Download - Kebijakan Kriminal kuliah
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KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL(CRIMINAL/PENAL POLICY)
Dr. M. ALI ZAIDAN, SH. M.Hum
PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HUKUMUNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL
“VETERAN” JAKARTA2012
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KEJAHATAN
Hukum Pidana
Kriminologi
Kebijakan Kriminal Kebijakan
Hukum Pidana
KEJAHATAN
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I. BEBERAPA PERISTILAHAN
Penal Policy Criminal Policy
Criminal Law PolicyUsaha rasional masyarakat untuk menanggulangi kejahatan.Respon masyarakat terhadap kejahatan
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PENGERTIAN
SOEDARTO :a. Dalam arti sempit : keseluruhan asas dan metode
yang menjadi dasar dari reaksi terhadap pelanggaran hukum yang berupa pidana;
b. Dalam arti luas : keseluruhan fungsi dari aparatur penegak hukum, termasuk di dalamnya cara kerja pengadilan dan polisi, dan
c. Dalam arti paling luas : keseluruhan kebijakan yang dilakukan melalui perundang-undangan dan badan-badan resmi yang bertujuan untuk menegakkan norma-norma sentral dari masyarakat.
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DEFINISI LAIN
Marc Ancel : the rational organization of the control of crime by society.
G Peter Hoefnagels : Criminal policy is the rational organization of the social reaction to crime :
a. Criminal policy is the science of responses, b. Criminal policy is the science of crime prevention
c. Criminal policy is designating human behaviour as crime,
d. Criminal policy is a rational total of the responses to crime
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KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL
Cabang dari (ilmu) Hukum Pidana yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan masyarakat terhadap kejahatan
The three main branches of criminal science are criminology, criminal policy and criminal law (Bryan A Garner)
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II. KEJAHATAN
Kebijakan
Kriminal
Kriminologi
Hukum Pidana
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DEFINSI TENTANG KEJAHATAN
KEJAHATA
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LEGAL(Crime is any act that violates a criminal law)
Social Crime as Behavior
Is the study of activities that violated socially presribed standard, wether or not that behavior happens to break some criminal law
PoliticalCrime as a Label
Crime as a consequence of social interaction, a result
of a process that involves both the “rule of violator” and other (community, police or court)
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DEFINISI LAIN
Austin Turk :The central question is not why some people break the law while others do not. It is rather, why some people’s conduct is defined as crime and that of others is not. In short, it is not the criminal character of behavior that is of interest to criminology but THE PROCESS OF CRIMINALIZING BEHAVIOR
William J Chambliss Crime is political phenomenon. What is gets defined
as criminal or deliquent behavior is the result of political process within which rules are formed which prohibit or require people to behave in certain ways. “why it is some acts get defined as criminal while others do not”..... If we are to explain the social forces that cause crime, we must first explain the social forces that cause some acts to be defined as criminal while other acts are not
G Peter Hoefnagels
The use term “crime” in respect of the some behavior differ from moment to moment (time) and from context to (situation)
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DEFINISI
Crime is a human act that violates the criminal law.1. Crime involves behavior,2. This behavior is identified in terms of
law
Dengan kata lain :3. There must be conduct,4. The conduct must constitute a social
harm5. The conduct must be prohibited by law6. The conduct must be performed
voluntary7. The conduct must be performed
intentionally/mens rea, meaning guilty mind,
8. The harm must be causally related to the conduct,
9. The conduct must be punishable by law
Modifikasi oleh Walter Reckless:Kita harus membatasi perhatian terhadap tindakan yang dilaporkan kepada polisi.The modern criminologist must answer that crime exist when a violation of the criminal code is reported.So the fact of crime is the reporting of a violation of a criminal code. Anything else is not a crime in fact.
In the quality the act on when the machinery of law acts upon it
Law on the book are never enforced. On the paper the act is a crime; but as part of social experience it is not.Roscoe Pound : Law in action involves the activities of those who create and enforce criminal law
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Definition
Crime is labele that is attached to human conduct by those who create and administer the criminal law.
Criminal law is a specific type of law...... Is defined conventionally as a body of specific rules regarding human conduct which have been promulgated by political authority, which apply unifomity to all members of the class to which the rules refer, and which are enforced
by punishment administered by the state.
Politically : invoke the notion of political authority.....those rules created and enforce by authorized agents of the state;Penal sanction : refer to the notion that violators will be punished or at least thretened with punisment by the state.Specificity : points at the specific rather than general character of rules.....criminal law generally gives a strict definition of a specific act. Uniformity, ...apply to all persons for whom they are relevant and must be applied without regard for personal status or prestige.
