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ច"កភពែខ(រ រំដួល.ស
KhmerRumduolMeasNo.1,March2017
NewsletterfortheACIARProjectCSE/2015/044:Sustainableintensificationanddiversificationinthe
lowlandricesysteminNorthwestCambodia
Contents
Contents.....................................................1
Themeaningof“KhmerRumduolMeas”.1
Introductiontotheproject........................1
CrawfordFundtrainingactivity.................2
Foresightworkshop...................................2
Stakeholderengagementworkshop.........5
Inceptionworkshop...................................5
ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)...........6
Diversificationoptions...............................7
Surveyofweedandweedyriceseedcontaminationinharvestedpaddy...........8
References.................................................9
Contacts...................................................10
Themeaningof“KhmerRumduolMeas”
Rumduolflowers:http://angkor.co/photo/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/romduol-flower.jpg
“Khmer”emphasizestheproject’sfocusonCambodiaandrumduol(Sphaerocoryne
affinis)isCambodia’snationalflower.Rumduoliswellknownforitsstrongfragrancewhichistraditionallyassociatedwithfemininityandhenceourproject’srecognitionoftherolesofwomeninagriculture.MeasmeansgoldinKhmerandtheprojecthopestohelpCambodiansmallholderfarmersprosper.
PhkaRumduol,theprideofCambodia,isajasminericevarietyreleasedbytheCambodianAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(CARDI).PhkaRumduolwasawarded“World’sBestRice”in2012and2013.Howevermuchremainstobedonewithproductionandvalue-chaindevelopmenttoensurethebenefitsofplantbreedingandagriculturalresearcharedeliveredtoCambodia’ssmallholderfarmers.
Introductiontotheproject
MeetingwiththeAgriculturalCooperativeforChamroeunPhal(ACC)inSvayCheatVillage,Battambangprovince
CSE/2015/044commencedinNovember2016andrunsforfiveyears.ItisfocusedonBanteayMeanchey,BattambangandPursatprovincesinnorthwesternCambodia.In2010,
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BattambangandBanteayMeancheywereCambodia’slargestriceproducingprovincesandthethreeprovincesaccountfor27%ofCambodia’swetseasonriceproduction.
Theprojectaimstoworkwithlocalcommunitiestoenhancesustainableintensificationanddiversificationtoimproveproductivityandlivelihoodsecurityforfarmers.
Theprojectobjectivesareto:
• Identifythelocalsocio-economicandagronomictrends,constraintsandopportunitiesforsustainableintensificationanddiversification;
• Establishparticipatoryon-farmtrialstotestsustainableintensificationoptions;
• Comparativeevaluationofdifferentscalingmodelsforsustainableintensificationanddiversification;
• Buildthecapacityoflocalfarmingcommunitiesandtertiaryagriculturaleducationalinstitutions.
CrawfordFundtrainingactivity
BillRathmell,CliveMurray,DaoXuanCuong,RosanneQuinnell,YornTry
Theprogramincludedpracticaltrainingoncropprotectionproducts
ACrawfordFund(CF)trainingactivitywasheldinBanteayMeancheyandBattambangprovincesfrom16thOctoberto1stNovember2016.
ThetrainingcoursewassetupfollowingvisitstoCambodiain2015byseniorCrawfordFundadministrators;theysawworkthathadbeendoneinthecountrybyUniversityofSydney(USyd)andSyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgriculture(SFSA)withadditionalfunding(ABVandDFAT)fromAustralia.Itwas
designedasthemostcomprehensiveinasuccessfulcascadeof“train-the-trainer”coursesinpracticalsustainabletechnologyforsmallholderfarmersinCambodia’sprovinces.
ThepracticalteachingwasdoneatMeanCheyUniversity(MCU)/SFSAfielddemonstrationtrials,inMCUlaboratories/classroomsandatnearbyfarmsrunbylocalsandexpatriates.ThecoursewasdesignedbySFSA’sCliveMurray,workingcloselywithDrYornTry,MCU’sVice-Rector.
Demonstrationofthedrumseederforwetseedingrice
TrainerscamefromCambodianandVietnameseresearchandeducationinstitutions,CropLifeAsia(partofaglobalfederationofagribusinesses)aswellasUSydandSFSA.Thetraineesweremostlyyounggraduateemployeesofgovernmentresearchinstitutesandextensionservices,NGOsandprivate-sectorinputsuppliers;afewofthelatterattendedattheirownexpense.
