-
3
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis
instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF
HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY
istoriul-eTnologiuri
Ziebani
XIV
STUDIES IN HISTORY AND
ETHNOLOGY
Tbilisi – 2012
Tbilisi – 2012
-
4
UDC 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)
(082) i885 ISSN 1512-2727
istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XIV nomeri,
wina gamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTno-logiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.
redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori
saredaqcio kolegia:
avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori
recenzenti: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Editor in chief: Doctor of History
Khatuna Ioseliani
Editorial board: Doctor of History Avtandil Songhulashvili
Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili
Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze
Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze
Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia © gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT
-
3
redaqtorisgan
“istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis” XIV tomi,
wina gamocemebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebul kvlevebs moicavs. krebulSi warmodge-
nilia rogorc fundamenturi samecniero kvlevebi,
ise polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom bolo gamocemebSi, Seqmnili viTarebisa da gamo,
axal tradicias Caeyara safuZveli _ krebulSi sis-
tematurad ibeWdeba naSromebi, sadac argumentirebu-
li pasuxebia gacemuli saqarTvelos istoriis gaya-
lbebis mcdelobebze, rasac mizanmimarTulad axor-
cieleben konfliqturi regionebis warmomadgeneli
tendenciuri “mkvlevrebi” da maTi mxardamWeri, ru-
seTis samecniero sazogadoebis zogierTi warmomad-
geneli.
es weli, samwuxaro danaklisiT aRiniSna qar-
Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis. Cven davkargeT
humanitaruli dargebis cnobili mkvlevrebi da
Cveni institutis TanamSromlebi julieta ruxaZe,
neli bregaZe, geronti gasviani, Tamaz beraZe. isini
ara mxolod kargi mecnierebi, aramed samSoblos
gulmxurvale moyvarulebi da SesaniSnavi kolegebi
iyvnen.
krebulSi kidev mravali sxva Tematikis Semcve-
li naSromia gamoqveynebuli, rac uciloblad daa-
interesebs qarTveluri dargebis mkvlevar samec-
niero sazogadoebas.
-
4
xaTuna ioseliani
samxedro etiketis sakiTxebi
samxedro xelovnebis kvlevas yvela eris to-
riisTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Tu eris istoria
ZiriTadad iwereba misi politikuri, social-
ekonomikuri da kulturuli sferoebis monacemebis
mixedviT, samxedro xelovneba (Tavisi sxvadasxva
aspeqtebiT) yvela epoqaSi, am sferoebis ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli nawilia. samxedro xelovnebis, samxedro
moRvaweebis, laSqrisa da omebis gareSe, ar
mimdinareobda arcerTi politikuri movlena, ar
xdeboda qveynis gaZliereba, misi gasvla saerTa-
Soriso politikur arenaze, miTumetes, myari da
angariSgasawevi adgilis damkvidreba. araTu Sua-
saukuneebSi, dResac ki, mniSvnelovani politikuri
gadawyvetilebebi, aSkarad an farulad, samxedro
elitis monawileobiT miiReba.
qarTuli samxedro istoriis Sesaxeb interesi
bolo xanebSi ufro gaZlierda, Tumca misi kvlevis
precendentebi adrec gvxvdeba. pirveli mkvlevari,
vinc mecnierulad ganixilavs qarTuli laSqris
sakiTxebs, kerZod, mis sabrZolo wyobas, sadro-
Soebs, maT Semadgenlobas da a.S. gaxlavT qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,
vaxuSti bagrationi.
-
5
XX saukunis dasawyisidan aRniSnuli sakiTxi-
sadmi interesi matulobs da ibeWdeba sxvadasxva
gamokvlevebi (i. gedevaniSvili, l. garsiaSvili,
i. SaiSmelaSvili, T. dadeSqeliani, a. klimiaSvili...);
Semdgom periodSi isev grZeldeba kvleva sxvadasxva
kuTxiT (q. CxataraiSvili, g. akofaSvili, k. Colo-
yaSvili, a. jorjaZe, g. anCabaZe, x. ioseliani da
sxv.).
gansakuTrebiT nayofierad sabrZolo iaraRebis
arqeologiuri eqsponatebis kvleva mimdinareobda,
ramac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iaraRebis sakmaod
naTeli suraTis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli (l. saxa-
rova, k. ficxelauri, a. kaxiZe, m. kvirtaia, S. Car-
Tolani, g. gamyreliZe...).
rac Seexeba wyaroebs, unda aRiniSnos rom spe-
cifikuri TvalsazrisiT, arc Tu ise mdidaria
qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro `qarTlis cxovreba~
TiTqmis omebis istoriaa, masSi naklebad mogvepoveba
cnobebi omis warmoebis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa da
miT umetes samxedro etiketis Sesaxeb. monacemebi,
romelze dayrdnobiTac am sakiTxis met-naklebad
Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli, ZiriTadad, samarTlis
Zeglebsa da ramdenime istoriul wyaroSia gabneuli.
garkveuli masalis moZieba SesaZlebelia leqsiko-
logiur naSromebSi da literaturul wyaroebSi. am
mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve folklori, sadac
Semonaxulia unikaluri informacia xalxuri tradi-
-
6
ciebisa da brZolis warmoebis, orTabrZolebisa da
rac mTavaria, dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierT-
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, sadac kargad Cans rogorc
qarTuli, ise saerTo kavkasiuri mentaliteti.
samxedro etiketis sakiTxebidan, yuradRebas ga-
vamaxvilebT mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSi umaRlesi
samxedro pirebis monawileobaze, sadac dawvrilebiT
iyo TiToeuli detali gaTvaliswinebuli, da omSi
meomris qcevis im wesebze, rac qarTul samarTalSi
muxlobrivad iyo gawerili.
mefed kurTxevis ceremonia saeklesio da saero
ritualis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romelSic
orive fenis umaRlesi pirebi monawileobdnen. Tu
kaTolikosi mefes gvirgvins adgamda da amiT RvTis-
gan xeldasxma da kurTxeva gamoixateboda, samxedro
piri (an samxedro sferos wamyvani didgvarovnebi)
xmals abamdnen (gadascemdnen) mefes, rac amqveyniuri
Zalauflebis da mTavarsardlobis miRebas niSnavda.
qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi mefed kurTxe-
vis ceremoniis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari cnobebia Se-
monaxuli. wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, Tu raoden
skurpulozurad iyo gawerili TiToeuli detali am
ritualisa da ramdenad didi yuradReba eqceoda mis
tradiciuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT Catarebas.
ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro, romelic detalu-
rad mogviTxrobs “mefed kurTxevis” wesis Sesaxeb,
aris XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi nusxa xucuriT gada-
werili xelnaweri. aRniSnuli teqstis Sedgenis
drod mecnierTa mier XIII saukunea miCneuli
-
7
(s. kakabaZe, i. javaxiSvili ...) am xelnaweris erT-
erTi Tavi “wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa”
eZRvneba swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs. garda
amisa, mefed kurTxevis wesis rig sakiTxebTan dakav-
SirebiT cnobebi gxvdeba “qarTlis cxovrebasa” da
sxva saistorio wyaroebSi.
mefed kurTxevis wess, qarTul samefo karze,
Cans bevri cvlileba ganucdia, rasac politikuri
da social-ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebdnen.
Tumca, Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod am ceremoniaSi
samxedro pirebis monawileobisa da rolis ganxilva
warmoadgens.
wyaroTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, mefes jer gvir-
gvins daadgamdnen, Semdeg xmals Semoartyamdnen. am
misias Tavdapirvelad asrulebdnen quTaTeli mTava-
repiskoposi da “lixTimereli didgvarovnebi”, Semd-
gom gvirgvinis damdgmelad qarTlis kaTolikos-
patriarqi gvevlineba, xolo xmlis Semomrtymelad
_ amirspasalari. es cvlilebebi samefo karze Tama-
ris mefobis Semdeg Cans momxdari [12,154]. Tumca,
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am ceremo-
nialSi xmlis gadacema aucilebel elements Sead-
genda, miuxedavad imisa, vin Seasrulebda mas _ sa-
mefo karze wamyvani mdgomareobis mqone didgvarov-
nebi, Tu amirspasalari.
mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba, rome-
lic mogvepoveba, giorgi II-s Seexeba, sadac mSra-
ladaa naTqvami, rom “moiyvanes saydarsa ruissa da
akurTxes mefed” [5, 304]. aq araviTari aRweriloba
-
8
ar gvxvdeba. ufro srulia daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
Tavisi vaJis, demetres Tanamosaydred dasmis amsa-
xveli cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom daviTma mTlianad
Tavis Tavze aiRo mefed kurTxevis ritualis yvela
komponentis Sesruleba: Tavisi xeliT daadga gvir-
gvini, rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya
maxvili, rogorc mTavar-sardalma: “TХsiTa xeliTa
dasua saydarTa TХsTa Ze TХsi dimitri... daadga
Tavsa mSveniersa gХrgХni qvaTagan patiosanTa... da
Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxХili, eha, rabam sХanad
xmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da
tansa axovansa” [1, 363].
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi
detali: Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, magaliTad Tamar
mefes, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis mere mouwia xel-
meored mefed kurTxeva, rasac gvamcnobs qarTlis cxo-
vreba. demetre I-Tan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba arsad ar
gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia saqarTveloSi erTaderTi, unika-
luri freska, svaneTSi, sofel latalSi mdebare “macx-
variSis” eklesiisa, sadac gamosaxulia demetre I-is
mefed kurTxevis ceremonia. demetre I-s Tavze
gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen da-
savleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris var-
danis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. es eklesia demetres ga-
mefebidan 15 wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli
(TariRi freskasTanaa miTiTebuli). aq aqcenti gada-
tanilia mefed kurTxevis dros “xmlis Semortymis”
mniSvnelobaze, rac cxadia gasakviri ar unda iyos, vi-
naidan es freska svaneTSi gvxvdeba, aq, logikurad xaz-
-
9
gasmuli unda iyos suanTa erisTavis roli mefed
kurTxevis ceremoniaSi, rasac adasturebs kidevac
freskasTan arsebuli warwera: “demetre mefesa вrmalsa
abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [10, 77].
sayuradReboa, rom am freskas yuradReba mxo-
lod imitom eqceoda, rom erTaderTia saqarTve-
loSi, sadac mefed kurTxevis scenaa gamosaxuli da
aravis SeumCnevia mTavari _ es freska, Tavisi war-
weriTurT, garkveulwilad TiTqos movlenaTa kon-
teqstidanaa amovardnili. demetre I Tanamo-saydred
daisva da mefed akurTxa daviT aRma-Senebelma, ro-
gorc mogviTxrobs daviTis istorikosi. amis Semdeg,
demetre I-is xelmeored kurTxevis Sesaxeb, arcerT
wyaroSi ar gvxvdeba informacia.
Cveni azriT, es faqti SesaZlebelia im rTuli
movlenebis amsaxveli iyos, romelic demetre I-is
mefobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da burusiTaa moculi.
araa gamoricxuli, rom konfliqtebis Sedegad de-
metre I-s dasWirda xelmeored mefed kurTxeva
tradiciuli wesiT _ “SvidTa samefoTa” didebu-
lebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legiti-
macia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebac
arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTare-
bis ararsebobisas, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSi
freskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil ver-
sias.