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RICHARD QUINNEY(THE SOCIAL REALITY OF CRIME)
I. Crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by authorized in a politically organized society;
II. Criminal definition describe behavior that conflict with the interest of the segment of society that have the power to shape public policy;
III. Criminal definition are applied by the segment of society that have the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law;
IV. Behavior patterns are structured in segment organized society in relation to criminal definitions, and within this context persons engage in action that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal;
V. Conception of crime are constructed and diffused in the segments of society by serious means of communication;
VI. The social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and application of criminal definition, the development of behavior petterns related to criminal definition, and the construction of criminal conceptions.
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DEFINISI SOSIAL
Crime and its definition are social product. Society (human groups) decides what is a crime and what is not.
Mala in se are acts bad in themselves, the universality of law against murder,rape, assault etc
Mala prohibita : bad because the have been prohibited. Trafic violation, gambling, smunggling etc.
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Definition of Crime reflect the interest of those group, who comprise the rulling class (Seten Box, Power, Crime and Mistification 1983 : 8)
Pandangan lain
Crime constitutes a legal relationship between the official state and the member of society. it defines what is permitted and what is prohibit them in their political society. legal relationship between the state and its member is an criminal law serve as safeguards of the various values of the ideology that the state power wants to see implemented (Stephen Schafer, The Political Criminal, 1974 : 20)
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III. SEBAB-SEBAB KEJAHATAN(MIKRO)
WA BONGERJAMES Q WILSON, RICHARD J
HERRENSTEIN
Mazhab Italia (antropologi)
Mazhab Perancis (lingkungan)- lingkungan sosial- lingkungan fisik
Mazhab Bio-sosiologi Mazhab Spiritualis
Constitutional Factors- gender
- age- intelligent- personality dan Psychopathologi
Development Factors- Families
- Broken and abusive families
Social Context - community
- labour markets- television and the mass media,- alcohol and heroin- altering the social context
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SEBAB KEJAHATAN(MAKRO)
Biologis / Psikologis Sosiologis Teori penyimpangan budaya Teori Kontrol sosial Teori Lain
- Lebelling Theory- Conflict Theory- Radical (Critical) Criminologi
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III. MODERN CRIMINAL SCIENCE(MARC ANCEL)
CRIMINAL LAWWhich is the explanation
and application of the positive rules whereby society reachs against
the phenomenon of crime
PENAL POLICYBoth a science and an art of which the practical purposes, ultimately, are to enable the positive rules to be better formulated and to guide not only the legislator who has to draft criminal statute, but the court by which the applied and the prison administration which give practical effect to the court decision
CRIMINOLOGYWhich studies the phenomenon of crime in all its
aspects
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“Between the study of criminological factors on the one hand, and legal technique on other, there is room for a science which observes legislative phenomena and for a rational art within which scholars and practitioner, criminologist and lawyers can come together, not as antagonists or fratricidal strife, but as fellow-workers engaged in a common task, which is first and foremost to bring into effect realitic, humane and healty progresif penal policy........the twentieth-century system of criminal law still remain to created. Such system can only be established and perfected by the commond effort of all men of good will, as well as by the cooperation of all specialist in the social science” (Marc Ancel : 5-6)
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“.... Social defence, fundamentally diffrent from one another : first the old interpretation, which still has many supporters, who would limit the notion to the protection of society by repression of crime; secondly the modern conception, .... By UN (1948) “The Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders” (page 17)
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TUJUAN PIDANA
Penanggulangan Kejahatan
Repression of crime, Reduction of crime, Prevention of crime Control of crime
Memperbaiki Pelaku Rehabilitasi,Reformasi,Treat ment of offenders,
Reedukasi, Readaptasi sosial, Resosialisasi, Pemasyarakatan,Pembebasan
Perlindungan Masyarakat
Policing the police, saluran untuk balas dendam, menghindari balas dendam, unofficial retaliation
Memulihkan Keseimbangan
Menghilangkan noda akibat TP, Menyelesaikan konflik, Memulihkan keseimbangan, Mendatangkan rasa damai
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DIMENSI HUKUM
Normativitas Hukum
Realitas Hukum
Idealitas
Hukum
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IV. ALIRAN HUKUM PIDANA(SUE TITUS REID, CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY)