SomeundergraduatesfromMCUattendedassupernumeraries.TrainingwasconductedinEnglishandKhmer,andcopiesofthepresentationsweredistributedonUSBdrives.Thefeedbackfromthetraineesaboutallthetrainerswasuniformlypositive;almostalltraineessaidthecoursewouldhelpthemintheirjoboftransferringtechnologytofarmersandthattheywouldattendagainifofferedthechance.Manywishedthecoursehadbeenlongerandmoredetailed;afewhadhadproblemsoflanguagecomprehension,includingthesoletraineefromLaos.
Foresightworkshop
DanielTan
Projectinceptionmeetingswereheldfrom6thto8thNovember,2016attheAsiaHotel,PhnomPenh.Therewerethreecomponents:
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(1)foresightworkshop;(2)stakeholderengagementworkshopand(3)inceptionworkshop.
DrJohnDixon,ACIARResearchProgramManager(CroppingSystemsandEconomics)openingtheprojectinceptionmeetings
Thepurposeoftheforesightworkshopwastouseforesightmethodologytodefineclearlythespecifictrendsandscenarioswhichwillinfluencetheachievementoftheagreedprojectoutputs.TheforesightstudyusedthemethodologyofVoros(2003):
VorosJ.(2003).Agenericforesightprocessframework.Foresight5,10-21.
H.E.DrImKoch,SecretaryofState,MoEYSaddressingtheForesightWorkshop
ThemeetingwasaddressedbyHisExcellencyDrImKoch,SecretaryofStatefortheMinistryofEducation,YouthandSport(MoEYS).DrImKochhighlightedtheneedtoachieveahighqualityeducationwithanemphasisonScience,Technology,EngineeringandMathematics(STEM)disciplines.HesaidthatthereisaneedtostrengthentheMoEYScurriculumtofosterstudentstothinkcriticallyandtosolveproblemsrelevanttoNationaldevelopment.OurprojectwillalignwithMoEYStoexplorecommunityengagementstrategiestoencourageinnovationuptake,problemsolvingandcommunicationskills.
Currentchallengesinthenorthwest(JohnDixon)
• Exodusofrurallabourforce;• Limitedentrepreneurshipamongfarmers
andsmallbusiness;• Lackofavibrant,dynamicrurallandscape;• Howcanwehelptodevelopmore
entrepreneurshipandinnovation?• Lackofengagementofproducersinthe
ricevaluechain;• Technicalandeconomicchallengeswithall
aspectsofricecropproduction;• Limitedaccesstoirrigationisaconstraint
tointensificationanddiversification.
Futurescenarios(JohnDixon)
A500hasingle-ownerricefarminBattambangprovince,possiblyaremnantoftheFrenchcolonialera
Futurescenariosareneededtohelpinprojectplanningasprojectresearchresultshavemaximumimpactafter10-15years.Hencethereisaneedtotargetandthinkahead.Defininglikelyscenarioshelpsfocusonthemosteffectiveresearch,policyandinfrastructure.Threecontrastinghypothetical
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futuredevelopmentscenarioswereproposedfor2030innorthwestCambodia:
1. Largescalefarmledscenario:Small-holderssellout-transformationtolarge-scalecommercialagriculture(500-1,000hafarms),fullymechanised,bulkhandlingforexportmarketswithlimitedruralpopulation;
2. Localbusinessledscenario:input,machineryandservicecontractingandalsoshare-farmingwithmixedfarmsizes(mixofsmalltomediumsizefamilyfarmswithafewlargefarms),goodconnectionstodomesticandinternationalmarkets;
3. Communityscalespecialisation/valueaddingledscenario:Individualsmallfamilyfarmsandfarmergroups/cooperativesproducingend-productsfordomesticandexportmarkets.Diversifiedcropping,horticultureandanimalproduction,specialisedbyvillages.Well-developedmarketandvaluechainlinkages.
KeyLearningsoftheforesightstudy
• Ricecrisis:largelyinnorthernCambodia,whilefarmersinsouthernCambodia(closetoVietnameseborder)cangetadvice,technologyandcopytechnologyacrosstheborder,combinedwithbetterwateravailabilityandmarketaccesshavelessenedtheimpactofthecrisisinsouthernCambodia;
• Therearestilltechnologiesthatneedtobetested.Forexample,couldtheimpactofwetseasondroughtbereducedbyusingdrillseeders?