SedarebiT sruladaa mocemuli Tamaris mefed
kurTxevis aRweriloba. pirvelis, roca is Ta-
-
10
namosaydred daiyena giorgi III-m, ufro lakonuria.
xolo meored kurTxeva ufro dawvrilebiT aris
aRwerili. giorgi III-m “... mefe yo Tamar Tanadgomi-
Ta yovelTa patriarqTa da ebizkoposTa, didebulTa
imierTa da amierTa, vazirTa da spasalarTa da spas-
petTa... daadga gХrgХni oqrosa Tavsa missa, oqrosa
mis ofazisa, aRkmuli iakinTiTa, zmirTa da smarag-
doTa mier” [2, 21]. aq saerTod araa naxsenebi xmlis
“gadacemis” faqti, Tumca samxedro pirebi da didg-
varovnebi CamoTvlilebi arian, rogorc Tanamdgomni,
anu aqtiuri monawileni da mxardamWerni. giorgi III-
is gardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos didebulebma, “Se-
myrelTa SХidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa
hkadres” da Tamars moTxoves wesisa da rigis mix-
edviT mefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia
pirvelad ar iyo srulyofilad Catarebuli. amis
Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradici-
uli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politi-
kuri viTarebis sxvadasxva peripetiebi, razec yura-
dRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. cxadia, rom miuxedavad Ta-
namosa-ydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves
mefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi mo-
na-wileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa
da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa...
vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad
gХrgХnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awХes monazoni Rirsi
da madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli anto-
ni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gХrgХnisa, da calis-kerZisa
kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srul-
-
11
yves moвeleTa sХanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,
saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba
вrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa
Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].
ganxiluli monacemebidan Cans, Tu ramdenad di-
di mniSvneloba hqonda mefis legitimaciisTvis kur-
Txevis srulyofil ceremonias, rac mravali kompo-
nentisgan Sedgeboda. swored am kuTxiT aris mniSv-
nelovani XIII saukunis werilobiTi wyaro, romel-
Sic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefed kurTxevis yve-
la niuansi.
amrigad, mivyveT wyaros monacemebs: mefed ku-
rTxevis wina Rames, mTavarepiskoposi samefo niSnebs
(garda xmlisa) eklesiaSi miitanda da trapezze
daalagebda. im Rames locvaSi aTenebdnen eklesiaSi
mRvdelmsaxurebi da TviTon samefod gamzadebuli
piric [6, 5].
diliT, samefo sasaxleSi “juarismtvirTveli”
mTavardiakvanTan erTad “Zeli cxovels” miu-
brZanebda mefes, Tayvans scemda da dalocavda. mas am
dros axldnen umaRlesi samxedro pirebi, romelnic
monawileobdnen am ritualSi: jvarismtvirTveli
Tavmodrekili dalocavda mefes: “gakurTxen wmidao
da TviTmpyrobelo mefeo, mravalca arian welni me-
fobisa Tqvenisani”, mere “sruliad laSqarTa Tqvan”
[6, 5]. anu, jvrismtvirTvelis locvas “laS-qari”
uerTdeba, metic, maT jvrismtvirTveli iseve Tavmo-
drekili mimarTavs, rogorc mefes. cxadia, samefo
palataSi laSqari ver iqneboda moTavsebuli da aq
-
12
samxedro elita unda igulisxmebodes. niSandobli-
via, rom mefis mere jvrismtvirTveli swored sam-
xedro pirebs ulocavs mefis kurTxevas: “Tqvenca
gixaroden Zlierno da uZlevelno da damamxobelno
mterTa samefoTano. Jami ars winamdebrisa saqmisa
aRsrulebad” [6, 5].
ivane javaxiSvili am cnobaze Semdeg komentars
akeTebs: “Tav-modrekiloba, mimarTvis formula da Si-
naarsi sruli ueWvelobiT amtkiceben, rom mefeTa ku-
rTxevis wesi “laSqarT” “TviTmpyrobeli” mefis Tanas-
wor pativs akuTvnebda da erTi da imave mowiwebiT epy-
roboda” [12, 156].
amis Semdeg mTeli amala eklesiisken gaemarTe-
boda. am msvlelobaSi mTavari roli da adgili sam-
xedro pirebsa da atributikas ekuTvnis. mefes win
miuZRvis zari, Semdeg droSa da Subi, saxelmwifos
samxedro Zlierebis simboloebi. Semdeg midis
jvrismtvirTveli “Zeli cxovrebisaTi”, Semdeg “mefe
da laSqarni”. mefes marjvena mxares mihyveba xmal-
Semortymuli amirspasalari, amilaxvari da mejine-
beTuxucesi, aseve xmalSemortymulebi. anu, mTavari
pozicia _ mefis marjvena mxare, samxedro sferos
warmomadgenlebs uWiravT. amirspasalars xelSi me-
fisTvis Semosartymeli xmali ukavia: “da samefo
вrmli orTve вlTa zeda etvirTos” [kur. 6]. danarCe-
nebi, anu saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sfe-roebis
warmomadgenlebi, mefes marcxena mxridan mihyvebian
[6, 6].
-
13
sainteresoa erTi detali: mefes ukan mihyvebian
“ezoTuxucesi, CuxCarexi, meabjreTuxucesi”, romel-
Tac miaqvT samefo “fari, laxti da qarqaSi” [6, 6].
Cven ar SegviZlia vivaraudoT, im dros fari,
odnav Tu mainc atarebda “saxelmwifo niSnis, anu
gerbis” funqcias. Tumca is faqti, rom laxtTan da
qarqaSTan erTad mas mefis ukan miabrZaneben, SesaZ-
lebelia ar gamoricxavdes faris rogorc ara mxo-
lod Tavdasacavi iaraRis funqcias. aseve saintere-
soa, rom amirspasalars, rogorc Cans, “SiS-veli”,
anu uqarqaSo xmali uWiravs xelT, vinaidan qarqaSi
mefis ukan mimyolT miaqvT.
niSandoblivia, rom samefo xmali, rogorc saxelm-
wifos Zlierebis da mefis mTavarsardlobis simbolo,
am SemTxvevaSi “Zeli cxovrebis” Tanabrad gvevlineba,
eklesiaSi Sesulebs jvrismtvirTveli amirspasalars
xmals gamoarTmevs da sakurTxevelSi Seitans: “gamou-
Ros jvrismtvirTvelman amirspasalars samefo вmali
da sakurTxevlis Sina Zelsa cxovrebissa miyrdnobili
dadvas”, xolo samefo droSa da Subi sakurTxevlis
karebis iqeT-aqeT Tavsdeba: “da droSa da Subi sakurT-
xevlisa kars emWirnen imr da amr” [6, 6].
saeklesio ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, rac
mTeli rigi komponentebisgan Sedgeba, mefes daad-
gamen gvirgvins. mTeli es procesi sagaloblebis
fonze mimdinareobs, gvirgvinis dadgmisas ki “mra-
valJamiers” igalobeben: “mravalJmeul hyven RmerTo
mefeT Cveni (saxeliT) mravalJmeul hyven”. amis Sem-
deg mefes, sakurTxevlis karebidan gamosvlisas
-
14
amirspasalari xmals Semoartyams: “amirspasalarman
вmali Seartyas” [6, 8].
sasaxleSi misvlis Semdeg, mefes taxtze ka-
Talikozi da jvrismtvirTveli unda Sehyolodnen.
Tumca maleve samxedro pirebis milocva “laSqarTa
Tayuaniscema da ZRuenis Sewirva” iwyeboda da kaTa-
likozi da jvrismtvirTveli mefes marto tovebdnen
samxedro pirebTan.
mefed kurTxevasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi da pu-
roba sami dRe grZeldeboda. am periodSi ki mefe,
Semosili Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, taxtze ijda
da ise iRebda mimlocvelebs.
amdenad, samxedro sferos warmomadgenlebs, ro-
gorc qveynis usafrTxoebis da Zlierebis garants,
umniSvnelovanesi roli eWiraT mefed kurTxevis ce-
remoniaSic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti,
rom samefo xmali umTavres religiur simbolosTan
“Zeli cxovrebisasTan” iyo gaTanabrebuli. es albaT
meti simbolizmis matarebelia da Cveni azriT,
“RvTismier, jvrismier kurTxeul xmals” unda niS-
navdes, rac SesaZlebelia ara mxolod gamarjvebis
ideiis matarebeli, aramed ufro Sors mimavali, Su-
asaukuneebis saraindo misteriebSi dafaruli ideis
gamoxatuleba iyos. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom “maxvili
da xmali bizantiaSi samefo niSnebad ar iyo miCneu-
li, dasavleT evropaSi _ ki, saxeldobr, safran-
geTSi da britaniaSi xmal-maxvili samefo samkaulis
aucilebel kuTvnilebad iTvleboda. am mxriv maSasadame
maSindeli saqarTvelo dasavleT evropas ufro uaxlov-
-
15
deboda, vidre mezobelsa da misabaZavad miCneuls bizan-
tias” [12, 158].
saqarTveloSi samxedro kulturis maRal do-
neze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, garda zemoT ganxiluli
wyaroebisa, metyvelebs agreTve qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis monacemebi, sadac muxlobrivadaa gawerili
omis dros aucilebeli qcevis normebi. es arcaa ga-
sakviri _ qveyana, romelic marad saomar mdgoma-
reobaSi imyofeboda, realurad da samarTlianad
afasebda brZolis dros, rogorc sakuTar, ise
mtris mdgomareobas. amitomac, kanoniT iyo gansa-
zRvruli, rogori qmedebis ufleba hqonda brZolis
velze meomars.
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
vaxtang VI-is samarTali, vinaidan masSi muxlo-
brivadaa Camoyalibebuli brZolis velze qcevis
wesebi.
samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli 178-e muxli, brZo-
lis velze mopovebuli qonebis kuTvnilebas gan-
sazRvravs: `laSqarSi danarCunebulis kacsa da
iaraRze irCodnen~. misi sruli versia mxolod
quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi dacul
201 xelnawerSia warmodgenili. es muxli sain-
teresoa imdenad, rom fasdaudebel cnobebs Seicavs
omSi moklul mtris mimarT moqcevis wesebis
Sesaxebac. aq dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli Tu vis rCeba
moklulis an datyvevebulis iaraRi, cxeni da
tanisamosi. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba samarTlis 254-e
muxli, sadac gawerilia omSi moklulis, daWrilis,
-
16
an tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive es
metyvelebs Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
brZolis dros qmedebebsa da wesebs. moklulisa da
tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba kanoniT iyo
gansazRvruli da mas veravin ver daarRvevda (Tu
arada “kanoni aqvs”, anu kanoniT daisjeboda). `Tu
kacman kaci dainarCunos cocxali, Tu an moklas,
misi cxeni, iaraRi, tanisamosi damnarCuneblisa aris;
jaWvi, zuCi, muzaradi da amgvari xelmwifisa aris,
Tvali Tu margaliti~. amasTanave, `moklul kacs
veravin ver edaveba momkvlels da da verc
gauZarcvis~ [8, 525]. anu mokluli da misi aRWur-
viloba ukve meomris sakuTrebad iTvleboda da mas
sxva xels ver axlebda.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu meomari Tavis mokluls ar
gaZarcvavda da isev gaagrZelebda brZolas, SeeZlo
vinmesTvis eTqva, es me movkali da Sen mixede mis
aRWurvilobaso, magram misTvis garkveuli wili unda
mieca: `da Tu man ar indoma gaZarcva da isev mtersa
sdevs, da sxvas uTxra eg kaci me movkali da Sen
gaZarcveo, imasac cota wili uc mis naZarcvSi misi
karkacobiT~ [8, 526].