CLASSICAL SCHOOL POSITIVE SCHOOL
Legal definition of crime Let the punishment fit
the crime Doctrine of Free will Death penalty for some
offenses Anecdotal method – no
empirical research Definite sentence
Rejected legal definition; Garafalo substituted “natural crime”
Let the punishment fit the criminal
Doctrin of deteminism Abolition of the death
penalty Empirical reseach, use of
the inductive method Undeterminate sentence
PERGESERAN KARAKTER HP
Klassika. Legal definition of crimeb. Let the punishment fit the crimec. Doctrin of free willd. Death penalty for some offencee. Anecdotal method no empirical research
Daad Strafrecht
Modern a. Rejected legal definition of crime and substituted
natural crimeb. Let the punishment fit the criminalc. Doctrin of determinismd. Abolition of the death penaltye. Empirical research : use of inductive method;
f. Indeterminite sentence
Dader Strafrecht
Neo Klasika. Modifikasi doktrin of free willb. Mitigating circumtancesc. Perhatian thd kondisi mentald. Expert testimonye. Twintrack system (double)f. Perpaduan justice model dengan
perlindungan thd hak terdakwa-terpidana juga pengembangan non institutional treatment dan dekriminalisasi dan depenalisasi
Daad-dader Strafrecht
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V. BAGAN CRIMINAL POLICY
SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY
Social Defence Policy
Tujuan
Criminal Policy
Penal
Non Penal
Social Policy
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SKEMA KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL
Criminal Policy
Law Enforcement Policy
Social Policy
Influencing view of society on crime and punishment (Non Penal)
Criminal law application (practical criminology)--- (Penal)
Prevention without Punishment (civil or Administrative procedure)
VI. BATAS-BATAS KEMAMPUAN HUKUM PIDANA
1. Sebab-sebab kejahatan yang demikian kompleks berada di luar jangkauan hukum pidana;
2. Hukum pidana merupakan bagian terkecil dari sarana kontrol sosial yang tidak mungkin mengatasi masalah kejahatan;
3. Bersifat kurieren am simptom bukan pengobatan kausatif;4. Sanksi hukum pidana merupakan remidium yang bersifat
kontradiksi/paradoksal dan mengandung unsur serta efek sampingan yang negatif;
5. Sistem pemidanaan fragmentair dan individual/personal tidak struktural/fungsional;
6. Keterbatasan jenis sanksi dan sistem perumusan sanksi pidana yang bersifat kaku dan imperatif;
7. Bekerjanya HP memerlukan sarana pendukung yang lebih bervarisi dan menuntut biaya tinggi.
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NIEGEL WALKERSENTENCING IN A RATIONAL SOCIETY
1. Jangan HP digunakan semata-mata untuk tujuan pembalasan;2. Jangan menggunakan HP untuk memidana perbuatan yang
tidak merugikan/membahayakan;3. Jangan menggunakan HP untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang
dapat dicapai secara lebih efektif dengan sarana-sarana lain yang lebih ringan;
4. Jangan menggunakan HP apabila kerugian/bahaya yang timbul dari pidana lebih besar daripada kerugian/bahaya dari perbuatan/TP itu sendiri;
5. Larangan-larangan HP jangan mengandung sifat lebih berbahaya daripada perbuatan yang akan dicegah;
6. HP jangan memuat larangan-larangan yang tidak mendapat dukungan kuat dari publik
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PENDAPAT LAINJEREMY BENTHAM HERBER L PACKER
Groundless Needless Unprofitable or inefficacious
Indiscriminaletly CoercivelyPrime threatener
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VII. RESPON THD KEJAHATAN
Respon
Formal (Sistem
Peradilan Pidana)
Informal (Teguran/
peringatan)
Non Formal(Inisiatif WN
sendiri)
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RESPON INFORMAL
DILAKUKAN OLEH ATAU SEIZIN APARAT HUKUM: AFDOENING BUITEN PROCESS (PS 82
KUHP) SCIKKING (DALAM TPE)TEGURANMUSYAWARAH RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DIVERSI
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RESPON NON FORMAL
CARA-CARA LUNAK PEMBENTUKAN
MASYARAKAT SEDAR HUKUM, KAMTIBMAS, KORUPSI.
SISKAMLING, ASURANSI,
PENGAWALAN
CARA-CARA KERAS
AKSI MAIN HAKIM SENDIRI
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PENEGAKAN HUKUM
Satjipto RahardjoUsaha untuk
mewujudkan ide-ide hukum menjadi
kenyataan Soedarto
Apa yang dilakukan oleh aparatur penegak hukum
dalam menghadapi masalah-masalah dalam
penegakan hukum
Soeryono SoekantoKegiatan menyerasikan
hubungan nilai-nilai yang terjabarkan di dalam
kaidah-kaidah yang mantap dan mengejawantah dalam
sikap tindak sebagai rangkaian tahap akhir untuk menciptakan, memelihara
dan mempertahankan kedamaian pergaulan hidup.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENEGAKAN HUKUM
Undang-undang Penegak hukum Sarana dan fasilitas Masyarakat kebudayaan
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UNDANG-UNDANG
Tidak diikutinya asas-asas berlakunya undang-undang
Belum adanya peraturan pelaksanaan Ketidak jelasan arti kata-kata dalam UU
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PENEGAK HUKUM
Keterbatasan kemampuan untuk menempatkan diri dalam peranan pihak lain dengan siapa dia berinteraksi
Tingkat aspirasi yang relatif belum tinggi Kegairahan yang terbatas untuk memikirkan masa
depan, sehingga sulit sekali untuk membuat suatu proyeksi
Belum adanya kemampuan untuk menunda pemuasan suatu kebutuhan tertentu, terutama kebutuhan materi,
Kurangnya daya inovatif.
