ saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze daaxl. 1,8-1,7 mln wlis winaT unda gamoCeniliyo da rogorc Cans, Semdeg igi samxreT kavkasidan gansaxlda evropisa da aziis kontinentebze.
kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze, rodesac Sromis iaraRebi jer kidev me-tad primitiuli iyo da sakvebis mopove-ba – sakmaod rTuli, uZvelesi adamiane-bi upiratesad calkeul jgufebad cxo-
2. pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi
dmanisSi aRmoCenili hominidis Tavis
qala. Zv.w. 1.75 mln w.
dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
frangi mecnieri, elizabet dene aRadgens
dmaniseli adamianis saxes
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