Tu meomari Tavis mier mokluls yuradRebas ar
miaqcevda, arc arvis miabarebda da brZolas ga-
agrZelebda, maSin is mokluli visac darCeboda, imi-
si iqneboda alafic.
Tu mokluli an daWrili sacilaod gaxdeboda
mebrZolebs Soris, maSin es saqme mowmis TqmiT
gadawydeboda. xolo visac darCeboda mokluli, imas
-
17
mowmisTvis yvelaze saukeTeso iaraRi unda mieca:
`erTi, romelic ukeTesi iaraRi hqondes, mowmobis
gulisTvis misces~ [8, 545]. aRbuRas samarTlis
mixedviTac Tu omSi datyvevebuli an mokluli
(darCenili) kacis abjari da cxeni sacilao gaxde-
boda, mowmis da ficis meSveobiT unda garkveuliyo:
“Tu omsa Sigan darCenilsa kacsa da missa abjarsa
zeda icilebodnen, rasaca abjarsa zeda nakravi
aCndes, da anu cxensa, mas marTebs. asse rome igi
darCenili kacica gaikiTxon ficiTa” [7, 460-461]
CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 178-e muxlis
is nawili, sadac moklulisadmi qcevis garkveuli
akrZalvebia mocemuli: `agreve mokluls kacs aras-
gziT nifxavi da perangi ar gaecrcvebis da nurcavin
Ãels miyofs, Tvara kanoni aqvs da Tu vinmem ikadros amisi qna, maTi ufrosi nu aqnevinebs~ [8,
526]. `brZolaSi Sina romelic kaci mokudes,
abjrisgan kide tansacmelsa da nifxav-perangsa,
nuvin moÃdis. krul, wyeul da SeCvenebul iyav RvTisa piriTa~ [4, 471].
amgvarad, Cans, rom mokluli mtrisadmi qceva-
sac Tavisi wesi gaaCnda, rac kanoniT iyo gansaz-
Rvruli, ar SeiZleboda moklulis Seuracxyofa da
misi gaSiSvleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi Camdeni
kanoniT daisjeboda.
vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi aseve gawerilia omSi
naSovni alafis ganawilebis wesebi. Cans, rom omis
dros mopovebuli qonebis saukeTeso da umetesi
nawili mefes ekuTvnoda. 255-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu
-
18
xelmwife eswreboda brZolas alafidan saukeTeso
da mexuTedi nawili misi iyo, Tu ar iyo monawile,
mexuTedi alafisa mainc mas ekuTvnoda: `Tu an
TareSobiT naSovni iyos, Tu xelmwife iq brZanebda,
romelic eprianeba, imasac miarToms da fanjiaksac
aiRebs, Tu ar brZandeba fanjiaks mainc aiRebs~ [8,
546] (fanjiaki _ mexuTedi; amave gamocemis Tanadar-
Tuli leqsikoni, gv. 768).
im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTareSod erTad wavidnen
meomrebi da maTgan romelime carieli darCeba, sxve-
bi valdebulni arian mas nadavli gauyon: `amxanagSi
jeT Tu garigdnen, piroba misces erTmanerTs,
romelic amxanagi sul carieli darCes, wils ver
daaklebs~ [8, 546]. amave dros wilis umetesi, meaTe-
di nawili, anu `sacxenmalo~ qonebis mSovnels
ekuTvnoda [8, 546].
sainteresoa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT somxuri
samarTlis wesebi. xiTar goSis samarTlis mixedviT
Tu `laSqari da Tavadi xelmwifis brZanebiT
wavidnen rasac alags dasarbevelad, rac iq iSovnon,
naxevari xelmwifis aris, naxevari TavadTa da
jarTa~ [9, 387]. im SemTxvevaSi ki `Tu TavisTavad
wasuliyvnen, ori wili naSovnisa _ TavadTa da
jarTa da erTi wili xelmwifesa miarTvan~ [9, 387].
rac Seexeba omSi naSovn qonebas, somxuri sa-
marTlis mixedviT, is Semdegnairad nawildeboda:
`omSi naSovni oqro, Tvali, mZime zarbazi (oq-
roqsovili) vinc iSovos, xelmwifis wilia, mar-
-
19
galiti da vercxli Tavadebis aris da sxva ra
ginda ra naSovari jarisa aris~ [9, 388].
omSi datyvevebuli kacis da misi aRWurvilobis
ganawileba somxuri samarTliT, qarTulisagan gan-
sxvavebuli wesiT xdeboda, aq tyve, misi jaWvi da
muzaradi mefes ekuvnoda, xolo iaraRi, cxeni da
tanisamosi _ damtyvevebels: `molaSqre kacman omSi
vinc dainarCunos kaci, darComilis kacis iaraRi,
tanisamosi, cxeni vinc dainarCunos misi iyos da
kaci, jaWvi da muzaradi xelmwifis miarTvan~ [9,
388].
amrigad, saxelmwifo samarTali omSi qcevis Zi-
riTadad ramdenime aspeqts aregulirebs:
1. mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebas, saidanac
ZiriTadi wili mefes ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, mo-
nawileobs Tu ara is aRniSnul samxedro operaciaSi.
qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, somxuri samarTlis mixed-
viT, meti wili mefes ekuTvnis.
2. datyvevebuli meomris da misi aRWurvilobis
kuTvnilobis sakiTxs _ mefes aqac wili udevs _
abjari mefisa iyo, tyve, cxeni, tanisamosi da sxva
_ damtyveveblisa. somxuri samarTlis mixedviT ki
tyvec mefes ekuTvnoda; aqvea daregulirebuli mok-
lulis aRWurvilobis cilaobis viTareba, am
SemTxvevaSi mowmis sityviT gadawydeboda, vis
ekuTvnoda darCenili qoneba.
3. mokluli mtrisadmi damokidebulebas _ kano-
niT ikrZaleboda misi tanisamosisgan ganZarcva;
-
20
garda kanonisa, am qmedebis Camdeni eklesiisgan da-
wyevlilic iyo.
garda oficialuri kanonmdeblobisa, brZolisa
da mowinaaRmdegesTan urTierTobas xalxuri tradi-
ciebic agvarebda. arsebobda dauwereli kanoni, rac
mtrisadmi, anu Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegisadmi pativi-
scemas gulisxmobda. amis damadasturebeli magali-
TebiT savsea qarTuli folklori. ar SeiZleboda
mokluli mtris gaSiSvleba, damaxinjeba, “miwis
zemoT”, anu daumarxavad datoveba.
sainteresoa, rom ZiriTadi brZolis win zogjer
wesad yofila meTaurTa, an msurvelTa Serkineba.
zogjer brolis bedi am Serkinebis Sedegzec-ki iyo
damokidebuli [3, 345]. erTi svanuri leqsis mixedviT,
sadac aseTi brZolaa asaxuli, “TaTari” pirveli
srolis uflebas moiTxovs _ Soridan movdivar da
daRlili varo. misi es piroba ki uyoymanod sruldeba
[11, 156-157].
erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi xevsureTia, sa-
dac mokluli mtrisTvis xelis mtevnis mokveTis
wesi arsebobda. am mtevans xevsuri saxlis banze
hkidebda. es wesi, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs mokluli
mtris Seuracxyofas, aramed is xevsurTa saiqio
cxovrebaze warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. xevsuris
SexedulebiT, gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovreba iseve
grZeldeboda, rogorc am qveyanas iyo. mas iqac iseve
sWirdeba iaraRi da yvela sxva nivTi, rogorc
samzeoze, raTa icxovros da mtersac gaumklavdes.
momakvdav mamakac xevsurs: “misi axlobeli vinckia,
-
21
xmalze sanTels daukravs da marjvena xelSi
miscems. xmlis micemisas etyvis: “SenTvis
Semoseulsa Sens xmliTamca iSoreb”. xevsuri
xmlosania da iqac iaraRiani unda iyos” [12, 233].
swored amitom, xevsurs im qveyanaSi kidev rom
Sexvdes mis mier mokluli mteri, mas mklavi mo-
kveTili eqneba da xmals veRar gamoiyenebs. amdenad,
xevsuri, ase vTqvaT, Tadarigs iWers, rom erTxel
damarcxebuli mteri, misTvis aRar gaxdes saSiSi.
zemoT ganxiluli masalebidan Cans, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda samxedro fenas da
maT moqmedebas saqarTveloSi; isini iyvnen privile-
girebuli fena, magram miuxedavad amisa, maTi qcevis
normebi kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli,
rasac emateboda xalxuri, dauwereli samarTlis
normebi. umTavresi daskvna aseTia: samxedro saqmis
aseTi privilegirebuloba da TiTqmis yovlismom-
cveloba, saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri viTa-
rebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobiT
da xalxuri samarTliT mkacrad gansazRvrul
normebs _ saqarTvelos, rogorc maRali kulturis
mqone da kanonmdeblobiT sferoSi ganviTarebuli
qveynis Sesaxeb metyvelebs.
-
22
literatura
1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teq-
sti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-
xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.
2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis
cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,
Tb., 1959.
3. x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi,
“istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani”, IV, Tb., 2002.
4. kanonikuri samarTali, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
5. matiane qarTlisa, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955
6. mefis kurTxevis wesi, me-XIII sauk. dasawyiss
Sedgenili, sargis kakabaZe, tf., 1913.
7. samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,
t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
8. samarTali batoniSvilisa vaxtangisa, qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.
doliZem, Tb., 1963.
9. samarTali somxuri (mxiTar goSis samarTali),
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi
gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.
i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.
-
23
10. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi
gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero
aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.
11. svanuri poezia, I, Tb., 1939.
12. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t, VII,
Tb., 1984.
13. r. xaraZe, xevsureTis saarqivo eTnografiuli
masalebi, “kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli”,
XIV, Tb., 2012.
-
24
Khatuna Ioseliani
Problems of the Military Etiquette
Warfare, army and armament are those foundations on which even now the strength and independence of each state is based. Military sphere had the same meaning in the Middle Ages.
Because its significance,the state traditionally regulated the rules and obligations of the military sphere representatives by the law. According to the written monuments of law the code of conduct in a war was determined: to whom the trophies were belonged, how warriors should have dealt with captured or dead warriors... For in-stance, it was forbidden to take off the cloths from a dead person. Those who did not obey the rule were punished by a certain pu-nishment and etc.
According to the written sources we also have a detailed de-scription of a ceremony of becoming a king, where the representa-tives of the military sphere had one of the main leading role and the weapon – king’s sward together with “Dzelitskhovrebisa” (the Pillar of Life) is put in the alter of the church that is significant as well. It is well known that a sword was not belonged to the attributes of king. It was peculiar only for Byzantine and Western Europe (France, Brit-ain...).
As for the folklore, there are a lot of examples of battle rules and chivalrous behavior data. For example, who and why had the right of a first shoot in one-on-one battle, was it permitted to mutilate a body of a killed warrior or not (it was strictly forbidden) and etc.
The only region in Georgia is Khevsureti where it was a rule to cut the right palm of a killed man that was determined by the reli-gious viewpoints. According to Khevsurians (old beliers) the life in the next world is the same as it is on this world. So, the enemy one-had defeated will be without right hand and if they meet each other in the next world, will be unable to oppose him.