TheprojecthasarrangedtoacquirethisThaiseeddrilltoenablefarmerstocomparedrillseedingwithbroadcastingon-farm
• Needforobjectivemanagementonfarmagronomicpractices.Institutional
constraintsserveasmajorbarrierstoadoption.Priceisanissue.Themarketisnotnecessarilydistortedforrice.However,thecurrentsituationwithnocompetitionfromThailandorVietnamhasseenthepremiumforfragrantricediminish.Toavoidthisissue,farmerswillneedtoretainownershipoftheirricefurtherupthevaluechain.
• Socialcapacitybuildingisnecessaryforfarmer/communityempowermenttoenablethemtotakechargeoftheirownproductionsystemsandgenerateinnovation.
• Needtorefineandfullydescribepathwaysforfuturebymappingoutimpactpathways.
• Agronomy:focusshouldbeon-farmandin-villageintegratedmanagementofexistingtechnologies.DevelopmentofGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)forcropproductionthatcanbethebasisforsecuringcontractsforpremiumproducts.Somelevelofagronomyonfarmsneedstobeintegratedwiththesupplychainsandfarmergroupsorhubs(“softer”side).
• Adaptivemanagementofon-farmagronomyanddatamanagement.
• Soilconstraints:pH,ploughpans;betterunderstandingofsub-soilconstraintsacrosssoilgroups.
SunnhempcangrowonresidualsoilmoistureattheendofthewetseasontofixatmosphericNandtorestoresoilorganicmatter
• Theproductionofcropsotherthanriceisconstrainedbypoorhydraulicconductivityonheavyclaysoils.Soilimprovementoptionsincluderaisedbeds,deepripping,cropresidueretentionandmulchcrops
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suchassunnhemp(Crotalariajuncea),sesbania(Sesbaniarostrata)andpearlmillet(Pennisetumglaucum).
• Therearemanypotentialdiversificationoptionsbutwhataretheagronomicandsoilconstraintissues?Whichdiversificationoptionshavethepotentialtoincreasehouseholdincome?Theprojectcanrunfarmingsystemssimulationsondiversificationoptions(APSIM)andusewhole-farmeconomicmodelstotestopportunitycostsofalternativeenterpriseoptions.Valuechaincasestudiesarerequiredtotesttheviabilityofdiversificationoptions.
• ImportanttolinkupwithotherrelevantDonorandNGOprojectsaswellasprivatepartners,inputsuppliers,contractorsandbuyers.
Stakeholderengagementworkshop
DanielTan
Thepurposeofthestakeholderengagementworkshop,heldon7thNovember2016,wastouseoutcomesfromtheforesightworkshopandinputpresentationsfromexternalparticipantstakeholdersandprojectstoexplorepotentialinteractionsbetweentheACIARprojectandongoingworkinCambodia.
RepresentativesandspeakersfromthepublicandprivatesectororganisationsactiveinnorthwestCambodiathatattendedincluded:
• CambodianAgriculturalValueChainProgram(CAVAC);
• IFADProjectforAgriculturalDevelopmentandEconomicEmpowerment(PADEE):http://padee.org/public/;
• AgricultureServicesProgrammeforInnovation,ResilienceandExtension(ASPIRE);
• GeneralDirectorateofAgriculture(GDA);• ProvincialDepartmentsofAgriculture,
ForestryandFisheries(PDAFFs)fromBattambangandPursat;
• VoluntaryServicesOverseas(VSO)Cambodia;
• SdocSdomAgriculturalCooperative;• InternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI);• UniversityofBattambang(UBB);and
• SM-Waypoint:http://www.smwaypoint.com/.
Inceptionworkshop
DanielTan
Thepurposeoftheinceptionworkshop,heldon8thNovember2016,wasto(1)initiateandcommunicateworkplansforcommencementofworkinthefirsttwelvemonths,(2)establishsurveyscopeandsustainabilityindicatorsinthesurveysand(3)coordinatethetimingofapproachestolaterobjectivesandmilestones.Themeetingwasattendedbytheprojectteam.
CropdiversificationoptionsinNWCambodia
Theworkshoplinkedprojectoutcomestothethreescenariosdiscussedattheforesightworkshop(i.e.thelargescale,localbusiness-ledandcommunity-ledscenarios).Theneedfordiversificationwasemphasisedasthecurrentricescenarioisseenasapovertytrap.Thefollowingcropdiversificationoptionswerediscussedfortheagro-ecologicalareasofnorthwestCambodia:includingtheOldAlluvialTerraces(OAT)andActiveFloodplain(Whiteetal.1997).