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SARANA DAN FASILITAS
Tenaga manusia yang berpendidikan dan trampil,
Organisasi yang baik Peralatan yang memadai Keuangan yang cukup
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MASYARAKAT
Tidak mengetahui atau tidak menyadari apabila hak-hak mereka dilanggar atau terganggu,
Tidak mengetahui akan adanya upaya hukum untuk melindungi kepentingannya,
Tidak berdaya untuk memanfaatkan upaya hukum karena faktor keuangan,psikis, sosial atau politik,
Tidak mempunyai pengalaman menjadi anggota organisasi yang memperjuangkan kepentingannya,
Mempunyai pengalaman kurang baik dalam proses interaksi dengan kalangan hukum formal.
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KEBUDAYAAN
Kebudayaan mencakup nilai-nilai yang mendasari hukum yang berlaku, nilai-nilai merupakan konsepsi abstrak tentang apa yang dianggap baik dan apa yang dianggap buruk
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VIII. PROSES PERKARA PIDANA
Kasus Penyidika
n
Penun-tutan
Pengadilan
Putusan
Cukup bukti = diteruskan
Tidak cukup bukti = dihentikan
Kemungkinan lain :o Area of no enforcement,o Klach delicto Praejudicial geschil
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IX.TIPE PENEGAKAN HUKUM
Total Enforceme
nt
Full Enforceme
nt
Actual Enforceme
nt
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LAW ENFORCEMENT
Total Enforcement yakni penegakan hukum sesuai dengan bunyi undang-undang, hal ini tidak mungkin karena ada pembatasan dalam hukum materiil maupun hukum formil.
Full Enforcement : keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana
Actual Enforcement : penegakan hukum sesungguhnya.
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HUB. KEBIJAKAN SOSIAL DG KEBIJAKAN KRIMINAL
Kebijakan Sosial
Kebijakan Penegakan Hukum
Kebijakan Kriminal
X. KEBIJAKAN SISTEMIK/INTEGRAL :
a. Penanggulangan kejahatan dengan POLEKSOSBUD,
b. Treatment of Offenders dengan Treatment of Society,
c. Simptomatik dengan Kausatif.d. Individual/Personal Responsibility dengan
Structural /Functional Resposilibity,e. Sarana Penal dengan Non Penalf. Sarana Formal dengan informal/tradisional,g. Pendekatan Kebijakan dengan Pendekatan Nilai.
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PENDEKATAN TERPADU
Ada keterpaduan (integralitas) antara politik kriminal dengan politik sosial,
Ada keterpaduan (integralitas) antara upaya penanggulangan dengan “penal” dan “non penal”
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MASALAH SENTRAL
Perbuatan apa yang seharusnya dijadikan tindak pidana, dan
Sanksi apa yang sebaiknya digunakan atau dikenakan kepada pelanggar
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REFERENSI
Barda Nawawi Arief, Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Perkembangan Penyusunan Konsep KUHP Baru, Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2008.
G Peter Hoefnagels, The Other Side of Criminology, Kluwer-Deventer,1975.
Nigel Walker, Sentencing in a Rational Society, Penguin Books, 1972.
Richard Quinney,The Social Reality of Crime, Little Brown and Company,1970.
Sue Titus Reid, Crime and Criminology, Hold, rinehart and winston, 1979.
Syaiful Bakhri, Kebijakan Kriminal, dalam Perspektif Pembaruan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia, P3IHUMJ, Total Media, Yogyakarta, 2010.
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KEJAHATAN
Arti Hidden crime, dark number of
criminality, tidak dilaporkan, Ketentuan hukum, bagaimana Bagaimana ke depan Apakah tidak ada alternatif lain Miranda Rules Ps 27 UU KK
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Corporate crime White collar crime Profit oriented Street crime/conventional crime Crimes of politicians in office/top hat
crime
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CRIME BY OFFICIAL IN OFFICE/TOP HAT CRIME
High treason Violation of the constitution Political assasination, other forms of
homicide Kidnapping Abuse of power Illegal wiretapping Political espionege Unlawfull arrest
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Economic scandals Emblezzlement of public money Abuse of insider information, bribery
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Karakteristik HP Politik Kekhususan Keseragaman sanksi
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HAL-HAL YANG PATUT DIPERHATIKAN
Kejahatan : Rechtsdelict =delik hukum Pelanggaran : Wetsdelict= delik
undang- undang. Ps II AP WvS = transitoir recht UU NO 1/1946 Rechtvacuum Marital rape