-
25
giorgi mamardaSvili
afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis re-
ligiuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi
qarTul-afxazurma saomarma dapirispirebam, Sem-
dgomSi afxazeTis TviTaRiarebuli respublikis izo-
laciam, afxazuri sazogadoeba mravali problemis wi-
naSe daayena. erT-erTi mtkivneuli da saWirboroto
problema aRmoCnda religiuri sakiTxic. afxazma
samRvdeloebam ramodenimejer scada rusul Tu berZ-
nul eklesiebTan urTierToba, rac axali sta-tusis
miRebas isaxavda miznad. es moZraoba bolo dros Za-
lebs ikrebs _ 2011 wlis maisSi, axal aTonSi gai-
marTa saeklesio da saero pirebis gaerTianebuli sax-
alxo kreba, sadac afxazuri eklesiis problemuri sa-
kiTxebis gadawyvetis gzebi daisaxa.Aamas 2012 wlis
ianvarSi, afxazi samRvdeloebis msoflio patriarqTan
viziti mohyva. Tumca afxazuri eklesia jer kidev
haerSia gamokidebuli, metic, aqvs Sida dapirispirebe-
bi, romelTa ganxilvac Sors wagviyvans. qvemoT am-
jerad ganvixilavT afxazeTis mosaxleobis damo-
kidebulebas marTmadideblobis, islamisa da tra-
diciuli xalxuri religiis mimarT da SevafasebT Ta-
namedrove mecnierTa zogierT aSkarad tendenciuri
mosazrebas.
mogexsenebaT Tu raoden mwvavea dRevandeli da-
pirispireba qarTvel da afxaz xalxebs Soris. sam-
wuxarod, am dapirispirebas xels uwyobs mZlavri
ideologiuri manqana, romelic kavkasiaSi TiTqmis
-
26
ori saukunea muSaobs da safuZvels aclis kavka-
sielTa odindel erTobas. jer caristuli, Semdeg
bolSevikuri da dRes ukve saocrad agresi-uli da
avtoritaruli ruseTis Sesabamis uwyebebis mizanmi-
marTuli muSaoba aris mTavari mizezi im TiTqmis
isteriuli antiqarTuli ganwyobisa, romelic nel-
nela fexs ikidebs engurs gaRma darCenilTa umrav-
lesobaSi. samecniero litera-turaSi XIX saukunis
bolodan iwyeba brZola afxazeTis mosaxleobis mac-
xovrebelTa dapiris-pirebisTvis. konfliqtebisa da
dapirispireba-dana-wevrebisTvis sasafuZvlo velebi
advilad iqna napovni _ pirvel rigSi enobrivi
gansxvaveba, Sem-dgom istoria da istoriuli geo-
grafia, romelic tendenciurma mecnierebma TavianTi
interesebis mixedviT gaayalbes. SedarebiT xelux-
lebeli darCa kulturisa da yofa-cxovrebis iseTi
mniSvnelovani mxare rogoricaa religia. XIX-XX
saukunis eTnografebs azrad ar mosvliaT religiis
aspeqtSi dapirispireba eZebnaT qarTvelebsa da af-
xazebs Soris, an Segnebulad gverdi aevloT, an
sulac tendenciuri mosazrebebiT daekninebinaT qar-
Tuli elementis da gavlenis mZlavri arseboba af-
xazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiur cxo-
vrebaSi,. amis naTeli magaliTia TviT afxazeTis mo-
saxleobis bunebrivi wiaRidan gamosuli ori eTno-
grafis, solomon zvanbasa da niko janaSias sakmaod
soliduri naSromebi afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb.
dRes, rodesac qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti
faqtobrivad CixSia Sesuli da gaRrmavebis arasa-
-
27
surveli perspeqtivebic gaaCnia, pirveli rigis amo-
canas Cveni azriT, swored im ideologiuri sa-
fuZvlebis ganeitraleba-aRmofxvra warmoadgens ra-
sac didi xania nergaven orive xalxis ara-
keTilmosurne reJimebis msaxurni. gasakviri araa,
rom 2012 wlis dasawyisSi afxazuri eklesiis sepa-
ratistuli frTis warmomadgenloba konstanti-
nepolSi stumrobisas TavianTi eklesiisTvis avtoke-
faliis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs zveravda. delega-
ciis meTauri dorofei (doroTe) dbari, Teologiis
mecnierebis doqtori da axali aTonis taZris wi-
namZRvari avtoria ramodenime samecniero naSromisa,
romelTa dedaazri afxazuri eklesiis avtokefalu-
robis uflebis mtkicebaa. am SemTxvevaSi mama doro-
fei (doroTe) aSkarad dainteresebuli mxarea da
SesaZloa odnav mainc gagebiT moekido mis miswrafe-
bebs. gacilebiT saSiSi da yovlad miuRebelia arasa-
eklesio fenis, afxazeTTan aranairi saerTos mqone
sakmaod soliduri mecnieris aSkarad tendenciuri
naSromi, romelic rom ara es tenden-ciuroba, Se-
saZloa afxazeTis religiis Sesaxeb ukanasknel
dros Seqmnil samecniero naSromebTa rigSi erT-erT
mniSvnelovan adgilze dagveyenebina. mxedvelobaSi
maqvs peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis universi-
tetis profesoris aleqsandr krilovis sqeltaniani
monografia, romelSic mimoxilulia afxazuri re-
ligiis Seswavlis, Sefasebis sakiTxebi, istoria, da
Tanamedrove afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiuri yo-
fa-cxovrebis sakiTxebi. yvela am sakiTxis mimoxil-
-
28
visas avtori aSkarad ten-denciuria, Tumca
umravles SemTxvevaSi ise niRbavs, nebelobiT Tu un-
eburad TviTrwmenaSi arsebul antiqarTulobas, rom
kargad gamecadinebuli Tvalis gareSe misi xrikebis
danaxva Wirs. eTnologisTvis, miTumetes imisTvis
visac Seqmnili konfliqtis gamo engurs gaRma ara-
Tu samecniero muSaobis, aramed fexis dadgmis saSu-
alebasac ar eZleva, mniSvne-lovania krilovis na-
Sromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis
religiuri cxovrebis dRe-vandelobas aRwers. kri-
lovis naSromSi aRwerilia afzuri religiis yvela
mniSvnelovani sakulto adgili, ritualebis Catare-
bis, kultmsaxurebis arCevis wesi da xalxis damo-
kidebuleba tradiciuli kultmsaxurebisadmi. kri-
lovis, romelic 1995-2003 wlebSi aqtiur savele
eTnografiul muSaobas awarmoebda afxazeTis Crdi-
lo dasavleT, e.w. bzifis afxazebs Soris, gadmoce-
miT afxazeTSi Svidi mTavari salocavia (bJiSnixa)
[5]. umTavresi didi-rifSia, romelsac moyveba lix-
nixa, lZanixa, ilirnixa, laSkendernixa, inal-kuba
da biTnix (soWTanaa da ubixur salocavad iTvleba.
meSvide sa-locavad zogi fsxu nixas, zogi aegr-
laprnixas, napranixas, geCnixas, kapba nixas miiC-
nevs).Aam Svidi samlocvelodan kultmsaxureba amJa-
mad aRdgenilia xuT adgilze. avtori maT Semdgom
aRwers Svideulis gareT mdgom, magram mniSvnelovan
jvar-xats aegr-lapirnixasa da osTa salocavs,
`iron-Zvars~, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul
-
29
osebs 1972 wels dauarsebiaT.A mokled SevexoT am
jvar-xatebis aRwerilobas: yvela afxazuri jvar-
xatis `wina-mZRoli~, arCeviTia. lixnixa am SemTxve-
vaSi gamona-klisia, aq kultmsaxuris mamidan Svilze
gadadis. sxvagan kultmsaxurTa gvaridan damsaxu-
rebul, sufTa bunebisa da umwikvlo reputaciis
kacs irCeven. mTavari salocavebis winamZRolobis
ufleba garkveuli gvarebis prerogativaa eseni
arian: didi-rifSSi CiCbebi, lixnixaSi goCuebi, lZa-
nixaSi Sayrilebi, aegr-laprnixaSi cimcbebi.
kultmsaxuris locvis teqstebi sakmaod msgavsia
erTmaneTis da Zi-riTadad uflisa da misi moadgi-
lebis, apaimba-rebisadmi (angelozebis) keTildReobis
gamoTxovis Sinaarsisaa. dRemde tardeba xatze gada-
cemisa da wyevlis moxsnis ritualebic, agreTve
locva kargi amindisTvis, acunixa.
sanam SevexebodeT afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi af-
xazuri tradiciuli religiis rolsa da funqcias,
krilovis mier Catarebuli anketirebis Sedegebs ga-
vecnoT: anketireba Catarda gagraSi da gudauTaSi,
sofel aWandaraSi da lixnSi. anketebis mcire na-
wili Seivso soxumSi, merxeulSi da kvitoulSi
(oCamCiris raioni). saboloo jamSi dagrovda 23
erovnebis respodentebis mier Sevsebuli 1448 anke-
ta. mizanmimarTul tendenciurobaze Semdgom ufro
vrclad visaubrebT, aq ki mxolod imas aRvni-SnavT,
rom mkvlevris im 23 erovnebis warmoma-dgenels
Soris, romlebmac anketebi Seavses 30 qarTveli, 8
megreli da 4 svanuri erovnebisaa [5, 11]. advili
-
30
misaxvedria, rom krilovs es `fandi~ sakuTari
kvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabe-
bis SesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis Car-
Tulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad anti-
qarTuli tendenciebi, SefarviT Tu aSkarad mis
kvlevas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa
55% Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17% muslimad, 14,6%
aTeistia, 7,4%-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Tavi-
si rwmenis mikuTvneba, 2% afxa-zuri tradiciuli
religiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3
% qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7% muslimia, 2% war-
marTad Tvlis Tavs, 1,2% ki tradiciul afxazur
religias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. Aaq cotaTi
gaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazuri
religiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa,
rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradici-
uli afxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imis
warmodgenac Tu ra krite-riumiT mijnavda krilovi
am ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTu-
metes rom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvada-
sxvaoba afxazuri religiis Sesaxeb – zogierTebi
mas aSkarad warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCneven
monoTeistur religiad, zogierTi sulac wi-
naaziuri religiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa an-
ketirebis monacemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Se-
saxeb: 73,3% qristiania, 6,7 % muslimi, 3,3 % war-
marTi [5, 16-17].Ees monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs da
albaT yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTels
afxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze gvavcelebT.M mus-
-
31
lim da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba marTlac
daujereblad JRers, Tumca SesaZloa gamokiTxul
30 qarTvels Soris 2 kaci muslimi da erTic war-
marTi aRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad gamokiTxulTa 6,7
da 3,3 procents udris.
krilovis mTeli kvleva mis mier Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis sawina-
aRmdegoa – mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs afxazTa religiuri
identoba. afxazis religiuri identoba gviani Sua-
saukuneebis cnobebidan moyolebuli sakmaod bundo-
vania. isini qristianobis, musulmanobisa da tradi-
ciuli religiis mimdevrebi arian da ritualuri
TvalsazrisiT maT religiur qcevaSic gacilebiT
bevria warmarTuli vidre qristianuli da musulma-
nuri.
afxazebs Soris islamis gavrcelebisa da misi
qristianobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexe-
duleba aqvs XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe
s. zvanbas. igi TanamemamuleTa rwmenis Sesaxeb mokle
komentars akeTebs Tavisi erT-erTi naSromis Sesa-
valSi: `afxazeTSi qristianobis kvali mxolod Zve-
li eklesia-monastrebis nangrevebSiRa SemorCa. am
qveyanaSi mahmadianurma swavlebam WeSmariti rwmenis
sxivebi daabnela, Tumca TviTonac ver hpova did ga-
saqani xalxSi. mTavris saxleulobis garda mosax-
leobis Zalian mcire nawili iTvleba qristia-nad,
cotaa musulmanTa ricxvi, danarCenebi yvela war-
marTebi arian~ [4, 31].