Linkingobjectiveswithforesightstudyscenarios
AdiscussionwasheldregardinglinkingprojectobjectivestotheforesightstudyscenariosonDay1oftheworkshops.
1.Largescalefarmscenario
• Developmentofdrillseeders(Output2.4.2).Thisappliestoallthreescenariosasdrillseedersarelikelytobeadoptedbycontractors
• Mobileapps(Output4.2.3)• Cropprotection(Output2.7.1)
Crop diversification options
OAT + No Irrigation
Active Floodplain Rice Diversity
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50
100
150
200
250
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Rainfall(m
m)
Flood
OAT + WS Irrigation Rice Rice Diversity?
Photoperiod sensitive rice
OAT + DS Irrigation Rice Rice Diversity?Rice?
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2.Localbusinessledscenario
• Needtoengagewithexistingagribusinessesandlookfornewopportunities(Output3.3.1,3.3.2)
• Buildingpilotmodels(Output2.1.1)• Targetprovisionofscience-based
independentadvice(Output3.2.1)
3.Communityscalespecialisation/valueaddingscenario
• Economicassessmenttoidentifyagribusinessopportunities(Output3.2.1)
• Marketdemandandaccess(Output2.3.3)• Bestpracticeproduction(Output2.6.1)• Technology/agronomyneedstobe
integratedwithvaluechainandfarmergroups(Output2.6.1,2.6.2)
• Consumerneedsandmarketsystems(Output2.3.3)
• Linkwithwiderstakeholders–ASPIRE/CAVAC(Output3.1.2)
• Landusemapforcropsandnon-cropagriculturalproductivity(Output1.3.2)
• Studyresultsofpreviousprojects(Output1.2.3)
Projecttimeline
TheprojecttimelinewaspresentedbyDanielasfollows:
1. Year1–Baselinesurvey• Householdandfarmingsystem(Dr
CheaSareth,CARDI)• Adaptivecapacityoffarming
households(DrClemensGrunbuhel,AIT)
• Participatoryresearchondriversofchange(DrsPeterAmptandRebeccaCross,USyd)
• Analysisofprivatesectorrecordsofcropinputsandin-fieldmeasurementstodeterminefactorslimitingyields(BobMartin,USyd;VanTouch,USyd;BunnaSom,CARDI)
2. Years2–3Pilottestingatfield/farmscale• Testeffectivenessofleadingfarmers
versuscommunityhubs–whichisthebestmodel?Aneedsandriskanalysiswillbedonetoexplorelinkageswithexistingagribusinesshubsandfranchisesandpresentedtotheprojectteamforconsideration.
• Evaluatebestpracticechemicalandnon-chemicaloptionsforintegratedcropmanagement
• Precisionagriculture:useofreflectancetechnologyfornutrientmanagementandcropprotection;landlevelling;UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV),EM38surveystodeterminesubsoilconstraints.
3. Years4-5–Scale-up• Workwithfarmergroupstoupscale
innovationstovillage/communitylevel–fromfourtoninevillages
• Concurrently,upscalingthroughengagementwithagronomistsinprivatesectorinputsuppliers–toworkwithPDAFFtoupskillinputsuppliersandcontractorsinyearlyrefreshereveryyear(e.g.productrecalls,issues).
ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)
RebeccaCross,PeterAmpt,JinYu,AshleyRootsey,LouiseCapistrano,YehezkielHensonetal.
ThePRAteamfromMCU,UBBandUSYD
Overa13-dayperiodinNovember-December2016,staffandstudentsfromtheUniversityofSydney(USyd),MeancheyUniversity(MCU)andtheUniversityofBattambang(UBB)conducted144interviewsin8villages,4ineachofthetwoprovinces.Interviewswerefollowedupwithdailyworkshops,regionalworkshopstosumupeachprovinceandafinalworkshoptopullallinsightstogether.
ThemainfindingsofthePRAwereasfollows:
• Themajorityoffarmersinterviewedproducedricefordomesticconsumptionandforsale,aswellasagrowingarange
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ofothercropsandkeepingsmallnumbersoflivestock.
• Farmershadlittleornoinfluenceon,orpowerover,thecostofinputsorthepricestheyreceivedforrice.
