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Krishnan unni T.US3 MBA
TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS
WHY PEOPLE SAY AND DO WHAT
THEY DON'T REALLY WANT TO
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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS
Allied to the techniques of psychotherapy
and counselling,
a method of observing and influencing
human behaviour and experience.
It combines psychoanalytical, linguistic,
behaviourist and cognitive elements into a
unified approach."
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EACH OF US IS REALLY
THREE PEOPLE!!!!
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THREE MODES OF
BEHAVIOR Parent
Adult
Child
These are called EGO STATES
They are Felt states of being and not
just roles.
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Child Ego State
Natural Child(PRINCE)- Hateful/ loving/
spontaneous/ playful
Intuitive Child(LITTLE PROFESSOR)-
Thoughtful/ imaginative/ creative
Adapted Child(FROG)- fearful/ guilty/
ashamed
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Parent Ego State
A collection of pre-recorded, pre-judged,
prejudiced codes for living.
Decides, without reasoning, how to react
to situations.
Can be over-controlling and oppressive or
life giving, supportive and tender.
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Overly Critical- Critical parent
Loving and nurturing the child- Nurturing
parent
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Adult Ego State
Has no emotions able to detach from
feelings.
Logical.
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Contamination
When the Adult uses information which
has its source in the Child or in the Parent
and which may be incorrect.
Prejudice.
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Voices in the head!!
Parental Tapes being played over in our
minds.
They may be good or bad depending on
which parents tapes we are playing.
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Critical parent is opposed to natural
child.
Nurturing parent is supportive tonatural child.
Critical parent activates the Adapted
Child. It is possible to fight your Critical
Parent(also called Pig Parent).
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RELATIONSHIPS
Child to Child
Parent to parent
Child to Adult Adult to Parent
Adult to Adult
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STROKES
The recognition that one person gives to
another
Essential to a person's life
Can vary from actual physical touch to
praise
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Positive Strokes- , you did a goodjob- Warm Fuzzies
Negative Strokes- I hate you- cold
Pricklies. When positive strokes are not given,
we look for negative strokes rather
than be without strokes at all!!
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We should learn to open our hearts and
ask for strokes.
It makes life easier.
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Basic States of Mind
1. I'm not OK, you're OK
2. I'm OK, you aren't OK
3. I'm not OK, you're not OK4. I'm OK, you're OK
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TRANSACTIONS
Transactions occur when any person
relates to any other person.
The three types of transactions:COMPLEMENTARY,CROSSED &
COVERT.
Every transaction is made up of astimulus and response.
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Complementary Transaction
Between Adult and Adult
Child to Child
Parent to Child
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Communication can continue between ego
states as long as trans-actions are
parallel.
Whenever a disruption of communication
occurs, a crossed transaction caused it.
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Cross Transaction
When three or more ego states are
involved
The transactional response is addressed
to an ego state different from the one
which started the stimulus
They disrupt communication.
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Discount Transaction
One very important kind of crossedtransaction
Here one person completely disregards
what the other one issaying.
Discounts are not always obvious but are
always unpleasant
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Covert Transactions
A covert transaction is when people
say one thing and mean another.
Eg A superior to a female employee I
need you to stay late at the office with
me and the later means something
wrong
Are the basis of games and are
especially interesting because they are
crooked.
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SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
A technique used to determine how different
values of an independent variable will impact
a particular dependent variable under a given
set of assumptions. This technique is used
within specific boundaries that will depend on
one or more input variables, such as theeffect that changes in interest rates will have
on a bond's price.
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The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to
refine the decision model
what makes a difference in each decision
Provide guidance for the development of a
requisite decision model
Eagle Airlines example
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Management Use of Sensitivity
and Breakeven Analysis
Sensitive variables are investigated and
managed in two ways:
(1) Ex ante; in the planning phase;more effort is used to create better
forecasts of future values. If
management decides the project is toorisky, it is abandoned at this stage.
Using Sensitivity:
anagemen se o
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anagemen se oSensitivity and Breakeven
AnalysisUsing Breakeven:Forecasted calculated Breakeven values of
variables are continuously compared
against actual outcomes during theexecution phase.
M t U f S iti it
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Management Use of Sensitivity
and Breakeven Analysis
(2) Ex post; in the project execution
phase; management monitors theforecasted values. If the project isperforming poorly, it is abandoned orsold off prior to its planned termination.
Using Sensitivity:
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Real Life Examples
of Forecast Errors
Large blowouts in initial
construction costs for Sydney
Opera House, Montreal OlympicStadium.
Big budget films are shunned by
critics and public alike; e.g
Waterworld: whilst cheap filmsbecome classics; eg.Easy Rider.
High failure rate of rockets used to
launch commercial satellites.
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Team Building
Interventions
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What Is Team?
Collection of people relying on
group collaboration achieve
success and goal achievement.
Importance is onjoint, concerted
and coordinated effort which
generate positive energy to achieve
goals.
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Why People Join Teams?
Feel stronger
Reduced insecurity of remaining aloneSecurity
Recognition to membersStatus
Feeling of self worthSelf- esteem
Fulfill social needs through interactionAffiliation
Things cannot be achieved individuallycan be achieved through group actionsPower
Pooling of talents, knowledge or powerenables to get job completedGoal achievement
Characteristics Of Effective Teams
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Characteristics Of Effective Teams
Clear purpose to all
Members know their goals mission, vision
Participation
All members are listened as there is effective interaction
Consensus decision making
Situation is diagnosed by joint decision and problems aresolved through cooperation and supportive relationship
Leadership Anyone is free to volunteer and leaders role is supportive
and informal
Trust and respect for one another
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TEAM WORK
Successful teams have a combination ofqualities summed up in acronym team work
T :- trust
E:- enthusiasm A:- ambition to succeed
M:- mutual interest
W:- workability of goals
O:- openness to share ideas R:- resilience
K:- key result areas
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TEAM DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS
Family group diagonstic meetings Family group team building meetings
Role negotiation techniques
Role analysis technique
Grid organization developememt program
Self managed work teams
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Family group diagonstic meetings
Current performance
Impovement areas
Problems Diagonostic data made public
Issues identified,action plans
Helps group to identify problems in theirrespective areas.
Family group team building
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Family group team building
meetings
Assist work group in learning
Gather data through questionnaires
Group meeting held away fromorganization to avoid interruptions
Based on individuals knowledge,
consultant may help in setting the agenda
Series of meetings to ensure a permanent
change
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ROLE NEGOTIATION
TECHNIQUE
Managers explain what they want form
others and explain why
Contract setting
Issue diagonosis
Role negotiation
Written role negotiation agreement
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ROLE ANALYSIS
Clarify role expectation
Behaviour of one member expected or
prescribed by other group members
Steps include
Role analysis
Role incumbents expectation Role expectations
Role profile
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Grid organization developememt
program
Perfecting team work
Analysis of work culture,traditions
Feed back about team behaviour
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Self managed work teams
Members know how to handle tasks
Temporary/permanent
Hetrogenity is advantegeous Size is small
Information available publically
Knowledge of outside environment
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REFERENCES
WWW.ECOITRALIE.IN
http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Orga
nizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20
Behavior.htm
Organizational behaviour margi
parik,pearson
OD&C,SK BHATIA
OD&C KAVITHA SINGH
http://www.ecoitralie.in/http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Organizational%20Behavior/Organizational%20Behavior.htmhttp://www.ecoitralie.in/ -
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