-
32
XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli afxazuri war-
marToba da misi ritualuri mxare misi monawilisa
da masSi rwmeniTac CarTuli niko janaSias mier
TiTqmis zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili. niko janaSias gad-
mocemebi da aRwerilobani kidev erTi dasturia Tu
rogor Rrmad qonda fesvebi gadgmuli xalxSi war-
marTul religias, romelsac marTmadideblobis da
miTumetes mahmadianobis gavlenis kvali odnav, isic
saritualo da ara ideur nawilSi amCnevia.
sociologiuri gamokiTxviT am ramodenime wlis
win afxazTa samoci procenti Tavs qristianad
Tvlida, Teqvsmeti procenti mahmadianad miiCnevda
Tavs, danarCenebi ki warmarTebad da aTeistebad [2,
9]. Cvens mier gamokiTxul respodentTa umravle-
sobas religiisadmi arc Tu ise `axlobluri~ damo-
kidebuleba aqvs. `afxazebis umravlesoba qristianebi
varT, mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen Cveni soflis zemoT,
maT Turqebs veZaxdiT~ _ ambobs, oCamCireli nusia
jinjolava sofeli jgerdadan. ara da XIX saukunis
Sua wlebisTvis jgerda musulmanTa erT-erTi dasay-
rdeni punqti iyo. SesaZloa mohajirobis dros es
sofeli daicala musulmanuri mosaxleobisgan _
dRes Turqebad wodebuli xalxi SesaZloa an moha-
jirobas gadarCenili andac iqidan dabrunebuli
xalxia. naklebad savaraudoa Tumca dasaSvebia, rom
dRes Turqebad wodebuli jgerdelebi im eTnikurad
Turqebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic oCamCiresa
da soxumis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da cnobebis
mixedviT sakmao gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mo-
-
33
saxleobis religiur mrwamsze [6, 63] aris aseTi
mosazrebac, rom afxazi samRvdeloeba 1937 wlis
represiebis dros daxvrites (g. mamardaSvilis sa-
vele dRiuri). amave respodentis azriT, afxazebi
TiTqmis mTlianad qristianebi arian. maTi integra-
cia eklesiaSi ki imitom ar moxda, rom RvTismsaxu-
reba eklesiebSi maTTvis gaugebar enaze mimdinareob-
da. mTxrobelis mier naxsenebi enobrivi barieri af-
xazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis erT-erTi
mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. am
faqts aRniSnavs n. berZeniSvili da lakonurad aya-
libebs azrs, romliTac kargadaa axsnili afxazTa
mier qristianobis ver gaTavisebis erT-erTi mizezi:
`berZnuli qristianoba afxazeTisTvis ucxo da
Tavze moxveuli moZRvreba iyo. misi gaziareba _
SeTviseba moiTxovda: an afxazebi unda gaberZnebu-
liyvnen kulturulad, an es sarwmunoeba afxazur
enaze unda gamarTuliyo, Tu ara afxazeTSi qristia-
noba mudam zedapiruli darCeboda…~ [1, 595]. sava-
raudod afxazTa Soris qristianoba xelmisawvdomi
da advilad SesaTvisebeli iyo socialurad dawinau-
rebuli, maRali sazogadoebisTvis, romlebic kargad
flobdnen qarTul da berZnul enebs, im enebs rom-
lebzec afxazeTSi mimdinareobda RvTismsxureba.
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom afxazebSi
qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisTanave zeda-
piruloba iqca maTSi qristianobis damcrobisa da
paganizaciis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.
-
34
dResdReisobiT afxazeTSi qristianuli reli-
giisadmi interesis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. ar-
sebobs marTlmadidebluri afxazuri saitebi (ma-
galiTad: Abkhazian-churches.ru), sadac moTxrobilia
afxazeTSi qristianobisa da eklesia-monastrebis
istoria. cxadad SeiniSneba, rom Segnebulad aqvs
gverdi aqceuli imas, rom yovelive es qarTuli
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca maTSi sain-
tereso informaciacaa daculi: aRsaniSnavad migvaC-
nia is faqti, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze XX sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi Sendeba ori didi eklesia.
soxumis sakaTedro taZari 1915 wels qalaqSi mcxo-
vreb berZenTa iniciativiT da saxsrebiT aSenebula.
TiTqmis imave periodSi berZeni berebis axali aTo-
nis samonastro kompleqsi daarsebula. amJamad
orive eklesiasTan arsebobs sasuliero saswavlebe-
li. amave saitebis informaciiT dRes soxumis saka-
Tedro taZarSi RvTismsaxureba oTx enaze: afxazu-
rad, qarTulad, Zvel rusulad da berZnulad tar-
deba.
qristianobis SesamCnevad gaaqtiurebis kvalad,
Cans rom afxazeTSi qristanobisadmi tradiciuli
afxazuri religiis safuZvlebis mimarTebis dadge-
nazec zrunaven. am mxriv sainteresoa erT-erT ru-
sul internet gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis amo-
naridebi: "Согласно опросам, большинство насе-ления
Абхазии исповедует христианскую религию. При этом
многие исследователи-абхазоведы отмечают, что
духовные ценности традиционных верований абхазов
не находятся в противоречии с православием, они
-
35
скорее дополняют друг друга". Aamave avtoris cnobiT
afxazeTSi oTxasamde qristianuli eklesiaa, romel-
Taganac dRes ocdaerTiRa funqcionirebs da qris-
tianobis mTavar problemad kvlav rCeba afxazuri
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gaurkveveli mdgo-
mareoba. afxazuri eklesia qarTul-afxazuri dapiri-
spirebis Semdeg qarTul eklesias Camoscilda da
jer kidev (avtoriseuli xazgasmaa) ar aris aRiare-
buli rusuli eklesiis mier, romelic afxazur ek-
lesias saqarTvelos martmadidebluri eklesiis na-
wilad miiCnevs.
Aaqve, saubaria islamzec: islamis rolis dam-
crobas muhajirobas, mahmadiani mosaxleobis Tur-
qeTSi gasaxlebas miaweren. amJamindeli `nomi-
nalurad~ musulmani afxazebi iseTive musulmanebi
arian rogorc afxazi qristianebi qristianebi: mu-
sulmani ar icnobs yurans, ar aqvs warmodgena mis
mTavar principebze, xolo qristiani ar dadis ekle-
siaSi, ar marxulobs, ar kiTxulobs biblias. albaT
amitomac, muslimTa meTauri afxazeTSi WeSmarit
musulmanTa Zalian mcire ricxvs asaxelebs. Mmisi
TqmiT, isini 200-250 kacamde arian. aqedan afxazi
(dabrunebuli muhajirebis STamoma-vlebis CaTvliT)
mxolod 25 procentia, xolo danarCenebi arian Ta-
Trebi, baSkirebi, Turqebi, Suaazielebi. 1999 wli-
dan soxumSi oficialurad arsebobs musulmanTa su-
lieri mmarTvelobis organo. afxazeTSi meCeTi ar
arsebobs, Tumca aris ori samlocvelo saxli, erTi
soxumSi, meore ki gudauTaSi.
-
36
am statiis Sinarsi da qveteqsti kargad Cans
mis bolo nawilSi, romelic tradiciuli afxazuri
religis funqciebs da fundamentur religiebTan
gaugebar, gaidealizirebul urTierTmimarTebis su-
raTs xatavs: `Следует особо подчеркнуть ту роль,
которую играет традиционная религия в современной
Абхазии. Распад Советского Союза, кровопролитная
война и последовавшие за ней блокада и изоляция Аб-
хазии способствовали возрождению традиционных ве-
рований абхазов. Представляется, что традиционная
религия выступала и продолжает выступать в качестве
одного из инструментов национальной консолидации и
идентичности в современных непростых условиях. И
православие, и ислам в Абхазии приобретают весьма
колоритный традиционный абхазский окрас.
Очевидно, что в современном мире повышается
значение национальной культуры, традиций. И для
Абхазии это также характерно. Поэтому, на мой взгляд,
можно уверенно констатировать, что в республике
возрождается традиционная религия абхазов~ [3].
afxazuri religiis roli da mniSvneloba
kargad Cans krilovis ramodenime cnobidan.
tradiciuli religiis prioritetuloba, mTavrobisa
da xalxis damokidebuleba afxazeTis de faqto res-
publikis pirveli prezidentis inauguraciis
ceremoniamac daadastura _ vladislav arZinbas
gaprezidentebis milocvisa da sazogadoebis winaSe
am faqtis mravalmniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad xalxis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis upirvelesi ufleba
mTavari afxazuri salocavis, didrifSis kult-
-
37
msaxurs, zaur CiCbas ergo.Qqristianuli da
musulmanuri religiis Tavkacebs mxolod mis Semdeg
miecaT milocvis ufleba. dResaswaulebis dros
didrifSSi, lixnSi da sxva salocavebSi afxazeTis
mTavrobisa da prezidentis stumrobac tradiciadaa
damkvidrebuli. 1996 wels kriminogenuli
situaciis mkveTri gauaresebis gamo didrifSisTvis
miumarTavs prezident arZinbas. salocavs xalxis
azrze moyvanas sTxovdnen da samagierod
yovelwliur msxverplSewirva aRuTqves. amave
Sinaarsis locva aq 2000 welsac gamarTula.
sainteresoa krilovis kidev erTi cnoba, romelic
mTavari kultmsaxuris, zaur CiCbas cnobebs
eyrdnoba: didrifSi yovelTvis mfarvelobda
afxazeTs. bolo xanebSi didirifSSi sayovelTao
locvam orjer ixsna afxazebi ganadgurebisagan –
pirvelad zviad gamsaxurdias dros, meored ki
afxazur-qarTuli omis dros. misive TqmiT, 1992
wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi didrifSis mTidan naTeli
sveti amodioda da gagris mxares anaTebda. Mmas
Semdeg rac gagra `gaanTavisufles~ didirifSidan
amosuli naTeli ukve soxumis mxares anaTebda, cota
xanSi soxumic ganTavisuflebul iqna. vgonebT, aq
yovelgvari komentari zedmetia _ raRa Tqma unda,
anzor CiCbas sruli ufleba aqvs sakuTari
msoflmxedveloba iqonios, magram sazogadoeba da
mTavroba, romelic amgvar Sexedulebebis adamians
aniWebs uzenaesi religiuri piris funqcias, rbilad
rom vTqvaT, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove
-
38
moTxovnebis simaRleze. didrifSis didmniSvnelov-
nebaze metyvelebs krilovis savele masalac:
afxazTa erT-erT yvelaze popularul salocavs
afxazuri Zalovanebic mimarTaven. SeiZleba iTqvas,
didrifSi erTgvari udanaSaulobis testis funqcias
asrulebs _ Tu Zalovanebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi
mtkicebuleba eWvmitanilis damnaSavobisa, maSin es
ukanaskneli midis didrifSis salocavSi da iq
udanaSaulobis fics debs. Tu eWvmitanilma es
gaakeTa, udanaSaulobaze daifica, maSin gamoZieba
daxurulad iTvleba [5, 129]. am mxriv sainteresoa
faqti romelic am ramodenime Tvis win moxda:
internetiT gavrcelda afxazeTis de faqto
Tavdacvis ministris, kCaCis naTesaobis mimarTva
afxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi. SegaxsenebT, rom kCaCi
eWvmitanili iyo anqvabze ganxorcielebuli teraq-
tis organizebaSi.Yyofilma Tavdacvis ministrma Tavi
maSin moikla, rodesac policia mis dakavebas cdi-
lobda. naTesavebi ra Tqma unda werilSi uaryofen
kCaCis monawileobas teraqtSi da erT-erT
argumentad moyavT is rom kCaCi, imis Semdeg rac xma
gavarda misi teraqtSi monawileobis Sesaxeb,
apirebda didrifSSi asvlas da udanaSaulobis ficis
dadebas, Tumca es mas ar dascalda. krilovisve
gadmocemiT afxazi anixaSi tyuils arafrisdidebiT
ar ityvis, Tumca man SeiZleba icruos eklesiaSi da
musulmanur samlocveloSi.
zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadad warmoaCens, rom
afxazeTSi tradiciuli afxazuri religia ga-
-
39
mococxlebulia da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic aqtiur
rols TamaSobs. Tumca gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti
Tavs qristianad Tvlis. krilovis mier Catarebulma
savele samuSaoebma saukunis winandeli cnobebi
gaimeora: qristiani afxazi mxolod nominaluradaa
qristiani, misTvis ucxoa eklesia, biblia, ziareba da
mkacri marxva. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebSi qristianoba
iseve rogorc maTi tradiciuli religia,
gamoyenebulia sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebis
asamaRleblad da antiqarTuli ganwyobis gasaRrma-
veblad. bunebrivia, es ori religia garkveulwilad
problemas awydeba gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebaSi.
iyo SemTxveva, rodesac didrifSis kultmsaxurma
salocavSi ar SeuSva sakmaod maRali rangis
mRvdelmsaxuri, misgan anaforis da samRvdelo niSnebis
ayra moiTxova, Tavisi qceva imiT axsna rom masTan anu
didrifSSi sxva wesebi moqmedebs. aseTive konfliqturi
iyo ilirnixas (iloris wminda giorgi) salocavis
aRgdenis ceremoniis zogierTi nawili. iloris afxazma
mRvdelma ar misca msxverplSewirvis da arc raime
warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis ufleba eklesiis
ezoSi. saqmeSi maSindeli premierministri Caeria da
aseTi gamosavali naxes: saklavi eklesiis galavnis
gareT dakles, xolo rituali da locva galavnis
SigniT Caatares. bolo magaliTis Sesabamisad,
afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiurobac aRreulia _
maTTvis ucxoa qristianuli cxovrebis wesi, Tumca
maT Soris monaTlulebi bevrni arian. isini xSirad
eswrebian tradiciul dResaswaulebs, Tumca mravali
-
40
maTgani am dResaswaulebs religiur datvirTvas ar aZ-
levs da TavSeyris da sufris karg sababad Tvlis [5].
sainteresoa qristiani afxazebis poziciac: af-
xazebis umetesobas dResac saamayod aqvs, rom
kavkasiaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo biW-
vinTaSi iyo. es marTlac faqtia, magram aravin uwyis
vin da ra eTnosis, andac ra doziT iyo gaqris-
tianebuli biWvinTis eklesiis mrevli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ioane sabanisZe Tavis nawarmoebSi
aRniSnavs afxazeTSi qristianoba mZlavrad fexmo-
kidebuliao, Tanamedrove afxazebSi Jamis siavis Tu
kidev bevri sxva ramis gamo odindeli qristianobis
mcire kvaliRa Tu SeiniSneba. Tumca Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebs originaluri Sexeduleba gaaCniaT
Tanamedrove afxazis qristianuli sarwmunoebisgan
Sors dgomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aleqsandr
krilovs savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnia afxazs guli
`daswyvetoda~ im mdgomareobaze, rac sufevda XI
saukunis qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac afxazeTis
sakaTalikoso SeuerTes. mkvlevars daviT aRmaSene-
blis istorikosis cnoba mohyavs, romlis mixedvi-
Tac daviTis mefobis pirvel xanebSi saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi gamefebul ukanonobas da codvianobas ver
Seurigdebodao afxazuri buneba, romelic mTavar
principad pirovnul siwmindes da simarTles
aRiarebso [5, 49]. odnav uxerxulia am mosazrebaze
komentari, Tundac imitom rom afxazTa Soris
arsebuli wesiereba, qarTvelebisTvis sruliad ucxo
yofila da eklesiis ukanonobebi Turme zedmiwevniT
Seesabameboda qarTvelTa eTnikur fsiqologias. aqve
-
41
SevaxsenebT baton krilovs: daviT aRmaSenebelma
afxazTa sakaTalikosos mcxeTis sakaTalikososTan
SeerTebis Semdeg, sul ramodenime welSi Caatara
didi saeklesio reforma da krilovis mier
moxseniebuli afxazuri bunebisTvis miuRebeli
`sibilweni~ aRmofxvrili iqna. amas ki krilovis
logikiT eklesiebSi afxaz morwmuneTa xelaxali
Semobruneba unda moyoloda. Tumca rogorc Cans am
reformis Sesaxeb arc krilovs da arc afxazeTis
dRevandel mosaxleobas informacia ar gaaCniaT.
aleqsandre krilovi Tavisi naSromis SesavalSi
afxazi mecnierebis dbarisa da g. smirbas mosazre-
bebsac gvacnobs. dbari mRvdelmsaxuria da fiqrobs,
rom afxazebma qristianoba miiRes axali welTa-
Rricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. gvianSuasaukuneebSi ki
iwyeba warmarTobis reanimacia da qristianobis
daknineba. mkvlevars erTi sityvac ar dascdenia
imaze, rom qristianobis Sesusteba SeiZleba garkve-
ulwilad qarTuli kulturuli sferodan gasvlis
Sedegi iyos. g. smiri ufro Sors midis _ samwu-
xarod, misi sadisertacio naSromi ver moviZieT,
magram misi dedaazri krilovs aqvs mowodebuli:
afxazebi X saukunemde Tavgadakluli qristianebi
yofilan da Tan maTi episkoposebic afxazebi iyvnen.
RvTismsaxureba umetesad afxazur enaze, xandaxan ki
berZnulad mimdinareobda. da am dros iqna daSvebu-
li nacional – politikuri Secdoma: bagrat III-is
gamefeba afxazTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul
samefoSi [5, 49]. amis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdelo-
ebam eklesiebidan afxazuri gandevna, Sewyda afxa-
-
42
zuri RvTismetyvelebac. ai am droidan iwyeba
afxazebis qristianobisgan gaucxoeba g.smiris azriT.
krilovi smiris am naazrevis Sesaxeb dums, mxolod
dasawyisSi aRniSnavs rom smiris kvlevas etyoba
afxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis gavlenao. ar da
krilovs, rogorc Cans mainca da mainc zereled ar
aqvs gadakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoria da
mSvenivrad icis, rom g. smiris mosazrebas ioti-
sodena safuZvelic ar aqvs. afxazeTis teritoriaze
qristianobas safuZvlebi sxva procesebis gamo
ecleba da es Sesabamisad damtkicebulia qarTvel
mecnierTa kvlevebSi. aq am Teoriebis mtkicebas ar
movyvebiT, radganac masala da faqtebi bevria. aRv-
niSnavT mxolod imas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas samecnie-
ro naSromebi, romlebic ufro konkretulad gas-
cems pasuxs Segnebul Tu Seugnebel provokaciebs,
SesaZloa es vinmes sasacilod andac usargeblod
moeCvenos da Tqvas, rom simarTle xom Se-
uiaraRebeli TvaliTac Canso, Tumca es azrebi af-
xazuri Tu rusuli saitebisa da internetbibli-
oTekis meSveobiT asiaTasobiT dainteresebuli-
sTvisaa xelmisawvdomi da amis sapirwoned, si-
marTlis gamosamzeureblad Sedegismomtani qmediTi
nabijebi faqtobrivad ar gadadgmula.
literatura
1. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 1990.
-
43
2. j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTmadidebloba, Tb.,
2003.
3. Элана ЭШБА, аспирантка Института востоковеде-ния РАН, научный сотрудник Центра партнерства
цивилизаций ИМН МГИМО (У) МИДа РФ
4. Званба С. Тю. – Абхазские этнографические этюди, Сухуми, 1982.
5. Александр Крылов, Религия и традиции абхазов, (по материалам полевых исследований 1994-2000 гг.),
Москва, 2001
6. Обзор деятелньости обшества возстановления православного христианства на кавказе, 1910.
-
44
Giorgi Mamardashvili
Modern Issues of the Religious Life of the Abkhazia Territory Population
A review of the modern situation and problems of Abkhazia terri-
tory population are given in the article, as well as the review of the scientific works, articles and theses dedicated to the study of the Ab-khazians’ religious beliefs.
Today a certain part of Abkhazia population is a follower and supporter of Abkhazian clergy group headed by Dorofei Dbar, who tries to gain autocephaly of the Church of Abkhazia. According to the re-searches carried out in near past 55% of respondents belong them-selves to Christians, 17% to Muslims, 14.6% to Atheists and for 7.4% was difficult to attach their faith to any kind of religion, 2% is a follower of the traditional Abkhazian religion. Among ethnic Abkhazians 49.3 % is a Christian, 28.7% Muslim, 2% belong themselves to Pagans and 1.2% to traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs. A kind of confusion takes place. It is a bit difficult to understand what the relations between pa-gan and traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs means. It is easy to sup-pose that the respondents might have mixed traditional Abkhazian reli-gion beliefs and Paganism. It is difficult to imagine as well what the Kri-lov’s criteria was for belonging a certain person either to one or another religious belief. All the more there are different viewpoints among the scientific circles about what the Abkhazian religion is. Some think it ob-viously is Paganism, some think it is monotheistic religion, some – it is a heir of Southwest Asia.
Despite of the survey results, it is obvious that the Abkhazian traditional religion beliefs gained a new meaning: to attach to the tradi-tional religion one of the main functions in determining the national identification and the consolidation of the nation. It must be mentioned that the tendentious attitude of the modern researchers when they study traditional religious beliefs of Abkhazians is obvious. They con-sciously ignore Georgian influence on the nuances of the traditional
-
45
Abkhazian religion. But the influence of Christianity and Georgian tradi-tional folk believes are clearly evident. The Abkhazian ethnographers of the 19th century: S. Zvanba and N. Janashia straightly, without any kind of implication, write about it.
Tendentious and purposeful lie are those theses which try to split Georgian-Abkhazian churches and sow hatred among Abkhazians against Georgians. S. Lakoba says as if Georgians “occupied” Abkha-zian church in the 10th century. As if, before liturgy was in Abkhazian language. According to A. Krilov there was another reason that Abkha-zian alienated from the church. As if, the honest nature of Abkhazian was unable to get used to the corruption and improper behavior that was dominating in the Church of Georgia at the end of the 11 th and the beginning of the 12th centuries.
-
46
medea gogolaZe
`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi
_ miTi Tu realoba?
qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, ucnobi avtoris
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si da leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~-Si (`qarTlis cxovreba~) aleq-
sandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobisas moxseni-
ebulni arian `bun-Turqebi~.
`moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT: `pirvel, odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da
SeÃadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilna naTesavni bun-Turqni, _ msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda
mtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi:
sarkine qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraÃe da cixeni maTni: cixÀ didi sarkinisa, ufliscixÀ kaspisa, urbnisisa da oZraÃisaÁ. daukÂrda aleqsandres da cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa
Ãorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkudarsa SeSWamdes. da ver eZlo brZolaÁ maTi mefesa da warvida. maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldeve-
lTagan gamosxmulni honni da iTxoves bun-TurqTa
uflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs. da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqÂan mas xerki. da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsa-
ndre mefÀ yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni ese qalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxÂli. xolo sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga
-
47
sarkinesa dasavliT kerZo... da merme gamoiRo sarkine.
TÂT dayares da meot iqmnnes~ [1, 81]. `mefeTa cxovreba~ Turqebis qarTlSi mosvlis
istorias ufro vrclad gadmogvcems. mas Semdeg,
rac iranis legendarulma mefe qaixosrom Turqebi
Semusra `movides Turqni, otebulni misve
qaixosrosgan. gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyves
mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocdarva da
ezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Sewevna
sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya
yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,
rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTÂs daimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanes
yovelTa qalaqTa Sina [2, 14]. makedonelis laSqro-
bis gadmocemisas leonti mrovels es Turqni ukve
bun-Turqebad hyavs moxseniebuli: `da ixilna ra ese
naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cuen
bunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT msxdomareni mdinaresa
mas mtkurisasa mixveviT.... Semdgomad amissa gan-Zlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, da
aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa... cixeni da qalaqni
daipyrna equs Tue... xolo sarkinelTa bunTurqTa-
ganTa agines mefesa. ganuwyra aleqsandre da arRara
ineba zavi da vedreba maTi ara Seiwynara...~ [2, 15].
qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi bun-TurqTa
qarTlSi saxlobis Sesaxeb, istoriul mecnierebaSi
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT iqna ganxiluli: erT
SemTxvevaSi _ istoriuli realobis kuTxiT, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.
-
48
mecnierebis erTi nawili bun-TurqTa qarTlSi
saxlobas, legendaruls uwodebs (g. mamulia,
v. vaSakiZe, g. yoranaSvili [8; 5; 11]). meore _
istoriul faqts, magram maTi eTnikuri nominaciis
dazustebiT (e. TayaiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, S.
mesxia, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. sanaZe, g. alasania da
sxv. [6; 12; 9; 7; 10; 3]). istorikosTa erTi nawili
maTSi hunebs gulisxmobs, meore _ huriebs. arsebobs
agreTve mosazreba, romliTac bun-Turqebi kavka-siuri
warmoSobis da kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleo-badaa
miCneuli (m. seidovi). umravles SemTxvevebSi ki
mecnierebi bun-TurqebSi skviTebs varaudoben (o.
lorTqifaniZe, v. kovalevskaia, m. sanaZe, g. alasania;
dawvrilebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. 3, 5-20).
Cveni adrindeli mosazrebiT bun-TurqTa
qarTlSi saxloba legendaruli iyo [4, 73]. amJamin-
deli Cveni kvlevis amosavalia meti ndoba ga-
movucxadoT Zvel qarTul wyaroebs, maTi axleburi
gaazrebisa da samecniero literaturaSi SemoTa-
vazebuli saintereso kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebis
gamo.
cnobilia, rom Zvel xanaSi arsebobda tradicia
qveynis istoriis daweris miTologiuri, an
miTologizirebuli realobis dasawyisiT. `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebic am
tradiciis mimdevrebi arian. Tanac mematianeTa mier
bun-TurqTa rolis gamokveTas alegoriuli
datvirTvac aqvs, rac ukavSirdeba aleqsandre
makedonelis saxels. Sua saukuneebSi gaidea-
-
49
lizebuli gmiri aleqsandre makedoneli, axali
msoflio wesrigis Semqmneli, berZnuli civili-
zaciis gamavrcelebeli, ebrZvis ukulturo da
CamorCenil xalxebs. aseT xalxebad, ZiriTadad,
iTvlebian kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma mcxovrebi
xalxebi, romlebic periodulad, Semosevebis Tu
devnis Sedegad xvdebian civilizebul qveynebSi,
sadac maT TavianTi Cvevebi SeaqvT. aleqsandres
kulturisTvis maTi kultura ucxoa da igi maT
ebrZvis, rogorc politikuri miznebiT, ise
kulturuli msoflxedviT. avtorebi momTabare-
barbarosul samyaros upirispireben kulturul
msoflios, romlis gansaxierebac aleqsandre makedo-
nelia. aleqsandres laSqrobebis erT-erT punqtad
mematianeebi kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs moiazreben
(dariali, darubandi) da maT `aleqsandres karis~
saxeliTac moixsenieben. am karis warmomavloba
ukavSirdeba makedonelis mier veluri xalxis
damarcxebas, CrdiloeTis mTebSi maT gadarekvas da
maTi Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixe-
simagreTa sistemis Seqmnas. aRniSnul tomebSi
bibliuri gogisa da magogis xalxebi moiazrebian,
romlebic iranulenovan da Turqulenovan eTno-
sebTan arian dakavSirebulni.
amave dros, legendebis umetesi nawili
garkveul wilad istoriul realobas asaxavs.
aseTad gvesaxeba Zveli iranuli eposis, zoro-
astrizmis uZvelesi literaturuli Zegli `avesta~
(umTavresi wyaro `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris da leontis).
-
50
igi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde Seiqmna, misi
Cawera daiwyo Zv. w. III saukuneSi arSakidebis
dinastiis dros, sabolood ki Camoyalibda sasa-
nidebis xanaSi. `avestas~ mixedviT brZolebi
mimdinareobs iranelebsa da Turqebs Soris, kerZod,
mefe qaixosrosa da Turq afrasiabs Soris. maTi
dapirispireba sabolood sruldeba qaixsosros mier
afrasiabis mokvliT. aRniSnuli legenda aqemeniduri
xaniT TariRdeba. istoriuli perspeqtiviT rom
SevxedoT, sparsuli tomebis gaZliereba-gaaqtiureba
da hegemonobisTvis brZola istoriuli realobaa da
iwyeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. VII saukunidan. iranis
CrdiloeTiT arsebuli samyaro (kaspiis zRvis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi), aseve cnobilia, rom ukaviaT
momTabare, avi znis xalxebs, savaraudod, Turquli
modgmis tomebs. iranelTa eqspansiis erT-erTi
mimarTulebaa kaspiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (Tura-
ni), xolo CrdiloeTis xalxebis eqspansiis samxreT-
dasavleTiT. am brZolebSi damarcxebulebi ltolvi-
lebad ifantebian da erT-erTi aseTi nakadi
TavSesafars poulobs qarTlSi. am istoriul
procesebSi qarTvelebic iyvnen CarTulni, erT
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc uSualo monawileebi
brZolebisa, meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc devnilTa
TavSesafrad qceuli teritoriis mkvidrebi. am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi xdeba Turquli nakadis
Semosvla qarTvelTa teritoriaze. araferi ara-
realuri am faqtSi araa, radgan istoriuli wya-
roebiT cnobilia sxvadasxva xalxebi, romlebic
-
51
Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Cvens teritorias afarebdnen
Tavs, magaliTad, asurelebi, urartuelebi, ebra-
elebi, berZnebi da sxva. aRniSnulis gaTvalis-
winebiT, vfiqrobT, rom bun-TurqTa yofna qarTlSi
istoriuli faqtia da ara miTiuri ambavi.
gvinda SevexoT kidev erT problemas. kerZod,
`moqcevaÁs~ avtoris cnoba qarTlSi bun-TurqTa
saxlobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa mier gagebulia,
rogorc maTi am teritoriaze aborigenoba. rac,
vfiqrobT, ZirSive mcdaria, radgan toponimebi: kaspi,
ufliscixe, urbnisi, sarkine da sxva yvela,
romlebic wyaroebSi moxseniebulia bun-TurqTa
sxdomis adgilad, uklebliv qarTulia, rac
gamoricxavs bun-TurqTa aRniSnul teritoriaze
avtoqTonobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia `moqcevaÁs~
avtoris Txrobis lakonuri, qronistuli stili da,
zogadad, Zeglis arqiteqtonika, ris mixedviTac
ikveTeba mematianis idea aCvenos aleqsandre makedo-
neli, ara civilizebul qarTvelebTan, aramed velur
xalxebTan mebrZoli gmiri, msoflios mxsneli da
ganmanaTlebeli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa didi nawili bun-
TurqebSi skviTebs moiazrebs. miuxedavad rigi
saintereso da gasaziarebeli argumentebisa,
calsaxad ver miviRebT amgvar mosazrebas. sakiTxi
rTuli da bundovania, rac ZiriTadad ganpiro-
bebulia wyaroebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT, anaqro-
nizmebiT da urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebiT. marTa-
lia, mematianeebi skviTebis nacvlad xan xazarebs,
-
52
xan yivCayebs (SesaZloa, bun-Turqebsac) moixsenieben,
magram gaugebaria, ratom, maSin, rodesac hero-
dotedan moyolebuli, Zveli antikuri, elinisturi
da adre Suasaukuneebis istoriografia, romelic
Zalian kargad icnobs skviTebs, ansxvavebs maT sxva
xalxebisagan. sainteresoa, igive codna qarTvel
mematianeebs ar hqondaT? ras niSnavs leontisTan
daculi cnoba `xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidaman
andriam megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~
[2,43]. Zneli dasajerebelia, Zvel qarTvel
meistorieT ar hqonodaT codna skviTebze da ver
ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisgan skviTebi da Turqebi.
metic, is rom Turqebi ixseniebian Zvel qarTul
wyaroebSi, aCens cdunebas, vivaraudoT kaspiis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi Turquli warmo-
Sobis xalxis migracia qarTlSi.
aqedan gamomdinare `avestas~ sparsul-Turqul
brZolebSi moxseniebuli Turqebi (Turqulenovani
masivi) istoriis asparezze ufro aqtiurad anu
maTi samxreT-dasavleTiT eqspansiis TvalsazrisiT
mogvianebiT Cndebian, radgan jer kidev Zlieria
regionSi iranelTa gavlena, magram `moqcevaÁs~ bun-
Turqebi SesaZloa, eTnikur TurqTa swored is
mcire nakadia, romlebic devnilebad Semodian
qarTlSi (ara dampyroblebad) da romlebTan
erTadac qarTvelebi antiiranul koalicias qmnian.
-
53
literatura
1. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1963.
2. `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, Tb., 1955, s. yauxCi-
Svilis redaqciiT.
3. g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi,
Tb., 2008.
4. m. gogolaZe, qarTlis socialuri da politikuri
istoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Tb.,
2004.
5. v. vaSakiZe, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ wyaroebi aleqsan-
dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.
6. e. TayaiSvili, sami istoriuli qronika, Tb., 1890.
7. o. lorTqifaniZe, mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis isto-
riisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
moambe, XXIX, 6, Tb., 1962.
8. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebis da saxel-
mwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979.
9. S. mesxia, leonti mroveli saqarTvelos is-
toriis ori periodis Sesaxeb, krebuli `kavkasiis
xalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1966.
10. m. sanaZe, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos
istoriis uZvelesi periodi, Tb., 2001.
11. g. yoranaSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-
xebi, I, Tb., 1994.
12. Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1969.
-
54
Medea Gogoladze
“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?
According to Georgian historical sources, in “Mokcevai Kar-tlisai” (The Conversion of Georgia) by anonymous author and Leonti Mroveli’s “Mepeta Tskhovreba” (The Lives of Kings) “Bun Turks” are mentioned in connection with Alexander III of Mace-don’s campaigns in Kartli.