• Therewaswidespreaduseofcredittopurchaseinputswhichwascausingincreasinglevelsofdebtandreducingopportunitiesforcapturingpost-harvestvalue.
• Increasingdebtmeantthatinmanyhouseholds,membersofworkingageleavetheirvillagestoworkelsewhere(usuallyinThailand)andsendremittancebacktotheirfamilies.
• Whendebtscouldnotbeserviced,familieswereleavingtheirlandandbecomingeconomicrefugees.Thiswashavingacompoundingeffectinfurtherreducingvillage-levelopportunities.
• Levelsofinputusewerehighlyvariable,withapparentunder-useandover-useoccurringfrequently.Thisindicatesthataccesstoreliableinformationandunderstandingofoptimuminputlevelsisinconsistent.Theneedtoavoidtherisksassociatedwithcreditandcropfailureatleastpartiallyexplainslowpurchasedinputstrategies.Thepervadingbeliefthatadoptionofhighyieldingricevarieties,fertilizersandpesticidesindicatesyouareasuccessfulmodernfarmerappearstodriveover-useofinputs.
• Controlofwaterinthewetseasonandaccesstowaterinthedryseasoniscriticalasdryseasonricecropsaremuchmoreprofitable,andwaterisneededformostsuccessfuldiversificationoptions.Wherefarmershadaccesstowaterinthedryseasonitwasrarelyreliableoradequateenoughforconsistentproductionandprofitability.
• Whenfarmersexplainedthecostsofproduction,itappearedthatprofitmarginsweregenerallyverylow,withmanyricecropsachievingnetlosses.
• Farmerswereacutelyawareoftheseissuesandexpressedeagernessfortrainingandwillingnesstoexploreoptionsforchangingpractices.
AstudentfromMCUdemonstratingtheproject’sWeedIDsmartphoneapptoafarmer
• Thereweresomeexistingexamplesofusefulstrategiesforsustainableintensificationofriceproductionthattheprojectcouldworktoenhance,andtheteamperceivedfurtheropportunitiesthatcouldbeexplored.
• Thereweremanyexamplesofsuccessfuldiversificationstrategiesthatappearedtobecommerciallyviable,withleadingfarmersprovidingstrongrolemodelsfromwhichotherscouldlearn.
ThenextstageoftheprojectistofollowtheleadsuncoveredbythePRAandtoquantifykeyfindingsusingabaselinesurveyinMay2017.FurtheranalysisofthetranscriptsfromthePRAwillbeundertakenin2017andfurtherreportingofthedetailswillbemadelaterin2017.
DiversificationoptionsnotedinthePRA
PRAteam
Oystermushroom(Pleurotusostreatus).DonorsandNGOshavelookedatawiderangeofdiversificationoptionsinCambodiabutvaluechainopportunitiesandthreatsarenotalwayscheckedout
ThePRAteamidentifiedarangeofpotentialenterprisediversificationoptions:
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• Livestock:cattle;chickens;ducks;fish;frogs;pigs.Forageproductionforcattlefeedingwasnotmentioned.Buffaloraisingwasnotmentioned.
• Fruit:banana;coconut;guava;jackfruit;lime;mango;orange;pineapple.Dragonfruit,durian;longan,mangosteen,pomeloandrambutanarealsogrownintheregionbutnotmentionedbyfarmersinthePRA.
• Vegetable:aubergine;bamboo(shoot?);cabbage;cauliflower;chili;climbinggourd;cucumber;lemongrass;longbean;lotus/waterlily;luffagourd;momeanh(Cleomegynandra);morningglory;mushroom(oyster,straw);pumpkin;sa-am(Acaciapennata);sweetcorn;watermelon;wingbean.
• Fieldcrops:cassava(notmentioned);cowpea;maize;mungbean;peanut;sesame;soybean;sugarcane;sunflower(notmentioned).
• Otherenterprises:bee-keeping;cricketfarming,silkworm/mulberry.
Importedvegetablesinclude:carrot;tomato;Chinesespinach;onion;potato;andredgarlic.Theeconomicfeasibilityofproducingtheselocallycouldbetested.
A/Prof.DanielTanandSamMalfroy,PlantHealthAustralia,checkingonhoneyproductionfromtheAsianhoneybee(Apiscerana)inasunflowerfieldinPailinprovince.MCU,withsupportfromAustralianAid,havedevelopedcapacityforbee-keeping.
Surveyofweedandweedyriceseedcontaminationinharvestedpaddy
BobMartin,YehezkielHenson,FlorisVanOgtrop,KeoukBroeum,RathaRien,PaoSreanandDanielTan
Paddysampleswerecollectedafterharvestandinspectedforweedyriceandweedseedcontamination
Cambodiaisexperiencingarapidshiftfromtransplantedtohand-broadcastseededricewithaconsequentincreaseinseedingratesfrom25-30kg/hato100-200kg/ha.Toreducecosts,farmerskeeptheirownseedforsowingwiththepotentialforweedseedcontamination.
Weedseedcontamination
AsurveyofweedseedcontaminationinharvestedricepaddywasconductedintwoprovincesofCambodia(BattambangandTakeo)attheendofthewetseasonin2016.Farmerswereinterviewedaboutriceseedingpracticesandatotalof114sampleswereinspectedforweedseedcontaminationfromthetwoprovinces.Inbothprovinces,themajorityoffarmerskepttheirownseedorboughtseedfromaneighbour.Farm-keptseedforsowinginBattambangaccountedfor88%andTakeo,89%ofsownseed.
Ischaemumrugosumwasthemostcommonweedseedcontaminant,apartfromweedyrice,inharvestedpaddy
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Seedsof42differentweedspeciesfrom13plantfamilieswerefoundinthepaddysamples.ThefivemostimportantspecieswereIschaemumrugosum(69%ofsamples),Melochiacorchorifolia(48%),Fimbristylismiliacea(32%)Ludwigiaoctovalvis(31%),andEchinochloacrusgalli(27%).
Despitetheshorterhistoryofdirect-seedinginTakeo,theweedspeciescompositioninricepaddywassimilartothatforBattambangwheredirect-seedinghasbeenpracticedforatleasttwodecades.However,weedseedburdenswerelessinTakeo.OptionsforimprovedweedmanagementinricesystemsarebeingdevelopedinCSE/2015/044.
Weedyricecontamination
AswithmanyAsiancountries,decliningavailabilityofrurallabourhascausedCambodianricefarmerstoshiftfromtransplantingtodirectseedingandthishasraisedconcernsabouttheincreasedincidenceofweedyrice.ToassesstheextentoftheweedyriceprobleminCambodia,asurveywasconductedtodeterminethelevelofweedyricecontaminationinharvestedpaddyaswellasincertifiedandgradedseedforsowing.
Farmerswereinterviewedabouttheirknowledge,attitudesandpracticesregardingthemanagementofweedyrice
Paddysamplesweretestedfrom64farmersinBattambangprovinceandfrom50farmersinTakeoprovinceand28samplesweretestedfromnineseedcompaniesand/orseedproducers.Eightyeight%offarmerssaidtheyhadweedyriceintheirfields,weregenerallyawareofmanagementoptionsbutrelied
predominantlyonincreasedseedingratestosuppressweedyrice.
TherearetwomaintypesofweedyriceinCambodia:awnlessnon-photoperiodsensitivetypesmaturingataround100daysaftersowing;andawnedphotoperiodsensitivetypesmaturinginNovember-December.
Ninetyfive%ofpaddysamplescollectedinBattambangcontainedweedyriceseedsand98%inTakeoprovince.Certified/gradedseedcontainedanaverageof29redseeds500g-1milledricewhichwasalmostsixtimesthelimitof5redseeds500g-1.ManagementoptionsforweedyriceinCambodia,includingtheintroductionofnon-transgenicimidazolinone-resistantricevarieties,arebeingconsidered.
MrRathaRein(UBB)millingpaddysamplesfordetectionofredseedsofweedyrice
Awnlessweedyrice(left),awnedweedyrice(centre)andSenKraOubvariety(right)
ThisworkwasfundedbyBASFSouthEastAsiaPte.Ltd.,Singapore.
Twoscientificpapershavebeenpreparedforpublicationonweedsandweedyrice.
References
VorosJ.(2003).Agenericforesightprocessframework.Foresight5,10-21.
WhitePF,OberthürT,SovuthyP,eds.1997.ThesoilsusedforriceproductioninCambodia.Amanualfortheiridentificationandmanagement.
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InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,P.O.Box933.Manila,Philippines.
Contacts
PleasebeactivecontributorsandsubmityourstoriestotheEditors:
BobMartin([email protected]);CliveMurray([email protected]);TryYorn([email protected]);SarethChea([email protected]);
VanTouch([email protected]).