These data of Georgian sources were discussed by histo-rians from the different aspects: weather these people lived in Georgia or not and on the other hand to which ethnic group “Bun-Turks” were belonged. One group of scientists thinks that “Bun-Turks” were not living in Georgia and it is only a legend, others believe it was a true historical fact. Most of the scientists suppose that “Bun-Turks” are people of Iranian - Scythian origin.
In our opinion, the data of “Conversion” and “The Life of Kartli” about Bun-Turks’ coming in Kartli should have been a ref-lection of historical reality. It also should have been that men-tioned “Bun-Turks” belonged to those people of Turkish origin who were living to the north-east of the Caspian Sea.
-
55
daviT merkvilaZe
rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi
polkovnik burnaSevis arqivis
masalebis mixedviT
(1783-1787 ww.)
Sesavali
polkovniki stefane burnaSevi ruseTis saimpe-
ratoro karis mier 1783 wels dainiSna ruseTis sa-
gangebo warmomadgenlad (`komisionerad~) qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis erekle II-isa da imereTis mefis so-
lomon I-is karze. amas mowmobs burnaSevis arqivSi
arsebuli grigol potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,
daTariRebuli 1783 wlis 3 apriliT, e.i. jer kidev
georgievskis traqtatis gaformebamde. amasTan bur-
naSevs daevala georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT
saqarTveloSi imave wlis 2 noembers Semosul eger-
Ta ori rusuli batalionis meTauroba. rusi pol-
kovniki saqarTveloSi imyofeboda oTxnaxevar weli-
wads. 1787 wlis 13 seqtembers mefe erekles meTau-
robiT qarTul jarTan erTad Tavisi batalionebi-
TurT ganjasTan dabanakebulma burnaSevma miiRo
brZaneba (kvlav gr. potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,
daTariRebuli amave wlis 29 agvistoTi), rusul
jarTan erTad daetovebina saqarTvelo da ruseTSi
gabrunebuliyo.
s. burnaSevs uSualo urTierToba hqonda ro-
gorc qarTvel mefeebTan erekle II-sa da solomon
I-Tan, aseve mudmiv miwer-moweras awarmoebda kavka-
siis xazis sardalTan, general-poruCik pavle po-
-
56
tiomkinTan, romelic Tavis mxriv general grigol
potiomkinis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTavda ruseTis
saimperatoro karis kavkasiur politikas.
1901 wels s. burnaSevis SvilTaSvilma al. ca-
garelis rekomendaciiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebis~ 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamosca s.
burnaSevis arqivis epistolaruli nawili. burnaSe-
visadmi mimarTul oficialur brZanebebTan (orde-
rebTan) erTad aq Tavmoyrilia polkovnikisadmi mi-
marTuli piradi werilebi: yvelaze meti, 36 werili
ekuTvnis pavle potiomkins, aseve aq aris kidev ram-
denime rusi samxedro piris werili da qarTvel me-
feTa, ereklesa da solomonis ramdenime werilis
rusuli Targmanic. es werilebi naTlad asaxavs im-
droindel rusul-qarTul urTierTobebs, ruseTis
interesebs saqarTveloSi da zogadad kavkasiaSi,
aseve qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis
cvlilebas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.
es viTareba pirdapir fiqsirdeba rogorc erekle II-
is mier, aseve Tavad rusuli umaRlesi generali-
tetis mxridanac. es poziciaa erT-erTi mizezi, ri-
Tac rusuli sardloba axsnas uZebnida saqar-
Tvelodan rusuli batalionebis gayvanas im dros,
roca qarTuli samefos sazRvrebTan SemosaWrelad
gamzadebuli omar-xanis laSqari idga.
s. burnaSevs ekuTvnis aseve naSromi: `saqarTve-los suraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri mdgomareobis aRwera~. igi man gamosca ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1793 wels kurskSi, sa-
-
57
dac samxedro samsaxuris datovebis Semdeg guberna-
torad iqna daniSnuli. naSromi warmoadgens rusi
polkovnikis TvaliT danaxul saqarTvelos da im
periodis saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani saistorio
wyaroa. es naSromi asiode wlis Semdeg xelmeored
iqna gamocemuli n. begiCevis mier.
orive zemodasaxelebuli gamocema (epistoleebi
orderebiTurT da `saqarTvelos suraTi~) ukve na-Targmni gvaqvs qarTul enaze da vamzadebT gamosace-
mad. es miT ufro saSuria, ramdenac bolo dros
ruseTSi kvlav aRorZinda tendencia, rom imperiis
mier qarTuli saxelmwifos aneqsia qarTveli xal-
xis sakeTildReod ruseTis mier iZulebiT gadadg-
mul nabijad warmoCindes. msgavsi mcdari Sexedule-
bebi jer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa mraval-
wliani propagandis Sedegad dRemde fexmokidebulia
qarTul sazogadoebis nawilSic. aRniSnul xanebSi
rusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis siRr-
miseuli mecnieruli Seswavla udavod xels Seu-
wyobs istoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenas da cru-
propagandis savalalo Sedegebis gaqarwylebas, rac
Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli saxel-
mwifoebriobis aRdgena-gaZlierebis saqmes.
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis mizezebi
aRniSnuli wyaroebi sayuradRebo masalas iZ-
leva georgievskis traqtatis Sesaxeb. kerZod, gvex-
mareba imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda
am dros TiToeul mxares da ra Sedegebi moutana am
SeTanxmebam maT.
-
58
`saqarTvelos suraTSi~ burnaSevi cdilobs aR-niSnos `mizezebi, romlebmac ubiZga mefe erekles, Sesuliyo ruseTis mfarvelobiTi Zalauflebis qveS~. Tavidan igi wers: `qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen ra damonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis ga-mo Zveli droidan yovelTvis eZiebdnen ruseTis did xelmwifeTa daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram ar SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoT cnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindeli midrekilebis aRmZvrel mTavar mizezTagan ki Semdegi aris: bunebrivi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxti-sa, romelzedac mefe irakli ayvanilia Sah-nadiris mier, arsebiTad arian STamomavlebi mefe vaxtangisa, ruseTSi gaiqceulisa Turqebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisas. Tavadma aleqsandrem, Zem baqar uflis-wulisa da SviliSvilma vaxtang mefisa, mefe irak-liT ukmayofilo qarTlelebTan urTierTobisas da darwmunebulma mefed gaxdomis SesaZleblobaSi, da-tova ruseTi mamiseul samemkvidreo taxtze asvlis ganzraxviT... mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezi uki-duresad SeSfoTebuliyo mosalodneli arasaimedo Sedegebis gamo...~ 1 [1, 18-19].
cxadia, burnaSevisaTvis cnobilia qarTvel me-
feTa swrafva, mezobeli mahmadianuri saxelmwi-
foebis agresiisagan TavdasaRwevad mieRoT Semweoba
ruseTisagan da miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc ar fi-
qrobs, rom es garemoeba yofiliyo mizezi ge-
orgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul
1 rusuli teqstis Targmani aqac SemdegSic Cvenia – d.m.
-
59
`cnobil damokidebulebaSi~ maTi moqcevisa. es lo-gikuricaa: gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo im
dros araTu `damonebuli ar yofila mahmadianebis mier~, traqtatis gaformebis wina xanebSi samxedro-politikur sarbielze mezobel mahmadian mflobe-
lebTan brZolaSi miRweuli warma-tebebisa da hege-
monobis damtkicebis Semdeg mefe ereklem Tavis Za-
lauflebas iqiT dauqvemdebara ramdenime islamuri
saxanoc.
faqtobrivad, erTaderT mizezad, ramac ubiZga
erekle II-s ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo, bur-
naSevi asaxelebs aleqsandre baqaris Zis mcdelobas
qarTlis samefo taxti waerTmia ereklesaTvis. amas
exmianeba erekles werilic p. potiomkinisadmi, sadac
mefe Tavis SeSfoTebas ver malavs amis gamo da iT-
xovs, momavalSic ar hqondes adgili msgavs gamox-
domebs. erekles SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar yofila:
mefobis msurveli marto ar moqmedebda, mas Tanam-
zraxvelebi hyavda rogorc saxelmwifos samezoblo-
Si, ise Tavad qarTlSidac da, rac mTavaria, aleq-
sandre batoniSvilis gaaqtiurebaSi erekle II-ze
zewolis mosaxdenad aSkarad Cans rusuli xeli, ra-
Ta mefe mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebaze
daeyoliebinaT. traqtatis sagangebo muxliT erek-
lem ruseTisagan qarTlis taxtis Tavisi STamomav-
lobisaTvis SenarCunebis ga-rantia miiRo [4]. sxva
sakiTxia, rogor Seasrula (ufro sworad, ar Sea-
srula) ruseTma micemuli piroba.
-
60
mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandre baqaris Zem amrigad
ruseTisaTvis `Tavisi misia~ Seasrula, erekles mTa-
var metoqesTan da dauZinebel mterTan, faT-ali-
xanTan myofs p. potiomkinis brZanebiT Tavis ua-
xloes garemocvasTan erTad ruseTSi daabrunes. amis
Taobaze 1783 wlis 11 dekembers p. potiomkini bur-
naSevs werda: `moaxseneT mefe iraklis saidumlod, rom Tavadi aleqsandre baqarovi da masTan erTad amilaxvarovi ucxviro, da kidev ori kaci derben-tidan ayvanilia da ukve moyvanilni arian astraxan-Si, da ramdenad bevradac ar unda aeridebina Tavi faT-ali-xans maTi gadmocemisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo. amrigad, SeiZleba mefes mielocos, rom is am mxri-vac damSvidebuli darCeba~ [2, 14].
erekles damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi
burnaSevisadmi miweril p. potiomkinis weri-
lebSi ikveTeba traqtatis gaformebis win erekles
meryeoba da undobloba rusebis mimarT, ris gamoc
saqarTveloSi movlenili polkovniks mieTiTeboda:
rom saWiro iyo qarTvelebSi ruseTis mimarT yo-
velgvari eWvis gafantva da mas yvela Rone unda
exmara, raTa moexerxebina `mefis undobloba Seec-vala saWiro pirdapiri erTgulebiT.~ werili dawe-rilia traqtatis gaformebamde 4 dRiT adre 20
ivliss [2, 6].
sxvagan Cans, rom p. potiomkini xvdeba ra, rom
erekles misi sityvebis (misi saxiT ki saerTod ru-
seTis) maincdamainc ar sjera, amitom roca saidum-
lo baraTs ugzavnis erekles, burnaSevs avalebs,
-
61
urCios mefes, rom baraTis Targmani burnaSovisave
meTvalyureobiT Seasrulos gaioz arqimandritma da
bolos dasZens: `imeds gamovTqvam, rom mefes yvela sityvas daajerebT~. 10 marti, 1784 w. [2, 19].
erekles amgvari damokidebulebis fonze aqve
TvalSisacemia rusuli mxaris gansakuTrebuli da-
intereseba traqtatisadmi. georgievskis traqtatze
xelmoweris win p. potiomkini burnaSevs Txovs,
Seatyobinos, `rogori suliskveTebiT miiRebs mefe traqtatis dadebas~ [2, 7]. unda vifiqroT, rom traqtats erekle didi aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.
Tumca, traqtatis dadeba TbilisSi aRniSnes zeimiT,
risi aRwerilobac burnaS